[PATCH bpf-next v5 09/11] selftests/bpf: Add C tests for 16-byte returns in R0:R2

[Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>]

Add selftests that exercise a 16-byte return value passed in the R0:R2
register pair, written in C so that they depend on the compiler lowering
the register-pair return. Covered are an __int128 return, a 16-byte struct
return (from a static and from a global subprogram) and a 16-byte union
return, plus __int128 and 16-byte struct returns from a kfunc. The union
program shares an object with the struct ones.

The R0:R2 convention is only emitted by LLVM 23 and newer, and a by-value
aggregate return does not compile at all before that, so the programs sit
behind a __clang_major__ guard. An older compiler builds the dummy test in
the #else branch instead, which keeps each object non-empty and says in
its description why nothing was exercised.

The kfunc tests are tagged __arch_x86_64/__arch_arm64 and skip elsewhere.
Those are the architectures whose JIT advertises
bpf_jit_supports_kfunc_ret_reg_pair(), which bpf_add_kfunc_call() requires
before it accepts a kfunc returning more than 8 bytes, and they are also
the only ones building the kfuncs.

Signed-off-by: Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@linux.dev>
---
 .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/aggregate_ret.c  |  13 ++
 .../bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_int128_c.c        |  49 ++++++++
 .../bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_kfunc_c.c         |  65 ++++++++++
 .../bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_struct_c.c        | 114 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod.c    |  18 +++
 .../bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h        |   9 ++
 6 files changed, 268 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/aggregate_ret.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_int128_c.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_kfunc_c.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_struct_c.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/aggregate_ret.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/aggregate_ret.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..979536f3c89c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/aggregate_ret.c
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <test_progs.h>
+#include "aggregate_ret_int128_c.skel.h"
+#include "aggregate_ret_struct_c.skel.h"
+#include "aggregate_ret_kfunc_c.skel.h"
+
+void test_aggregate_ret(void)
+{
+	RUN_TESTS(aggregate_ret_int128_c);
+	RUN_TESTS(aggregate_ret_struct_c);
+	RUN_TESTS(aggregate_ret_kfunc_c);
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_int128_c.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_int128_c.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..913cc374215d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_int128_c.c
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+
+#if defined(__clang_major__) && __clang_major__ >= 23
+
+#define MIX_A	0xdeadbeefcafef00dULL
+#define MIX_B	0x0123456789abcdefULL
+
+typedef unsigned __int128 u128;
+
+static __noinline u128 make_i128(__u64 a, __u64 b)
+{
+	return ((u128)(a + b) << 64) | (a - b);
+}
+
+SEC("tc")
+__load_if_JITed()
+__success __retval(0)
+int aggregate_ret_int128_c_test(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	__u64 a = skb->len ^ MIX_A;
+	__u64 b = skb->len ^ MIX_B;
+	u128 v;
+
+	v = make_i128(a, b);
+	if ((__u64)(v >> 64) != a + b)
+		return 1;
+	if ((__u64)v != a - b)
+		return 2;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#else
+
+SEC("socket")
+__description("aggregate_ret_int128_c: needs LLVM 23, dummy test")
+__success
+int dummy_test(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_kfunc_c.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_kfunc_c.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b66576307f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_kfunc_c.c
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "../test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h"
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+
+#if defined(__clang_major__) && __clang_major__ >= 23
+
+#define MIX_A	0xdeadbeefcafef00dULL
+#define MIX_B	0x0123456789abcdefULL
+
+typedef unsigned __int128 u128;
+
+SEC("tc")
+__arch_x86_64 __arch_arm64
+__load_if_JITed()
+__success __retval(0)
+int aggregate_ret_kfunc_int128_c_test(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	__u64 a = skb->len ^ MIX_A;
+	__u64 b = skb->len ^ MIX_B;
+	u128 v;
+
+	v = bpf_kfunc_call_test_i128(a, b);
+	if ((__u64)(v >> 64) != a + b)
+		return 1;
+	if ((__u64)v != a - b)
+		return 2;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+SEC("tc")
+__arch_x86_64 __arch_arm64
+__load_if_JITed()
+__success __retval(0)
+int aggregate_ret_kfunc_struct_c_test(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	__u64 a = skb->len ^ MIX_A;
+	__u64 b = skb->len ^ MIX_B;
+	struct prog_test_ret_pair p;
+
+	p = bpf_kfunc_call_test_ret_pair(a, b);
