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Howlett" , Vlastimil Babka , Mike Rapoport , Suren Baghdasaryan , Michal Hocko , Baolin Wang , Nico Pache , Ryan Roberts , Dev Jain , Barry Song , Lance Yang , Usama Arif , Gregory Price , Ying Huang , Alistair Popple , Johannes Weiner , Qi Zheng , Shakeel Butt , Kairui Song Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, Zi Yan , Minchan Kim , Sergey Senozhatsky , Peter Zijlstra , Ingo Molnar , Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo , Namhyung Kim , Thomas Gleixner , Borislav Petkov , Dave Hansen , x86@kernel.org, Mark Rutland , Alexander Shishkin , Jiri Olsa , Ian Rogers , Adrian Hunter , James Clark , "H. Peter Anvin" , linux-perf-users@vger.kernel.org, Juergen Gross , Stefano Stabellini , Oleksandr Tyshchenko , xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org, Eric Biggers , "Theodore Y. 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Instead of checking PG_private, all code is changed to check page/folio->private != NULL instead. MM people are cc'd on all patches and subsystem people are cc'd on the cover letter and corresponding patches. Patch 6 is picked up separately in f2fs tree, but since mm-new does not have it yet, it is sent for MM testing. Overview === Most code uses folio_attach/detach/change_private() functions, so folio refcount is increased and decreased when folio->private is set and reset, respectively. There is no need to change them. Changes are needed for exceptional users: 1. zsmalloc uses PG_private to indicate first component zpdesc page and page->private is used to store zspage in zpdesc. To remove PG_private, is_first_zpdesc() is replaced by pointer comparison. 2. kernel/events/ring_buffer.c stores page order in page->private. Replacing PG_private with page->private != NULL works. 3. drivers/xen/grant-table.c stores xen_page_foreign in page->private, where on 32-bit, a pointer to xen_page_foreign is stored; on 64-bit, page->private is used as xen_page_foreign. PG_private check is replaced by page->private != NULL on 32-bit for xen_page_foreign deallocation. On 64-bit, page->private is cleared unconditionally since {domid=0, gref=0} (xen_page_foreign can be 0) is valid. 4. fs/crypto/crypto.c stores a folio pointer in page->private, PG_private checks are replaced by page->private != NULL. 5. fs/erofs has two different uses: 5a. folio->private is used to form a reversed list of the outputs of readahead_folio(). readahead_folio_last() is added to output folios in reversed order, so that ->private is no longer needed. 5b. folio->private is used as an in-flight I/O counter. Convert the code to use folio_attach/detach/get_private() and add bias==1 to the counter to avoid folio->private being zero. 6. fs/nfs/write.c: folio refcount maintenance is in a bigger scope than folio->private. So folio_attach/detach/get_private() is not used. Nothing to change. 7. fs/f2fs uses attach_page_private() to first reset folio->private then immediately sets PAGE_PRIVATE_NOT_POINTER bit on it. Change it to use attach_page_private() to set PAGE_PRIVATE_NOT_POINTER bit directly to avoid folio->private == NULL gap inside set_page_private_##name(). 8. hugetlb uses folio_change_private(folio, NULL) without folio refcount maintenance. Change it to folio->private = NULL. After the above changes, PG_private ops are converted to page/folio->private ops. folio_test_fs_private() is added to check filesystem-only private data by excluding swapcache and hugetlb folios, because swapcache folios overlap swp_entry_t swap with ->private and hugetlb sets its own flags in ->private. Note === 1. KPF_PRIVATE is removed after PG_private is removed. 2. Documentation/mm/hugetlbfs_reserv.rst is outdated, so I did not remove PG_private related text. It should be rewritten. 