tc: problem with nested classes

["Ireneusz Szcześniak" <irek.szczesniak@gmail.com>]

I have a problem understanding nested classes in tc (traffic control).

To introduce the problem, I briefly describe how I think the tc works. 
  There are qdiscs, classes and filters.  A qdisc can have classes, 
and filters configured for this qdisc classify packets.  When a packet 
is enqueue to a qdisc, filters decide which class the packet belongs 
to, i.e. filters classify packets.  Each class has a qdisc, by default 
the pfifo class, and so classifying implies enqueing a packet in the 
queue of class the packet was classified to.

Therefore I would claim that a class cannot have another class as a 
child, because the child should be a qdisc.  However, Example 1 shows 
that I'm wrong.

Example 1
---------

tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 htb
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 htb rate 10mbit
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:2 htb rate 1mbit

In this example class 1:1 is a parent of both classes 1:2 and 1:3.

QUESTION 1: Does class 1:1 have a queue?

Example 2 implements the same functionality as Example 1, I think.

Example 2
---------

tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1:0 htb
tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:0 classid 1:1 htb rate 10mbit
tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:1 handle 2:0 htb
tc class add dev eth0 parent 2:0 classid 2:1 htb rate 1mbit

QUESTION 2: Is there a difference between Example 1 and Example 2?

QUESTION 3: What is "-d" for in "tc -s -d qdisc"

QUESTION 4: How can I view the statistics for default queues of 
classes, those pfifo queues?  "tc -s qdisc" doesn't show them.

QUESTION 5: Why in filters there is used "flowid" instead of "parent"?

I would appreciate it if someone could answer my questions.

-- 
Ireneusz (Irek) Szczesniak
http://www.irkos.org