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From: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>
To: davem@davemloft.net
Cc: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>, netfilter-devel@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [NETFILTER 16/69]: ip_tables: per-netns FILTER, MANGLE, RAW
Date: Wed, 30 Jan 2008 21:17:17 +0100 (MET)	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20080130201715.29874.54359.sendpatchset@localhost.localdomain> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20080130201650.29874.7456.sendpatchset@localhost.localdomain>

[NETFILTER]: ip_tables: per-netns FILTER, MANGLE, RAW

Now, iptables show and configure different set of rules in different
netnss'. Filtering decisions are still made by consulting only
init_net's set.

Changes are identical except naming so no splitting.

P.S.: one need to remove init_net checks in nf_sockopt.c and inet_create()
      to see the effect.

Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@sw.ru>
Signed-off-by: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net>

---
commit 4885531d4b5ac7058b8d2414d6f6404eba84d0e8
tree 66ed2423ba98c9a6a61d63310f5f4ecbe755427c
parent 5420d0d7491f2c9bf23ad1895c48438d9a09b9e2
author Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@sw.ru> Tue, 29 Jan 2008 16:21:59 +0100
committer Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Wed, 30 Jan 2008 15:04:16 +0100

 include/net/netns/ipv4.h            |    5 ++++
 net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_filter.c |   41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_mangle.c |   41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_raw.c    |   41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/net/netns/ipv4.h b/include/net/netns/ipv4.h
index 15a0b05..aeb0c3b 100644
--- a/include/net/netns/ipv4.h
+++ b/include/net/netns/ipv4.h
@@ -27,5 +27,10 @@ struct netns_ipv4 {
 	struct sock		*fibnl;
 
 	struct netns_frags	frags;
+#ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER
+	struct xt_table		*iptable_filter;
+	struct xt_table		*iptable_mangle;
+	struct xt_table		*iptable_raw;
+#endif
 };
 #endif
diff --git a/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_filter.c b/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_filter.c
index 3b43ca0..69f3d7e 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_filter.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_filter.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ static struct
 	struct ipt_replace repl;
 	struct ipt_standard entries[3];
 	struct ipt_error term;
-} initial_table __initdata = {
+} initial_table __net_initdata = {
 	.repl = {
 		.name = "filter",
 		.valid_hooks = FILTER_VALID_HOOKS,
@@ -53,14 +53,13 @@ static struct
 	.term = IPT_ERROR_INIT,			/* ERROR */
 };
 
-static struct xt_table __packet_filter = {
+static struct xt_table packet_filter = {
 	.name		= "filter",
 	.valid_hooks	= FILTER_VALID_HOOKS,
 	.lock		= RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED,
 	.me		= THIS_MODULE,
 	.af		= AF_INET,
 };
-static struct xt_table *packet_filter;
 
 /* The work comes in here from netfilter.c. */
 static unsigned int
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ ipt_hook(unsigned int hook,
 	 const struct net_device *out,
 	 int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *))
 {
-	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, packet_filter);
+	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, init_net.ipv4.iptable_filter);
 }
 
 static unsigned int
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ ipt_local_out_hook(unsigned int hook,
 		return NF_ACCEPT;
 	}
 
-	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, packet_filter);
+	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, init_net.ipv4.iptable_filter);
 }
 
 static struct nf_hook_ops ipt_ops[] __read_mostly = {
@@ -120,6 +119,26 @@ static struct nf_hook_ops ipt_ops[] __read_mostly = {
 static int forward = NF_ACCEPT;
 module_param(forward, bool, 0000);
 
+static int __net_init iptable_filter_net_init(struct net *net)
+{
+	/* Register table */
+	net->ipv4.iptable_filter =
+		ipt_register_table(net, &packet_filter, &initial_table.repl);
+	if (IS_ERR(net->ipv4.iptable_filter))
+		return PTR_ERR(net->ipv4.iptable_filter);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void __net_exit iptable_filter_net_exit(struct net *net)
+{
+	ipt_unregister_table(net->ipv4.iptable_filter);
+}
+
+static struct pernet_operations iptable_filter_net_ops = {
+	.init = iptable_filter_net_init,
+	.exit = iptable_filter_net_exit,
+};
+
 static int __init iptable_filter_init(void)
 {
 	int ret;
@@ -132,11 +151,9 @@ static int __init iptable_filter_init(void)
 	/* Entry 1 is the FORWARD hook */
 	initial_table.entries[1].target.verdict = -forward - 1;
 
