[PATCH v3 02/24] PCI: Add API to track PCI devices preserved across Live Update

David Matlack
2026-03-23T23:58:49Z

Add an API to enable the PCI subsystem to participate in a Live Update
and track all devices that are being preserved by drivers. Since this
support is still under development, hide it behind a new Kconfig
PCI_LIVEUPDATE that is marked experimental.

This API will be used in subsequent commits by the vfio-pci driver to
preserve VFIO devices across Live Update.

Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>
---
drivers/pci/Kconfig | 11 ++
drivers/pci/Makefile | 1 +
drivers/pci/liveupdate.c | 380 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
drivers/pci/pci.h | 14 ++
drivers/pci/probe.c | 2 +
include/linux/kho/abi/pci.h | 62 ++++++
include/linux/pci.h | 41 ++++
7 files changed, 511 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 drivers/pci/liveupdate.c
create mode 100644 include/linux/kho/abi/pci.h

diff --git a/drivers/pci/Kconfig b/drivers/pci/Kconfig
index e3f848ffb52a..05307d89c3f4 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/Kconfig
+++ b/drivers/pci/Kconfig
@@ -334,6 +334,17 @@ config VGA_ARB_MAX_GPUS
Reserves space in the kernel to maintain resource locking for
multiple GPUS. The overhead for each GPU is very small.

+config PCI_LIVEUPDATE
+ bool "PCI Live Update Support (EXPERIMENTAL)"
+ depends on PCI && LIVEUPDATE
+ help
+ Support for preserving PCI devices across a Live Update. This option
+ should only be enabled by developers working on implementing this
+ support. Once enough support as landed in the kernel, this option
+ will no longer be marked EXPERIMENTAL.
+
+ If unsure, say N.
+
source "drivers/pci/hotplug/Kconfig"
source "drivers/pci/controller/Kconfig"
source "drivers/pci/endpoint/Kconfig"
diff --git a/drivers/pci/Makefile b/drivers/pci/Makefile
index 41ebc3b9a518..e8d003cb6757 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/pci/Makefile
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_PROC_FS) += proc.o
obj-$(CONFIG_SYSFS) += pci-sysfs.o slot.o
obj-$(CONFIG_ACPI) += pci-acpi.o
obj-$(CONFIG_GENERIC_PCI_IOMAP) += iomap.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_PCI_LIVEUPDATE) += liveupdate.o
endif

