Re: [PATCH net-next v4 1/2] virtio_net: add page_pool support for buffer allocation

["Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>]

On Wed, Feb 04, 2026 at 11:36:16AM -0800, Vishwanath Seshagiri wrote:
> Use page_pool for RX buffer allocation in mergeable and small buffer
> modes to enable page recycling and avoid repeated page allocator calls.
> skb_mark_for_recycle() enables page reuse in the network stack.
> 
> Big packets mode is unchanged because it uses page->private for linked
> list chaining of multiple pages per buffer, which conflicts with
> page_pool's internal use of page->private.
> 
> Implement conditional DMA premapping using virtqueue_dma_dev():
> - When non-NULL (vhost, virtio-pci): use PP_FLAG_DMA_MAP with page_pool
>   handling DMA mapping, submit via virtqueue_add_inbuf_premapped()
> - When NULL (VDUSE, direct physical): page_pool handles allocation only,
>   submit via virtqueue_add_inbuf_ctx()
> 
> This preserves the DMA premapping optimization from commit 31f3cd4e5756b
> ("virtio-net: rq submits premapped per-buffer") while adding page_pool
> support as a prerequisite for future zero-copy features (devmem TCP,
> io_uring ZCRX).
> 
> Page pools are created in probe and destroyed in remove (not open/close),
> following existing driver behavior where RX buffers remain in virtqueues
> across interface state changes.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Vishwanath Seshagiri <vishs@meta.com>
> ---
>  drivers/net/Kconfig      |   1 +
>  drivers/net/virtio_net.c | 351 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
>  2 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 151 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/net/Kconfig b/drivers/net/Kconfig
> index ac12eaf11755..f1e6b6b0a86f 100644
> --- a/drivers/net/Kconfig
> +++ b/drivers/net/Kconfig
> @@ -450,6 +450,7 @@ config VIRTIO_NET
>  	depends on VIRTIO
>  	select NET_FAILOVER
>  	select DIMLIB
> +	select PAGE_POOL
>  	help
>  	  This is the virtual network driver for virtio.  It can be used with
>  	  QEMU based VMMs (like KVM or Xen).  Say Y or M.
> diff --git a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
> index db88dcaefb20..74c51e597c3f 100644
> --- a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
> +++ b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
> @@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
>  #include <net/netdev_rx_queue.h>
>  #include <net/netdev_queues.h>
>  #include <net/xdp_sock_drv.h>
> +#include <net/page_pool/helpers.h>
>  
>  static int napi_weight = NAPI_POLL_WEIGHT;
>  module_param(napi_weight, int, 0444);
> @@ -359,6 +360,11 @@ struct receive_queue {
>  	/* Page frag for packet buffer allocation. */
>  	struct page_frag alloc_frag;
>  
> +	struct page_pool *page_pool;
> +
> +	/* True if page_pool handles DMA mapping via PP_FLAG_DMA_MAP */
> +	bool use_page_pool_dma;
> +
>  	/* RX: fragments + linear part + virtio header */
>  	struct scatterlist sg[MAX_SKB_FRAGS + 2];
>  
> @@ -521,11 +527,13 @@ static int virtnet_xdp_handler(struct bpf_prog *xdp_prog, struct xdp_buff *xdp,
>  			       struct virtnet_rq_stats *stats);
>  static void virtnet_receive_done(struct virtnet_info *vi, struct receive_queue *rq,
>  				 struct sk_buff *skb, u8 flags);
> -static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct sk_buff *head_skb,
> +static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct receive_queue *rq,
> +					       struct sk_buff *head_skb,
>  					       struct sk_buff *curr_skb,
>  					       struct page *page, void *buf,
>  					       int len, int truesize);
>  static void virtnet_xsk_completed(struct send_queue *sq, int num);
> +static void free_unused_bufs(struct virtnet_info *vi);
>  
>  enum virtnet_xmit_type {
>  	VIRTNET_XMIT_TYPE_SKB,
> @@ -706,15 +714,24 @@ static struct page *get_a_page(struct receive_queue *rq, gfp_t gfp_mask)
>  	return p;
>  }
>  
> +static void virtnet_put_page(struct receive_queue *rq, struct page *page,
> +			     bool allow_direct)
> +{
> +	if (page_pool_page_is_pp(page))
> +		page_pool_put_page(rq->page_pool, page, -1, allow_direct);
> +	else
> +		put_page(page);
> +}
> +
>  static void virtnet_rq_free_buf(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  				struct receive_queue *rq, void *buf)
>  {
>  	if (vi->mergeable_rx_bufs)
> -		put_page(virt_to_head_page(buf));
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, virt_to_head_page(buf), false);
>  	else if (vi->big_packets)
>  		give_pages(rq, buf);
>  	else
> -		put_page(virt_to_head_page(buf));
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, virt_to_head_page(buf), false);
>  }
>  
>  static void enable_rx_mode_work(struct virtnet_info *vi)
> @@ -877,9 +894,12 @@ static struct sk_buff *page_to_skb(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  		if (unlikely(!skb))
>  			return NULL;
>  
> -		page = (struct page *)page->private;
> -		if (page)
> -			give_pages(rq, page);
> +		if (!rq->page_pool) {

I think this is ok because big_packets is exactly when this happens.
