[merged mm-stable] mmthprmap-lock_compound_mapcounts-on-thp-mapcounts.patch removed from -mm tree

[Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>]

The quilt patch titled
     Subject: mm,thp,rmap: lock_compound_mapcounts() on THP mapcounts
has been removed from the -mm tree.  Its filename was
     mmthprmap-lock_compound_mapcounts-on-thp-mapcounts.patch

This patch was dropped because it was merged into the mm-stable branch
of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm

------------------------------------------------------
From: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Subject: mm,thp,rmap: lock_compound_mapcounts() on THP mapcounts
Date: Wed, 2 Nov 2022 18:53:45 -0700 (PDT)

Fix the races in maintaining compound_mapcount, subpages_mapcount and
subpage _mapcount by using PG_locked in the first tail of any compound
page for a bit_spin_lock() on such modifications; skipping the usual
atomic operations on those fields in this case.

Bring page_remove_file_rmap() and page_remove_anon_compound_rmap() back
into page_remove_rmap() itself.  Rearrange page_add_anon_rmap() and
page_add_file_rmap() and page_remove_rmap() to follow the same "if
(compound) {lock} else if (PageCompound) {lock} else {atomic}" pattern
(with a PageTransHuge in the compound test, like before, to avoid BUG_ONs
and optimize away that block when THP is not configured).  Move all the
stats updates outside, after the bit_spin_locked section, so that it is
sure to be a leaf lock.

Add page_dup_compound_rmap() to manage compound locking versus atomics in
sync with the rest.  In particular, hugetlb pages are still using the
atomics: to avoid unnecessary interference there, and because they never
have subpage mappings; but this exception can easily be changed. 
Conveniently, page_dup_compound_rmap() turns out to suit an anon THP's
__split_huge_pmd_locked() too.

bit_spin_lock() is not popular with PREEMPT_RT folks: but PREEMPT_RT
sensibly excludes TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE already, so its only exposure is to
the non-hugetlb non-THP pte-mapped compound pages (with large folios being
currently dependent on TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE).  There is never any scan of
subpages in this case; but we have chosen to use PageCompound tests rather
than PageTransCompound tests to gate the use of lock_compound_mapcounts(),
so that page_mapped() is correct on all compound pages, whether or not
TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is enabled: could that be a problem for PREEMPT_RT,
when there is contention on the lock - under heavy concurrent forking for
example?  If so, then it can be turned into a sleeping lock (like
folio_lock()) when PREEMPT_RT.

A simple 100 X munmap(mmap(2GB, MAP_SHARED|MAP_POPULATE, tmpfs), 2GB) took
18 seconds on small pages, and used to take 1 second on huge pages, but
now takes 115 milliseconds on huge pages.  Mapping by pmds a second time
used to take 860ms and now takes 86ms; mapping by pmds after mapping by
ptes (when the scan is needed) used to take 870ms and now takes 495ms. 
Mapping huge pages by ptes is largely unaffected but variable: between 5%
faster and 5% slower in what I've recorded.  Contention on the lock is
likely to behave worse than contention on the atomics behaved.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1b42bd1a-8223-e827-602f-d466c2db7d3c@google.com
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: James Houghton <jthoughton@google.com>
Cc: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Cc: Miaohe Lin <linmiaohe@huawei.com>
Cc: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
Cc: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com>
Cc: Muchun Song <songmuchun@bytedance.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <naoya.horiguchi@linux.dev>
Cc: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
Cc: Sidhartha Kumar <sidhartha.kumar@oracle.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Cc: Zach O'Keefe <zokeefe@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
---

 Documentation/mm/transhuge.rst |   14 -
 include/linux/rmap.h           |   14 -
 mm/huge_memory.c               |    3 
 mm/rmap.c                      |  337 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 4 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 163 deletions(-)

--- a/Documentation/mm/transhuge.rst~mmthprmap-lock_compound_mapcounts-on-thp-mapcounts
+++ a/Documentation/mm/transhuge.rst
@@ -117,13 +117,15 @@ pages:
   - ->_refcount in tail pages is always zero: get_page_unless_zero() never
     succeeds on tail pages.
 
-  - map/unmap of the pages with PTE entry increment/decrement ->_mapcount
-    on relevant sub-page of the compound page.
+  - map/unmap of PMD entry for the whole compound page increment/decrement
+    ->compound_mapcount, stored in the first tail page of the compound page.
 
