From: Yosry Ahmed <yosry@kernel.org>
To: Amirmohammad Eftekhar <amirmohammad.eftekhar@cispa.de>
Cc: seanjc@google.com, pbonzini@redhat.com, kvm@vger.kernel.org,
linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, jmattson@google.com
Subject: Re: [PATCH] KVM: nSVM: Reset the virtual VMLOAD/VMSAVE bit in vmcb02 on every nested VMRUN
Date: Fri, 23 Oct 2026 15:48:53 +0000 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <att-Epjatf5sw-ba@google.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20261023090924.9685-1-amirmohammad.eftekhar@cispa.de>
On Fri, Oct 23, 2026 at 11:09:24AM +0200, Amirmohammad Eftekhar wrote:
> On Wed, Oct 22, 2026, Yosry Ahmed wrote:
> > So this test case passing should be confirming my allegation that
> > intercepts take precedence over VLS.
>
> I could be missing something, but a hardware repro points the other way,
> at least on this part (Zen 4, Ryzen 5 PRO 8500GE, mainline 7.3-rc3). The
> L2 runs "vmload; cpuid", so the exit code says whether VMLOAD was
> intercepted (SVM_EXIT_VMLOAD, 0x82) or virtualized and run on to the
> cpuid (SVM_EXIT_CPUID, 0x72):
>
> - Single VMRUN, vmcb12 VLS off, L1 intercepting VMLOAD: 0x82. The
> intercept is honored, as expected.
> - VMRUN #1 enables VLS legitimately (0x72), then VMRUN #2 with vmcb12
> VLS=0 and L1 intercepting VMLOAD: still 0x72. 3/3.
>
> The difference from nested_vmsave_vmload_test.c is that the test only
> looks at a single VMRUN. On VMRUN #2 vmcb12 has VLS off, so
> nested_vmcb_needs_vls_intercept() returns true and
> nested_vmcb02_recalc_intercepts() sets INTERCEPT_VMLOAD/VMSAVE in vmcb02.
I am not sure if "the test" refers to your repro or the selftest, a
standalone. A standalone repro would help.
> But vmcb02->control.misc_ctl2 still has the VLS enable bit from VMRUN #1,
> since it is only ever OR-set and never cleared, so vmcb02 enters VMRUN #2
> with both INTERCEPT_VMLOAD and VLS set and the CPU virtualizes VMLOAD
> anyway. That is the dropped intercept.
>
> So with both bits live in the same vmcb02, VLS wins over the intercept on
> this hardware, which is why I think the stale bit is an actual
> intercept-drop (an L1 that intercepts VMLOAD/VMSAVE for its own L2 loses
> that intercept after it has used VLS even once) rather than only untidy
> state.
I tried this on 4 EPYC processors (Zen 2,3,4,5), I basically ran the
selftest with the bpftrace script below, and here are the results I got
tracing L0's svm_vcpu_run() and kvm_exit() only with guest mode on real
hardware. On all 4 microarchitectures, you will see rows with VLS and
the intercepts enabled, with SVM_EXIT_VMSAVE and SVM_EXIT_VMLOAD exit
codes:
================================================================================
Zen 5 (Turin)
CPU: AMD EPYC 9B45 128-Core Processor
================================================================================
Attached 3 probes
Random seed: 0x703a00c6
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f9ac
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9ac exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d2f0
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d2f0 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d350
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d350 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x25be50
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x25be50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x256850
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256850 exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f9cc
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9cc exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23fa33
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23fa33 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fa41
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fb04
================================================================================
Zen 4 (Genoa)
CPU: AMD EPYC 9B14 96-Core Processor
================================================================================
Attached 3 probes
Random seed: 0x7eb8e37c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f9ac
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9ac exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d2f0
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d2f0 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d350
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d350 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x25be50
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x25be50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x256850
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256850 exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f9cc
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9cc exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23fa33
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23fa33 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fa41
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fb04
================================================================================
Zen 3 (Milan)
CPU: AMD EPYC 7B13 64-Core Processor
================================================================================
Attached 3 probes
Random seed: 0x5ea27b94