but it is confusing that the conditions on free and alloc are
written differently. A comment with an explanation, at least?


> +			page = (struct page *)page->private;
> +			if (page)
> +				give_pages(rq, page);
> +		}
> +
>  		goto ok;
>  	}
>  
> @@ -925,7 +945,7 @@ static struct sk_buff *page_to_skb(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  	hdr = skb_vnet_common_hdr(skb);
>  	memcpy(hdr, hdr_p, hdr_len);
>  	if (page_to_free)
> -		put_page(page_to_free);
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, page_to_free, true);
>  
>  	return skb;
>  }
> @@ -965,93 +985,10 @@ static void virtnet_rq_unmap(struct receive_queue *rq, void *buf, u32 len)
>  static void *virtnet_rq_get_buf(struct receive_queue *rq, u32 *len, void **ctx)
>  {
>  	struct virtnet_info *vi = rq->vq->vdev->priv;
> -	void *buf;
> -
> -	BUG_ON(vi->big_packets && !vi->mergeable_rx_bufs);
> -
> -	buf = virtqueue_get_buf_ctx(rq->vq, len, ctx);
> -	if (buf)
> -		virtnet_rq_unmap(rq, buf, *len);
> -
> -	return buf;
> -}
> -
> -static void virtnet_rq_init_one_sg(struct receive_queue *rq, void *buf, u32 len)
> -{
> -	struct virtnet_info *vi = rq->vq->vdev->priv;
> -	struct virtnet_rq_dma *dma;
> -	dma_addr_t addr;
> -	u32 offset;
> -	void *head;
> -
> -	BUG_ON(vi->big_packets && !vi->mergeable_rx_bufs);
> -
> -	head = page_address(rq->alloc_frag.page);
> -
> -	offset = buf - head;
> -
> -	dma = head;
> -
> -	addr = dma->addr - sizeof(*dma) + offset;
> -
> -	sg_init_table(rq->sg, 1);
> -	sg_fill_dma(rq->sg, addr, len);
> -}
> -
> -static void *virtnet_rq_alloc(struct receive_queue *rq, u32 size, gfp_t gfp)
> -{
> -	struct page_frag *alloc_frag = &rq->alloc_frag;
> -	struct virtnet_info *vi = rq->vq->vdev->priv;
> -	struct virtnet_rq_dma *dma;
> -	void *buf, *head;
> -	dma_addr_t addr;
>  
>  	BUG_ON(vi->big_packets && !vi->mergeable_rx_bufs);
>  
> -	head = page_address(alloc_frag->page);
> -
> -	dma = head;
> -
> -	/* new pages */
> -	if (!alloc_frag->offset) {
> -		if (rq->last_dma) {
> -			/* Now, the new page is allocated, the last dma
> -			 * will not be used. So the dma can be unmapped
> -			 * if the ref is 0.
> -			 */
> -			virtnet_rq_unmap(rq, rq->last_dma, 0);
> -			rq->last_dma = NULL;
> -		}
> -
> -		dma->len = alloc_frag->size - sizeof(*dma);
> -
> -		addr = virtqueue_map_single_attrs(rq->vq, dma + 1,
> -						  dma->len, DMA_FROM_DEVICE, 0);
> -		if (virtqueue_map_mapping_error(rq->vq, addr))
> -			return NULL;
> -
> -		dma->addr = addr;
> -		dma->need_sync = virtqueue_map_need_sync(rq->vq, addr);

it gives me pause that this patch never does sync.
don't you need page_pool_dma_sync_for_cpu somewhere?