3. PG_folio is planned to be set on every page from a folio in page_rmappable_folio(), so folios with any order (currently PG_large_rmappable is used to identify >0 order folios, but not order-0 folios) can be identified. Then vm_insert_*() can correctly reject all folios and rmap code will only see folios. Eventually, page_folio() will return NULL for non-folio pages by checking PG_folio, but before that all existing users that treat compound pages as folios will need to be converted. Tests === 1. allmodconfig build passed. 2. zsmalloc is tested using ext4 on a 1GB lz4 zram: 2a. zram load + zsmalloc compaction; 2b. concurrent zspage migration via memory compaction; 2c. confirmed that multi-page zspages actually formed. Details: https://github.com/x-y-z/linux-dev/blob/b4/remove-pg_private/test_zsmalloc.md 3. erofs is tested on images created with -C4096 and lz4hc, lzma, deflate, and zstd algorithms: 3a. cold read of all files, verify checksums match source; 3b. readahead + reclaim/migration race. Details: https://github.com/x-y-z/linux-dev/blob/b4/remove-pg_private/test_erofs.md 4. fscrypt is tested on software-encrypted ext4 with writes to exercise bounce pages. Details: https://github.com/x-y-z/linux-dev/blob/b4/remove-pg_private/test_fscrypt.md 5. f2fs is tested on an image with inline_data,compress_algorithm=lz4: 5a. INLINE_INODE — lots of tiny files; 5b. REF_RESOURCE + general writeback — buffered write churn with fsync; 5c. ONGOING_MIGRATION — force GC / page migration; 5d. ATOMIC_WRITE — atomic-write ioctl path. Details: https://github.com/x-y-z/linux-dev/blob/b4/remove-pg_private/test_f2fs.md (I did not run xfstests) 6. MM selftests passed. LLM use === Claude was used to form a concrete plan on what code needs to be changed and how to change them. The plan was reviewed by Codex until no issue was spotted. Plan is at: https://github.com/x-y-z/linux-dev/blob/b4/remove-pg_private/plan.md I then followed the plan to make code changes. I did bounce ideas with Claude how to change fs/erofs, since I did not like the original idea. After each change, I asked Claude to review my code and git commit message. I also asked Claude to give me test plans (see above). At last, Codex was used to review all patches. Comments and suggestions are welcome. Thanks. Assisted-by: Claude:claude-opus-4-8 Assisted-by: Codex:gpt-5 Signed-off-by: Zi Yan --- Changes in v3: 1. changed folio_test_fs_private() to check PG_swapbacked instead of PG_swapcache for excluding swapcache folios. Because folio->private and PG_swapcache are not set as a whole, making folio_test_fs_private() give false positive, whereas PG_swapbacked is always set for swapcache folios. 2. added __DEF_PAGEFLAG_NAME() to show __PG_folio instead of open code. 3. f2fs change is picked up at https://git.kernel.org/jaegeuk/f2fs/c/5ad9409a9533, mm-new currently does not have it, so the patch is sent for MM testing purpose. - Link to v2: https://patch.msgid.link/20260831-remove-pg_private-v2-0-3668159cd9e8@nvidia.com Changes in v2: 1. removed is_first_zpdesc() in patch 1 and open coded the checks. 2. fixed wording in patch 2's commit message and clarified page_private() also works when ring buffer's AUX page order is 0. 3. removed the empty loop in 64-bit gnttab_pages_set_private(). 4. clarified folio->private will be reset to NULL by fscrypt_free_bounce_page() in the commit message. 5. clarified why hugetlb needs to restore hugetlb_vmemmap_optimized. 6. renamed readahead_folio_reverse() readahead_folio_last() and reimplemented readahead_folio_last() by adding a new readahead_control private member, _forward, and a new helper __readahead_advance(). 7. added a bias, 1, to erofs I/O counter, so that folio->private stays non NULL between folio_attach_private() and folio_detach_private(). 