From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Received: from mail-wr1-f53.google.com (mail-wr1-f53.google.com [209.85.221.53]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 (128/128 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 53CA830E0EB for ; Fri, 17 Oct 2025 06:10:07 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=209.85.221.53 ARC-Seal:i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1760681410; cv=none; b=HVCLmlMPdDztE/ltYbhyd6JTxAWgG6AA3q7pYxPbuk2sNs5Kv79+2aPN2S6hgZKuLEvJbgbXbYpmnfnxEnG/UcMWFh+vBq8KtTh6iqL21TAHfWQzI8J9QtYHWOBbxzv8HiR7RjwmaBZ/sW4aw3WhYd0aMmKWVJ5GUNoOk3xHia8= ARC-Message-Signature:i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1760681410; c=relaxed/simple; bh=PTeCjpmyIduQtL+k+FvKXkT5QKPZ5hJEEZjKkNV8bTE=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-ID:MIME-Version; b=GcgKU5K3Xjvnsip9yHuS/cvRplf46F99OBtZk180snFOYVj9X/TPhIttUl6PUyHaJohE7Ve5l6m0tLCdTU4zOkkZ5GpPIsw6QnVfMzYgFd6g4VHHtv++y2Gd0X3jMFdw33RlccgBiBXIFvAL1/QKuS2QChmccWX6nz5YFgFEk48= ARC-Authentication-Results:i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=gmail.com; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=gmail.com; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=gmail.com header.i=@gmail.com header.b=IFPChHaB; arc=none smtp.client-ip=209.85.221.53 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dmarc=pass (p=none dis=none) header.from=gmail.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=gmail.com Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=gmail.com header.i=@gmail.com header.b="IFPChHaB" Received: by mail-wr1-f53.google.com with SMTP id ffacd0b85a97d-3ed20bdfdffso1411205f8f.2 for ; Thu, 16 Oct 2025 23:10:07 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20230601; t=1760681405; x=1761286205; darn=vger.kernel.org; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:message-id:date:subject:cc :to:from:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=YKOBkkWD4hkodywyrqPuA/TDPu23QJtZxY6LZ9yXiLM=; b=IFPChHaBoxYdHIzKSr61wiEEQUSUBTOGJJkuFk/9m8BjL4DVxUJ/fTN/X2bVsDWDrp xFwM5Eggu1G5yzj7pnXGJtva4Lm5wozABWA7+drjTBnmR+6DpV18HJfL9NBFrwwtZjDE 5hd4PxNSx3kRNRQ5AlpfL1aGnzeInrPfp+ng7PMrE/GCFbaHW56OKdDwsLW+wXJKBHuQ MesI0+PTcg6opFOLurA9gNqhJF9hEUh5EES4KZVJ47i9UpY66PYel5p5gc01i67u8ivI DYY7Ah/26/ZWjJyEhIGZZqgBueq7JKmWZME/UlpQke9WMnc8QRjBYbR+IcUEobVyD5cD aBsQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20230601; t=1760681405; x=1761286205; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:message-id:date:subject:cc :to:from:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id :reply-to; bh=YKOBkkWD4hkodywyrqPuA/TDPu23QJtZxY6LZ9yXiLM=; b=kxqeYVjWLITYQjAgbFh7MmfNAe72f4PTMJjgQeEwmNGdEwSbf+f+MZ8Zo59NAo2Mmu r/5k7rCDazmvAMxj9XdM7MfzZ5y9ve1tIiWFd06QbeWHJfThRqTx2hzJEO1I9LTU1mog ii/tMIcYDjUcX+JD44LZEmryLyt0VTmiSsvOE2uhhNpxxhzPss/5g8yLf3oBYJvZDNJV PNbs1kkkUc3Fd2GxIAj/xk73pyorA6UhADClhuQQJmZwXF08bVvh6UckZsqlE5d/Kc4X 7A6X5aLTRELBT+e1/SPRMfeJHOWrgWdCvfkDss1RTwKnIUhgQ8M8nG2WNtcO7DIBRObc 9XHA== X-Forwarded-Encrypted: i=1; AJvYcCXiGaovCSPTJOEC6GFtp8xV+MDhZxlMG3VdmAsYn/yuegzNjfbP/LwJEDqDu2J8v7eIRNJJvEXHFe4=@vger.kernel.org X-Gm-Message-State: AOJu0YzLjpSn6geQ87vG0wbGhzqSJYeI4r4FGICmibHWcXWdd+awR48E TJxrxRMo0VMvJYEy2FlN/JJjB78WbbSh3zn9y/z1ycyxpBT6LomICHdW X-Gm-Gg: ASbGnct6DaVmvaieQ9SRgyiQLStjB9nQPQYxUBJR+g2O5Llppsa49IDnGF/an2TyFYZ bj5h9jmQCrhH3BHj+0nQMnV8NSVSkl/+98HWZFaa71wqBwcUcn7HQywXteaswtBaCDaoWoWpn+6 gCx2abQKbLlQnhhBgeiK+bzMrqdoLonzoCMHQROsD9in7HyHauPWietBnRTY8Rs+bEdQU7JKYv2 jVm2VmmhFhuv/WM3WubIn3JRq1gSAl7Ey63uPvP7cUXZxdWwvVxxhUXIvgH8zG4J6A2N2a1v6At U9CLOze1UyBA1syiew+jmiA5XCYc7nq4MxVACLvA4CtGYo/49XsexHVlvNUXhIUgij+bJ7VfO2e 