-  - map/unmap of the whole compound page is accounted for in compound_mapcount
-    (stored in first tail page). For file huge pages, we also increment
-    ->_mapcount of all sub-pages in order to have race-free detection of
-    last unmap of subpages.
+  - map/unmap of sub-pages with PTE entry increment/decrement ->_mapcount
+    on relevant sub-page of the compound page, and also increment/decrement
+    ->subpages_mapcount, stored in first tail page of the compound page.
+    In order to have race-free accounting of sub-pages mapped, changes to
+    sub-page ->_mapcount, ->subpages_mapcount and ->compound_mapcount are
+    are all locked by bit_spin_lock of PG_locked in the first tail ->flags.
 
 split_huge_page internally has to distribute the refcounts in the head
 page to the tail pages before clearing all PG_head/tail bits from the page
--- a/include/linux/rmap.h~mmthprmap-lock_compound_mapcounts-on-thp-mapcounts
+++ a/include/linux/rmap.h
@@ -204,16 +204,14 @@ void hugepage_add_anon_rmap(struct page
 void hugepage_add_new_anon_rmap(struct page *, struct vm_area_struct *,
 		unsigned long address);
 
-static inline void __page_dup_rmap(struct page *page, bool compound)
-{
-	if (!compound && PageCompound(page))
-		atomic_inc(subpages_mapcount_ptr(compound_head(page)));
-	atomic_inc(compound ? compound_mapcount_ptr(page) : &page->_mapcount);
-}
+void page_dup_compound_rmap(struct page *page, bool compound);
 
 static inline void page_dup_file_rmap(struct page *page, bool compound)
 {
-	__page_dup_rmap(page, compound);
+	if (PageCompound(page))
+		page_dup_compound_rmap(page, compound);
+	else
+		atomic_inc(&page->_mapcount);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -262,7 +260,7 @@ static inline int page_try_dup_anon_rmap
 	 * the page R/O into both processes.
 	 */
 dup:
-	__page_dup_rmap(page, compound);
+	page_dup_file_rmap(page, compound);
 	return 0;
 }
 
--- a/mm/huge_memory.c~mmthprmap-lock_compound_mapcounts-on-thp-mapcounts
+++ a/mm/huge_memory.c
@@ -2142,7 +2142,6 @@ static void __split_huge_pmd_locked(stru
 
 		VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!page_count(page), page);
 		page_ref_add(page, HPAGE_PMD_NR - 1);
-		atomic_add(HPAGE_PMD_NR, subpages_mapcount_ptr(page));
 
 		/*
 		 * Without "freeze", we'll simply split the PMD, propagating the
@@ -2222,7 +2221,7 @@ static void __split_huge_pmd_locked(stru
 		BUG_ON(!pte_none(*pte));
 		set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, entry);
 		if (!pmd_migration)
-			atomic_inc(&page[i]._mapcount);
+			page_dup_compound_rmap(page + i, false);
 		pte_unmap(pte);
 	}
 
--- a/mm/rmap.c~mmthprmap-lock_compound_mapcounts-on-thp-mapcounts
+++ a/mm/rmap.c
@@ -1085,11 +1085,66 @@ int pfn_mkclean_range(unsigned long pfn,
 	return page_vma_mkclean_one(&pvmw);
 }
 
+struct compound_mapcounts {
+	unsigned int compound_mapcount;
+	unsigned int subpages_mapcount;
+};
+
+/*
+ * lock_compound_mapcounts() first locks, then copies subpages_mapcount and
+ * compound_mapcount from head[1].compound_mapcount and subpages_mapcount,
+ * converting from struct page's internal representation to logical count
+ * (that is, adding 1 to compound_mapcount to hide its offset by -1).
+ */
+static void lock_compound_mapcounts(struct page *head,
+		struct compound_mapcounts *local)
+{
+	bit_spin_lock(PG_locked, &head[1].flags);
+	local->compound_mapcount = atomic_read(compound_mapcount_ptr(head)) + 1;
+	local->subpages_mapcount = atomic_read(subpages_mapcount_ptr(head));
+}
+
+/*
+ * After caller has updated subpage._mapcount, local subpages_mapcount and
+ * local compound_mapcount, as necessary, unlock_compound_mapcounts() converts
+ * and copies them back to the compound head[1] fields, and then unlocks.
+ */
+static void unlock_compound_mapcounts(struct page *head,
+		struct compound_mapcounts *local)
+{
+	atomic_set(compound_mapcount_ptr(head), local->compound_mapcount - 1);
+	atomic_set(subpages_mapcount_ptr(head), local->subpages_mapcount);
+	bit_spin_unlock(PG_locked, &head[1].flags);
+}
+
+/*
+ * When acting on a compound page under lock_compound_mapcounts(), avoid the
+ * unnecessary overhead of an actual atomic operation on its subpage mapcount.
+ * Return true if this is the first increment or the last decrement
+ * (remembering that page->_mapcount -1 represents logical mapcount 0).
+ */
+static bool subpage_mapcount_inc(struct page *page)
+{
+	int orig_mapcount = atomic_read(&page->_mapcount);
+
+	atomic_set(&page->_mapcount, orig_mapcount + 1);
+	return orig_mapcount < 0;
+}
+
+static bool subpage_mapcount_dec(struct page *page)
+{
+	int orig_mapcount = atomic_read(&page->_mapcount);
+
+	atomic_set(&page->_mapcount, orig_mapcount - 1);
+	return orig_mapcount == 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * When mapping a THP's first pmd, or unmapping its last pmd, if that THP
  * also has pte mappings, then those must be discounted: in order to maintain
  * NR_ANON_MAPPED and NR_FILE_MAPPED statistics exactly, without any drift,
  * and to decide when an anon THP should be put on the deferred split queue.
+ * This function must be called between lock_ and unlock_compound_mapcounts().
  */
 static int nr_subpages_unmapped(struct page *head, int nr_subpages)
 {
@@ -1103,6 +1158,40 @@ static int nr_subpages_unmapped(struct p
 	return nr;
 }
 