> -
> -		/* Add a reference to dma to prevent the entire dma from
> -		 * being released during error handling. This reference
> -		 * will be freed after the pages are no longer used.
> -		 */
> -		get_page(alloc_frag->page);
> -		dma->ref = 1;
> -		alloc_frag->offset = sizeof(*dma);
> -
> -		rq->last_dma = dma;
> -	}
> -
> -	++dma->ref;
> -
> -	buf = head + alloc_frag->offset;
> -
> -	get_page(alloc_frag->page);
> -	alloc_frag->offset += size;
> -
> -	return buf;
> +	return virtqueue_get_buf_ctx(rq->vq, len, ctx);
>  }
>  
>  static void virtnet_rq_unmap_free_buf(struct virtqueue *vq, void *buf)
> @@ -1067,9 +1004,6 @@ static void virtnet_rq_unmap_free_buf(struct virtqueue *vq, void *buf)
>  		return;
>  	}
>  
> -	if (!vi->big_packets || vi->mergeable_rx_bufs)
> -		virtnet_rq_unmap(rq, buf, 0);
> -
>  	virtnet_rq_free_buf(vi, rq, buf);
>  }
>  
> @@ -1335,7 +1269,7 @@ static int xsk_append_merge_buffer(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  
>  		truesize = len;
>  
> -		curr_skb  = virtnet_skb_append_frag(head_skb, curr_skb, page,
> +		curr_skb  = virtnet_skb_append_frag(rq, head_skb, curr_skb, page,
>  						    buf, len, truesize);
>  		if (!curr_skb) {
>  			put_page(page);
> @@ -1771,7 +1705,7 @@ static int virtnet_xdp_xmit(struct net_device *dev,
>  	return ret;
>  }
>  
> -static void put_xdp_frags(struct xdp_buff *xdp)
> +static void put_xdp_frags(struct receive_queue *rq, struct xdp_buff *xdp)
>  {
>  	struct skb_shared_info *shinfo;
>  	struct page *xdp_page;
> @@ -1781,7 +1715,7 @@ static void put_xdp_frags(struct xdp_buff *xdp)
>  		shinfo = xdp_get_shared_info_from_buff(xdp);
>  		for (i = 0; i < shinfo->nr_frags; i++) {
>  			xdp_page = skb_frag_page(&shinfo->frags[i]);
> -			put_page(xdp_page);
> +			virtnet_put_page(rq, xdp_page, true);
>  		}
>  	}
>  }
> @@ -1873,7 +1807,7 @@ static struct page *xdp_linearize_page(struct net_device *dev,
>  	if (page_off + *len + tailroom > PAGE_SIZE)
>  		return NULL;
>  
> -	page = alloc_page(GFP_ATOMIC);
> +	page = page_pool_alloc_pages(rq->page_pool, GFP_ATOMIC);
>  	if (!page)
>  		return NULL;
>  
> @@ -1897,7 +1831,7 @@ static struct page *xdp_linearize_page(struct net_device *dev,
>  		off = buf - page_address(p);
>  
>  		if (check_mergeable_len(dev, ctx, buflen)) {
> -			put_page(p);
> +			virtnet_put_page(rq, p, true);
>  			goto err_buf;
>  		}
>  
> @@ -1905,21 +1839,21 @@ static struct page *xdp_linearize_page(struct net_device *dev,
>  		 * is sending packet larger than the MTU.
