* Re: [PATCH v3 01/30] kho: init new_physxa->phys_bits to fix lockdep
From: Pasha Tatashin @ 2025-08-08 19:51 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andrew Morton
Cc: Pratyush Yadav, jasonmiu, graf, changyuanl, rppt, dmatlack,
rientjes, corbet, rdunlap, ilpo.jarvinen, kanie, ojeda, aliceryhl,
masahiroy, tj, yoann.congal, mmaurer, roman.gushchin, chenridong,
axboe, mark.rutland, jannh, vincent.guittot, hannes,
dan.j.williams, david, joel.granados, rostedt, anna.schumaker,
song, zhangguopeng, linux, linux-kernel, linux-doc, linux-mm,
gregkh, tglx, mingo, bp, dave.hansen, x86, hpa, rafael, dakr,
bartosz.golaszewski, cw00.choi, myungjoo.ham, yesanishhere,
Jonathan.Cameron, quic_zijuhu, aleksander.lobakin, ira.weiny,
andriy.shevchenko, leon, lukas, bhelgaas, wagi, djeffery,
stuart.w.hayes, lennart, brauner, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
saeedm, ajayachandra, jgg, parav, leonro, witu
In-Reply-To: <20250808120616.40842e9a9fdc056c9eb74123@linux-foundation.org>
> > Thanks Pratyush, I will make this simplification change if Andrew does
> > not take this patch in before the next revision.
> >
>
> Yes please on the simplification - the original has an irritating
> amount of kinda duplication of things from other places. Perhaps a bit
> of a redo of these functions would clean things up. But later.
>
> Can we please have this as a standalone hotfix patch with a cc:stable?
> As Pratyush helpfully suggested in
> https://lkml.kernel.org/r/mafs0sei2aw80.fsf@kernel.org.
I think we should take the first three patches as hotfixes.
Let me send them as a separate series in the next 15 minutes.
Pasha
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v3 01/30] kho: init new_physxa->phys_bits to fix lockdep
From: Pasha Tatashin @ 2025-08-08 20:19 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andrew Morton
Cc: Pratyush Yadav, jasonmiu, graf, changyuanl, rppt, dmatlack,
rientjes, corbet, rdunlap, ilpo.jarvinen, kanie, ojeda, aliceryhl,
masahiroy, tj, yoann.congal, mmaurer, roman.gushchin, chenridong,
axboe, mark.rutland, jannh, vincent.guittot, hannes,
dan.j.williams, david, joel.granados, rostedt, anna.schumaker,
song, zhangguopeng, linux, linux-kernel, linux-doc, linux-mm,
gregkh, tglx, mingo, bp, dave.hansen, x86, hpa, rafael, dakr,
bartosz.golaszewski, cw00.choi, myungjoo.ham, yesanishhere,
Jonathan.Cameron, quic_zijuhu, aleksander.lobakin, ira.weiny,
andriy.shevchenko, leon, lukas, bhelgaas, wagi, djeffery,
stuart.w.hayes, lennart, brauner, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
saeedm, ajayachandra, jgg, parav, leonro, witu
In-Reply-To: <CA+CK2bCVziiUZzdGaEabmPSB4Dq41QZe7gVxtgwy4pWmpo=D_w@mail.gmail.com>
On Fri, Aug 8, 2025 at 7:51 PM Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@soleen.com> wrote:
>
> > > Thanks Pratyush, I will make this simplification change if Andrew does
> > > not take this patch in before the next revision.
> > >
> >
> > Yes please on the simplification - the original has an irritating
> > amount of kinda duplication of things from other places. Perhaps a bit
> > of a redo of these functions would clean things up. But later.
> >
> > Can we please have this as a standalone hotfix patch with a cc:stable?
Done:
https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250808201804.772010-1-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v3 29/30] luo: allow preserving memfd
From: Pasha Tatashin @ 2025-08-08 20:22 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: pratyush, jasonmiu, graf, changyuanl, pasha.tatashin, rppt,
dmatlack, rientjes, corbet, rdunlap, ilpo.jarvinen, kanie, ojeda,
aliceryhl, masahiroy, akpm, tj, yoann.congal, mmaurer,
roman.gushchin, chenridong, axboe, mark.rutland, jannh,
vincent.guittot, hannes, dan.j.williams, david, joel.granados,
rostedt, anna.schumaker, song, zhangguopeng, linux, linux-kernel,
linux-doc, linux-mm, gregkh, tglx, mingo, bp, dave.hansen, x86,
hpa, rafael, dakr, bartosz.golaszewski, cw00.choi, myungjoo.ham,
yesanishhere, Jonathan.Cameron, quic_zijuhu, aleksander.lobakin,
ira.weiny, andriy.shevchenko, leon, lukas, bhelgaas, wagi,
djeffery, stuart.w.hayes, ptyadav, lennart, brauner, linux-api,
linux-fsdevel, saeedm, ajayachandra, jgg, parav, leonro, witu,
jrhilke
In-Reply-To: <20250807014442.3829950-30-pasha.tatashin@soleen.com>
> +static int memfd_luo_preserve_folios(struct memfd_luo_preserved_folio *pfolios,
> + struct folio **folios,
> + unsigned int nr_folios)
> +{
> + unsigned int i;
Should be 'long i'
Otherwise in err_unpreserve we get into an infinite loop. Thank you
Josh Hilke for noticing this.
Pasha
> + int err;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < nr_folios; i++) {
> + struct memfd_luo_preserved_folio *pfolio = &pfolios[i];
> + struct folio *folio = folios[i];
> + unsigned int flags = 0;
> + unsigned long pfn;
> +
> + err = kho_preserve_folio(folio);
> + if (err)
> + goto err_unpreserve;
> +
> + pfn = folio_pfn(folio);
> + if (folio_test_dirty(folio))
> + flags |= PRESERVED_FLAG_DIRTY;
> + if (folio_test_uptodate(folio))
> + flags |= PRESERVED_FLAG_UPTODATE;
> +
> + pfolio->foliodesc = PRESERVED_FOLIO_MKDESC(pfn, flags);
> + pfolio->index = folio->index;
> + }
> +
> + return 0;
> +
> +err_unpreserve:
> + i--;
> + for (; i >= 0; i--)
> + WARN_ON_ONCE(kho_unpreserve_folio(folios[i]));
> + return err;
> +}
> +
^ permalink raw reply
* [PATCH v3 00/12] man2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
Back in 2019, the new mount API was merged[1]. David Howells then set
about writing man pages for these new APIs, and sent some patches back
in 2020[2].
Unfortunately, these patches were never merged, which meant that these
APIs were practically undocumented for many years -- arguably this has
been a contributing factor to the relatively slow adoption of these new
(far better) APIs. For instance, I have often discovered that many folks
are unaware of the read(2)-based message retrieval interface provided by
filesystem context file descriptors.
In 2024, Christian Brauner adapted David Howell's original man pages
into the easier-to-edit Markdown format and published them on GitHub[3].
These have been maintained since, including updated information on new
features added since David Howells's 2020 draft pages (such as
MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH).
While this was a welcome improvement to the previous status quo (that
had lasted over 6 years), speaking personally my experience is that not
having access to these man pages from the terminal has been a fairly
common painpoint.
So, this is a modern version of the man pages for these APIs, in the
hopes that we can finally (6 years later) get proper documentation for
these APIs in the man-pages project.
One important thing to note is that most of these were re-written by me,
with very minimal copying from the versions available from Christian[2].
The reasons for this are two-fold:
* Both Howells's original version and Christian's maintained versions
contain crucial mistakes that I have been bitten by in the past (the
most obvious being that all of these APIs were merged in Linux 5.2,
but the man pages all claim they were merged in different versions.)
* As the man pages appear to have been written from Howells's
perspective while implementing them, some of the wording is a little
too tied to the implementation (or appears to describe features that
don't really exist in the merged versions of these APIs).
* The original versions of the man-pages lacked bigger-picture
explanations of the reasoning behind the API, which would make it
easier for readers to understand what operations are doing.
I decided that the best way to resolve these issues is to rewrite them
from the perspective of an actual user of these APIs (me), and check
that we do not repeat the mistakes I found in the originals. I have also
done my best to resolve the issues raised by Michael Kerrisk on the
original patchset sent by Howells[1].
In addition, I have also included a man page for open_tree_attr(2) (as a
subsection of the new open_tree(2) man page), which was merged in Linux
6.15.
[1]: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20190507204921.GL23075@ZenIV.linux.org.uk/
[2]: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-man/159680892602.29015.6551860260436544999.stgit@warthog.procyon.org.uk/
[3]: https://github.com/brauner/man-pages-md
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
Changes in v3:
- `sed -i s|Co-developed-by|Co-authored-by|g`. [Alejandro Colomar]
- Add Signed-off-by for co-authors. [Christian Brauner]
- `sed -i s|needs-mount|awaiting-mount|g`, to match the kernel parlance.
- Fix VERSIONS/HISTORY mixup in mount_attr(2type) that was copied from
open_how(2type). [Alejandro Colomar]
- Fix incorrect .BR usage in SYNOPSIS.
- Some more semantic newlines fixes. [Alejandro Colomar]
- Minor fixes suggested by Alejandro. [Alejandro Colomar]
- open_tree_attr(2): heavily reword everything to be better formatted
and more explicit about its behaviour.
- open_tree(2): write proper explanatory paragraphs for the EXAMPLES.
- mount_setattr(2): fix stray doublequote in SYNOPSIS. [Askar Safin]
- fsopen(2): rework structure of the DESCRIPTION introduction.
- fsopen(2): explicitly say that read(2) errors in the message retrieval
interface are actual errors, not return 0. [Askar Safin]
- fsopen(2): add BUGS section to describe the unfortunate -ENODATA
message dropping behaviour that should be fixed by
<https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250807-fscontext-log-cleanups-v3-0-8d91d6242dc3@cyphar.com/>.
- fsconfig(2): add a NOTES subsection about generic filesystem
parameters.
- fsconfig(2): add comment about the weirdness surrounding
FSCONFIG_SET_PATH.
- {fspick,open_tree}(2): Correct AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT description (copied
from David, who probably copied it from statx(2)) -- AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
applies to all path components, not just the final one. [Christian
Brauner]
- statx(2): fix AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT documentation.