+/*
+ * page_dup_compound_rmap(), used when copying mm, or when splitting pmd,
+ * provides a simple example of using lock_ and unlock_compound_mapcounts().
+ */
+void page_dup_compound_rmap(struct page *page, bool compound)
+{
+	struct compound_mapcounts mapcounts;
+	struct page *head;
+
+	/*
+	 * Hugetlb pages could use lock_compound_mapcounts(), like THPs do;
+	 * but at present they are still being managed by atomic operations:
+	 * which are likely to be somewhat faster, so don't rush to convert
+	 * them over without evaluating the effect.
+	 *
+	 * Note that hugetlb does not call page_add_file_rmap():
+	 * here is where hugetlb shared page mapcount is raised.
+	 */
+	if (PageHuge(page)) {
+		atomic_inc(compound_mapcount_ptr(page));
+		return;
+	}
+
+	head = compound_head(page);
+	lock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
+	if (compound) {
+		mapcounts.compound_mapcount++;
+	} else {
+		mapcounts.subpages_mapcount++;
+		subpage_mapcount_inc(page);
+	}
+	unlock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
+}
+
 /**
  * page_move_anon_rmap - move a page to our anon_vma
  * @page:	the page to move to our anon_vma
@@ -1212,7 +1301,8 @@ static void __page_check_anon_rmap(struc
 void page_add_anon_rmap(struct page *page,
 	struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address, rmap_t flags)
 {
-	int nr, nr_pages;
+	struct compound_mapcounts mapcounts;
+	int nr = 0, nr_pmdmapped = 0;
 	bool compound = flags & RMAP_COMPOUND;
 	bool first;
 
@@ -1222,33 +1312,37 @@ void page_add_anon_rmap(struct page *pag
 		VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(page), page);
 
 	if (compound && PageTransHuge(page)) {
-		atomic_t *mapcount;
-		VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(page), page);
-		mapcount = compound_mapcount_ptr(page);
-		first = atomic_inc_and_test(mapcount);
+		lock_compound_mapcounts(page, &mapcounts);
+		first = !mapcounts.compound_mapcount;
+		mapcounts.compound_mapcount++;
+		if (first) {
+			nr = nr_pmdmapped = thp_nr_pages(page);
+			if (mapcounts.subpages_mapcount)
+				nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pmdmapped);
+		}
+		unlock_compound_mapcounts(page, &mapcounts);
 
-		nr = nr_pages = thp_nr_pages(page);
-		if (first && head_subpages_mapcount(page))
-			nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pages);
-	} else {
-		nr = 1;
-		if (PageTransCompound(page)) {
-			struct page *head = compound_head(page);
+	} else if (PageCompound(page)) {
+		struct page *head = compound_head(page);
 
-			atomic_inc(subpages_mapcount_ptr(head));
-			nr = !head_compound_mapcount(head);
-		}
+		lock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
+		mapcounts.subpages_mapcount++;
+		first = subpage_mapcount_inc(page);
+		nr = first && !mapcounts.compound_mapcount;
+		unlock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
+
+	} else {
 		first = atomic_inc_and_test(&page->_mapcount);
+		nr = first;
 	}
 
 	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!first && (flags & RMAP_EXCLUSIVE), page);
 	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!first && PageAnonExclusive(page), page);
 