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f9ac
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9ac exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d2f0
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d2f0 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d350
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d350 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x25be50
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x25be50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x256850
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256850 exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f9cc
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9cc exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23fa33
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23fa33 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fa41
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fb04
================================================================================
Zen 2 (Rome)
CPU: AMD EPYC 7B12 64-Core Processor
================================================================================
Attached 3 probes
Random seed: 0x3c17b702
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f970
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=0 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f970 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f975
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f980 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f985
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23f990
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f990 exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23f9ac
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9ac exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d2f0
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d2f0 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d350
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d350 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x24d363
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x24d363 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x25be50
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x25be50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x256850
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256850 exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x82 exit_rip=0x23f9cc
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23f9cc exit_code=0x83 exit_rip=0x23fa33
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=1 vmsave_icpt=1 entry_rip=0x23fa33 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fa41
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa50 exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x400 exit_rip=0x23fa6c
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x23fa6c exit_code=0x7b exit_rip=0x256854
is_guest_mode=1 vls=1 vmload_icpt=0 vmsave_icpt=0 entry_rip=0x256854 exit_code=0x81 exit_rip=0x23fb04
>
> I haven't managed to square that with your reading of the test, so it is
> entirely possible I am wrong about the precedence. If it helps I can send
> the reproducer, or dump vmcb02->control (the intercept bitmap plus
> misc_ctl2) right before the VMRUN #2 that virtualizes VMLOAD, so we can
> confirm both bits are set going in.
My bpftrace script is below, if you want to reuse it. You can just run
it while you run the selftest:
fentry:kvm_amd:svm_vcpu_run {
$svm = (struct vcpu_svm *)args.vcpu;
$vcpu = args.vcpu;
$vmcb = $svm->vmcb;
/* is_guest_mode(vcpu) == (vcpu->arch.hflags & HF_GUEST_MASK) */
$is_guest_mode = ($vcpu->arch.hflags & 1) ? 1 : 0;
@in_guest_mode[tid] = $is_guest_mode;
if ($is_guest_mode) {
$vls = ($vmcb->control.misc_ctl2 >> 1) & 1;
$word4 = $vmcb->control.intercepts[4];
$vmload_icpt = ($word4 >> 2) & 1;
$vmsave_icpt = ($word4 >> 3) & 1;
@cur_vls[tid] = $vls;
@cur_vmload[tid] = $vmload_icpt;
@cur_vmsave[tid] = $vmsave_icpt;
@cur_rip[tid] = $vmcb->save.rip;
}
}
tracepoint:kvm:kvm_exit {
if (@in_guest_mode[tid]) {
$vls = @cur_vls[tid];
$vmload_icpt = @cur_vmload[tid];
$vmsave_icpt = @cur_vmsave[tid];
$entry_rip = @cur_rip[tid];
printf("is_guest_mode=1 vls=%d vmload_icpt=%d vmsave_icpt=%d entry_rip=0x%lx exit_code=0x%x exit_rip=0x%lx\n",
$vls, $vmload_icpt, $vmsave_icpt, $entry_rip, args.exit_reason, args.guest_rip);
@in_guest_mode[tid] = 0;
}
}
END {
clear(@cur_vls);
clear(@cur_vmload);
clear(@cur_vmsave);
clear(@cur_rip);
clear(@in_guest_mode);
}
prev parent reply other threads:[~2026-10-23 15:48 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 6+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2026-10-16 23:52 [PATCH] KVM: nSVM: Reset the virtual VMLOAD/VMSAVE bit in vmcb02 on every nested VMRUN Amirmohammad Eftekhar
2026-10-17 0:44 ` sashiko-bot
2026-10-22 17:21 ` Sean Christopherson
2026-10-22 23:45 ` Yosry Ahmed
2026-10-23 9:09 ` Amirmohammad Eftekhar
2026-10-23 15:48 ` Yosry Ahmed [this message]
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=att-Epjatf5sw-ba@google.com \
--to=yosry@kernel.org \
--cc=amirmohammad.eftekhar@cispa.de \
--cc=jmattson@google.com \
--cc=kvm@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=pbonzini@redhat.com \
--cc=seanjc@google.com \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.