- open_tree(2): swap open(2) reference for openat(2) when saying that
the result is identical. [Askar Safin]
- fsmount(2): fix DESCRIPTION introduction, and rework attr_flags
description to better reference mount_setattr(2).
- {fsopen,fspick,fsmount,open_tree}(2): don't use "attach" when talking
about the file descriptors we return that reference in-kernel objects,
to avoid confusing readers with mount object attachment status.
- fsconfig(2): remove pidns argument example, as it was kind of unclear
and referenced kernel features not yet merged.
- fsconfig(2): remove rambling FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY text (which
mostly describes an academic issue that doesn't apply to any existing
filesystem), and instead add a CAVEATS section which touches on the
weird type behaviour of fsconfig(2).
- v2: <https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250807-new-mount-api-v2-0-558a27b8068c@cyphar.com>
Changes in v2:
- `make -R lint-man`. [Alejandro Colomar]
- `sed -i s|Glibc|glibc|g`. [Alejandro Colomar]
- `sed -i s|pathname|path|g` [Alejandro Colomar]
- Clean up macro usage, example code, and synopsis. [Alejandro Colomar]
- Try to use semantic newlines. [Alejandro Colomar]
- Make sure the usage of "filesystem context", "filesystem instance",
and "mount object" are consistent. [Askar Safin]
- Avoid referring to these syscalls without an "at" suffix as "*at()
syscalls". [Askar Safin]
- Use \% to avoid hyphenation of constants. [Askar Safin, G. Branden Robinson]
- Add a new subsection to mount_setattr(2) to describe the distinction
between mount attributes and filesystem parameters.
- (Under protest) double-space-after-period formatted commit messages.
- v1: <https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250806-new-mount-api-v1-0-8678f56c6ee0@cyphar.com>
---
Aleksa Sarai (12):
man/man2/statx.2: correctly document AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
man/man2/mount_setattr.2: fix stray quote in SYNOPSIS
man/man2/mount_setattr.2: move mount_attr struct to mount_attr(2type)
man/man2/fsopen.2: document "new" mount API
man/man2/fspick.2: document "new" mount API
man/man2/fsconfig.2: document "new" mount API
man/man2/fsmount.2: document "new" mount API
man/man2/move_mount.2: document "new" mount API
man/man2/open_tree.2: document "new" mount API
man/man2/mount_setattr.2: mirror opening sentence from fsopen(2)
man/man2/open_tree{,_attr}.2: document new open_tree_attr() API
man/man2/{fsconfig,mount_setattr}.2: add note about attribute-parameter distinction
man/man2/fsconfig.2 | 681 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
man/man2/fsmount.2 | 220 ++++++++++++++
man/man2/fsopen.2 | 384 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
man/man2/fspick.2 | 309 +++++++++++++++++++
man/man2/mount_setattr.2 | 62 +++-
man/man2/move_mount.2 | 640 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
man/man2/open_tree.2 | 593 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
man/man2/open_tree_attr.2 | 1 +
man/man2/statx.2 | 6 +-
man/man2type/mount_attr.2type | 61 ++++
10 files changed, 2940 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
---
base-commit: e473affca7b039fd018eedb839d6c80e4fd3df17
change-id: 20250802-new-mount-api-436db984f432
Kind regards,
--
Aleksa Sarai
Senior Software Engineer (Containers)
SUSE Linux GmbH
https://www.cyphar.com/
^ permalink raw reply
* [PATCH v3 01/12] man/man2/statx.2: correctly document AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT un-sets FOLLOW_AUTOMOUNT, which blocks the automounting
of all automount points encountered during lookup, not just the terminal
component.
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/statx.2 | 6 +++---
1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
diff --git a/man/man2/statx.2 b/man/man2/statx.2
index 07ac60b3c5d61d919fa790fe2d5c2ba33a771f75..0b4175e994f42c7aab6b0bfd50739971d4d55a4f 100644
--- a/man/man2/statx.2
+++ b/man/man2/statx.2
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ .SS Invoking statx():
the call operates on the current working directory.
.TP
.B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
-Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
-.I path
-if it is a directory that is an automount point.
+Don't automount any automount points encountered
+while resolving
+.IR path .
This allows the caller to gather attributes of an automount point
(rather than the location it would mount).
This flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 02/12] man/man2/mount_setattr.2: fix stray quote in SYNOPSIS
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
Fixes: eb0f8239bc35 ("man/man2/mount_setattr.2: Document glibc >= 2.36 syscall wrappers")
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/mount_setattr.2 | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
index c96f0657f0468fc4d2bc0132e08d1328570073b1..e1a975dcc8e2b263f68d18dc0492e8ecc518459e 100644
--- a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
+++ b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ .SH SYNOPSIS
.B #include <sys/mount.h>
.P
.BI "int mount_setattr(int " dirfd ", const char *" path ", unsigned int " flags ","
-.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size );"
+.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size ");"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 03/12] man/man2/mount_setattr.2: move mount_attr struct to mount_attr(2type)
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
As with open_how(2type), it makes sense to move this to a separate man
page. In addition, future man pages added in this patchset will want to
reference mount_attr(2type).
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/mount_setattr.2 | 17 ++++--------
man/man2type/mount_attr.2type | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
diff --git a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
index e1a975dcc8e2b263f68d18dc0492e8ecc518459e..46fcba927dd8c0959c898b9ba790ae298f514398 100644
--- a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
+++ b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
@@ -114,18 +114,11 @@ .SH DESCRIPTION
.I attr
argument of
.BR mount_setattr ()
-is a structure of the following form:
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-struct mount_attr {
- __u64 attr_set; /* Mount properties to set */
- __u64 attr_clr; /* Mount properties to clear */
- __u64 propagation; /* Mount propagation type */
- __u64 userns_fd; /* User namespace file descriptor */
-};
-.EE
-.in
+is a pointer to a
+.I mount_attr
+structure,
+described in
+.BR mount_attr (2type).
.P
The
.I attr_set
diff --git a/man/man2type/mount_attr.2type b/man/man2type/mount_attr.2type
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f5c4f48be46ec1e6c0d3a211b6724a1e95311a41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2type/mount_attr.2type
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH mount_attr 2type (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+mount_attr \- what mount properties to set and clear
+.SH LIBRARY
+Linux kernel headers
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.EX
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.B struct mount_attr {
+.BR " u64 attr_set;" " /* Mount properties to set */"
+.BR " u64 attr_clr;" " /* Mount properties to clear */"
+.BR " u64 propagation;" " /* Mount propagation type */"
+.BR " u64 userns_fd;" " /* User namespace file descriptor */"
+ /* ... */
+.B };
+.EE
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+Specifies which mount properties should be changed with
+.BR mount_setattr (2).
+.P
+The fields are as follows:
+.TP
+.I .attr_set
+This field specifies which
+.BI MOUNT_ATTR_ *
+attribute flags to set.
+.TP
+.I .attr_clr
+This field specifies which
+.BI MOUNT_ATTR_ *
+attribute flags to clear.
+.TP
+.I .propagation
+This field specifies what mount propagation will be applied.
+The valid values of this field are the same propagation types described in
+.BR mount_namespaces (7).
+.TP
+.I .userns_fd
+This field specifies a file descriptor that indicates which user namespace to
+use as a reference for ID-mapped mounts with
+.BR MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP .
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.12.
+.\" commit 2a1867219c7b27f928e2545782b86daaf9ad50bd
+glibc 2.36.
+.P
+Extra fields may be appended to the structure,
+with a zero value in a new field resulting in
+the kernel behaving as though that extension field was not present.
+Therefore, a user
+.I must
+zero-fill this structure on initialization.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR mount_setattr (2)
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 04/12] man/man2/fsopen.2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is loosely based on the original documentation written by David
Howells and later maintained by Christian Brauner, but has been
rewritten to be more from a user perspective (as well as fixing a few
critical mistakes).
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/fsopen.2 | 384 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 384 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/fsopen.2 b/man/man2/fsopen.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cce677f316c67de72c359f94a6b415d851a761d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/fsopen.2
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH fsopen 2 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+fsopen \- create a new filesystem context
+.SH LIBRARY
+Standard C library
+.RI ( libc ,\~ \-lc )
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.BI "int fsopen(const char *" fsname ", unsigned int " flags ");"
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR fsopen ()
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.P
+.BR fsopen ()
+creates a blank filesystem configuration context within the kernel
+for the filesystem named by
+.I fsname
+and places it into creation mode.
+A new file descriptor
+associated with the filesystem configuration context
+is then returned.
+The calling process must have the
+.B \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability in order to create a new filesystem configuration context.
+.P
+A filesystem configuration context is
+an in-kernel representation of a pending transaction,
+containing a set of configuration parameters that are to be applied
+when creating a new instance of a filesystem
+(or modifying the configuration of an existing filesystem instance,
+such as when using
+.BR fspick (2)).
+.P
+After obtaining a filesystem configuration context with
+.BR fsopen (),
+the general workflow for operating on the context looks like the following:
+.IP (1) 5
+Pass the filesystem context file descriptor to
+.BR fsconfig (2)
+to specify any desired filesystem parameters.
+This may be done as many times as necessary.
+.IP (2)
+Pass the same filesystem context file descriptor to
+.BR fsconfig (2)
+with
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+to create an instance of the configured filesystem.
+.IP (3)
+Pass the same filesystem context file descriptor to
+.BR fsmount (2)
+to create a new detached mount object for
+the root of the filesystem instance,
+which is then attached to a new file descriptor.
+(This also places the filesystem context file descriptor into
+reconfiguration mode,
+similar to the mode produced by
+.BR fspick (2).)
+Once a mount object has been created with
+.BR fsmount (2),
+the filesystem context file descriptor can be safely closed.
+.IP (4)
+Now that a mount object has been created,
+you may
+.RS
+.IP (4.1) 7
+use the detached mount object file descriptor as a
+.I dirfd
+argument to "*at()" system calls; and/or
+.IP (4.2) 7
+attach the mount object to a mount point
+by passing the mount object file descriptor to
+.BR move_mount (2).
+This will also prevent the mount object from
+being unmounted and destroyed when
+the mount object file descriptor is closed.