-	if (first) {
-		if (compound)
-			__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_ANON_THPS, nr_pages);
+	if (nr_pmdmapped)
+		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_ANON_THPS, nr_pmdmapped);
+	if (nr)
 		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_ANON_MAPPED, nr);
-	}
 
 	if (unlikely(PageKsm(page)))
 		unlock_page_memcg(page);
@@ -1308,39 +1402,41 @@ void page_add_new_anon_rmap(struct page
 void page_add_file_rmap(struct page *page,
 	struct vm_area_struct *vma, bool compound)
 {
-	int nr = 0;
+	struct compound_mapcounts mapcounts;
+	int nr = 0, nr_pmdmapped = 0;
+	bool first;
 
 	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(compound && !PageTransHuge(page), page);
 	lock_page_memcg(page);
-	if (compound && PageTransHuge(page)) {
-		int nr_pages;
 
-		if (!atomic_inc_and_test(compound_mapcount_ptr(page)))
-			goto out;
+	if (compound && PageTransHuge(page)) {
+		lock_compound_mapcounts(page, &mapcounts);
+		first = !mapcounts.compound_mapcount;
+		mapcounts.compound_mapcount++;
+		if (first) {
+			nr = nr_pmdmapped = thp_nr_pages(page);
+			if (mapcounts.subpages_mapcount)
+				nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pmdmapped);
+		}
+		unlock_compound_mapcounts(page, &mapcounts);
 
-		nr = nr_pages = thp_nr_pages(page);
-		if (head_subpages_mapcount(page))
-			nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pages);
-
-		if (PageSwapBacked(page))
-			__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_SHMEM_PMDMAPPED,
-						nr_pages);
-		else
-			__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PMDMAPPED,
-						nr_pages);
-	} else {
-		bool pmd_mapped = false;
+	} else if (PageCompound(page)) {
+		struct page *head = compound_head(page);
 
-		if (PageTransCompound(page)) {
-			struct page *head = compound_head(page);
+		lock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
+		mapcounts.subpages_mapcount++;
+		first = subpage_mapcount_inc(page);
+		nr = first && !mapcounts.compound_mapcount;
+		unlock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
 
-			atomic_inc(subpages_mapcount_ptr(head));
-			pmd_mapped = head_compound_mapcount(head);
-		}
-		if (atomic_inc_and_test(&page->_mapcount) && !pmd_mapped)
-			nr++;
+	} else {
+		first = atomic_inc_and_test(&page->_mapcount);
+		nr = first;
 	}
-out:
+
+	if (nr_pmdmapped)
+		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, PageSwapBacked(page) ?
+			NR_SHMEM_PMDMAPPED : NR_FILE_PMDMAPPED, nr_pmdmapped);
 	if (nr)
 		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_MAPPED, nr);
 	unlock_page_memcg(page);
@@ -1348,137 +1444,84 @@ out:
 	mlock_vma_page(page, vma, compound);
 }
 
-static void page_remove_file_rmap(struct page *page, bool compound)
+/**
+ * page_remove_rmap - take down pte mapping from a page
+ * @page:	page to remove mapping from
+ * @vma:	the vm area from which the mapping is removed
+ * @compound:	uncharge the page as compound or small page
+ *
+ * The caller needs to hold the pte lock.
+ */
+void page_remove_rmap(struct page *page,
+	struct vm_area_struct *vma, bool compound)
 {
-	int nr = 0;
+	struct compound_mapcounts mapcounts;
+	int nr = 0, nr_pmdmapped = 0;
+	bool last;
 
 	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(compound && !PageHead(page), page);
 
-	/* Hugepages are not counted in NR_FILE_MAPPED for now. */
+	/* Hugetlb pages are not counted in NR_*MAPPED */
 	if (unlikely(PageHuge(page))) {
 		/* hugetlb pages are always mapped with pmds */
 		atomic_dec(compound_mapcount_ptr(page));
 		return;
 	}
 
+	lock_page_memcg(page);
+
 	/* page still mapped by someone else? */
 	if (compound && PageTransHuge(page)) {
-		int nr_pages;
-
-		if (!atomic_add_negative(-1, compound_mapcount_ptr(page)))
-			return;
-
-		nr = nr_pages = thp_nr_pages(page);
-		if (head_subpages_mapcount(page))
-			nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pages);
-
-		if (PageSwapBacked(page))
-			__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_SHMEM_PMDMAPPED,
-						-nr_pages);
-		else
-			__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_PMDMAPPED,
-						-nr_pages);
-	} else {
-		bool pmd_mapped = false;
-
-		if (PageTransCompound(page)) {
-			struct page *head = compound_head(page);
-
-			atomic_dec(subpages_mapcount_ptr(head));
-			pmd_mapped = head_compound_mapcount(head);
+		lock_compound_mapcounts(page, &mapcounts);
+		mapcounts.compound_mapcount--;
+		last = !mapcounts.compound_mapcount;
+		if (last) {
+			nr = nr_pmdmapped = thp_nr_pages(page);
+			if (mapcounts.subpages_mapcount)
+				nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pmdmapped);
 		}
-		if (atomic_add_negative(-1, &page->_mapcount) && !pmd_mapped)
-			nr++;
-	}
+		unlock_compound_mapcounts(page, &mapcounts);
 