-	/* Register table */
-	packet_filter = ipt_register_table(&init_net, &__packet_filter,
-					   &initial_table.repl);
-	if (IS_ERR(packet_filter))
-		return PTR_ERR(packet_filter);
+	ret = register_pernet_subsys(&iptable_filter_net_ops);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
 
 	/* Register hooks */
 	ret = nf_register_hooks(ipt_ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ipt_ops));
@@ -146,14 +163,14 @@ static int __init iptable_filter_init(void)
 	return ret;
 
  cleanup_table:
-	ipt_unregister_table(packet_filter);
+	unregister_pernet_subsys(&iptable_filter_net_ops);
 	return ret;
 }
 
 static void __exit iptable_filter_fini(void)
 {
 	nf_unregister_hooks(ipt_ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ipt_ops));
-	ipt_unregister_table(packet_filter);
+	unregister_pernet_subsys(&iptable_filter_net_ops);
 }
 
 module_init(iptable_filter_init);
diff --git a/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_mangle.c b/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_mangle.c
index 292f2ed..c55a210 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_mangle.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_mangle.c
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ static struct
 	struct ipt_replace repl;
 	struct ipt_standard entries[5];
 	struct ipt_error term;
-} initial_table __initdata = {
+} initial_table __net_initdata = {
 	.repl = {
 		.name = "mangle",
 		.valid_hooks = MANGLE_VALID_HOOKS,
@@ -64,14 +64,13 @@ static struct
 	.term = IPT_ERROR_INIT,			/* ERROR */
 };
 
-static struct xt_table __packet_mangler = {
+static struct xt_table packet_mangler = {
 	.name		= "mangle",
 	.valid_hooks	= MANGLE_VALID_HOOKS,
 	.lock		= RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED,
 	.me		= THIS_MODULE,
 	.af		= AF_INET,
 };
-static struct xt_table *packet_mangler;
 
 /* The work comes in here from netfilter.c. */
 static unsigned int
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ ipt_route_hook(unsigned int hook,
 	 const struct net_device *out,
 	 int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *))
 {
-	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, packet_mangler);
+	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, init_net.ipv4.iptable_mangle);
 }
 
 static unsigned int
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ ipt_local_hook(unsigned int hook,
 	daddr = iph->daddr;
 	tos = iph->tos;
 
-	ret = ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, packet_mangler);
+	ret = ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, init_net.ipv4.iptable_mangle);
 	/* Reroute for ANY change. */
 	if (ret != NF_DROP && ret != NF_STOLEN && ret != NF_QUEUE) {
 		iph = ip_hdr(skb);
@@ -167,15 +166,33 @@ static struct nf_hook_ops ipt_ops[] __read_mostly = {
 	},
 };
 
+static int __net_init iptable_mangle_net_init(struct net *net)
+{
+	/* Register table */
+	net->ipv4.iptable_mangle =
+		ipt_register_table(net, &packet_mangler, &initial_table.repl);
+	if (IS_ERR(net->ipv4.iptable_mangle))
+		return PTR_ERR(net->ipv4.iptable_mangle);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void __net_exit iptable_mangle_net_exit(struct net *net)
+{
+	ipt_unregister_table(net->ipv4.iptable_mangle);
+}
+
+static struct pernet_operations iptable_mangle_net_ops = {
+	.init = iptable_mangle_net_init,
+	.exit = iptable_mangle_net_exit,
+};
+
 static int __init iptable_mangle_init(void)
 {
 	int ret;
 
-	/* Register table */
-	packet_mangler = ipt_register_table(&init_net, &__packet_mangler,
-					    &initial_table.repl);
-	if (IS_ERR(packet_mangler))
-		return PTR_ERR(packet_mangler);
+	ret = register_pernet_subsys(&iptable_mangle_net_ops);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
 
 	/* Register hooks */
 	ret = nf_register_hooks(ipt_ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ipt_ops));
@@ -185,14 +202,14 @@ static int __init iptable_mangle_init(void)
 	return ret;
 
  cleanup_table:
-	ipt_unregister_table(packet_mangler);
+	unregister_pernet_subsys(&iptable_mangle_net_ops);
 	return ret;
 }
 
 static void __exit iptable_mangle_fini(void)
 {
 	nf_unregister_hooks(ipt_ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ipt_ops));
-	ipt_unregister_table(packet_mangler);
+	unregister_pernet_subsys(&iptable_mangle_net_ops);
 }
 
 module_init(iptable_mangle_init);
diff --git a/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_raw.c b/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_raw.c
index dab863d..e41fe8c 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_raw.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/netfilter/iptable_raw.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ static struct
 	struct ipt_replace repl;
 	struct ipt_standard entries[2];
 	struct ipt_error term;
-} initial_table __initdata = {
+} initial_table __net_initdata = {
 	.repl = {
 		.name = "raw",
 		.valid_hooks = RAW_VALID_HOOKS,
@@ -36,14 +36,13 @@ static struct
 	.term = IPT_ERROR_INIT,			/* ERROR */
 };
 