6bnGDu7ohiiBC4vSRCV2ofWS/t7f2slWSozqMgRrhPTkoXwhQ/OsOWAIIlILok1i/oXRu3Jg2h/ EqCDHQYTsgxcU= X-Google-Smtp-Source: AGHT+IGZ4ambk8T3o48xvPm40t3Ay+iXThL+hr7h4NpNwxZaAMKHno3K1osHDhvr/3GCz1pzwYtqQQ== X-Received: by 2002:a05:6000:178f:b0:3ee:1521:95fc with SMTP id ffacd0b85a97d-42704d8812bmr1885897f8f.14.1760681405257; Thu, 16 Oct 2025 23:10:05 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([212.73.77.104]) by smtp.gmail.com with UTF8SMTPSA id ffacd0b85a97d-426ce5e1284sm38327970f8f.45.2025.10.16.23.10.01 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 bits=128/128); Thu, 16 Oct 2025 23:10:04 -0700 (PDT) From: Askar Safin To: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Cc: Linus Torvalds , Greg Kroah-Hartman , Christian Brauner , Al Viro , Jan Kara , Christoph Hellwig , Jens Axboe , Andy Shevchenko , Aleksa Sarai , =?UTF-8?q?Thomas=20Wei=C3=9Fschuh?= , Julian Stecklina , Gao Xiang , Art Nikpal , Andrew Morton , Alexander Graf , Rob Landley , Lennart Poettering , linux-arch@vger.kernel.org, linux-block@vger.kernel.org, initramfs@vger.kernel.org, linux-api@vger.kernel.org, linux-doc@vger.kernel.org, Michal Simek , Luis Chamberlain , Kees Cook , Thorsten Blum , Heiko Carstens , Arnd Bergmann , Dave Young , Christophe Leroy , Krzysztof Kozlowski , Borislav Petkov , Jessica Clarke , Nicolas Schichan , David Disseldorp , patches@lists.linux.dev Subject: [PATCH v3 0/3] initrd: remove half of classic initrd support Date: Fri, 17 Oct 2025 06:09:53 +0000 Message-ID: <20251017060956.1151347-1-safinaskar@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.47.3 Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-api@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Intro ==== This patchset removes half of classic initrd (initial RAM disk) support, i. e. linuxrc code path, which was deprecated in 2020. Initramfs still stays, RAM disk itself (brd) still stays. And other half of initrd stays, too. init/do_mounts* are listed in VFS entry in MAINTAINERS, so I think this patchset should go through VFS tree. I tested the patchset on 8 (!!!) archs in Qemu (see details below). If you still use initrd, see below for workaround. In 2020 deprecation notice was put to linuxrc initrd code path. In v1 I tried to remove initrd fully, but Nicolas Schichan reported that he still uses other code path (root=/dev/ram0 one) on million devices [4]. root=/dev/ram0 code path did not contain deprecation notice. So, in this version of patchset I remove deprecated code path, i. e. linuxrc one, while keeping other, i. e. root=/dev/ram0 one. Also I put deprecation notice to remaining code path, i. e. to root=/dev/ram0 one. I plan to send patches for full removal of initrd after one year, i. e. in September 2026 (of course, initramfs will still work). Also, I tried to make this patchset small to make sure it can be reverted easily. I plan to send cleanups later. Details ==== Other user-visible changes: - Removed kernel command line parameters "load_ramdisk" and "prompt_ramdisk", which did nothing and were deprecated - Removed /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev . It was used for initrd only - Command line parameters "noinitrd" and "ramdisk_start=" are deprecated This patchset is based on v6.18-rc1. Testing ==== I tested my patchset on many architectures in Qemu using my Rust program, heavily based on mkroot [1]. I used the following cross-compilers: aarch64-linux-musleabi armv4l-linux-musleabihf armv5l-linux-musleabihf armv7l-linux-musleabihf i486-linux-musl i686-linux-musl mips-linux-musl mips64-linux-musl mipsel-linux-musl powerpc-linux-musl powerpc64-linux-musl powerpc64le-linux-musl