obj-$(CONFIG_OF) += of.o
diff --git a/drivers/pci/liveupdate.c b/drivers/pci/liveupdate.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bec7b3500057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/pci/liveupdate.c
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2026, Google LLC.
+ * David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>
+ */
+
+/**
+ * DOC: PCI Live Update
+ *
+ * The PCI subsystem participates in the Live Update process to enable drivers
+ * to preserve their PCI devices across kexec.
+ *
+ * Device preservation across Live Update is built on top of the Live Update
+ * Orchestrator (LUO) support for file preservation across kexec. Userspace
+ * indicates that a device should be preserved by preserving the file associated
+ * with the device with ``ioctl(LIVEUPDATE_SESSION_PRESERVE_FD)``.
+ *
+ * .. note::
+ * The support for preserving PCI devices across Live Update is currently
+ * *partial* and should be considered *experimental*. It should only be
+ * used by developers working on the implementation for the time being.
+ *
+ * To enable the support, enable ``CONFIG_PCI_LIVEUPDATE``.
+ *
+ * Driver API
+ * ==========
+ *
+ * Drivers that support file-based device preservation must register their
+ * ``liveupdate_file_handler`` with the PCI subsystem by calling
+ * ``pci_liveupdate_register_flb()``. This ensures the PCI subsystem will be
+ * notified whenever a device file is preserved so that ``struct pci_ser``
+ * can be allocated to track all preserved devices. This struct is an ABI
+ * and is eventually handed off to the next kernel via Kexec-Handover (KHO).
+ *
+ * In the "outgoing" kernel (before kexec), drivers should then notify the PCI
+ * subsystem directly whenever the preservation status for a device changes:
+ *
+ * * ``pci_liveupdate_preserve(pci_dev)``: The device is being preserved.
+ *
+ * * ``pci_liveupdate_unpreserve(pci_dev)``: The device is no longer being
+ * preserved (preservation is cancelled).
+ *
+ * In the "incoming" kernel (after kexec), drivers should notify the PCI
+ * subsystem with the following calls:
+ *
+ * * ``pci_liveupdate_retrieve(pci_dev)``: The device file is being retrieved
+ * by userspace.
+ *
+ * * ``pci_liveupdate_finish(pci_dev)``: The device is done participating in
+ * Live Update. After this point the device may no longer be even associated
+ * with the same driver.
+ *
+ * Incoming/Outgoing
+ * =================
+ *
+ * The state of each device's participation in Live Update is stored in
+ * ``struct pci_dev``:
+ *
+ * * ``liveupdate_outgoing``: True if the device is being preserved in the
+ * outgoing kernel. Set in ``pci_liveupdate_preserve()`` and cleared in
+ * ``pci_liveupdate_unpreserve()``.
+ *
+ * * ``liveupdate_incoming``: True if the device is preserved in the incoming
+ * kernel. Set during probing when the device is first created and cleared
+ * in ``pci_liveupdate_finish()``.
+ *
+ * Restrictions
+ * ============
+ *
+ * Preserved devices currently have the following restrictions. Each of these
+ * may be relaxed in the future.
+ *
+ * * The device must not be a Virtual Function (VF).
+ *
+ * * The device must not be a Physical Function (PF).
+ *
+ * Preservation Behavior
+ * =====================
+ *
+ * The kernel preserves the following state for devices preserved across a Live
+ * Update:
+ *
+ * * The PCI Segment, Bus, Device, and Function numbers assigned to the device
+ * are guaranteed to remain the same across Live Update.
+ *
+ * This list will be extended in the future as new support is added.
+ *
+ * Driver Binding
+ * ==============
+ *
+ * It is the driver's responsibility for ensuring that preserved devices are not
+ * released or bound to a different driver for as long as they are preserved. In
+ * practice, this is enforced by LUO taking an extra referenced to the preserved
+ * device file for as long as it is preserved.
+ *
+ * However, there is a window of time in the incoming kernel when a device is
+ * first probed and when userspace retrieves the device file with