+.RE
+.IP
+The mount object file descriptor will
+remain associated with the mount object
+even after doing the above operations,
+so you may repeatedly use the mount object file descriptor with
+.BR move_mount (2)
+and/or "*at()" system calls
+as many times as necessary.
+.P
+A filesystem context will move between different modes
+throughout its lifecycle
+(such as the creation phase
+when created with
+.BR fsopen (),
+the reconfiguration phase
+when an existing filesystem instance is selected with
+.BR fspick (2),
+and the intermediate "awaiting-mount" phase
+.\" FS_CONTEXT_AWAITING_MOUNT is the term the kernel uses for this.
+between
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+and
+.BR fsmount (2)),
+which has an impact on
+what operations are permitted on the filesystem context.
+.P
+The file descriptor returned by
+.BR fsopen ()
+also acts as a channel for filesystem drivers to
+provide more comprehensive diagnostic information
+than is normally provided through the standard
+.BR errno (3)
+interface for system calls.
+If an error occurs at any time during the workflow mentioned above,
+calling
+.BR read (2)
+on the filesystem context file descriptor
+will retrieve any ancillary information about the encountered errors.
+(See the "Message retrieval interface" section
+for more details on the message format.)
+.P
+.I flags
+can be used to control aspects of
+the creation of the filesystem configuration context file descriptor.
+A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by bitwise ORing
+zero or more of the following constants:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B FSOPEN_CLOEXEC
+Set the close-on-exec
+.RB ( FD_CLOEXEC )
+flag on the new file descriptor.
+See the description of the
+.B O_CLOEXEC
+flag in
+.BR open (2)
+for reasons why this may be useful.
+.RE
+.P
+A list of filesystems supported by the running kernel
+(and thus a list of valid values for
+.IR fsname )
+can be obtained from
+.IR /proc/filesystems .
+(See also
+.BR proc_filesystems (5).)
+.SS Message retrieval interface
+When doing operations on a filesystem configuration context,
+the filesystem driver may choose to provide
+ancillary information to userspace
+in the form of message strings.
+.P
+The filesystem context file descriptors returned by
+.BR fsopen ()
+and
+.BR fspick (2)
+may be queried for message strings at any time by calling
+.BR read (2)
+on the file descriptor.
+Each call to
+.BR read (2)
+will return a single message,
+prefixed to indicate its class:
+.RS
+.TP
+\fBe\fP <\fImessage\fP>
+An error message was logged.
+This is usually associated with an error being returned
+from the corresponding system call which triggered this message.
+.TP
+\fBw\fP <\fImessage\fP>
+A warning message was logged.
+.TP
+\fBi\fP <\fImessage\fP>
+An informational message was logged.
+.RE
+.P
+Messages are removed from the queue as they are read.
+Note that the message queue has limited depth,
+so it is possible for messages to get lost.
+If there are no messages in the message queue,
+.B read(2)
+will return \-1 and
+.I errno
+will be set to
+.BR \%ENODATA .
+If the
+.I buf
+argument to
+.BR read (2)
+is not large enough to contain the entire message,
+.BR read (2)
+will return \-1 and
+.I errno
+will be set to
+.BR \%EMSGSIZE .
+(See BUGS.)
+.P
+If there are multiple filesystem contexts
+referencing the same filesystem instance
+(such as if you call
+.BR fspick (2)
+multiple times for the same mount),
+each one gets its own independent message queue.
+This does not apply to multiple file descriptors that are
+tied to the same underlying open file description
+(such as those created with
+.BR dup (2)).
+.P
+Message strings will usually be prefixed by
+the name of the filesystem or kernel subsystem
+that logged the message,
+though this may not always be the case.
+See the Linux kernel source code for details.
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, a new file descriptor is returned.
+On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+.I fsname
+is NULL
+or a pointer to a location
+outside the calling process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+.I flags
+had an invalid flag set.
+.TP
+.B EMFILE
+The calling process has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENFILE
+The system has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENODEV
+The filesystem named by
+.I fsname
+is not supported by the kernel.
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+The kernel could not allocate sufficient memory to complete the operation.
+.TP
+.B EPERM
+The calling process does not have the required
+.B \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.2.
+.\" commit 24dcb3d90a1f67fe08c68a004af37df059d74005
+.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
+glibc 2.36.
+.SH BUGS
+.SS Message retrieval interface and \fB\%EMSGSIZE\fP
+As described in the "Message retrieval interface" subsection above,
+calling
+.BR read (2)
+with too small a buffer to contain
+the next pending message in the message queue
+for the filesystem configuration context
+will cause
+.BR read (2)
+to return \-1 and set
+.BR errno (3)
+to
+.BR \%EMSGSIZE .
+.P
+However,
+this failed operation still
+consumes the message from the message queue.
+This effectively discards the message silently,
+as no data is copied into the
+.BR read (2)
+buffer.
+.P
+Programs should take care to ensure that
+their buffers are sufficiently large
+to contain any reasonable message string,
+in order to avoid silently losing valuable diagnostic information.
+.\" Aleksa Sarai
+.\" This unfortunate behaviour has existed since this feature was merged, but
+.\" I have sent a patchset which will finally fix it.
+.\" <https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250807-fscontext-log-cleanups-v3-1-8d91d6242dc3@cyphar.com/>
+.SH EXAMPLES
+To illustrate the workflow for creating a new mount,
+the following is an example of how to mount an
+.BR ext4 (5)
+filesystem stored on
+.I /dev/sdb1
+onto
+.IR /mnt .
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd, mntfd;
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("ext4", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "ro", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_PATH, "source", "/dev/sdb1", AT_FDCWD);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "noatime", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "acl", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "user_xattr", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "iversion", NULL, 0)
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, MOUNT_ATTR_RELATIME);
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+First,
+an ext4 configuration context is created and attached to the file descriptor
+.IR fsfd .
+Then, a series of parameters
+(such as the source of the filesystem)
+are provided using
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+followed by the filesystem instance being created with
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE .
+.BR fsmount (2)
+is then used to create a new mount object attached to the file descriptor
+.IR mntfd ,
+which is then attached to the intended mount point using
+.BR move_mount (2).
+.P
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/dev/sdb1", "/mnt", "ext4", MS_RELATIME,
+ "ro,noatime,acl,user_xattr,iversion");
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+And here's an example of creating a mount object
+of an NFS server share
+and setting a Smack security module label.
+However, instead of attaching it to a mount point,
+the program uses the mount object directly
+to open a file from the NFS share.
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd, mntfd, fd;
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("nfs", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "source", "example.com/pub/linux", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "nfsvers", "3", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "rsize", "65536", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "wsize", "65536", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "smackfsdef", "foolabel", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "rdma", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, 0, MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV);
+fd = openat(mntfd, "src/linux-5.2.tar.xz", O_RDONLY);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+Unlike the previous example,
+this operation has no trivial equivalent with
+.BR mount (2),
+as it was not previously possible to create a mount object
+that is not attached to any mount point.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR fspick (2),
+.BR mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR open_tree (2),
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 05/12] man/man2/fspick.2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is loosely based on the original documentation written by David
Howells and later maintained by Christian Brauner, but has been
rewritten to be more from a user perspective (as well as fixing a few
critical mistakes).
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/fspick.2 | 309 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 309 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/fspick.2 b/man/man2/fspick.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1060bcdb7d57b0656d4065683b5c69407550038
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/fspick.2
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH fspick 2 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+fspick \- select filesystem for reconfiguration
+.SH LIBRARY
+Standard C library
+.RI ( libc ,\~ \-lc )
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* Definition of " AT_* " constants */"
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.BI "int fspick(int " dirfd ", const char *" path ", unsigned int " flags ");"
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR fspick ()
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.P
+.BR fspick()
+creates a new filesystem configuration context
+for the extant filesystem instance
+associated with the path described by
+.IR dirfd
+and
+.IR path ,
+places it into reconfiguration mode
+(similar to
+.BR mount (8)
+with the
+.I -o remount
+option).
+A new file descriptor
+associated with the filesystem configuration context
+is then returned.
+The calling process must have the
+.BR CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability in order to create a new filesystem configuration context.
+.P
+The resultant file descriptor can be used with
+.BR fsconfig (2)
+to specify the desired set of changes to
+filesystem parameters of the filesystem instance.
+Once the desired set of changes have been configured,
+the changes can be effectuated by calling
+.BR fsconfig (2)
+with the
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE
+command.
+.P
+As with "*at()" system calls,
+.BR fspick ()
+uses the
+.I dirfd
+argument in conjunction with the
+.I path
+argument to determine the path to operate on, as follows:
+.IP \[bu] 3
+If the pathname given in
+.I path
+is absolute, then
+.I dirfd
+is ignored.
+.IP \[bu]
+If the pathname given in
+.I path
+is relative and
+.I dirfd
+is the special value
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+then
+.I path
+is interpreted relative to
+the current working directory
+of the calling process (like
+.BR open (2)).
+.IP \[bu]
+If the pathname given in
+.I path
+is relative,
+then it is interpreted relative to
+the directory referred to by the file descriptor
+.I dirfd
+(rather than relative to
+the current working directory
+of the calling process,
+as is done by
+.BR open (2)
+for a relative pathname).
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+must be a directory
+that was opened for reading
+.RB ( O_RDONLY )
+or using the
+.B O_PATH
+flag.
+.IP \[bu]
+If
+.I path
+is an empty string,
+and
+.I flags
+contains
+.BR \%FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH ,
+then the file descriptor
+.I dirfd
+is operated on directly.
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+may refer to any type of file,
+not just a directory.
+.P
+.I flags
+can be used to control aspects of how
+.I path
+is resolved and
+properties of the returned file descriptor.
+A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by bitwise ORing
+zero or more of the following constants:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B FSPICK_CLOEXEC
+Set the close-on-exec
+.RB ( FD_CLOEXEC )
+flag on the new file descriptor.
+See the description of the
+.B O_CLOEXEC
+flag in
+.BR open (2)
+for reasons why this may be useful.
+.TP
+.B FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH
+If
+.I path
+is an empty string,
+operate on the file referred to by
+.I dirfd
+(which may have been obtained from
+.BR open (2),
+.BR fsmount (2),
+or
+.BR open_tree (2)).
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+may refer to any type of file,
+not just a directory.