-static struct xt_table __packet_raw = {
+static struct xt_table packet_raw = {
 	.name = "raw",
 	.valid_hooks =  RAW_VALID_HOOKS,
 	.lock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED,
 	.me = THIS_MODULE,
 	.af = AF_INET,
 };
-static struct xt_table *packet_raw;
 
 /* The work comes in here from netfilter.c. */
 static unsigned int
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ ipt_hook(unsigned int hook,
 	 const struct net_device *out,
 	 int (*okfn)(struct sk_buff *))
 {
-	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, packet_raw);
+	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, init_net.ipv4.iptable_raw);
 }
 
 static unsigned int
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ ipt_local_hook(unsigned int hook,
 			       "packet.\n");
 		return NF_ACCEPT;
 	}
-	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, packet_raw);
+	return ipt_do_table(skb, hook, in, out, init_net.ipv4.iptable_raw);
 }
 
 /* 'raw' is the very first table. */
@@ -92,15 +91,33 @@ static struct nf_hook_ops ipt_ops[] __read_mostly = {
 	},
 };
 
+static int __net_init iptable_raw_net_init(struct net *net)
+{
+	/* Register table */
+	net->ipv4.iptable_raw =
+		ipt_register_table(net, &packet_raw, &initial_table.repl);
+	if (IS_ERR(net->ipv4.iptable_raw))
+		return PTR_ERR(net->ipv4.iptable_raw);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void __net_exit iptable_raw_net_exit(struct net *net)
+{
+	ipt_unregister_table(net->ipv4.iptable_raw);
+}
+
+static struct pernet_operations iptable_raw_net_ops = {
+	.init = iptable_raw_net_init,
+	.exit = iptable_raw_net_exit,
+};
+
 static int __init iptable_raw_init(void)
 {
 	int ret;
 
-	/* Register table */
-	packet_raw = ipt_register_table(&init_net, &__packet_raw,
-					&initial_table.repl);
-	if (IS_ERR(packet_raw))
-		return PTR_ERR(packet_raw);
+	ret = register_pernet_subsys(&iptable_raw_net_ops);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
 
 	/* Register hooks */
 	ret = nf_register_hooks(ipt_ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ipt_ops));
@@ -110,14 +127,14 @@ static int __init iptable_raw_init(void)
 	return ret;
 
  cleanup_table:
-	ipt_unregister_table(packet_raw);
+	unregister_pernet_subsys(&iptable_raw_net_ops);
 	return ret;
 }
 
 static void __exit iptable_raw_fini(void)
 {
 	nf_unregister_hooks(ipt_ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ipt_ops));
-	ipt_unregister_table(packet_raw);
+	unregister_pernet_subsys(&iptable_raw_net_ops);
 }
 
 module_init(iptable_raw_init);