-	if (nr)
-		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_FILE_MAPPED, -nr);
-}
-
-static void page_remove_anon_compound_rmap(struct page *page)
-{
-	int nr, nr_pages;
-
-	if (!atomic_add_negative(-1, compound_mapcount_ptr(page)))
-		return;
-
-	/* Hugepages are not counted in NR_ANON_PAGES for now. */
-	if (unlikely(PageHuge(page)))
-		return;
-
-	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE))
-		return;
+	} else if (PageCompound(page)) {
+		struct page *head = compound_head(page);
 
-	nr = nr_pages = thp_nr_pages(page);
-	__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_ANON_THPS, -nr);
+		lock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
+		mapcounts.subpages_mapcount--;
+		last = subpage_mapcount_dec(page);
+		nr = last && !mapcounts.compound_mapcount;
+		unlock_compound_mapcounts(head, &mapcounts);
 
-	if (head_subpages_mapcount(page)) {
-		nr = nr_subpages_unmapped(page, nr_pages);
+	} else {
+		last = atomic_add_negative(-1, &page->_mapcount);
+		nr = last;
+	}
 
+	if (nr_pmdmapped) {
+		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, PageAnon(page) ? NR_ANON_THPS :
+				(PageSwapBacked(page) ? NR_SHMEM_PMDMAPPED :
+				NR_FILE_PMDMAPPED), -nr_pmdmapped);
+	}
+	if (nr) {
+		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, PageAnon(page) ? NR_ANON_MAPPED :
+				NR_FILE_MAPPED, -nr);
 		/*
-		 * Queue the page for deferred split if at least one small
+		 * Queue anon THP for deferred split if at least one small
 		 * page of the compound page is unmapped, but at least one
 		 * small page is still mapped.
 		 */
-		if (nr && nr < nr_pages)
-			deferred_split_huge_page(page);
+		if (PageTransCompound(page) && PageAnon(page))
+			if (!compound || nr < nr_pmdmapped)
+				deferred_split_huge_page(compound_head(page));
 	}
 
-	if (nr)
-		__mod_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_ANON_MAPPED, -nr);
-}
-
-/**
- * page_remove_rmap - take down pte mapping from a page
- * @page:	page to remove mapping from
- * @vma:	the vm area from which the mapping is removed
- * @compound:	uncharge the page as compound or small page
- *
- * The caller needs to hold the pte lock.
- */
-void page_remove_rmap(struct page *page,
-	struct vm_area_struct *vma, bool compound)
-{
-	bool pmd_mapped = false;
-
-	lock_page_memcg(page);
-
-	if (!PageAnon(page)) {
-		page_remove_file_rmap(page, compound);
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	if (compound) {
-		page_remove_anon_compound_rmap(page);
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	if (PageTransCompound(page)) {
-		struct page *head = compound_head(page);
-
-		atomic_dec(subpages_mapcount_ptr(head));
-		pmd_mapped = head_compound_mapcount(head);
-	}
-
-	/* page still mapped by someone else? */
-	if (!atomic_add_negative(-1, &page->_mapcount) || pmd_mapped)
-		goto out;
-
-	__dec_lruvec_page_state(page, NR_ANON_MAPPED);
-
-	if (PageTransCompound(page))
-		deferred_split_huge_page(compound_head(page));
-
 	/*
-	 * It would be tidy to reset the PageAnon mapping here,
+	 * It would be tidy to reset PageAnon mapping when fully unmapped,
 	 * but that might overwrite a racing page_add_anon_rmap
 	 * which increments mapcount after us but sets mapping
-	 * before us: so leave the reset to free_unref_page,
+	 * before us: so leave the reset to free_pages_prepare,
 	 * and remember that it's only reliable while mapped.
-	 * Leaving it set also helps swapoff to reinstate ptes
-	 * faster for those pages still in swapcache.
 	 */
-out:
+
 	unlock_page_memcg(page);
 
 	munlock_vma_page(page, vma, compound);
_

Patches currently in -mm which might be from hughd@google.com are