>  		 */
>  		if ((page_off + buflen + tailroom) > PAGE_SIZE) {
> -			put_page(p);
> +			virtnet_put_page(rq, p, true);
>  			goto err_buf;
>  		}
>  
>  		memcpy(page_address(page) + page_off,
>  		       page_address(p) + off, buflen);
>  		page_off += buflen;
> -		put_page(p);
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, p, true);
>  	}
>  
>  	/* Headroom does not contribute to packet length */
>  	*len = page_off - XDP_PACKET_HEADROOM;
>  	return page;
>  err_buf:
> -	__free_pages(page, 0);
> +	page_pool_put_page(rq->page_pool, page, -1, true);
>  	return NULL;
>  }
>  
> @@ -1996,7 +1930,7 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_small_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
>  			goto err_xdp;
>  
>  		buf = page_address(xdp_page);
> -		put_page(page);
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  		page = xdp_page;
>  	}
>  
> @@ -2028,13 +1962,15 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_small_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
>  	if (metasize)
>  		skb_metadata_set(skb, metasize);
>  
> +	skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
> +
>  	return skb;
>  
>  err_xdp:
>  	u64_stats_inc(&stats->xdp_drops);
>  err:
>  	u64_stats_inc(&stats->drops);
> -	put_page(page);
> +	virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  xdp_xmit:
>  	return NULL;
>  }
> @@ -2082,12 +2018,14 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_small(struct net_device *dev,
>  	}
>  
>  	skb = receive_small_build_skb(vi, xdp_headroom, buf, len);
> -	if (likely(skb))
> +	if (likely(skb)) {
> +		skb_mark_for_recycle(skb);
>  		return skb;
> +	}
>  
>  err:
>  	u64_stats_inc(&stats->drops);
> -	put_page(page);
> +	virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  	return NULL;
>  }
>  
> @@ -2142,7 +2080,7 @@ static void mergeable_buf_free(struct receive_queue *rq, int num_buf,
>  		}
>  		u64_stats_add(&stats->bytes, len);
>  		page = virt_to_head_page(buf);
> -		put_page(page);
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  	}
>  }
>  
> @@ -2253,7 +2191,7 @@ static int virtnet_build_xdp_buff_mrg(struct net_device *dev,
>  		offset = buf - page_address(page);
>  
>  		if (check_mergeable_len(dev, ctx, len)) {
> -			put_page(page);
> +			virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  			goto err;
>  		}
>  
> @@ -2272,7 +2210,7 @@ static int virtnet_build_xdp_buff_mrg(struct net_device *dev,
>  	return 0;
>  
>  err:
> -	put_xdp_frags(xdp);
> +	put_xdp_frags(rq, xdp);
>  	return -EINVAL;
>  }
>  
> @@ -2337,7 +2275,7 @@ static void *mergeable_xdp_get_buf(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  		if (*len + xdp_room > PAGE_SIZE)
>  			return NULL;
>  
> -		xdp_page = alloc_page(GFP_ATOMIC);
> +		xdp_page = page_pool_alloc_pages(rq->page_pool, GFP_ATOMIC);
>  		if (!xdp_page)
>  			return NULL;
>  
> @@ -2347,7 +2285,7 @@ static void *mergeable_xdp_get_buf(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  
>  	*frame_sz = PAGE_SIZE;
>  
> -	put_page(*page);
> +	virtnet_put_page(rq, *page, true);
>  
>  	*page = xdp_page;
>  
> @@ -2393,6 +2331,8 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
>  		head_skb = build_skb_from_xdp_buff(dev, vi, &xdp, xdp_frags_truesz);
>  		if (unlikely(!head_skb))
>  			break;
> +
> +		skb_mark_for_recycle(head_skb);
>  		return head_skb;
>  
>  	case XDP_TX:
> @@ -2403,10 +2343,10 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
>  		break;
>  	}
>  
> -	put_xdp_frags(&xdp);
> +	put_xdp_frags(rq, &xdp);
>  
>  err_xdp:
> -	put_page(page);
> +	virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  	mergeable_buf_free(rq, num_buf, dev, stats);
>  
>  	u64_stats_inc(&stats->xdp_drops);
> @@ -2414,7 +2354,8 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable_xdp(struct net_device *dev,
