[PATCH v2 12/14] userfaultfd: add UFFDIO_SET_MODE for runtime sync/async toggle

["Kiryl Shutsemau (Meta)" <kas@kernel.org>]

Add an ioctl to toggle async mode at runtime without re-registering
the userfaultfd. This allows a VMM to switch between sync and async
RWP modes on-the-fly -- for example, starting in async mode for
working set scanning, then switching to sync mode to intercept faults
during page eviction.

UFFDIO_SET_MODE takes an enable/disable bitmask of UFFD_FEATURE_*
flags. Only UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC is toggleable today; the ioctl
rejects any other bit with -EINVAL. Enabling RWP_ASYNC also requires
RWP to have been negotiated at UFFDIO_API time, mirroring the
UFFDIO_API invariant.

Fault-path readers of ctx->features run under mmap_read_lock or a
per-VMA lock; the RMW takes mmap_write_lock and calls
vma_start_write() on every UFFD-armed VMA, so those readers are fully
excluded. userfaultfd_show_fdinfo(), however, reads ctx->features
without any lock, so the RMW is written as a single WRITE_ONCE and
fdinfo reads it with READ_ONCE. That keeps the lockless observer from
seeing a mid-RMW intermediate and removes the audit burden when new
toggleable bits are added later.

When switching to async, pending sync waiters are woken so they retry
and auto-resolve under the new mode.

Signed-off-by: Kiryl Shutsemau (Meta) <kas@kernel.org>
Assisted-by: Claude:claude-opus-4-6
---
 fs/userfaultfd.c                 | 150 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 include/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h |  14 +++
 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/userfaultfd.c b/fs/userfaultfd.c
index 4a701ac830f4..908e63304706 100644
--- a/fs/userfaultfd.c
+++ b/fs/userfaultfd.c
@@ -79,19 +79,29 @@ struct userfaultfd_wake_range {
 /* internal indication that UFFD_API ioctl was successfully executed */
 #define UFFD_FEATURE_INITIALIZED		(1u << 31)
 
+/*
+ * UFFDIO_SET_MODE updates ctx->features under mmap_write_lock with
+ * WRITE_ONCE; readers that run outside mmap_read_lock or the per-VMA
+ * lock (poll/read_iter/ioctl, fdinfo) must pair with READ_ONCE.
+ */
+static unsigned int userfaultfd_features(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return READ_ONCE(ctx->features);
+}
+
 static bool userfaultfd_is_initialized(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx)
 {
-	return ctx->features & UFFD_FEATURE_INITIALIZED;
+	return userfaultfd_features(ctx) & UFFD_FEATURE_INITIALIZED;
 }
 
 static bool userfaultfd_wp_async_ctx(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx)
 {
-	return ctx && (ctx->features & UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC);
+	return ctx && (userfaultfd_features(ctx) & UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC);
 }
 
 static bool userfaultfd_rwp_async_ctx(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx)
 {
-	return ctx && (ctx->features & UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC);
+	return ctx && (userfaultfd_features(ctx) & UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -106,7 +116,7 @@ bool userfaultfd_wp_unpopulated(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
 	if (!ctx)
 		return false;
 
-	return ctx->features & UFFD_FEATURE_WP_UNPOPULATED;
+	return userfaultfd_features(ctx) & UFFD_FEATURE_WP_UNPOPULATED;
 }
 