+ * ``LIVEUPDATE_SESSION_RETRIEVE_FD`` when the device could be bound to any
+ * driver.
+ *
+ * It is currently userspace's responsibility to ensure that the device is bound
+ * to the correct driver in this window.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/bsearch.h>
+#include <linux/io.h>
+#include <linux/kexec_handover.h>
+#include <linux/kho/abi/pci.h>
+#include <linux/liveupdate.h>
+#include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/pci.h>
+#include <linux/sort.h>
+
+#include "pci.h"
+
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(pci_flb_outgoing_lock);
+
+static int pci_flb_preserve(struct liveupdate_flb_op_args *args)
+{
+ struct pci_dev *dev = NULL;
+ int max_nr_devices = 0;
+ struct pci_ser *ser;
+ unsigned long size;
+
+ /*
+ * Don't both accounting for VFs that could be created after this
+ * since preserving VFs is not supported yet. Also don't account
+ * for devices that could be hot-plugged after this since preserving
+ * hot-plugged devices across Live Update is not yet an expected
+ * use-case.
+ */
+ for_each_pci_dev(dev)
+ max_nr_devices++;
+
+ size = struct_size_t(struct pci_ser, devices, max_nr_devices);
+
+ ser = kho_alloc_preserve(size);
+ if (IS_ERR(ser))
+ return PTR_ERR(ser);
+
+ ser->max_nr_devices = max_nr_devices;
+
+ args->obj = ser;
+ args->data = virt_to_phys(ser);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void pci_flb_unpreserve(struct liveupdate_flb_op_args *args)
+{
+ struct pci_ser *ser = args->obj;
+
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(ser->nr_devices);
+ kho_unpreserve_free(ser);
+}
+
+static int pci_flb_retrieve(struct liveupdate_flb_op_args *args)
+{
+ args->obj = phys_to_virt(args->data);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static void pci_flb_finish(struct liveupdate_flb_op_args *args)
+{
+ kho_restore_free(args->obj);
+}
+
+static struct liveupdate_flb_ops pci_liveupdate_flb_ops = {
+ .preserve = pci_flb_preserve,
+ .unpreserve = pci_flb_unpreserve,
+ .retrieve = pci_flb_retrieve,
+ .finish = pci_flb_finish,
+ .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+static struct liveupdate_flb pci_liveupdate_flb = {
+ .ops = &pci_liveupdate_flb_ops,
+ .compatible = PCI_LUO_FLB_COMPATIBLE,
+};
+
+#define INIT_PCI_DEV_SER(_dev) { \
+ .domain = pci_domain_nr((_dev)->bus), \
+ .bdf = pci_dev_id(_dev), \
+}
+
+static int pci_dev_ser_cmp(const void *__a, const void *__b)
+{
+ const struct pci_dev_ser *a = __a, *b = __b;
+
+ return cmp_int((u64)a->domain << 16 | a->bdf,
+ (u64)b->domain << 16 | b->bdf);
+}
+
+static struct pci_dev_ser *pci_ser_find(struct pci_ser *ser,
+ struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ const struct pci_dev_ser key = INIT_PCI_DEV_SER(dev);
+
+ return bsearch(&key, ser->devices, ser->nr_devices,
+ sizeof(key), pci_dev_ser_cmp);
+}
+
+static void pci_ser_delete(struct pci_ser *ser, struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ struct pci_dev_ser *dev_ser;
+ int i;
+
+ dev_ser = pci_ser_find(ser, dev);
+
+ /*
+ * This should never happen unless there is a kernel bug or
+ * corruption that causes the state in struct pci_ser to get
+ * out of sync with struct pci_dev.
+ */
+ if (pci_WARN_ONCE(dev, !dev_ser, "Cannot find preserved device!"))
+ return;
+
+ for (i = dev_ser - ser->devices; i < ser->nr_devices - 1; i++)
+ ser->devices[i] = ser->devices[i + 1];
+
+ ser->nr_devices--;
+}
+
+int pci_liveupdate_preserve(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ struct pci_dev_ser new = INIT_PCI_DEV_SER(dev);
+ struct pci_ser *ser;
+ int i, ret;
+
+ /* SR-IOV is not supported yet. */
+ if (dev->is_virtfn || dev->is_physfn)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ guard(mutex)(&pci_flb_outgoing_lock);
+
+ if (dev->liveupdate_outgoing)
+ return -EBUSY;
+
+ ret = liveupdate_flb_get_outgoing(&pci_liveupdate_flb, (void **)&ser);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
+ if (ser->nr_devices == ser->max_nr_devices)
+ return -E2BIG;
+
+ for (i = ser->nr_devices; i > 0; i--) {