>  	return NULL;
>  }
>  
> -static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct sk_buff *head_skb,
> +static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct receive_queue *rq,
> +					       struct sk_buff *head_skb,
>  					       struct sk_buff *curr_skb,
>  					       struct page *page, void *buf,
>  					       int len, int truesize)
> @@ -2446,7 +2387,7 @@ static struct sk_buff *virtnet_skb_append_frag(struct sk_buff *head_skb,
>  
>  	offset = buf - page_address(page);
>  	if (skb_can_coalesce(curr_skb, num_skb_frags, page, offset)) {
> -		put_page(page);
> +		virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  		skb_coalesce_rx_frag(curr_skb, num_skb_frags - 1,
>  				     len, truesize);
>  	} else {
> @@ -2499,6 +2440,8 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable(struct net_device *dev,
>  
>  	if (unlikely(!curr_skb))
>  		goto err_skb;
> +
> +	skb_mark_for_recycle(head_skb);
>  	while (--num_buf) {
>  		buf = virtnet_rq_get_buf(rq, &len, &ctx);
>  		if (unlikely(!buf)) {
> @@ -2517,7 +2460,7 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable(struct net_device *dev,
>  			goto err_skb;
>  
>  		truesize = mergeable_ctx_to_truesize(ctx);
> -		curr_skb  = virtnet_skb_append_frag(head_skb, curr_skb, page,
> +		curr_skb  = virtnet_skb_append_frag(rq, head_skb, curr_skb, page,
>  						    buf, len, truesize);
>  		if (!curr_skb)
>  			goto err_skb;
> @@ -2527,7 +2470,7 @@ static struct sk_buff *receive_mergeable(struct net_device *dev,
>  	return head_skb;
>  
>  err_skb:
> -	put_page(page);
> +	virtnet_put_page(rq, page, true);
>  	mergeable_buf_free(rq, num_buf, dev, stats);
>  
>  err_buf:
> @@ -2666,32 +2609,42 @@ static void receive_buf(struct virtnet_info *vi, struct receive_queue *rq,
>  static int add_recvbuf_small(struct virtnet_info *vi, struct receive_queue *rq,
>  			     gfp_t gfp)
>  {
> -	char *buf;
>  	unsigned int xdp_headroom = virtnet_get_headroom(vi);
>  	void *ctx = (void *)(unsigned long)xdp_headroom;
>  	int len = vi->hdr_len + VIRTNET_RX_PAD + GOOD_PACKET_LEN + xdp_headroom;
> +	unsigned int offset;
> +	struct page *page;
> +	dma_addr_t addr;
> +	char *buf;
>  	int err;
>  
>  	len = SKB_DATA_ALIGN(len) +
>  	      SKB_DATA_ALIGN(sizeof(struct skb_shared_info));
>  
> -	if (unlikely(!skb_page_frag_refill(len, &rq->alloc_frag, gfp)))
> -		return -ENOMEM;
> -
> -	buf = virtnet_rq_alloc(rq, len, gfp);
> -	if (unlikely(!buf))
> +	page = page_pool_alloc_frag(rq->page_pool, &offset, len, gfp);
> +	if (unlikely(!page))
>  		return -ENOMEM;
>  
> +	buf = page_address(page) + offset;
>  	buf += VIRTNET_RX_PAD + xdp_headroom;
>  
> -	virtnet_rq_init_one_sg(rq, buf, vi->hdr_len + GOOD_PACKET_LEN);
> +	if (rq->use_page_pool_dma) {
> +		addr = page_pool_get_dma_addr(page) + offset;
> +		addr += VIRTNET_RX_PAD + xdp_headroom;
>  
> -	err = virtqueue_add_inbuf_premapped(rq->vq, rq->sg, 1, buf, ctx, gfp);
> -	if (err < 0) {
> -		virtnet_rq_unmap(rq, buf, 0);
> -		put_page(virt_to_head_page(buf));
> +		sg_init_table(rq->sg, 1);
> +		sg_fill_dma(rq->sg, addr, vi->hdr_len + GOOD_PACKET_LEN);
> +		err = virtqueue_add_inbuf_premapped(rq->vq, rq->sg, 1,
> +						    buf, ctx, gfp);
> +	} else {
> +		sg_init_one(rq->sg, buf, vi->hdr_len + GOOD_PACKET_LEN);
> +		err = virtqueue_add_inbuf_ctx(rq->vq, rq->sg, 1,
> +					      buf, ctx, gfp);
>  	}
>  
> +	if (err < 0)
> +		page_pool_put_page(rq->page_pool, virt_to_head_page(buf),
> +				   -1, false);
>  	return err;
>  }
>  
> @@ -2764,13 +2717,15 @@ static unsigned int get_mergeable_buf_len(struct receive_queue *rq,
>  static int add_recvbuf_mergeable(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  				 struct receive_queue *rq, gfp_t gfp)
>  {
> -	struct page_frag *alloc_frag = &rq->alloc_frag;
>  	unsigned int headroom = virtnet_get_headroom(vi);