+If
+.I dirfd
+is
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+.BR fspick ()
+will operate on the current working directory
+of the calling process.
+.TP
+.B FSPICK_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+Do not follow symbolic links
+in the terminal component of
+.IR path .
+If
+.I path
+references a symbolic link,
+the returned filesystem context will reference
+the filesystem that the symbolic link itself resides on.
+.TP
+.B FSPICK_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+Do not automount any automount points encountered
+while resolving
+.IR path .
+This allows you to reconfigure an automount point,
+rather than the location that would be mounted.
+This flag has no effect if
+the automount point has already been mounted over.
+.RE
+.P
+As with filesystem contexts created with
+.BR fsopen (2),
+the file descriptor returned by
+.BR fspick ()
+may be queried for message strings at any time by calling
+.BR read (2)
+on the file descriptor.
+(See the "Message retrieval interface" subsection in
+.BR fsopen (2)
+for more details on the message format.)
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, a new file descriptor is returned.
+On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+Search permission is denied
+for one of the directories
+in the path prefix of
+.IR path .
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+.I path
+is relative but
+.I dirfd
+is neither
+.B \%AT_FDCWD
+nor a valid file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+.I path
+is NULL
+or a pointer to a location
+outside the calling process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+Invalid flag specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links encountered when resolving
+.IR path .
+.TP
+.B EMFILE
+The calling process has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+.I path
+is longer than
+.BR PATH_MAX .
+.TP
+.B ENFILE
+The system has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A component of
+.I path
+does not exist,
+or is a dangling symbolic link.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+.I path
+is an empty string, but
+.B \%FSPICK_EMPTY_PATH
+is not specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix of
+.I path
+is not a directory;
+or
+.I path
+is relative and
+.I dirfd
+is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+The kernel could not allocate sufficient memory to complete the operation.
+.TP
+.B EPERM
+The calling process does not have the required
+.B \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.2.
+.\" commit cf3cba4a429be43e5527a3f78859b1bfd9ebc5fb
+.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
+glibc 2.36.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+The following example sets the read-only flag
+on the filesystem instance referenced by
+the mount object attached at
+.IR /tmp .
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd = fspick(AT_FDCWD, "/tmp", FSPICK_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "ro", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount(NULL, "/tmp", NULL, MS_REMOUNT | MS_RDONLY, NULL);
+.EE
+.in
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR fsopen (2),
+.BR mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR open_tree (2),
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
+
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 06/12] man/man2/fsconfig.2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is loosely based on the original documentation written by David
Howells and later maintained by Christian Brauner, but has been
rewritten to be more from a user perspective (as well as fixing a few
critical mistakes).
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/fsconfig.2 | 670 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 670 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/fsconfig.2 b/man/man2/fsconfig.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..97c9aff0e0c195e6028e1c7bd70e40905ba9f994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/fsconfig.2
@@ -0,0 +1,670 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH fsconfig 2 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+fsconfig \- configure new or existing filesystem context
+.SH LIBRARY
+Standard C library
+.RI ( libc ,\~ \-lc )
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.BI "int fsconfig(int " fd ", unsigned int " cmd ","
+.BI " const char *" key ", const void *" value ", int " aux ");"
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR fsconfig ()
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.P
+.BR fsconfig ()
+is used to supply parameters to
+and issue commands against
+the filesystem configuration context
+associated with the file descriptor
+.IR fd .
+Filesystem configuration contexts can be created with
+.BR fsopen (2)
+or instantiated from an extant filesystem instance with
+.BR fspick (2).
+.P
+The
+.I cmd
+argument indicates the command to be issued.
+Some commands supply parameters to the context
+(equivalent to mount options specified with
+.BR mount (8)),
+while others are meta-operations on the filesystem context.
+The list of valid
+.I cmd
+values are:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG
+Set the flag parameter named by
+.IR key .
+.I value
+must be NULL,
+and
+.I aux
+must be 0.
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_STRING
+Set the string parameter named by
+.I key
+to the value specified by
+.IR value .
+.I value
+points to a null-terminated string,
+and
+.I aux
+must be 0.
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_BINARY
+Set the blob parameter named by
+.I key
+to the contents of the binary blob
+specified by
+.IR value .
+.I value
+points to
+the start of a buffer
+that is
+.I aux
+bytes in length.
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_FD
+Set the file parameter named by
+.I key
+to the open file description
+referenced by the file descriptor
+.IR aux .
+.I value
+must be NULL.
+.IP
+You may also use
+.B \%FSCONFIG_SET_STRING
+for file parameters,
+with
+.I value
+set to a null-terminated string
+containing a base-10 representation
+of the file descriptor number.
+This mechanism is primarily intended for compatibility
+with older
+.BR mount (2)-based
+programs,
+and only works for parameters
+that only accept file descriptor arguments.
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_PATH
+Set the path parameter named by
+.I key
+to the object at a provided path,
+resolved in a similar manner to
+.BR openat (2).
+.I value
+points to a null-terminated pathname string,
+and
+.I aux
+is equivalent to the
+.I dirfd
+argument to
+.BR openat (2).
+.IP
+You may also use
+.B \%FSCONFIG_SET_STRING
+for path parameters,
+the behaviour of which is equivalent to
+.B \%FSCONFIG_SET_PATH
+with
+.I aux
+set to
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD .
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY
+As with
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_SET_PATH ,
+except that if
+.I value
+is an empty string,
+the file descriptor specified by
+.I aux
+is operated on directly
+and may be any type of file
+(not just a directory).
+This is equivalent to the behaviour of
+.B \%AT_EMPTY_PATH
+with most "*at()" system calls.
+If
+.I aux
+is
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+the call operates on
+the current working directory of the calling process.
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+This command instructs the filesystem driver
+to instantiate an instance of the filesystem in the kernel
+with the parameters specified in the filesystem configuration context.
+.IR key " and " value
+must be NULL,
+and
+.I aux
+must be 0.
+.IP
+If this operation succeeds,
+the filesystem context
+associated with file descriptor
+.I fd
+now references the created filesystem instance,
+and is placed into a special "awaiting-mount" mode
+that allows you to use
+.BR fsmount (2)
+to create a mount object from the filesystem instance.
+.\" FS_CONTEXT_AWAITING_MOUNT is the term the kernel uses for this.
+.IP
+This is intended for use with filesystem configuration contexts created with
+.BR fsopen (2).
+In order to create a filesystem instance,
+the calling process must have the
+.B \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.IP
+Note that the Linux kernel reuses filesystem instances
+for many filesystems,
+so (depending on the filesystem being configured and parameters used)
+it is possible for the filesystem instance "created" by
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+to, in fact, be a reference
+to an existing filesystem instance in the kernel.
+The kernel will attempt to merge the specified parameters
+of this filesystem configuration context
+with those of the filesystem instance being reused,
+but some parameters may be
+.IR "silently ignored" .
+.IP
+Programs that need to ensure
+that they create a new filesystem instance
+with specific parameters
+(notably, security-related parameters
+such as
+.I acl
+to enable POSIX ACLs as described in
+.BR acl (5))
+should use
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL
+instead.
+.TP
+.BR FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL " (since Linux 6.6)"
+.\" commit 22ed7ecdaefe0cac0c6e6295e83048af60435b13
+.\" commit 84ab1277ce5a90a8d1f377707d662ac43cc0918a
+As with
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE ,
+except that the kernel is instructed
+to create a new filesystem instance
+("superblock" in kernel-developer parlance)
+rather than reusing an existing one.
+.IP
+If this is not possible
+(such as with disk-backed filesystems
+where multiple filesystem instances
+using the same filesystem driver
+and writing to the same underlying device
+could result in data corruption),
+this operation will incur
+an
+.B EBUSY
+error.
+.IP
+As a result (unlike
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE ),
+if this command succeeds
+then the calling process can be sure that
+all of the parameters successfully configured with
+.BR fsconfig ()
+will actually be applied
+to the created filesystem instance.
+.TP
+.B FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE
+This command instructs the filesystem driver
+to apply the parameters specified in the filesystem configuration context
+to the extant filesystem instance
+referenced by the filesystem configuration context.
+.IP
+This is primarily intended for use with
+.BR fspick (2),
+but may also be used to modify the parameters of filesystem instance after
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+was used to create it
+and a mount object was created using
+.BR fsmount (2).
+In order to reconfigure an extant filesystem instance,
+the calling process must have the
+.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.IP
+Once this operation succeeds, the filesystem context is reset
+but remains in reconfiguration mode
+and thus can be used for subsequent
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE
+commands.
+.RE
+.P
+Parameters specified with
+.BI FSCONFIG_SET_ *
+do not take effect
+until the corresponding
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+or
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE
+command is issued.
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success,
+.BR fsconfig ()
+returns 0.
+On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.SH ERRORS
+If an error occurs, the filesystem driver may provide
+additional information about the error
+through the message retrieval interface for filesystem configuration contexts.
+This additional information can be retrieved at any time by calling
+.BR read (2)
+on the filesystem instance or filesystem configuration context
+referenced by the file descriptor
+.IR fd .
+(See the "Message retrieval interface" subsection in
+.BR fsopen (2)
+for more details on the message format.)
+.P
+Even after an error occurs,
+the filesystem configuration context is
+.I not
+invalidated,
+and thus can still be used with other
+.BR fsconfig ()
+commands.
+This means that users can probe support for filesystem parameters
+on a per-parameter basis,
+and adjust which parameters they wish to set.
+.P
+The error values given below result from
+filesystem type independent errors.
+Each filesystem type may have its own special errors
+and its own special behavior.
+See the Linux kernel source code for details.
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+A component of a path
+provided as a path parameter
+was not searchable.
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+was attempted
+for a read-only filesystem
+without specifying the
+.RB ' ro '
+flag parameter.
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+A specified block device parameter
+is located on a filesystem
+mounted with the
+.B \%MS_NODEV
+option.
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+The file descriptor given by
+.I fd
+(or possibly by
+.IR aux ,
+depending on the command)
+is invalid.
+.TP
+.B EBUSY
+The filesystem context associated with
+.I fd
+is in the wrong state
+for the given command.
+.TP
+.B EBUSY
+The filesystem instance cannot be reconfigured as read-only
+with
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE
+because some programs
+still hold files open for writing.