+ struct pci_dev_ser *prev = &ser->devices[i - 1];
+ int cmp = pci_dev_ser_cmp(&new, prev);
+
+ /*
+ * This should never happen unless there is a kernel bug or
+ * corruption that causes the state in struct pci_ser to get out
+ * of sync with struct pci_dev.
+ */
+ if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!cmp))
+ return -EBUSY;
+
+ if (cmp > 0)
+ break;
+
+ ser->devices[i] = *prev;
+ }
+
+ ser->devices[i] = new;
+ ser->nr_devices++;
+ dev->liveupdate_outgoing = true;
+ return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_liveupdate_preserve);
+
+void pci_liveupdate_unpreserve(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ struct pci_ser *ser;
+ int ret;
+
+ /* This should never happen unless the caller (driver) is buggy */
+ if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!dev->liveupdate_outgoing))
+ return;
+
+ guard(mutex)(&pci_flb_outgoing_lock);
+
+ ret = liveupdate_flb_get_outgoing(&pci_liveupdate_flb, (void **)&ser);
+
+ /* This should never happen unless there is a bug in LUO */
+ if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ret))
+ return;
+
+ pci_ser_delete(ser, dev);
+ dev->liveupdate_outgoing = false;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_liveupdate_unpreserve);
+
+static int pci_liveupdate_flb_get_incoming(struct pci_ser **serp)
+{
+ int ret;
+
+ ret = liveupdate_flb_get_incoming(&pci_liveupdate_flb, (void **)serp);
+
+ /* Live Update is not enabled. */
+ if (ret == -EOPNOTSUPP)
+ return ret;
+
+ /* Live Update is enabled, but there is no incoming FLB data. */
+ if (ret == -ENODATA)
+ return ret;
+
+ /*
+ * Live Update is enabled and there is incoming FLB data, but none of it
+ * matches pci_liveupdate_flb.compatible.
+ *
+ * This could mean that no PCI FLB data was passed by the previous
+ * kernel, but it could also mean the previous kernel used a different
+ * compatibility string (i.e.a different ABI). The latter deserves at
+ * least a WARN_ON_ONCE() but it cannot be distinguished from the
+ * former.
+ */
+ if (ret == -ENOENT) {
+ pr_info_once("PCI: No incoming FLB data detected during Live Update");
+ return ret;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * There is incoming FLB data that matches pci_liveupdate_flb.compatible
+ * but it cannot be retrieved. Proceed with standard initialization as
+ * if there was not incoming PCI FLB data.
+ */
+ WARN_ONCE(ret, "PCI: Failed to retrieve incoming FLB data during Live Update");
+ return ret;
+}
+
+u32 pci_liveupdate_incoming_nr_devices(void)
+{
+ struct pci_ser *ser;
+
+ if (pci_liveupdate_flb_get_incoming(&ser))
+ return 0;
+
+ return ser->nr_devices;
+}
+
+void pci_liveupdate_setup_device(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ struct pci_ser *ser;
+
+ if (pci_liveupdate_flb_get_incoming(&ser))
+ return;
+
+ if (!pci_ser_find(ser, dev))
+ return;
+
+ dev->liveupdate_incoming = true;
+}
+
+int pci_liveupdate_retrieve(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ if (!dev->liveupdate_incoming)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_liveupdate_retrieve);
+
+void pci_liveupdate_finish(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ dev->liveupdate_incoming = false;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_liveupdate_finish);
+
+int pci_liveupdate_register_flb(struct liveupdate_file_handler *fh)
+{
+ return liveupdate_register_flb(fh, &pci_liveupdate_flb);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_liveupdate_register_flb);
+
+void pci_liveupdate_unregister_flb(struct liveupdate_file_handler *fh)
+{
+ liveupdate_unregister_flb(fh, &pci_liveupdate_flb);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(pci_liveupdate_unregister_flb);
diff --git a/drivers/pci/pci.h b/drivers/pci/pci.h
index 13d998fbacce..979cb9921340 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/pci.h
+++ b/drivers/pci/pci.h
@@ -1434,4 +1434,18 @@ static inline int pci_msix_write_tph_tag(struct pci_dev *pdev, unsigned int inde
(PCI_CONF1_ADDRESS(bus, dev, func, reg) | \
PCI_CONF1_EXT_REG(reg))

