All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
To: david@lang.hm
Cc: Ric Wheeler <rwheeler@redhat.com>, Theodore Tso <tytso@mit.edu>,
	Florian Weimer <fweimer@bfk.de>,
	Goswin von Brederlow <goswin-v-b@web.de>,
	Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>,
	kernel list <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>,
	mtk.manpages@gmail.com, rdunlap@xenotime.net,
	linux-doc@vger.kernel.org, linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org,
	corbet@lwn.net
Subject: [testcase] test your fs/storage stack (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible)
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2009 11:49:20 +0200	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20090829094919.GF1634@ucw.cz> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <alpine.DEB.2.00.0908260416270.30426@asgard.lang.hm>

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1488 bytes --]


>> So instead of fixing or at least documenting known software deficiency
>> in Linux MD stack, you'll try to surpress that information so that
>> people use more of raid5 setups?
>>
>> Perhaps the better documentation will push them to RAID1, or maybe
>> make them buy an UPS?
>
> people aren't objecting to better documentation, they are objecting to  
> misleading documentation.

Actually Ric is. He's trying hard to make RAID5 look better than it
really is.

> for flash drives the danger is very straightforward (although even then  
> you have to note that it depends heavily on the firmware of the device,  
> some will loose lots of data, some won't loose any)

I have not seen one that works :-(.

> you are generalizing that since you have lost data on flash drives, all  
> flash drives are dangerous.

Do the flash manufacturers claim they do not cause collateral damage
during powerfail? If not, they probably are dangerous.

Anyway, you wanted a test, and one is attached. It normally takes like
4 unplugs to uncover problems.

> but the super simplified statement you keep trying to make is  
> significantly overstating and oversimplifying the problem.

Offer better docs? You are right that it does not lose whole stripe,
it merely loses random block on same stripe, but result for journaling
filesystem is similar.
									Pavel


-- 
(english) http://www.livejournal.com/~pavelmachek
(cesky, pictures) http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/picture/horses/blog.html

[-- Attachment #2: fstest --]
[-- Type: text/plain, Size: 923 bytes --]

#!/bin/bash
#
# Copyright 2008 Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>, GPLv2
#
# vfat is broken with filesize=0
#
#

if [ .$MOUNTOPTS = . ]; then
# ext3 is needed, or you need to disable caches using hdparm.
# odirsync is needed, else modify fstest.worker to fsync the directory.
    MOUNTOPTS="-o dirsync"
fi
if [ .$BDEV = . ]; then
#    BDEV=/dev/sdb3
    BDEV=/dev/nd0
fi

export FILESIZE=4000
export NUMFILES=4000

waitforcard() {
    umount /mnt
    echo Waiting for card:
    while ! mount $BDEV $MOUNTOPTS /mnt 2> /dev/null; do
	echo -n .
	sleep 1
    done
#   hdparm -W0 $BDEV
    echo
}

mkdir delme.fstest
cd delme.fstest

waitforcard
rm tmp.* final.* /mnt/tmp.* /mnt/final.*

while true; do
    ../fstest.work
    echo
    waitforcard
    echo Testing: fsck....
    umount /mnt
    fsck -fy $BDEV
    echo Testing....
    waitforcard
    for A in final.*; do
	echo -n $A " "
	cmp $A /mnt/$A || exit
    done
    echo
done

[-- Attachment #3: fstest.work --]
[-- Type: text/plain, Size: 409 bytes --]

#!/bin/bash
#
# Copyright 2008 Pavel Machek <pavel@suse.cz>, GPLv2
#

echo "Writing test files: "
for A in `seq $NUMFILES`; do
    echo -n $A " "
    rm final.$A
    cat /dev/urandom | head -c $FILESIZE > tmp.$A
    dd conv=fsync if=tmp.$A of=/mnt/final.$A 2> /dev/zero || exit
#    cat /mnt/final.$A > /dev/null || exit
# sync should not be needed, as dd asks for fsync
#    sync
    mv tmp.$A final.$A
done