riscv32-linux-musl riscv64-linux-musl s390x-linux-musl sh4-linux-musl sh4eb-linux-musl x86_64-linux-musl taken from this directory [2]. So, as you can see, there are 18 triplets, which correspond to 8 subdirs in arch/. For every triplet I tested that: - Initramfs still works (both builtin and external) - Direct boot from disk still works - Remaining initrd code path (root=/dev/ram0) still works Workaround ==== If "retain_initrd" is passed to kernel, then initramfs/initrd, passed by bootloader, is retained and becomes available after boot as read-only magic file /sys/firmware/initrd [3]. No copies are involved. I. e. /sys/firmware/initrd is simply a reference to original blob passed by bootloader. This works even if initrd/initramfs is not recognized by kernel in any way, i. e. even if it is not valid cpio archive, nor a fs image supported by classic initrd. This works both with my patchset and without it. This means that you can emulate classic initrd so: link builtin initramfs to kernel; in /init in this initramfs copy /sys/firmware/initrd to some file in / and loop-mount it. This is even better than classic initrd, because: - You can use fs not supported by classic initrd, for example erofs - One copy is involved (from /sys/firmware/initrd to some file in /) as opposed to two when using classic initrd Still, I don't recommend using this workaround, because I want everyone to migrate to proper modern initramfs. But still you can use this workaround if you want. Also: it is not possible to directly loop-mount /sys/firmware/initrd . Theoretically kernel can be changed to allow this (and/or to make it writable), but I think nobody needs this. And I don't want to implement this. On Qemu's -initrd and GRUB's initrd ==== Don't panic, this patchset doesn't remove initramfs (which is used by nearly all Linux distros). And I don't have plans to remove it. Qemu's -initrd option and GRUB's initrd command refer to initrd bootloader mechanism, which is used to load both initrd and (external) initramfs. So, if you use Qemu's -initrd or GRUB's initrd, then you likely use them to pass initramfs, and thus you are safe. v1: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250913003842.41944-1-safinaskar@gmail.com/ v1 -> v2 changes: - A lot. I removed most patches, see cover letter for details v2: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20251010094047.3111495-1-safinaskar@gmail.com/ v2 -> v3 changes: - Commit messages - Expanded docs for "noinitrd" - Added link to /sys/firmware/initrd workaround to pr_warn [1] https://github.com/landley/toybox/tree/master/mkroot [2] https://landley.net/toybox/downloads/binaries/toolchains/latest [3] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231207235654.16622-1-graf@amazon.com/ [4] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250918152830.438554-1-nschichan@freebox.fr/ Askar Safin (3): init: remove deprecated "load_ramdisk" and "prompt_ramdisk" command line parameters initrd: remove deprecated code path (linuxrc) init: remove /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev .../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 12 +- Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst | 6 - arch/arm/configs/neponset_defconfig | 2 +- fs/init.c | 14 --- include/linux/init_syscalls.h | 1 - include/linux/initrd.h | 2 - include/uapi/linux/sysctl.h | 1 - init/do_mounts.c | 11 +- init/do_mounts.h | 18 +-- init/do_mounts_initrd.c | 107 ++---------------- init/do_mounts_rd.c | 24 +--- 11 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 175 deletions(-) base-commit: 3a8660878839faadb4f1a6dd72c3179c1df56787 -- 2.47.3