+	if (p.hi != a + b)
+		return 1;
+	if (p.lo != a - b)
+		return 2;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#else
+
+SEC("socket")
+__description("aggregate_ret_kfunc_c: needs LLVM 23, dummy test")
+__success
+int dummy_test(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_struct_c.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_struct_c.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..83b1a3751988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/aggregate_ret_struct_c.c
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2026 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+#include <vmlinux.h>
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include "bpf_misc.h"
+
+#if defined(__clang_major__) && __clang_major__ >= 23
+
+#define MIX_A	0xdeadbeefcafef00dULL
+#define MIX_B	0x0123456789abcdefULL
+
+struct pair {
+	__u64 hi;	/* R0 */
+	__u64 lo;	/* R2 */
+};
+
+union upair {
+	__u64 halves[2];
+	struct {
+		__u64 lo;	/* R0 */
+		__u64 hi;	/* R2 */
+	} parts;
+};
+
+static __noinline struct pair make_pair(__u64 a, __u64 b)
+{
+	struct pair p = { .hi = a + b, .lo = a - b };
+
+	return p;
+}
+
+SEC("tc")
+__load_if_JITed()
+__success __retval(0)
+int aggregate_ret_struct_c_test(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	__u64 a = skb->len ^ MIX_A;
+	__u64 b = skb->len ^ MIX_B;
+	struct pair p;
+
+	p = make_pair(a, b);
+	if (p.hi != a + b)
+		return 1;
+	if (p.lo != a - b)
+		return 2;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+__noinline struct pair make_pair_global(__u64 a, __u64 b)
+{
+	struct pair p = { .hi = a + b, .lo = a - b };
+
+	return p;
+}
+
+SEC("tc")
+__load_if_JITed()
+__success __retval(0)
+int aggregate_ret_global_struct_c_test(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	__u64 a = skb->len ^ MIX_A;
+	__u64 b = skb->len ^ MIX_B;
+	struct pair p;
+
+	p = make_pair_global(a, b);
+	if (p.hi != a + b)
+		return 1;
+	if (p.lo != a - b)
+		return 2;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static __noinline union upair make_upair(__u64 a, __u64 b)
+{
+	union upair p;
+
+	p.halves[0] = a + b;
+	p.halves[1] = a - b;
+	return p;
+}
+
+SEC("tc")
+__load_if_JITed()
+__success __retval(0)
+int aggregate_ret_union_c_test(struct __sk_buff *skb)
+{
+	__u64 a = skb->len ^ MIX_A;
+	__u64 b = skb->len ^ MIX_B;
+	union upair p;
+
+	p = make_upair(a, b);
+	if (p.parts.lo != a + b)
+		return 1;
+	if (p.parts.hi != a - b)
+		return 2;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#else
+
+SEC("socket")
+__description("aggregate_ret_struct_c: needs LLVM 23, dummy test")
+__success
+int dummy_test(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod.c
index a6133f7521f3..fc1e43c5038b 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod.c
@@ -939,6 +939,20 @@ __bpf_kfunc int bpf_kfunc_call_test5(u8 a, u16 b, u32 c)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__aarch64__)
+__bpf_kfunc __int128 bpf_kfunc_call_test_i128(u64 a, u64 b)
+{
+	return (__int128)(((unsigned __int128)(a + b) << 64) | (a - b));
+}
+
+__bpf_kfunc struct prog_test_ret_pair bpf_kfunc_call_test_ret_pair(u64 a, u64 b)
+{
+	struct prog_test_ret_pair r = { .hi = a + b, .lo = a - b };
+
+	return r;
+}
+#endif /* __x86_64__ || __aarch64__ */
+
 __bpf_kfunc u64 bpf_kfunc_call_stack_arg(u64 a, u64 b, u64 c, u64 d,
 					 u64 e, u64 f, u64 g, u64 h,
 					 u64 i, u64 j)
@@ -1472,6 +1486,10 @@ BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_test2)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_test3)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_test4)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_test5)
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__aarch64__)
+BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_test_i128)
+BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_test_ret_pair)
+#endif
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_stack_arg)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_stack_arg_ptr)
 BTF_ID_FLAGS(func, bpf_kfunc_call_stack_arg_mix)
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h
index c4383acb53c1..682f7793d0c2 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/test_kmods/bpf_testmod_kfunc.h
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ struct prog_test_big_arg {
 	__u64 b;
 };
 
+struct prog_test_ret_pair {
+	__u64 hi;
+	__u64 lo;
+};
+
 struct prog_test_fail1 {
 	void *p;
 	int x;
@@ -130,6 +135,10 @@ int bpf_kfunc_call_test2(struct sock *sk, __u32 a, __u32 b) __ksym;
 struct sock *bpf_kfunc_call_test3(struct sock *sk) __ksym;
 long bpf_kfunc_call_test4(signed char a, short b, int c, long d) __ksym;
 int bpf_kfunc_call_test5(__u8 a, __u16 b, __u32 c) __ksym;
+#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
+__int128 bpf_kfunc_call_test_i128(__u64 a, __u64 b) __ksym;
+#endif
+struct prog_test_ret_pair bpf_kfunc_call_test_ret_pair(__u64 a, __u64 b) __ksym;
 __u64 bpf_kfunc_call_stack_arg(__u64 a, __u64 b, __u64 c, __u64 d,
 			       __u64 e, __u64 f, __u64 g, __u64 h,
 			       __u64 i, __u64 j) __ksym;
-- 
2.53.0-Meta