+.TP
+.B EBUSY
+A new filesystem instance was requested with
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL
+but a matching superblock already existed.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+One of the pointer arguments
+points to a location
+outside the calling process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+.I fd
+does not refer to
+a filesystem configuration context
+or filesystem instance.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+One of the values of
+.IR name ,
+.IR value ,
+and/or
+.I aux
+were set to a non-zero value when
+.I cmd
+required that they be zero
+(or NULL).
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+The parameter named by
+.I name
+cannot be set
+using the type specified with
+.IR cmd .
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+One of the source parameters
+referred to
+an invalid superblock.
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many links encountered
+during pathname resolution
+of a path argument.
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+A path argument was longer than
+.BR PATH_MAX .
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A path argument had a non-existent component.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A path argument is an empty string,
+but
+.I cmd
+is not
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY .
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+The kernel could not allocate sufficient memory to complete the operation.
+.TP
+.B ENOTBLK
+The parameter named by
+.I name
+must be a block device,
+but the provided parameter value was not a block device.
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix
+of a path argument
+was not a directory.
+.TP
+.B EOPNOTSUPP
+The command given by
+.I cmd
+is not valid.
+.TP
+.B ENXIO
+The major number
+of a block device parameter
+is out of range.
+.TP
+.B EPERM
+The command given by
+.I cmd
+was
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE ,
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL ,
+or
+.BR \% FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE ,
+but the calling process does not have the required
+.B \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.2.
+.\" commit ecdab150fddb42fe6a739335257949220033b782
+.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
+glibc 2.36.
+.SH NOTES
+.SS Generic filesystem parameters
+Each filesystem driver is responsible for
+parsing most parameters specified with
+.BR fsconfig (),
+meaning that individual filesystems
+may have very different behaviour
+when encountering parameters with the same name.
+In general,
+you should not assume that the behaviour of
+.BR fsconfig ()
+when specifying a parameter to one filesystem type
+will match the behaviour of the same parameter
+with a different filesystem type.
+.P
+However,
+the following generic parameters
+apply to all filesystems and have unified behaviour.
+They are set using the listed
+.BI \%FSCONFIG_SET_ *
+command.
+.TP
+\fIro\fP and \fIrw\fP (\fB\%FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG\fP)
+Configure whether the filesystem instance is read-only.
+.TP
+\fIdirsync\fP (\fB\%FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG\fP)
+Make directory changes on this filesystem instance synchronous.
+.TP
+\fIsync\fP and \fIasync\fP (\fB\%FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG\fP)
+Configure whether writes on this filesystem instance
+will be made synchronous
+(as though the
+.B O_SYNC
+flag to
+.BR open (2)
+was specified for
+all file opens in this filesystem instance).
+.TP
+\fIlazytime\fP and \fInolazytime\fP (\fB\%FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG\fP)
+Configure whether to reduce on-disk updates
+of inode timestamps on this filesystem instance
+(as described in the
+.B \%MS_LAZYTIME
+section of
+.BR mount (2)).
+.TP
+\fImand\fP and \fInomand\fP (\fB\%FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG\fP)
+Configure whether the filesystem instance should permit mandatory locking.
+Since Linux 5.15,
+.\" commit f7e33bdbd6d1bdf9c3df8bba5abcf3399f957ac3
+mandatory locking has been deprecated
+and setting this flag is a no-op.
+.TP
+\fIsource\fP (\fB\%FSCONFIG_SET_STRING\fP)
+This parameter is equivalent to the
+.I source
+parameter passed to
+.BR mount (2)
+for the same filesystem type,
+and is usually the pathname of a block device
+containing the filesystem.
+This parameter may only be set once
+per filesystem configuration context transaction.
+.IP
+Note that individual filesystem drivers
+may choose to additionally permit other
+.BI FSCONFIG_SET_ *
+commands be used with
+.IR source ,
+.\" (i.e., fc->ops->parse_param() parses "source")
+but setting this parameter with
+.B FSCONFIG_SET_STRING
+is always allowed.
+.P
+In addition,
+any filesystem parameters associated with
+Linux Security Modules (LSMs)
+are also generic with respect to the underlying filesystem.
+See the documentation for the LSM you wish to configure for more details.
+.SH CAVEATS
+.SS Filesystem parameter types
+As a result of
+each filesystem driver being responsible for
+parsing most parameters specified with
+.BR fsconfig (),
+some filesystem parameters
+may have unintuitive behaviour
+with regards to which
+.BI \%FSCONFIG_SET_ *
+commands are permitted
+to configure a given parameter.
+.P
+In order for
+filesystem parameters to be backwards compatible with
+.BR mount (2),
+they must be parseable as strings;
+this almost universally means that
+.B \%FSCONFIG_SET_STRING
+can also be used to configure them.
+.\" Aleksa Sarai
+.\" Theoretically, a filesystem could check fc->oldapi and refuse
+.\" FSCONFIG_SET_STRING if the operation is coming from the new API, but no
+.\" filesystems do this (and probably never will).
+However, other
+.BI \%FSCONFIG_SET_ *
+commands need to be opted into
+by each filesystem driver's parameter parser.
+.P
+One of the most user-visible instances of
+this inconsistency is that
+many filesystems do not support
+configuring path parameters with
+.B \%FSCONFIG_SET_PATH
+(despite the name),
+which can lead to somewhat confusing
+.B EINVAL
+errors.
+(For example, the generic
+.I source
+parameter\[em]which is usually a path\[em]can only be configured
+with
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_SET_STRING .)
+.P
+When writing programs that use
+.BR fsconfig ()
+to configure parameters
+with commands other than
+.BR \%FSCONFIG_SET_STRING ,
+users should verify
+that the
+.BI \%FSCONFIG_SET_ *
+commands used to configure each parameter
+are supported by the corresponding filesystem driver.
+.\" Aleksa Sarai
+.\" While this (quite confusing) inconsistency in behaviour is true today
+.\" (and has been true since this was merged), this appears to mostly be an
+.\" unintended consequence of filesystem drivers hand-coding fsparam parsing.
+.\" Path parameters are the most eggregious causes of confusion. Hopefully we
+.\" can make this no longer the case in a future kernel.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+To illustrate the different kinds of flags that can be configured with
+.BR fsconfig (),
+here are a few examples of some different filesystems being created:
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd, mntfd;
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("tmpfs", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "inode64", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "uid", "1234", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "huge", "never", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "casefold", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC);
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/tmp", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("erofs", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "source", "/dev/loop0", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "acl", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "user_xattr", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, MOUNT_ATTR_NOSUID);
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+Usually,
+specifying the same parameter named by
+.I key
+multiple times with
+.BR fsconfig ()
+causes the parameter value to be replaced.
+However, some filesystems can have unique behaviour:
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+\&
+int fsfd, mntfd;
+int lowerdirfd = open("/o/ctr/lower1", O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("overlay", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+/* "lowerdir+" appends to the lower dir stack each time. */
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FD, "lowerdir+", NULL, lowerdirfd);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "lowerdir+", "/o/ctr/lower2", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "lowerdir+", "/o/ctr/lower3", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "lowerdir+", "/o/ctr/lower4", 0);
+.\" fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_PATH, "lowerdir+", "/o/ctr/lower5", AT_FDCWD);
+.\" fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_PATH_EMPTY, "lowerdir+", "", lowerdirfd);
+.\" Aleksa Sarai: Hopefully these will also be supported in the future.
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "xino", "auto", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "nfs_export", "off", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, 0);
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+And here is an example of how
+.BR fspick (2)
+can be used with
+.BR fsconfig ()
+to reconfigure the parameters
+of an extant filesystem instance
+attached to
+.IR /proc :
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd = fspick(AT_FDCWD, "/proc", FSPICK_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "hidepid", "ptraceable", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "subset", "pid", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+.EE
+.in
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR fsopen (2),
+.BR fspick (2),
+.BR mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR open_tree (2),
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
+
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 07/12] man/man2/fsmount.2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is loosely based on the original documentation written by David
Howells and later maintained by Christian Brauner, but has been
rewritten to be more from a user perspective (as well as fixing a few
critical mistakes).
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/fsmount.2 | 220 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 220 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/fsmount.2 b/man/man2/fsmount.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92331cb18272f9ac836e55e7f28faea3a3efbdac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/fsmount.2
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH fsmount 2 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+fsmount \- instantiate mount object from filesystem context
+.SH LIBRARY
+Standard C library
+.RI ( libc ,\~ \-lc )
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.BI "int fsmount(int " fsfd ", unsigned int " flags ", \
+unsigned int " attr_flags ");"
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR fsmount ()
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.P
+.BR fsmount ()
+creates a new detached mount object
+for the root of the new filesystem instance
+referenced by the filesystem context file descriptor
+.IR fsfd .
+A new file descriptor
+associated with the detached mount object
+is then returned.
+In order to create a mount object with
+.BR fsmount (),
+the calling process must have the
+.BR \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.P
+The filesystem context must have been created with a call to
+.BR fsopen (2)
+and then had a filesystem instance instantiated with a call to
+.BR fsconfig (2)
+with
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE
+or
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE_EXCL
+in order to be in the correct state
+for this operation
+(the "awaiting-mount" mode in kernel-developer parlance).
+.\" FS_CONTEXT_AWAITING_MOUNT is the term the kernel uses for this.
+Unlike
+.BR open_tree (2)
+with
+.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE,
+.BR fsmount ()
+can only be called once
+in the lifetime of a filesystem instance
+to produce a mount object.
+.P
+As with file descriptors returned from
+.BR open_tree (2)
+called with
+.BR OPEN_TREE_CLONE ,
+the returned file descriptor
+can then be used with
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+or other such system calls to do further mount operations.
+This mount object will be unmounted and destroyed
+when the file descriptor is closed
+if it was not otherwise attached to a mount point
+by calling
+.BR move_mount (2).
+The returned file descriptor
+also acts the same as one produced by
+.BR open (2)
+with
+.BR O_PATH ,
+meaning it can also be used as a
+.I dirfd
+argument
+to "*at()" system calls.
+.P
+.I flags
+controls the creation of the returned file descriptor.
+A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by bitwise ORing
+zero or more of the following constants:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC
+Set the close-on-exec
+.RB ( FD_CLOEXEC )
+flag on the new file descriptor.