  reply	other threads:[~2009-08-29  9:49 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 309+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2009-03-12  9:21 ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible Pavel Machek
2009-03-12 11:40 ` Jochen Voß
2009-03-21 11:24   ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-21 11:24     ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-12 19:13 ` Rob Landley
2009-03-16 12:28   ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-16 19:26     ` Rob Landley
2009-03-23 10:45       ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-30 15:06         ` Goswin von Brederlow
2009-08-24  9:26           ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24  9:31           ` [patch] " Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 11:19             ` Florian Weimer
2009-08-24 13:01               ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-24 14:55                 ` Artem Bityutskiy
2009-08-24 22:30                   ` Rob Landley
2009-08-24 19:52                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 19:52                   ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 20:24                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-24 20:52                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 21:08                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-24 21:25                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 22:05                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-24 22:22                             ` Zan Lynx
2009-08-24 22:44                               ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25  0:34                                 ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-24 23:42                               ` david
2009-08-24 22:41                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 22:39                           ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-24 23:00                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 23:00                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25  0:02                               ` david
2009-08-25  9:32                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25  0:06                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-25  9:34                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 15:34                                   ` david
2009-08-26  3:32                                   ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-26 11:17                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 11:29                                       ` david
2009-08-26 13:10                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 13:43                                           ` david
2009-08-26 18:02                                             ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-27  6:28                                               ` Eric Sandeen
2009-08-27  6:28                                                 ` Eric Sandeen
2009-11-09  8:53                                               ` periodic fsck was " Pavel Machek
2009-11-09 14:05                                                 ` Theodore Tso
2009-11-09 15:58                                                   ` Andreas Dilger
2009-11-09  8:53                                               ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30  7:03                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 12:28                                       ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-27  6:06                                         ` Rob Landley
2009-08-27  6:54                                           ` david
2009-08-27  7:34                                             ` Rob Landley
2009-08-28 14:37                                               ` david
2009-08-30  7:19                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30 12:48                                               ` david
2009-08-27  5:27                                     ` Rob Landley
2009-08-25  0:08                               ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-25  9:42                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25  9:42                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 13:37                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-25 13:42                                     ` Alan Cox
2009-08-27  3:16                                       ` Rob Landley
2009-08-25 21:15                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 22:42                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-25 22:51                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 23:03                                           ` david
2009-08-25 23:29                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 23:03                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-25 23:26                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 23:40                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-25 23:48                                                 ` david
2009-08-25 23:53                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:11                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  0:16                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:31                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  1:00                                                         ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-26  1:15                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  2:58                                                             ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-26 10:39                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 11:12                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 11:28                                                                   ` david
2009-08-29  9:49                                                                     ` Pavel Machek [this message]
2009-08-29 11:28                                                                       ` [testcase] test your fs/storage stack (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible) Ric Wheeler
2009-09-02 20:12                                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-02 20:42                                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-02 23:00                                                                             ` Rob Landley
2009-09-02 23:09                                                                               ` david
2009-09-03  8:55                                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-03  0:36                                                                               ` jim owens
2009-09-03  2:41                                                                                 ` Rob Landley
2009-09-03 14:14                                                                                   ` jim owens
2009-09-04  7:44                                                                                     ` Rob Landley
2009-09-04 11:49                                                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-05 10:28                                                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-05 12:20                                                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-05 13:54                                                                                           ` Jonathan Corbet
2009-09-05 21:27                                                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-05 21:56                                                                                               ` Theodore Tso
2009-09-02 22:45                                                                           ` Rob Landley
2009-09-02 22:49                                                                           ` [PATCH] Update Documentation/md.txt to mention journaling won't help dirty+degraded case Rob Landley
2009-09-03  9:08                                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-03 12:05                                                                             ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-03 12:31                                                                               ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-29 16:35                                                                       ` [testcase] test your fs/storage stack (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible) david
2009-08-29 16:35                                                                         ` david
2009-08-30  7:07                                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 12:01                                                                   ` [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 12:23                                                                   ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-30  7:01                                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30  7:01                                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 10:39                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-27  5:19                                                               ` Rob Landley