>  	unsigned int tailroom = headroom ? sizeof(struct skb_shared_info) : 0;
>  	unsigned int room = SKB_DATA_ALIGN(headroom + tailroom);
>  	unsigned int len, hole;
> -	void *ctx;
> +	unsigned int offset;
> +	struct page *page;
> +	dma_addr_t addr;
>  	char *buf;
> +	void *ctx;
>  	int err;
>  
>  	/* Extra tailroom is needed to satisfy XDP's assumption. This
> @@ -2779,18 +2734,14 @@ static int add_recvbuf_mergeable(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  	 */
>  	len = get_mergeable_buf_len(rq, &rq->mrg_avg_pkt_len, room);
>  
> -	if (unlikely(!skb_page_frag_refill(len + room, alloc_frag, gfp)))
> -		return -ENOMEM;
> -
> -	if (!alloc_frag->offset && len + room + sizeof(struct virtnet_rq_dma) > alloc_frag->size)
> -		len -= sizeof(struct virtnet_rq_dma);
> -
> -	buf = virtnet_rq_alloc(rq, len + room, gfp);
> -	if (unlikely(!buf))
> +	page = page_pool_alloc_frag(rq->page_pool, &offset, len + room, gfp);
> +	if (unlikely(!page))
>  		return -ENOMEM;
>  
> +	buf = page_address(page) + offset;
>  	buf += headroom; /* advance address leaving hole at front of pkt */
> -	hole = alloc_frag->size - alloc_frag->offset;
> +
> +	hole = PAGE_SIZE - (offset + len + room);
>  	if (hole < len + room) {
>  		/* To avoid internal fragmentation, if there is very likely not
>  		 * enough space for another buffer, add the remaining space to
> @@ -2800,18 +2751,27 @@ static int add_recvbuf_mergeable(struct virtnet_info *vi,
>  		 */
>  		if (!headroom)
>  			len += hole;
> -		alloc_frag->offset += hole;

Hmm. All these allocations are tricky.
So we used to advance offset by hole but with page pool api
what advances pool->frag_offset? If nothing will not the next
small allocation reuse the space and overlap the buffer?


>  	}
>  
> -	virtnet_rq_init_one_sg(rq, buf, len);
> -
>  	ctx = mergeable_len_to_ctx(len + room, headroom);
> -	err = virtqueue_add_inbuf_premapped(rq->vq, rq->sg, 1, buf, ctx, gfp);
> -	if (err < 0) {
> -		virtnet_rq_unmap(rq, buf, 0);
> -		put_page(virt_to_head_page(buf));
> +
> +	if (rq->use_page_pool_dma) {
> +		addr = page_pool_get_dma_addr(page) + offset;
> +		addr += headroom;
> +
> +		sg_init_table(rq->sg, 1);
> +		sg_fill_dma(rq->sg, addr, len);
> +		err = virtqueue_add_inbuf_premapped(rq->vq, rq->sg, 1,
> +						    buf, ctx, gfp);
> +	} else {
> +		sg_init_one(rq->sg, buf, len);
> +		err = virtqueue_add_inbuf_ctx(rq->vq, rq->sg, 1,
> +					      buf, ctx, gfp);
>  	}
>  
> +	if (err < 0)
> +		page_pool_put_page(rq->page_pool, virt_to_head_page(buf),
> +				   -1, false);
>  	return err;
>  }
>  
> @@ -3128,7 +3088,10 @@ static int virtnet_enable_queue_pair(struct virtnet_info *vi, int qp_index)
>  		return err;
>  
>  	err = xdp_rxq_info_reg_mem_model(&vi->rq[qp_index].xdp_rxq,
> -					 MEM_TYPE_PAGE_SHARED, NULL);
> +					 vi->rq[qp_index].page_pool ?
> +						MEM_TYPE_PAGE_POOL :
> +						MEM_TYPE_PAGE_SHARED,
> +					 vi->rq[qp_index].page_pool);
>  	if (err < 0)
>  		goto err_xdp_reg_mem_model;
>  
> @@ -3168,6 +3131,81 @@ static void virtnet_update_settings(struct virtnet_info *vi)
>  		vi->duplex = duplex;
>  }
>  
> +static int virtnet_create_page_pools(struct virtnet_info *vi)
> +{
> +	int i, err;
> +
> +	if (!vi->mergeable_rx_bufs && vi->big_packets)
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < vi->max_queue_pairs; i++) {
> +		struct receive_queue *rq = &vi->rq[i];
> +		struct page_pool_params pp_params = { 0 };
> +		struct device *dma_dev;
> +
> +		if (rq->page_pool)
> +			continue;
> +
> +		if (rq->xsk_pool)
> +			continue;
> +
> +		pp_params.order = 0;
> +		pp_params.pool_size = virtqueue_get_vring_size(rq->vq);
> +		pp_params.nid = dev_to_node(vi->vdev->dev.parent);
> +		pp_params.netdev = vi->dev;
> +		pp_params.napi = &rq->napi;
> +
> +		/* Check if backend supports DMA API (e.g., vhost, virtio-pci).