+See the description of the
+.B O_CLOEXEC
+flag in
+.BR open (2)
+for reasons why this may be useful.
+.RE
+.P
+.I attr_flags
+specifies mount attributes
+which will be applied to the created mount object,
+in the form of
+.BI \%MOUNT_ATTR_ *
+flags.
+The flags are interpreted as though
+.BR mount_setattr (2)
+was called with
+.I attr.attr_set
+set to the same value as
+.IR attr_flags .
+.BI \% MOUNT_ATTR_ *
+flags which would require
+specifying additional fields in
+.BR mount_attr (2type)
+(such as
+.BR \%MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP )
+are not valid flag values for
+.IR attr_flags .
+.P
+If the
+.BR fsmount ()
+operation is successful,
+the filesystem context
+associated with the file descriptor
+.I fsfd
+is reset
+and placed into reconfiguration mode,
+as if it were just returned by
+.BR fspick (2).
+You may continue to use
+.BR fsconfig (2)
+with the now-reset filesystem context,
+including issuing the
+.B \%FSCONFIG_CMD_RECONFIGURE
+command
+to reconfigure the filesystem instance.
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, a new file descriptor is returned.
+On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EBUSY
+The filesystem context associated with
+.I fsfd
+is not in the right state
+to be used by
+.BR fsmount ().
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+.I flags
+had an invalid flag set.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+.I attr_flags
+had an invalid
+.BI MOUNT_ATTR_ *
+flag set.
+.TP
+.B EMFILE
+The calling process has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENFILE
+The system has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENOSPC
+The "anonymous" mount namespace
+necessary to contain the new mount object
+could not be allocated,
+as doing so would exceed
+the configured per-user limit on
+the number of mount namespaces in the current user namespace.
+(See also
+.BR namespaces (7).)
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+The kernel could not allocate sufficient memory to complete the operation.
+.TP
+.B EPERM
+The calling process does not have the required
+.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.2.
+.\" commit 93766fbd2696c2c4453dd8e1070977e9cd4e6b6d
+.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
+glibc 2.36.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd, mntfd, tmpfd;
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("tmpfs", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV | MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC);
+\&
+/* Create a new file without attaching the mount object. */
+int tmpfd = openat(mntfd, "tmpfile", O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR, 0600);
+unlinkat(mntfd, "tmpfile", 0);
+\&
+/* Attach the mount object to "/tmp". */
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/tmp", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+.BR fsopen (2),
+.BR fspick (2),
+.BR mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR open_tree (2),
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
+
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 08/12] man/man2/move_mount.2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is loosely based on the original documentation written by David
Howells and later maintained by Christian Brauner, but has been
rewritten to be more from a user perspective (as well as fixing a few
critical mistakes).
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/move_mount.2 | 640 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 640 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/move_mount.2 b/man/man2/move_mount.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccb5477620ce0ab37a2be11947bf262d50a52cc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/move_mount.2
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH move_mount 2 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+move_mount \- move or attach mount object to filesystem
+.SH LIBRARY
+Standard C library
+.RI ( libc ,\~ \-lc )
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* Definition of " AT_* " constants */"
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.BI "int move_mount(int " from_dirfd ", const char *" from_path ","
+.BI " int " to_dirfd ", const char *" to_path ","
+.BI " unsigned int " flags ");"
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR move_mount ()
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.P
+.BR move_mount ()
+moves the mount object indicated by
+.I from_dirfd
+and
+.I from_path
+to the path indicated by
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.IR to_path .
+The mount object being moved
+can be an existing mount point in the current mount namespace,
+or a detached mount object created by
+.BR fsmount (2)
+or
+.BR open_tree (2)
+with
+.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.P
+To access the source mount object
+or the destination mount point,
+no permissions are required on the object itself,
+but if either pathname is supplied,
+execute (search) permission is required
+on all of the directories specified in
+.I from_path
+or
+.IR to_path .
+.P
+The calling process must have the
+.BR \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability in order to move or attach a mount object.
+.P
+As with "*at()" system calls,
+.BR move_mount ()
+uses the
+.I from_dirfd
+and
+.I to_dirfd
+arguments
+in conjunction with the
+.I from_path
+and
+.I to_path
+arguments to determine the source and destination objects to operate on
+(respectively), as follows:
+.IP \[bu] 3
+If the pathname given in
+.I *_path
+is absolute, then
+the corresponding
+.I *_dirfd
+is ignored.
+.IP \[bu]
+If the pathname given in
+.I *_path
+is relative and
+the corresponding
+.I *_dirfd
+is the special value
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+then
+.I *_path
+is interpreted relative to
+the current working directory
+of the calling process (like
+.BR open (2)).
+.IP \[bu]
+If the pathname given in
+.I *_path
+is relative,
+then it is interpreted relative to
+the directory referred to by
+the corresponding file descriptor
+.I *_dirfd
+(rather than relative to
+the current working directory
+of the calling process,
+as is done by
+.BR open (2)
+for a relative pathname).
+In this case,
+the corresponding
+.I *_dirfd
+must be a directory
+that was opened for reading
+.RB ( O_RDONLY )
+or using the
+.B O_PATH
+flag.
+.IP \[bu]
+If
+.I *_path
+is an empty string,
+and
+.I flags
+contains the appropriate
+.BI \%MOVE_MOUNT_ * _EMPTY_PATH
+flag,
+then the corresponding file descriptor
+.I *_dirfd
+is operated on directly.
+In this case,
+the corresponding
+.I *_dirfd
+may refer to any type of file,
+not just a directory.
+.P
+.I flags
+can be used to control aspects of the path lookup
+for both the source and destination objects,
+as well as other properties of the mount operation.
+A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by bitwise ORing
+zero or more of the following constants:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH
+If
+.I from_path
+is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
+.I from_dirfd
+(which may have been obtained from
+.BR open (2),
+.BR fsmount (2),
+or
+.BR open_tree (2)).
+In this case,
+.I from_dirfd
+may refer to any type of file,
+not just a directory.
+If
+.I from_dirfd
+is
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+.BR move_mount ()
+will operate on the current working directory
+of the calling process.
+.IP
+This is the most common mechanism
+used to attach detached mount objects
+produced by
+.BR fsmount (2)
+and
+.BR open_tree (2)
+to a mount point.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_T_EMPTY_PATH
+As with
+.BR \%MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH ,
+except operating on
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.IR to_path .
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_F_SYMLINKS
+If
+.IR from_path
+references a symbolic link,
+then dereference it.
+The default behaviour for
+.BR move_mount ()
+is to
+.I not follow
+symbolic links.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_T_SYMLINKS
+As with
+.BR \%MOVE_MOUNT_F_SYMLINKS ,
+except operating on
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.IR to_path .
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_F_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+Do not automount any automount points encountered
+while resolving
+.IR from_path .
+This allows a mount object
+that has an automount point at its root
+to be moved
+and prevents unintended triggering of an automount point.
+This flag has no effect
+if the automount point has already been mounted over.
+.TP
+.B MOVE_MOUNT_T_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+As with
+.BR \%MOVE_MOUNT_F_NO_AUTOMOUNT ,
+except operating on
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.IR to_path .
+This allows an automount point to be manually mounted over.
+.TP
+.BR MOVE_MOUNT_SET_GROUP " (since Linux 5.15)"
+Add the attached private-propagation mount object indicated by
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.I to_path
+into the mount propagation "peer group"
+of the attached non-private-propagation mount object indicated by
+.I from_dirfd
+and
+.IR from_path .
+.IP
+Unlike other
+.BR move_mount ()
+operations,
+this operation does not move or attach any mount objects.
+Instead, it only updates the metadata
+of attached mount objects.
+(Also, take careful note of
+the argument order\[em]the mount object being modified
+by this operation is the one specified by
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.IR to_path .)
+.IP
+This makes it possible to first create a mount tree
+consisting only of private mounts
+and then configure the desired propagation layout afterwards.
+(See the "SHARED SUBTREES" section of
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
+for more information about mount propagation and peer groups.)
+.TP
+.BR MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH " (since Linux 6.5)"
+If the path indicated by
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.I to_path
+is an existing mount object,
+rather than attaching or moving the mount object
+indicated by
+.I from_dirfd
+and
+.I from_path
+on top of the mount stack,
+attach or move it beneath the current top mount
+on the mount stack.
+.IP
+After using
+.BR \%MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH ,
+it is possible to
+.BR umount (2)
+the top mount
+in order to reveal the mount object
+which was attached beneath it earlier.
+This allows for the seamless (and atomic) replacement
+of intricate mount trees,
+which can further be used
+to "upgrade" a mount tree with a newer version.
+.IP
+This operation has several restrictions:
+.RS
+.IP \[bu] 3
+Mount objects cannot be attached beneath the filesystem root,
+including cases where
+the filesystem root was configured by
+.BR chroot (2)
+or
+.BR pivot_root (2).
+To mount beneath the filesystem root,
+.BR pivot_root (2)
+must be used.
+.IP \[bu]
+The target path indicated by
+.I to_dirfd
+and
+.I to_path
+must not be a detached mount object,
+such as those produced by
+.BR open_tree (2)
+with
+.B \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+or
+.BR fsmount (2).
+.IP \[bu]
+The current top mount
+of the target path's mount stack
+and its parent mount
+must be in the calling process's mount namespace.
+.IP \[bu]
+The caller must have sufficient privileges
+to unmount the top mount
+of the target path's mount stack,
+to prove they have privileges
+to reveal the underlying mount.
+.IP \[bu]
+Mount propagation events triggered by this
+.BR move_mount ()
+operation
+(as described in
+.BR mount_namespaces (7))
+are calculated based on the parent mount
+of the current top mount
+of the target path's mount stack.
+.IP \[bu]
+The target path's mount
+cannot be an ancestor in the mount tree of
+the source mount object.
+.IP \[bu]
+The source mount object
+must not have any overmounts,
+otherwise it would be possible to create "shadow mounts"
+(i.e., two mounts mounted on the same parent mount at the same mount point).
+.IP \[bu]
+It is not possible to move a mount
+beneath a top mount
+if the parent mount
+of the current top mount
+propagates to the top mount itself.
+Otherwise,
+.B \%MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH
+would cause the mount object
+to be propagated
+to the top mount
+from the parent mount,
+defeating the purpose of using
+.BR \%MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH .
+.IP \[bu]
+It is not possible to move a mount
+beneath a top mount
+if the parent mount
+of the current top mount
+propagates to the mount object
+being mounted beneath.
+Otherwise, this would cause a similar propagation issue
+to the previous point,
+also defeating the purpose of using
+.BR \%MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH .
+.RE
+.RE
+.P
+If
+.I from_dirfd
+is a mount object file descriptor and
+.BR move_mount ()
+is operating on it directly,
+.I from_dirfd
+will remain associated with the mount object after
+.BR move_mount ()
+succeeds,
+so you may repeatedly use
+.I from_dirfd
+with
+.BR move_mount (2)
+and/or "*at()" system calls
+as many times as necessary.
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success,
+.BR move_mount ()
+returns 0.
+On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+Search permission is denied
+for one of the directories
+in the path prefix of one of
+.I from_path
+or
+.IR to_path .
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+One of
+.I from_dirfd
+or
+.I to_dirfd
+is not a valid file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+One of
+.I from_path
+or
+.I to_path
+is NULL
+or a pointer to a location
+outside the calling process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+Invalid flag specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+The path indicated by
+.I from_dirfd
+and
+.I from_path
+is not a mount object.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+The mount object type
+of the source mount object and target inode
+are not compatible
+(i.e., the source is a file but the target is a directory, or vice-versa).
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+The source mount object or target path
+are not in the calling process's mount namespace
+(or an anonymous mount namespace of the calling process).
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+The source mount object's parent mount
+has shared mount propagation,
+and thus cannot be moved
+(as described in
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)).
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+The source mount has
+.B MS_UNBINDABLE
+child mounts
+but the target path
+resides on a mount tree with shared mount propagation,
+which would otherwise cause the unbindable mounts to be propagated
+(as described in
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)).
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+.B \%MOVE_MOUNT_BENEATH
+was attempted,
+but one of the listed restrictions was violated.
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links encountered
+when resolving one of
+.I from_path
+or
+.IR to_path .
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+One of
+.I from_path
+or
+.I to_path
+is longer than
+.BR PATH_MAX .
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A component of one of
+.I from_path
+or
+.I to_path
+does not exist.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+One of
+.I from_path
+or
+.I to_path
+is an empty string,
+but the corresponding
+.BI MOVE_MOUNT_ * _EMPTY_PATH
+flag is not specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix of one of
+.I from_path
+or
+.I to_path
+is not a directory,
+or one of
+.I from_path
+or
+.I to_path
+is relative
+and the corresponding
+.I from_dirfd
+or
+.I to_dirfd
+is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+The kernel could not allocate sufficient memory to complete the operation.
+.TP
+.B EPERM
+The calling process does not have the required
+.B \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.2.
+.\" commit 2db154b3ea8e14b04fee23e3fdfd5e9d17fbc6ae
+.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
+glibc 2.36.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.BR move_mount ()
+can be used to move attached mounts like the following:
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+move_mount(AT_FDCWD, "/a", AT_FDCWD, "/b", 0);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+This would move the mount object mounted on
+.I /a
+to
+.IR /b .
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation
+using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/a", "/b", NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+.BR move_mount ()
+can also be used in conjunction with file descriptors returned from
+.BR open_tree (2)
+or
+.BR open (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fd = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", 0); /* or open("/mnt", O_PATH); */
+move_mount(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt2", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+move_mount(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt3", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+move_mount(fd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt4", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+This would move the mount object mounted at
+.I /mnt
+to
+.IR /mnt2 ,
+then
+.IR /mnt3 ,
+and then
+.IR /mnt4 .
+.P
+If the source mount object
+indicated by
+.I from_dirfd
+and
+.I from_path
+is a detached mount object,
+.BR move_mount ()
+can be used to attach it to a mount point:
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int fsfd, mntfd;
+\&
+fsfd = fsopen("ext4", FSOPEN_CLOEXEC);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_STRING, "source", "/dev/sda1", 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_SET_FLAG, "user_xattr", NULL, 0);
+fsconfig(fsfd, FSCONFIG_CMD_CREATE, NULL, NULL, 0);
+mntfd = fsmount(fsfd, FSMOUNT_CLOEXEC, MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV);
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/home", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+This would create a new filesystem configuration context for ext4,
+configure it,
+create a mount object,
+and then attach it to
+.IR /home .
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation
+using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/dev/sda1", "/home", "ext4", MS_NODEV, "user_xattr");
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+The same operation also works with detached bind-mounts created with
+.BR open_tree (2)
+with
+.BR OPEN_TREE_CLONE :
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int mntfd = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/home/cyphar", OPEN_TREE_CLONE);
+move_mount(mntfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/root", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+This would create a new bind-mount of
+.I /home/cyphar
+as attached mount object,
+and then attach it to
+.IR /root .
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation
+using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/home/cyphar", "/root", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+.EE
+.in
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR fsopen (2),
+.BR fspick (2),
+.BR mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.BR open_tree (2),
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
+
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 09/12] man/man2/open_tree.2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is loosely based on the original documentation written by David
Howells and later maintained by Christian Brauner, but has been
rewritten to be more from a user perspective (as well as fixing a few
critical mistakes).
Co-authored-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Co-authored-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/open_tree.2 | 471 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 471 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/open_tree.2 b/man/man2/open_tree.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..07aac7616107d16d05cc71ba7db6aee35f3a9cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/open_tree.2
@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+.\" Copyright, the authors of the Linux man-pages project
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
+.\"
+.TH open_tree 2 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
+.SH NAME
+open_tree \- open path or create detached mount object and attach to fd
+.SH LIBRARY
+Standard C library
+.RI ( libc ,\~ \-lc )
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" " /* Definition of " AT_* " constants */"
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.P
+.BI "int open_tree(int " dirfd ", const char *" path ", unsigned int " flags ");"
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.BR open_tree ()
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.IP \[bu] 3
+If
+.I flags
+contains
+.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE ,
+.BR open_tree ()
+creates a detached mount object
+which consists of a bind-mount of
+the path specified by the
+.IR path .
+A new file descriptor
+associated with the detached mount object
+is then returned.
+The mount object is equivalent to a bind-mount
+that would be created by
+.BR mount (2)
+called with
+.BR MS_BIND ,
+except that it is tied to a file descriptor
+and is not mounted onto the filesystem.
+.IP
+As with file descriptors returned from
+.BR fsmount (2),
+the resultant file descriptor can then be used with
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+or other such system calls to do further mount operations.
+This mount object will be unmounted and destroyed
+when the file descriptor is closed
+if it was not otherwise attached to a mount point
+by calling
+.BR move_mount (2).
+.IP \[bu]
+If
+.I flags
+does not contain
+.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE ,
+.BR open_tree ()
+returns a file descriptor
+that is exactly equivalent to
+one produced by
+.BR openat (2)
+when called with the same
+.I dirfd
+and
+.IR path .
+.P
+In either case, the resultant file descriptor
+acts the same as one produced by
+.BR open (2)
+with
+.BR O_PATH ,
+meaning it can also be used as a
+.I dirfd
+argument to
+"*at()" system calls.
+.P
+As with "*at()" system calls,
+.BR open_tree ()
+uses the
+.I dirfd
+argument in conjunction with the
+.I path
+argument to determine the path to operate on, as follows:
+.IP \[bu] 3
+If the pathname given in
+.I path
+is absolute, then
+.I dirfd
+is ignored.
+.IP \[bu]
+If the pathname given in
+.I path
+is relative and
+.I dirfd
+is the special value
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+then
+.I path
+is interpreted relative to
+the current working directory
+of the calling process (like
+.BR open (2)).
+.IP \[bu]
+If the pathname given in
+.I path
+is relative,
+then it is interpreted relative to
+the directory referred to by the file descriptor
+.I dirfd
+(rather than relative to
+the current working directory
+of the calling process,
+as is done by
+.BR open (2)
+for a relative pathname).
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+must be a directory
+that was opened for reading
+.RB ( O_RDONLY )
+or using the
+.B O_PATH
+flag.
+.IP \[bu]
+If
+.I path
+is an empty string,
+and
+.I flags
+contains
+.BR \%AT_EMPTY_PATH ,
+then the file descriptor
+.I dirfd
+is operated on directly.
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+may refer to any type of file,
+not just a directory.
+.P
+.I flags
+can be used to control aspects of the path lookup
+and properties of the returned file descriptor.
+A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by bitwise ORing
+zero or more of the following constants:
+.RS
+.TP
+.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
+If
+.I path
+is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
+.I dirfd
+(which may have been obtained from
+.BR open (2),
+.BR fsmount(2),
+or from another
+.BR open_tree ()
+call).
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+may refer to any type of file, not just a directory.
+If
+.I dirfd
+is
+.BR \%AT_FDCWD ,
+.BR open_tree ()
+will operate on the current working directory
+of the calling process.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B \%_GNU_SOURCE
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+Do not automount any automount points encountered
+while resolving
+.IR path .
+This allows you to create a handle to the automount point itself,
+rather than the location it would mount.
+This flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B \%_GNU_SOURCE
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.B AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+If
+.I path
+is a symbolic link, do not dereference it; instead,
+create either a handle to the link itself
+or a bind-mount of it.
+The resultant file descriptor is indistinguishable from one produced by
+.BR openat (2)
+with
+.BR \%O_PATH | O_NOFOLLLOW .
+.TP
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC
+Set the close-on-exec
+.RB ( FD_CLOEXEC )
+flag on the new file descriptor.
+See the description of the
+.B O_CLOEXEC
+flag in
+.BR open (2)
+for reasons why this may be useful.
+.TP
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+Rather than creating an
+.BR openat (2)-style
+.B O_PATH
+file descriptor,
+create a bind-mount of
+.I path
+(akin to
+.IR "mount --bind" )
+as a detached mount object.
+In order to do this operation,
+the calling process must have the
+.BR \%CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.TP
+.B AT_RECURSIVE
+Create a recursive bind-mount of the path
+(akin to
+.IR "mount --rbind" )
+as a detached mount object.
+This flag is only permitted in conjunction with
+.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, a new file descriptor is returned.