2009-08-27 12:24                                                                 ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-27 13:10                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-27 13:10                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-27 16:54                                                                     ` MD/DM and barriers (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible) Jeff Garzik
2009-08-27 18:09                                                                       ` Alasdair G Kergon
2009-09-01 14:01                                                                       ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-02 16:17                                                                         ` Michael Tokarev
2009-08-29 10:02                                                                   ` [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible Pavel Machek
2009-08-29 10:02                                                                   ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  1:15                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  1:16                                                           ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  1:16                                                           ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  2:55                                                             ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-26 13:37                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 13:37                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  2:53                                                           ` Henrique de Moraes Holschuh
2009-08-26  2:53                                                           ` Henrique de Moraes Holschuh
2009-09-03  9:47                                                           ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-03  9:47                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  3:50                                                   ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-27  3:53                                                 ` Rob Landley
2009-08-27 11:43                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-27 20:51                                                     ` Rob Landley
2009-08-27 22:00                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-28 14:49                                                       ` david
2009-08-29 10:05                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-29 20:22                                                           ` Rob Landley
2009-08-29 21:34                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-03 16:56                                                             ` what fsck can (and can't) do was " david
2009-09-03 19:27                                                               ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-27 22:13                                                     ` raid is dangerous but that's secret (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible) Pavel Machek
2009-08-28  1:32                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-28  6:44                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-28  7:31                                                           ` NeilBrown
2009-08-28  7:31                                                             ` NeilBrown
2009-11-09 10:50                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-28 11:16                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-01 13:58                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-28 12:08                                                           ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-30  7:51                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30  9:01                                                               ` Christian Kujau
2009-09-02 20:55                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30 12:55                                                               ` david
2009-08-30 14:12                                                                 ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-30 14:44                                                                   ` Michael Tokarev
2009-08-30 16:10                                                                     ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-30 16:35                                                                     ` Christoph Hellwig
2009-08-31 13:15                                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-31 13:16                                                                         ` Christoph Hellwig
2009-08-31 13:19                                                                           ` Mark Lord
2009-08-31 13:21                                                                             ` Christoph Hellwig
2009-08-31 15:14                                                                               ` jim owens
2009-09-03  1:59                                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-03 11:12                                                                                 ` Krzysztof Halasa
2009-09-03 11:18                                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-03 13:34                                                                                     ` Krzysztof Halasa
2009-09-03 13:50                                                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-03 13:59                                                                                         ` Krzysztof Halasa
2009-09-03 14:15                                                                                           ` wishful thinking about atomic, multi-sector or full MD stripe width, writes in storage Ric Wheeler
2009-09-03 14:26                                                                                             ` Florian Weimer
2009-09-03 15:09                                                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-03 23:50                                                                                             ` Krzysztof Halasa
2009-09-04  0:39                                                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-04 21:21                                                                                             ` Mark Lord
2009-09-04 21:29                                                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-05 12:57                                                                                                 ` Mark Lord
2009-09-05 13:40                                                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-09-05 21:43                                                                                                   ` NeilBrown
2009-09-07 11:45                                                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-07 13:10                                                                                               ` Theodore Tso
2010-04-04 13:47                                                                                                 ` fsck more often when powerfail is detected (was Re: wishful thinking about atomic, multi-sector or full MD stripe width, writes in storage) Pavel Machek
2010-04-04 13:47                                                                                                   ` Pavel Machek
2010-04-04 17:39                                                                                                   ` tytso
2010-04-04 17:59                                                                                                   ` Rob Landley
2010-04-04 18:45                                                                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2010-04-04 19:35                                                                                                       ` tytso
2010-04-04 19:29                                                                                                     ` tytso
2010-04-04 23:58                                                                                                       ` Rob Landley
2009-09-03 14:35                                                                                       ` raid is dangerous but that's secret (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible) david
2009-08-31 13:22                                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-31 15:50                                                                             ` david
2009-08-31 16:21                                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-31 18:31                                                                               ` Christoph Hellwig
2009-08-31 19:11                                                                                 ` david
2009-08-30 15:05                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30 15:20                                                               ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-31 17:49                                                                 ` Jesse Brandeburg
2009-08-31 18:01                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-31 21:01                                                                     ` MD5/6? (was Re: raid is dangerous but that's secret ...) Ron Johnson
2009-08-31 18:07                                                                   ` raid is dangerous but that's secret (was Re: [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible) martin f krafft
2009-08-31 22:26                                                                     ` Jesse Brandeburg
2009-08-31 22:26                                                                       ` Jesse Brandeburg