 static int userfaultfd_wake_function(wait_queue_entry_t *wq, unsigned mode,
@@ -1871,6 +1881,109 @@ static int userfaultfd_rwprotect(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/* Subset of UFFD_API_FEATURES actually supported by this kernel/arch */
+static __u64 uffd_api_available_features(void)
+{
+	__u64 f = UFFD_API_FEATURES;
+
+	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_USERFAULTFD_MINOR))
+		f &= ~(UFFD_FEATURE_MINOR_HUGETLBFS | UFFD_FEATURE_MINOR_SHMEM);
+	if (!pgtable_supports_uffd())
+		f &= ~UFFD_FEATURE_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WP;
+	if (!uffd_supports_wp_marker())
+		f &= ~(UFFD_FEATURE_WP_HUGETLBFS_SHMEM |
+		       UFFD_FEATURE_WP_UNPOPULATED |
+		       UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC);
+	/*
+	 * RWP needs both PROT_NONE support and the uffd PTE bit. The
+	 * VM_UFFD_RWP check covers compile-time unavailability; the
+	 * pgtable_supports_uffd() check covers runtime (e.g. riscv
+	 * without the SVRSW60T59B extension) where the PTE bit is declared
+	 * but not actually usable.
+	 */
+	if (VM_UFFD_RWP == VM_NONE || !pgtable_supports_uffd())
+		f &= ~(UFFD_FEATURE_RWP | UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC);
+	return f;
+}
+
+/* Async features that can be toggled at runtime via UFFDIO_SET_MODE */
+#define UFFD_FEATURE_TOGGLEABLE	UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC
+
+static int userfaultfd_set_mode(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx,
+				unsigned long arg)
+{
+	struct uffdio_set_mode mode;
+	struct mm_struct *mm = ctx->mm;
+
+	if (copy_from_user(&mode, (void __user *)arg, sizeof(mode)))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	/* enable and disable must not overlap */
+	if (mode.enable & mode.disable)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/* only toggleable features that this kernel/arch actually supports */
+	if ((mode.enable | mode.disable) &
+	    ~(uffd_api_available_features() & UFFD_FEATURE_TOGGLEABLE))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/* RWP_ASYNC can only be enabled on contexts that negotiated RWP */
+	if ((mode.enable & UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC) &&
+	    !(ctx->features & UFFD_FEATURE_RWP))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (!mmget_not_zero(mm))
+		return -ESRCH;
+
+	/*
+	 * Drain in-flight faults before flipping features. mmap_write_lock()
+	 * blocks new mmap_read_lock() callers, but per-VMA locked faults
+	 * (lock_vma_under_rcu() + FAULT_FLAG_VMA_LOCK) that acquired before
+	 * this point keep running. Calling vma_start_write() on each UFFD-
+	 * armed VMA waits for those readers to drop, so no in-flight fault
+	 * can observe the old features after mmap_write_unlock().
+	 */
+	mmap_write_lock(mm);
+	{
+		struct vm_area_struct *vma;
+		VMA_ITERATOR(vmi, mm, 0);
+
+		for_each_vma(vmi, vma) {
+			if (vma->vm_userfaultfd_ctx.ctx == ctx)
+				vma_start_write(vma);
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Single WRITE_ONCE so lockless readers (fdinfo, poll/read_iter
+	 * via userfaultfd_is_initialized(), and the userfaultfd_features()
+	 * helper used elsewhere) can't observe a mid-RMW intermediate
+	 * value. Hot-path readers already serialise through the mmap lock
+	 * + vma_start_write() drain above, so their load doesn't need an
+	 * annotation.
+	 */
+	WRITE_ONCE(ctx->features,
+		   (ctx->features | mode.enable) & ~mode.disable);
+	mmap_write_unlock(mm);
+
+	/*
+	 * If switching to async, wake threads blocked in handle_userfault().
+	 * They will retry the fault and auto-resolve under the new mode.
+	 * len=0 means wake all pending faults on this context.
+	 */
+	if (mode.enable & UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC) {
+		struct userfaultfd_wake_range range = { .len = 0 };
+
+		spin_lock_irq(&ctx->fault_pending_wqh.lock);
+		__wake_up_locked_key(&ctx->fault_pending_wqh, TASK_NORMAL,
+				     &range);
+		__wake_up(&ctx->fault_wqh, TASK_NORMAL, 1, &range);
+		spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->fault_pending_wqh.lock);
+	}
+
+	mmput(mm);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int userfaultfd_continue(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx, unsigned long arg)
 {
 	__s64 ret;
@@ -2109,29 +2222,7 @@ static int userfaultfd_api(struct userfaultfd_ctx *ctx,
 		goto err_out;
 