  parent reply	other threads:[~2008-01-30 20:17 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 95+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2008-01-30 20:16 [NETFILTER 00/69]: Netfilter Update Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:16 ` [NETFILTER 01/69]: Supress some sparse warnings Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:16 ` [NETFILTER 02/69]: Use const in struct xt_match, xt_target, xt_table Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:16 ` linux/types.h: Use __u64 for aligned_u64 Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:16 ` [NETFILTER 04/69]: nf_nat: remove double bysource hash initialization Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:16 ` [NETFILTER 05/69]: bridge netfilter: remove nf_bridge_info read-only netoutdev member Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 06/69]: nfnetlink_log: fix typo Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 07/69]: xt_conntrack: add port and direction matching Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 08/69]: nf_log: add netfilter gcc printf format checking Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 09/69]: ebtables: remove casts, use consts Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 10/69]: ebtables: Update modules' descriptions Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 11/69]: ebtables: mark matches, targets and watchers __read_mostly Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 12/69]: x_tables: change xt_table_register() return value convention Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 13/69]: x_tables: per-netns xt_tables Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 14/69]: x_tables: return new table from {arp,ip,ip6}t_register_table() Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 15/69]: ip_tables: propagate netns from userspace Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` Patrick McHardy [this message]
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 17/69]: ip6_tables: netns preparation Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 18/69]: ip6_tables: per-netns IPv6 FILTER, MANGLE, RAW Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 19/69]: arp_tables: netns preparation Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 20/69]: arp_tables: per-netns arp_tables FILTER Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 21/69]: netns: put table module on netns stop Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 22/69]: xt_TCPMSS: consider reverse route's MTU in clamp-to-pmtu Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 23/69]: xt_owner: allow matching UID/GID ranges Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 24/69]: nf_nat_snmp: sparse warning Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 25/69]: nf_conntrack: sparse warnings Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 26/69]: nfnetlink_log: sparse warning fixes Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 27/69]: conntrack: get rid of sparse warnings Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 28/69]: more sparse fixes Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 29/69]: nf_conntrack_h3223: " Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 30/69]: ipt_recent: fix sparse warnings Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 31/69]: {ip,arp,ip6}_tables: fix sparse warnings in compat code Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 32/69]: nf_conntrack_ipv6: fix sparse warnings Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 33/69]: nf_conntrack_netlink: fix unbalanced locking Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 34/69]: nf_conntrack: fix accounting with fixed timeouts Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 35/69]: nf_conntrack: use RCU for conntrack helpers Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 36/69]: nf_conntrack_core: avoid taking nf_conntrack_lock in nf_conntrack_alter_reply Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 37/69]: nf_conntrack_expect: use RCU for expectation hash Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 38/69]: nf_conntrack: use RCU for conntrack hash Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 39/69]: nf_conntrack: switch rwlock to spinlock Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 40/69]: nf_conntrack: optimize __nf_conntrack_find() Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 41/69]: nf_conntrack: avoid duplicate protocol comparison in nf_ct_tuple_equal() Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:17 ` [NETFILTER 42/69]: nf_conntrack: optimize hash_conntrack() Patrick McHardy
2008-04-28  8:24   ` Philip Craig
2008-04-28 13:59     ` Patrick McHardy
2008-04-29  4:48       ` Philip Craig
2008-04-29  5:44         ` David Miller
2008-04-29  6:00           ` Philip Craig
2008-04-29  6:14             ` David Miller
2008-04-29  6:50               ` Philip Craig
2008-04-29  6:56                 ` David Miller
2008-04-29  7:00                   ` Philip Craig
2008-04-29  5:44         ` Philip Craig
2008-04-29  5:54           ` Patrick McHardy
2008-04-29  8:40             ` Philip Craig
2008-04-29 10:20               ` David Miller
2008-04-29 10:22                 ` Patrick McHardy
2008-04-29 10:35                   ` David Miller
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 43/69]: nf_conntrack: reorder struct nf_conntrack_l4proto Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 44/69]: nf_conntrack: don't inline early_drop() Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 45/69]: nf_conntrack: naming unification Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 46/69]: nf_nat: use RCU for bysource hash Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 47/69]: nf_nat: switch rwlock to spinlock Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 48/69]: nf_conntrack_h323: clean up code a bit Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 49/69]: nf_conntrack_netlink: transmit mark during all events Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 50/69]: ipt_CLUSTERIP: kill clusterip_config_entry_get Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 51/69]: nf_conntrack: kill unused static inline (do_iter) Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 52/69]: xt_hashlimit match, revision 1 Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 53/69]: x_tables: semi-rewrite of /proc/net/foo_tables_* Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 54/69]: x_tables: netns propagation for /proc/net/*_tables_names Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 55/69]: x_tables: create per-netns /proc/net/*_tables_* Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 56/69]: nf_conntrack_h323: constify and annotate H.323 helper Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 57/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_sip: annotate SIP helper with const Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 58/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_tftp: annotate TFTP " Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 59/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_pptp: annotate PPtP " Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 60/69]: nf_conntrack_sane: annotate SANE " Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 61/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_proto_tcp: constify and annotate TCP modules Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 62/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_proto_udp{,lite}: annotate with const Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 63/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_proto_gre: " Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 64/69]: nf_{conntrack,nat}_icmp: constify and annotate Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 65/69]: nf_conntrack: annotate l3protos with const Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 66/69]: {ip,ip6}_queue: fix build error Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 67/69]: nf_conntrack: fix sparse warning Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 68/69]: nf_nat: " Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:18 ` [NETFILTER 69/69]: xt_iprange: fix sparse warnings Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:20 ` [NETFILTER 00/69]: Netfilter Update Jan Engelhardt
2008-01-30 20:22   ` Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 20:26     ` Jan Engelhardt
2008-01-30 20:55 ` Jan Engelhardt
2008-01-30 21:27   ` Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 21:30     ` Jan Engelhardt
2008-01-30 21:31       ` Patrick McHardy
2008-01-30 21:34     ` Patrick McHardy
2008-01-31  0:54   ` David Miller
2008-01-31 12:56 ` David Miller

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