2009-08-31 23:19                                                                       ` Ron Johnson
2009-09-01  5:45                                                                       ` martin f krafft
2009-08-31 17:49                                                                 ` Jesse Brandeburg
2009-09-05 10:34                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-09-05 10:34                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30  7:51                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-28  7:11                                                         ` raid is dangerous but that's secret Florian Weimer
2009-08-28  7:23                                                           ` NeilBrown
2009-08-25 23:46                                               ` [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible david
2009-08-25 23:08                                       ` Neil Brown
2009-08-25 23:44                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  4:08                                           ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-26 11:15                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-27  3:29                                               ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-25 16:11                                   ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-25 22:21                                     ` [patch] document flash/RAID dangers Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 22:21                                       ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 22:33                                       ` david
2009-08-25 22:40                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 22:59                                           ` david
2009-08-25 23:37                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 23:48                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  0:06                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:12                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  0:20                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:26                                                       ` david
2009-08-26  0:28                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  0:38                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:45                                                           ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 11:21                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 11:58                                                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 12:40                                                                 ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-26 13:11                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 13:11                                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26 13:44                                                                     ` david
2009-08-26 13:40                                                                   ` Chris Adams
2009-08-26 13:47                                                                     ` Alan Cox
2009-08-26 14:11                                                                       ` Chris Adams
2009-08-27 21:50                                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-29  9:38                                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  4:24                                                       ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-26 11:22                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 14:45                                                           ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-29  9:39                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-29 11:47                                                               ` Ron Johnson
2009-08-29 16:12                                                                 ` jim owens
2009-08-25 23:56                                               ` david
2009-08-26  0:12                                                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:20                                                   ` david
2009-08-26  0:39                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  1:17                                                       ` david
2009-08-26  0:26                                                   ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  0:44                                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  0:50                                                       ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-26  1:19                                                       ` david
2009-08-26 11:25                                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26 12:37                                                           ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-30  6:49                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-30  6:49                                                             ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-26  4:20                                           ` Rik van Riel
2009-08-25 22:27                                     ` [patch] document that ext2 can't handle barriers Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 22:27                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-27  3:34                                 ` [patch] ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible Rob Landley
2009-08-27  8:46                                 ` David Woodhouse
2009-08-28 14:46                                   ` david
2009-08-29 10:09                                     ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-29 16:27                                       ` david
2009-08-29 21:33                                         ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 13:57                             ` Chris Adams
2009-08-25 22:58                             ` Neil Brown
2009-08-25 23:10                               ` Ric Wheeler
2009-08-25 23:32                                 ` NeilBrown
2009-08-25 23:32                                   ` NeilBrown
2009-08-24 21:11                       ` Greg Freemyer
2009-08-24 21:11                         ` Greg Freemyer
2009-08-25 20:56                         ` Rob Landley
2009-08-25 21:08                           ` david
2009-08-25 18:52                     ` Rob Landley
2009-08-25 14:43                 ` Florian Weimer
2009-08-24 13:50               ` Theodore Tso
2009-08-24 18:48                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 18:48                 ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 18:39               ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-24 13:21             ` Greg Freemyer
2009-08-24 13:21               ` Greg Freemyer
2009-08-24 18:44               ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 23:28               ` Neil Brown
2009-08-25 23:28                 ` Neil Brown
2009-08-26  1:34                 ` david
2009-08-24 21:11             ` Rob Landley
2009-08-24 21:33               ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-25 18:45                 ` Jan Kara
2009-03-16 12:30   ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-16 19:03     ` Theodore Tso
2009-03-23 18:23       ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-23 18:23         ` Pavel Machek
2009-03-16 19:40     ` Sitsofe Wheeler
2009-03-16 21:43       ` Rob Landley
2009-03-17  4:55         ` Kyle Moffett
2009-03-23 11:00       ` Pavel Machek
2009-08-29  1:33   ` Robert Hancock
2009-08-29 13:04     ` Alan Cox
2009-03-16 19:45 ` Greg Freemyer
2009-03-16 19:45   ` Greg Freemyer
2009-03-16 21:48   ` Pavel Machek
     [not found] <ciPTu-7f2-47@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found] ` <clrhX-3R1-13@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]   ` <dcEc1-33Z-17@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]     ` <dcFUz-4yN-9@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]       ` <dcHtf-5XC-17@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]         ` <dcNSc-2DU-11@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]           ` <dcOl9-3aC-19@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]             ` <dcOOd-3qM-33@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]               ` <dcOXN-3M5-15@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found] <dddMw-7Xt-57@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found] ` <dddWc-83W-51@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]   ` <ddefx-5R-37@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]     ` <ddep7-bI-7@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]       ` <ddeyR-iy-11@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]         ` <ddeyR-iy-9@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]           ` <ddeIu-n9-9@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]             ` <ddeSb-th-29@gated-at.bofh.it>
     [not found]               ` <ddoRI-11a-39@gated-at.bofh.it>

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=20090829094919.GF1634@ucw.cz \
    --to=pavel@ucw.cz \
    --cc=akpm@osdl.org \
    --cc=corbet@lwn.net \
    --cc=david@lang.hm \
    --cc=fweimer@bfk.de \
    --cc=goswin-v-b@web.de \
    --cc=linux-doc@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=mtk.manpages@gmail.com \
    --cc=rdunlap@xenotime.net \
    --cc=rob@landley.net \
    --cc=rwheeler@redhat.com \
    --cc=tytso@mit.edu \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.