+#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_LIVEUPDATE
+void pci_liveupdate_setup_device(struct pci_dev *dev);
+u32 pci_liveupdate_incoming_nr_devices(void);
+#else
+static inline void pci_liveupdate_setup_device(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+}
+
+static inline u32 pci_liveupdate_incoming_nr_devices(void)
+{
+ return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
#endif /* DRIVERS_PCI_H */
diff --git a/drivers/pci/probe.c b/drivers/pci/probe.c
index bccc7a4bdd79..c60222d45659 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/probe.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/probe.c
@@ -2064,6 +2064,8 @@ int pci_setup_device(struct pci_dev *dev)
if (pci_early_dump)
early_dump_pci_device(dev);

+ pci_liveupdate_setup_device(dev);
+
/* Need to have dev->class ready */
dev->cfg_size = pci_cfg_space_size(dev);

diff --git a/include/linux/kho/abi/pci.h b/include/linux/kho/abi/pci.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7764795f6818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/kho/abi/pci.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2025, Google LLC.
+ * David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LINUX_KHO_ABI_PCI_H
+#define _LINUX_KHO_ABI_PCI_H
+
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+/**
+ * DOC: PCI File-Lifecycle Bound (FLB) Live Update ABI
+ *
+ * This header defines the ABI for preserving core PCI state across kexec using
+ * Live Update File-Lifecycle Bound (FLB) data.
+ *
+ * This interface is a contract. Any modification to any of the serialization
+ * structs defined here constitutes a breaking change. Such changes require
+ * incrementing the version number in the PCI_LUO_FLB_COMPATIBLE string.
+ */
+
+#define PCI_LUO_FLB_COMPATIBLE "pci-v1"
+
+/**
+ * struct pci_dev_ser - Serialized state about a single PCI device.
+ *
+ * @domain: The device's PCI domain number (segment).
+ * @bdf: The device's PCI bus, device, and function number.
+ * @reserved: Reserved (to naturally align struct pci_dev_ser).
+ */
+struct pci_dev_ser {
+ u32 domain;
+ u16 bdf;
+ u16 reserved;
+} __packed;
+
+/**
+ * struct pci_ser - PCI Subsystem Live Update State
+ *
+ * This struct tracks state about all devices that are being preserved across
+ * a Live Update for the next kernel.
+ *
+ * @max_nr_devices: The length of the devices[] flexible array.
+ * @nr_devices: The number of devices that were preserved.
+ * @devices: Flexible array of pci_dev_ser structs for each device. Guaranteed
+ * to be sorted ascending by domain and bdf.
+ */
+struct pci_ser {
+ u64 max_nr_devices;
+ u64 nr_devices;
+ struct pci_dev_ser devices[];
+} __packed;
+
+/* Ensure all elements of devices[] are naturally aligned. */
+static_assert(offsetof(struct pci_ser, devices) % sizeof(unsigned long) == 0);
+static_assert(sizeof(struct pci_dev_ser) % sizeof(unsigned long) == 0);
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_KHO_ABI_PCI_H */
diff --git a/include/linux/pci.h b/include/linux/pci.h
index 1c270f1d5123..27ee9846a2fd 100644
--- a/include/linux/pci.h
+++ b/include/linux/pci.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
#include <linux/resource_ext.h>
#include <linux/msi_api.h>
#include <uapi/linux/pci.h>
+#include <linux/liveupdate.h>

#include <linux/pci_ids.h>

@@ -591,6 +592,10 @@ struct pci_dev {
u8 tph_mode; /* TPH mode */
u8 tph_req_type; /* TPH requester type */
#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_LIVEUPDATE
+ unsigned int liveupdate_incoming:1; /* Preserved by previous kernel */
+ unsigned int liveupdate_outgoing:1; /* Preserved for next kernel */
+#endif
};

static inline struct pci_dev *pci_physfn(struct pci_dev *dev)
@@ -2871,4 +2876,40 @@ void pci_uevent_ers(struct pci_dev *pdev, enum pci_ers_result err_type);
WARN_ONCE(condition, "%s %s: " fmt, \
dev_driver_string(&(pdev)->dev), pci_name(pdev), ##arg)

+#ifdef CONFIG_PCI_LIVEUPDATE
+int pci_liveupdate_preserve(struct pci_dev *dev);
+void pci_liveupdate_unpreserve(struct pci_dev *dev);
+int pci_liveupdate_retrieve(struct pci_dev *dev);
+void pci_liveupdate_finish(struct pci_dev *dev);
+int pci_liveupdate_register_flb(struct liveupdate_file_handler *fh);
+void pci_liveupdate_unregister_flb(struct liveupdate_file_handler *fh);
+#else
+static inline int pci_liveupdate_preserve(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline void pci_liveupdate_unpreserve(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+}
+
+static inline int pci_liveupdate_retrieve(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+ return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline void pci_liveupdate_finish(struct pci_dev *dev)
+{
+}
+
+static inline int pci_liveupdate_register_flb(struct liveupdate_file_handler *fh)
+{
+ return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+}
+
+static inline void pci_liveupdate_unregister_flb(struct liveupdate_file_handler *fh)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
#endif /* LINUX_PCI_H */
--
2.53.0.983.g0bb29b3bc5-goog