> +		 * If so, use page_pool's DMA mapping for premapped buffers.
> +		 * Otherwise (e.g., VDUSE), page_pool only handles allocation.
> +		 */
> +		dma_dev = virtqueue_dma_dev(rq->vq);
> +		if (dma_dev) {
> +			pp_params.dev = dma_dev;
> +			pp_params.flags = PP_FLAG_DMA_MAP;
> +			pp_params.dma_dir = DMA_FROM_DEVICE;
> +			rq->use_page_pool_dma = true;
> +		} else {
> +			pp_params.dev = vi->vdev->dev.parent;
> +			pp_params.flags = 0;
> +			rq->use_page_pool_dma = false;
> +		}
> +
> +		rq->page_pool = page_pool_create(&pp_params);
> +		if (IS_ERR(rq->page_pool)) {
> +			err = PTR_ERR(rq->page_pool);
> +			rq->page_pool = NULL;
> +			goto err_cleanup;
> +		}
> +	}
> +	return 0;
> +
> +err_cleanup:
> +	while (--i >= 0) {
> +		struct receive_queue *rq = &vi->rq[i];
> +
> +		if (rq->page_pool) {
> +			page_pool_destroy(rq->page_pool);
> +			rq->page_pool = NULL;
> +		}
> +	}
> +	return err;
> +}
> +
> +static void virtnet_destroy_page_pools(struct virtnet_info *vi)
> +{
> +	int i;
> +
> +	for (i = 0; i < vi->max_queue_pairs; i++) {
> +		struct receive_queue *rq = &vi->rq[i];
> +
> +		if (rq->page_pool) {
> +			page_pool_destroy(rq->page_pool);
> +			rq->page_pool = NULL;
> +		}
> +	}
> +}
> +
>  static int virtnet_open(struct net_device *dev)
>  {
>  	struct virtnet_info *vi = netdev_priv(dev);
> @@ -6441,10 +6479,8 @@ static int virtnet_find_vqs(struct virtnet_info *vi)
>  		vi->rq[i].min_buf_len = mergeable_min_buf_len(vi, vi->rq[i].vq);
>  		vi->sq[i].vq = vqs[txq2vq(i)];
>  	}
> -
>  	/* run here: ret == 0. */
>  
> -
>  err_find:
>  	kfree(ctx);
>  err_ctx:
> @@ -6945,6 +6981,14 @@ static int virtnet_probe(struct virtio_device *vdev)
>  			goto free;
>  	}
>  
> +	/* Create page pools for receive queues.
> +	 * Page pools are created at probe time so they can be used
> +	 * with premapped DMA addresses throughout the device lifetime.
> +	 */
> +	err = virtnet_create_page_pools(vi);
> +	if (err)
> +		goto free_irq_moder;
> +
>  #ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
>  	if (vi->mergeable_rx_bufs)
>  		dev->sysfs_rx_queue_group = &virtio_net_mrg_rx_group;
> @@ -6958,7 +7002,7 @@ static int virtnet_probe(struct virtio_device *vdev)
>  		vi->failover = net_failover_create(vi->dev);
>  		if (IS_ERR(vi->failover)) {
>  			err = PTR_ERR(vi->failover);
> -			goto free_vqs;
> +			goto free_page_pools;
>  		}
>  	}
>  
> @@ -7075,7 +7119,10 @@ static int virtnet_probe(struct virtio_device *vdev)
>  	unregister_netdev(dev);
>  free_failover:
>  	net_failover_destroy(vi->failover);
> -free_vqs:
> +free_page_pools:
> +	virtnet_destroy_page_pools(vi);
> +free_irq_moder:
> +	virtnet_free_irq_moder(vi);
>  	virtio_reset_device(vdev);
>  	free_receive_page_frags(vi);
>  	virtnet_del_vqs(vi);
> @@ -7104,6 +7151,8 @@ static void remove_vq_common(struct virtnet_info *vi)
>  
>  	free_receive_page_frags(vi);
>  
> +	virtnet_destroy_page_pools(vi);
> +
>  	virtnet_del_vqs(vi);
>  }
>  
> -- 
> 2.47.3