[PATCH v4 0/4] wasm: Enable 64bit guests on TCI using wasm64

[Kohei Tokunaga <ktokunaga.mail@gmail.com>]

V4:

- Rebased on the recent tree.

V3:

- Renamed the build tests on GitLab CI("build-wasm32" ->
  "build-wasm32-32bit", "build-wasm-wasm64" -> "build-wasm64-64bit",
  "build-wasm-wasm64l" -> "build-wasm64-32bit"). The same change has also
  been applied to container-cross.yml.

V2:

- Added a link to the Emscripten documentation about -sMEMORY64 in the
  configure script.
- Changed --wasm64-memory64 flag to --wasm64-32bit-address-limit to avoid
  exposing the -sMEMORY64 value directly to the users.
- Fixed GitLab CI to use --wasm64-32bit-address-limit instead of
  --wasm64-memory64.

V1:

This patch series enables the TCI of the Wasm build to run 64bit
guests. Unlike the previous series[1], this patch series is implemented by
adding support for WebAssembly's "wasm64" target which enables 64bit
pointers.

In the previous discussion[2], the main challenge of using wasm64 was its
limited adoption, particularly the lack of support in our dependency
(libffi) and some engines such as Safari.

For libffi, I've completed the addition of wasm64 support upstream[3] so it
can be used.

To support wasm32 engines, this patch uses Emscripten's compatibility
feature, -sMEMORY64=2 flag[4]. This flag still enables 64bit pointers in the
C code while Emscripten lowers the output binary to wasm32 and limits the
maximum memory size to 4GB. As a result, QEMU can run on wasm32 engiens
while still supporting 64bit guests.

# Overview of the build process

To compile QEMU with Emscripten, the following dependencies are required.
The emsdk-wasm-cross.docker environment includes all necessary components
and can be used as the build environment:

- Emscripten SDK (emsdk) v4.0.10
- Libraries cross-compiled with Emscripten (please see also
  emsdk-wasm-cross.docker for build steps)
  - GLib v2.84.0
  - zlib v1.3.1
  - libffi v3.5.2
  - Pixman v0.44.2

The configure script supports --cpu=wasm64 flag to compile QEMU with 64bit
pointer support.

emconfigure ./configure --cpu=wasm64 \
                        --static --disable-tools \
                        --target-list=x86_64-softmmu \
                        --enable-tcg-interpreter
emmake make -j$(nproc)

If the output needs to run on wasm32 engines, use
--wasm64-32bit-address-limit flag. This flag enables Emscripten's
-sMEMORY64=2 flag[4]. (Note: --wasm64-memory64=2 flag in the V1 patch has
been renamed to --wasm64-32bit-address-limit in V2)

emconfigure ./configure --cpu=wasm64 --wasm64-32bit-address-limit \
                        --static --disable-tools \
                        --target-list=x86_64-softmmu \
                        --enable-tcg-interpreter
emmake make -j$(nproc)

Either of the above commands generates the following files:

- qemu-system-x86_64.js
- qemu-system-x86_64.wasm

Guest images can be packaged using Emscripten's file_packager.py tool.
For example, if the images are stored in a directory named "pack", the
following command packages them, allowing QEMU to access them through
Emscripten's virtual filesystem:

/path/to/file_packager.py qemu-system-x86_64.data --preload pack > load.js

This process generates the following files:

- qemu-system-x86_64.data
- load.js

Emscripten allows passing arguments to the QEMU command via the Module
object in JavaScript:

Module['arguments'] = [
    '-nographic', '-m', '512M',
    '-L', 'pack/',
    '-drive', 'if=virtio,format=raw,file=pack/rootfs.bin',
    '-kernel', 'pack/bzImage',
    '-append', 'earlyprintk=ttyS0 console=ttyS0 root=/dev/vda loglevel=7',
];

The sample repository[5] (tcidev64 branch) provides a complete setup,
including an HTML file that implements a terminal UI.

[1] https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2025-05/msg05376.html
[2] https://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/qemu-devel/2025-04/msg01795.html
[3] https://github.com/libffi/libffi/pull/927
[4] https://emscripten.org/docs/tools_reference/settings_reference.html#memory64
[5] https://github.com/ktock/qemu-wasm-sample/tree/tcidev64

Kohei Tokunaga (4):
  meson: Add wasm64 support to the --cpu flag
  configure: Enable to propagate -sMEMORY64 flag to Emscripten
  dockerfiles: Add support for wasm64 to the wasm Dockerfile
  .gitlab-ci.d: Add build tests for wasm64

 .gitlab-ci.d/buildtest.yml                    | 26 ++++++++++++++---
 .gitlab-ci.d/container-cross.yml              | 20 +++++++++++--
 .gitlab-ci.d/container-template.yml           |  4 ++-
 .gitlab-ci.d/containers.yml                   |  4 ++-
 MAINTAINERS                                   |  2 +-
 configure                                     | 16 +++++++++-
 meson.build                                   |  4 +--
 ...2-cross.docker => emsdk-wasm-cross.docker} | 29 ++++++++++++++-----
 8 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 rename tests/docker/dockerfiles/{emsdk-wasm32-cross.docker => emsdk-wasm-cross.docker} (86%)

-- 
2.43.0