 	/* report all available features and ioctls to userland */
-	uffdio_api.features = UFFD_API_FEATURES;
-#ifndef CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_USERFAULTFD_MINOR
-	uffdio_api.features &=
-		~(UFFD_FEATURE_MINOR_HUGETLBFS | UFFD_FEATURE_MINOR_SHMEM);
-#endif
-	if (!pgtable_supports_uffd())
-		uffdio_api.features &= ~UFFD_FEATURE_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WP;
-
-	if (!uffd_supports_wp_marker()) {
-		uffdio_api.features &= ~UFFD_FEATURE_WP_HUGETLBFS_SHMEM;
-		uffdio_api.features &= ~UFFD_FEATURE_WP_UNPOPULATED;
-		uffdio_api.features &= ~UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC;
-	}
-	/*
-	 * RWP needs both PROT_NONE support and the uffd-wp PTE bit. The
-	 * VM_UFFD_RWP check covers compile-time unavailability; the
-	 * pgtable_supports_uffd() check covers runtime (e.g. riscv
-	 * without the SVRSW60T59B extension) where the PTE bit is declared
-	 * but not actually usable.
-	 */
-	if (VM_UFFD_RWP == VM_NONE || !pgtable_supports_uffd())
-		uffdio_api.features &=
-			~(UFFD_FEATURE_RWP | UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC);
+	uffdio_api.features = uffd_api_available_features();
 
 	ret = -EINVAL;
 	if (features & ~uffdio_api.features)
@@ -2201,6 +2292,9 @@ static long userfaultfd_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned cmd,
 	case UFFDIO_RWPROTECT:
 		ret = userfaultfd_rwprotect(ctx, arg);
 		break;
+	case UFFDIO_SET_MODE:
+		ret = userfaultfd_set_mode(ctx, arg);
+		break;
 	}
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -2228,7 +2322,7 @@ static void userfaultfd_show_fdinfo(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f)
 	 *	protocols: aa:... bb:...
 	 */
 	seq_printf(m, "pending:\t%lu\ntotal:\t%lu\nAPI:\t%Lx:%x:%Lx\n",
-		   pending, total, UFFD_API, ctx->features,
+		   pending, total, UFFD_API, userfaultfd_features(ctx),
 		   UFFD_API_IOCTLS|UFFD_API_RANGE_IOCTLS);
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h b/include/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h
index c10f08f8a618..cea11aad6b54 100644
--- a/include/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h
+++ b/include/uapi/linux/userfaultfd.h
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 #define UFFD_API_IOCTLS				\
 	((__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_REGISTER |		\
 	 (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_UNREGISTER |	\
+	 (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_SET_MODE |		\
 	 (__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_API)
 #define UFFD_API_RANGE_IOCTLS			\
 	((__u64)1 << _UFFDIO_WAKE |		\
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@
 #define _UFFDIO_CONTINUE		(0x07)
 #define _UFFDIO_POISON			(0x08)
 #define _UFFDIO_RWPROTECT		(0x09)
+#define _UFFDIO_SET_MODE		(0x0A)
 #define _UFFDIO_API			(0x3F)
 
 /* userfaultfd ioctl ids */
@@ -111,6 +113,8 @@
 				      struct uffdio_poison)
 #define UFFDIO_RWPROTECT	_IOWR(UFFDIO, _UFFDIO_RWPROTECT,	\
 				      struct uffdio_rwprotect)
+#define UFFDIO_SET_MODE		_IOW(UFFDIO, _UFFDIO_SET_MODE,	\
+				     struct uffdio_set_mode)
 
 /* read() structure */
 struct uffd_msg {
@@ -406,6 +410,16 @@ struct uffdio_move {
 	__s64 move;
 };
 
+struct uffdio_set_mode {
+	/*
+	 * Toggle async mode for features at runtime.
+	 * Supported: UFFD_FEATURE_RWP_ASYNC.
+	 * Setting a bit in both enable and disable is invalid.
+	 */
+	__u64 enable;
+	__u64 disable;
+};
+
 /*
  * Flags for the userfaultfd(2) system call itself.
  */
-- 
2.51.2