8. converted more call sites to use folio_test_fs_private(). - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260731-remove-pg_private-v1-0-142c97ba3562@nvidia.com --- Zi Yan (14): mm/zsmalloc: replace PG_private with pointer comparison perf/ring_buffer: stop using PG_private as AUX page high-order marker xen/grant-table: stop setting PG_private on pages for grant mapping fscrypt: stop setting PG_private on bounce page mm/hugetlb: use direct assignment instead of folio_change_private() f2fs: stop using PG_private erofs: mm/pagemap: add readahead_folio_last() to avoid folio->private erofs: use folio_attach/detach_private() instead of direct assignment mm/page-flags: check page/folio->private instead of PG_private mm/page-flags: introduce folio_test_fs_private() treewide: remove folio_set/clear_private() treewide: replace PagePrivate() with page_private() treewide: adjust comments on PagePrivate and PG_private mm/page-flags: remove PG_private Documentation/admin-guide/kdump/vmcoreinfo.rst | 2 +- Documentation/filesystems/vfs.rst | 6 +-- arch/x86/events/intel/bts.c | 3 -- arch/x86/events/intel/pt.c | 6 +-- drivers/md/md-bitmap.c | 6 +-- drivers/xen/balloon.c | 5 +++ drivers/xen/grant-table.c | 11 +++-- fs/ceph/addr.c | 8 ++-- fs/crypto/crypto.c | 2 - fs/erofs/data.c | 16 ++++--- fs/erofs/zdata.c | 13 ++---- fs/f2fs/f2fs.h | 8 ++-- fs/nfs/file.c | 4 +- fs/nfs/write.c | 2 - fs/proc/page.c | 1 - fs/ubifs/file.c | 8 ++-- include/linux/buffer_head.h | 6 --- include/linux/kernel-page-flags.h | 1 - include/linux/mm.h | 35 +++++++++------ include/linux/mm_types.h | 4 +- include/linux/page-flags.h | 43 +++++++++++++----- include/linux/pagemap.h | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++----- include/trace/events/mmflags.h | 3 +- include/trace/events/pagemap.h | 3 +- kernel/events/ring_buffer.c | 7 ++- kernel/vmcore_info.c | 1 - mm/huge_memory.c | 3 +- mm/hugetlb.c | 6 +-- mm/migrate.c | 3 +- mm/page-writeback.c | 3 +- mm/vmscan.c | 2 +- mm/zpdesc.h | 2 +- mm/zsmalloc.c | 24 +++-------- tools/mm/page-types.c | 2 - 34 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-) --- base-commit: 5f4c0999b2bde1fbbba3c499208b415447ca4c7a change-id: 20260728-remove-pg_private-cfe926c7f83c Best regards, -- Yan, Zi From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org Received: from bombadil.infradead.org (bombadil.infradead.org [198.137.202.133]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 9AE68C79FAC for ; 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Peter Anvin" , Chunhai Guo , Shuah Khan , ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org, Baoquan He , Matthew Brost , Anna Schumaker , Stefano Stabellini , Yue Hu , Rakie Kim , Minchan Kim , Richard Weinberger , x86@kernel.org, Eric Biggers , Alexander Shishkin , Ingo Molnar , Viacheslav Dubeyko , Wei Xu , Zi Yan , Yu Kuai , xen-devel@lists.xenproject.org, Gao Xiang , Li Nan , Masami Hiramatsu , Joshua Hahn , Xiao Ni , Byungchul Park , James Clark , Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo , linux-raid@vger.kernel.org, linux-fscrypt@vger.kernel.org, Borislav Petkov , Steven Rostedt , linux-mtd@lists.infradead.org, Axel Rasmussen , Jeffle Xu , Namhyung Kim , Jaegeuk Kim , Yuanchu Xie , Ilya Dryomov , Oscar Salvador , Juergen Gross , Pratyush Yadav , linux-nfs@vger.kernel.org, "Theodore Y. Ts'o" , Oleksandr Tyshchenko , Song Liu , Jonathan Corbet , Pasha Tatashin , linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net, linux-perf-users@vger.kernel.org, Sergey Senozhatsky , Thomas Gleixner , Jiri Olsa , linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, Mathieu Desnoyers , linux-trace-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-erofs@lists.ozlabs.org, Trond Myklebust Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Errors-To: linux-f2fs-devel-bounces@lists.sourceforge.net SGkgYWxsLAoKVGhpcyBwYXRjaHNldCByZW1vdmVzIFBHX3ByaXZhdGUgdG8gbWFrZSBzcGFjZSBm b3IgdXBjb21pbmcgUEdfZm9saW8KKHJlc2VydmVkIGFzIF9fUEdfZm9saW8pIGZvciBpZGVudGlm eWluZyBwYWdlcyBmcm9tIGEgZm9saW8gKG1vcmUgZGV0YWlscwppbiBOb3RlIGJlbG93KS4gSW5z dGVhZCBvZiBjaGVja2luZyBQR19wcml2YXRlLCBhbGwgY29kZSBpcyBjaGFuZ2VkIHRvCmNoZWNr IHBhZ2UvZm9saW8tPnByaXZhdGUgIT0gTlVMTCBpbnN0ZWFkLgoKTU0gcGVvcGxlIGFyZSBjYydk IG9uIGFsbCBwYXRjaGVzIGFuZCBzdWJzeXN0ZW0gcGVvcGxlIGFyZSBjYydkIG9uIHRoZQpjb3Zl 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