+On error, \-1 is returned, and
+.I errno
+is set to indicate the error.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+Search permission is denied for one of the directories
+in the path prefix of
+.IR path .
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+.I path
+is relative but
+.I dirfd
+is neither
+.B \%AT_FDCWD
+nor a valid file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+.I path
+is NULL
+or a pointer to a location
+outside the calling process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+Invalid flag specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links encountered when resolving
+.IR path .
+.TP
+.B EMFILE
+The calling process has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+.I path
+is longer than
+.BR PATH_MAX .
+.TP
+.B ENFILE
+The system has too many open files to create more.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A component of
+.I path
+does not exist, or is a dangling symbolic link.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+.I path
+is an empty string, but
+.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
+is not specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix of
+.I path
+is not a directory, or
+.I path
+is relative and
+.I dirfd
+is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
+.TP
+.B ENOSPC
+The "anonymous" mount namespace
+necessary to contain the
+.B \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+detached bind-mount mount object
+could not be allocated,
+as doing so would exceed
+the configured per-user limit on
+the number of mount namespaces in the current user namespace.
+(See also
+.BR namespaces (7).)
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+The kernel could not allocate sufficient memory to complete the operation.
+.TP
+.B EPERM
+.I flags
+contains
+.B \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+but the calling process does not have the required
+.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability.
+.SH STANDARDS
+Linux.
+.SH HISTORY
+Linux 5.2.
+.\" commit a07b20004793d8926f78d63eb5980559f7813404
+.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
+glibc 2.36.
+.SH NOTES
+.SS Anonymous mount namespaces
+The bind-mount mount objects created by
+.BR open_tree ()
+with
+.B \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+are not attached to the mount namespace of the calling process.
+Instead, each mount object is attached to
+a newly allocated "anonymous" mount namespace
+associated with the calling process.
+.P
+One of the side-effects of this is that
+(unlike bind-mounts created with
+.BR mount (2)),
+mount propagation
+(as described in
+.BR mount_namespaces (7))
+will not be applied to bind-mounts created by
+.BR open_tree ()
+until the bind-mount is attached with
+.BR move_mount (2),
+at which point the mount
+will be associated with the mount namespace
+where it was mounted
+and mount propagation will resume.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+The following examples show how
+.BR open_tree ()
+can be used in place of more traditional
+.BR mount (2)
+calls with
+.BR MS_BIND .
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int srcfd = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/var", OPEN_TREE_CLONE);
+move_mount(srcfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+First,
+a detached bind-mount mount object of
+.I /var
+is created and attached to the file descriptor
+.IR srcfd .
+Then, the mount object is attached to
+.I /mnt
+using
+.BR move_mount (2)
+with
+.B \%MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH
+to request that the detached mount object attached to the file descriptor
+.I srcfd
+be moved (and thus attached) to
+.IR /mnt .
+.P
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/var", "/mnt", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+.B \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+can be combined with
+.B \%AT_RECURSIVE
+to create recursive detached bind-mount mount objects,
+which in turn can be attached to mount points
+to create recursive bind-mounts.
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int srcfd = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/var", OPEN_TREE_CLONE | AT_RECURSIVE);
+move_mount(srcfd, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+The above procedure is functionally equivalent to
+the following mount operation using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/var", "/mnt", NULL, MS_BIND | MS_REC, NULL);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+One of the primary benefits of using
+.BR open_tree ()
+and
+.BR move_mount (2)
+over the traditional
+.BR mount (2)
+is that operating with
+.IR dirfd -style
+file descriptors is far easier and more intuitive.
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int srcfd = open_tree(100, "", AT_EMPTY_PATH | OPEN_TREE_CLONE);
+move_mount(srcfd, "", 200, "foo", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+The above procedure is roughly equivalent to
+the following mount operation using
+.BR mount (2):
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+mount("/proc/self/fd/100", "/proc/self/fd/200/foo", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+.EE
+.in
+.P
+In addition, you can use the file descriptor returned by
+.BR open_tree ()
+as the
+.I dirfd
+argument to any "*at()" system calls:
+.P
+.in +4n
+.EX
+int dirfd, fd;
+\&
+dirfd = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/etc", OPEN_TREE_CLONE);
+fd = openat(dirfd, "passwd", O_RDONLY);
+fchmodat(dirfd, "shadow", 0000, 0);
+close(dirfd);
+close(fd);
+/* The bind-mount is now destroyed. */
+.EE
+.in
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR fsopen (2),
+.BR fspick (2),
+.BR mount (2),
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR mount_namespaces (7)
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 10/12] man/man2/mount_setattr.2: mirror opening sentence from fsopen(2)
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
All of the other new mount API docs have this lead-in sentence in order
to make this set of APIs feel a little bit more cohesive. Despite being
a bit of a latecomer, mount_setattr(2) is definitely part of this family
of APIs and so deserves the same treatment.
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/mount_setattr.2 | 6 +++++-
1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
index 46fcba927dd8c0959c898b9ba790ae298f514398..d98e7d70870c082144dfa47e31ddf091c8545e4f 100644
--- a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
+++ b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@ .SH SYNOPSIS
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR mount_setattr ()
-system call changes the mount properties of a mount or an entire mount tree.
+system call is part of
+the suite of file descriptor based mount facilities in Linux.
+.P
+.BR mount_setattr ()
+changes the mount properties of a mount or an entire mount tree.
If
.I path
is relative,
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 11/12] man/man2/open_tree{,_attr}.2: document new open_tree_attr() API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This is a new API added in Linux 6.15, and is effectively just a minor
expansion of open_tree(2) in order to allow for MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP to be
changed for an existing ID-mapped mount. glibc does not yet have a
wrapper for this.
Cc: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/open_tree.2 | 122 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
man/man2/open_tree_attr.2 | 1 +
2 files changed, 123 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/open_tree.2 b/man/man2/open_tree.2
index 07aac7616107d16d05cc71ba7db6aee35f3a9cc6..f671c401b1f1e2926f7948d6fe5041b7848125ac 100644
--- a/man/man2/open_tree.2
+++ b/man/man2/open_tree.2
@@ -14,7 +14,19 @@ .SH SYNOPSIS
.B #include <sys/mount.h>
.P
.BI "int open_tree(int " dirfd ", const char *" path ", unsigned int " flags ");"
+.P
+.BR "#include <sys/syscall.h>" " /* Definition of " SYS_* " constants */"
+.P
+.BI "int syscall(SYS_open_tree_attr, int " dirfd ", const char *" path ","
+.BI " unsigned int " flags ", struct mount_attr *" attr ", \
+size_t " size ");"
.fi
+.P
+.IR Note :
+glibc provides no wrapper for
+.BR open_tree_attr (),
+necessitating the use of
+.BR syscall (2).
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.BR open_tree ()
@@ -228,6 +240,111 @@ .SH DESCRIPTION
as a detached mount object.
This flag is only permitted in conjunction with
.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.SS open_tree_attr()
+The
+.BR open_tree_attr ()
+system call operates in exactly the same way as
+.BR open_tree (),
+except for the differences described here.
+.P
+After performing the same operation as with
+.BR open_tree (),
+(before returning the resulting file descriptor)
+.BR open_tree_attr ()
+will apply the mount attribute changes described in
+.I attr
+to the returned file descriptor.
+(See
+.BR mount_attr (2type)
+for a description of the
+.I mount_attr
+structure.
+As described in
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+.I size
+must be set to
+.I sizeof(struct mount_attr)
+in order to support future extensions.)
+.P
+The application of
+.I attr
+to the resultant file descriptor
+has identical semantics to
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+except for the following extensions and general caveats:
+.IP \[bu] 3
+Unlike
+.BR mount_setattr (2)
+called with a regular
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+detached mount object from
+.BR open_tree (),
+.BR open_tree_attr ()
+can specify a different setting for
+.B \%MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP
+to the original mount object cloned with
+.BR OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.IP
+Adding
+.B \%MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP
+to
+.I attr.attr_clr
+will disable ID-mapping for the new mount object;
+adding
+.B \%MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP
+to
+.I attr.attr_set
+will configure the mount object to have the ID-mapping defined by
+the user namespace referenced by the file descriptor
+.IR attr.userns_fd .
+(The semantics of which are identical to when
+.BR mount_setattr (2)
+is used to configure
+.BR \%MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP .)
+.IP
+Changing or removing the mapping
+of an ID-mapped mount is only permitted
+if a new detached mount object is being created with
+.I flags
+including
+.BR \%OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.IP \[bu]
+If
+.I flags
+contains
+.BR \%AT_RECURSIVE ,
+then the attributes described in
+.I attr
+are applied recursively
+(just as when
+.BR mount_setattr (2)
+is called with
+.BR \%AT_RECURSIVE ).
+However, this applies in addition to the
+.BR open_tree ()-specific
+behaviour regarding
+.BR \%AT_RECURSIVE ,
+and thus
+.I flags
+must also contain
+.BR \% OPEN_TREE_CLONE .
+.P
+Note that if
+.I flags
+does not contain
+.BR \% OPEN_TREE_CLONE ,
+.BR open_tree_attr ()
+will attempt to modify the mount attributes of
+the mount object attached at
+the path described by
+.I dirfd
+and
+.IR path .
+As with
+.BR mount_setattr (2),
+if said path is not a mount point,
+.BR open_tree_attr ()
+will return an error.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success, a new file descriptor is returned.
On error, \-1 is returned, and
@@ -321,10 +438,15 @@ .SH ERRORS
.SH STANDARDS
Linux.
.SH HISTORY
+.SS open_tree()
Linux 5.2.
.\" commit a07b20004793d8926f78d63eb5980559f7813404
.\" commit 400913252d09f9cfb8cce33daee43167921fc343
glibc 2.36.
+.SS open_tree_attr()
+Linux 6.15.
+.\" commit c4a16820d90199409c9bf01c4f794e1e9e8d8fd8
+.\" commit 7a54947e727b6df840780a66c970395ed9734ebe
.SH NOTES
.SS Anonymous mount namespaces
The bind-mount mount objects created by
diff --git a/man/man2/open_tree_attr.2 b/man/man2/open_tree_attr.2
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e57269bbd269bcce0b0a974425644ba75e379f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man2/open_tree_attr.2
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man2/open_tree.2
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 12/12] man/man2/{fsconfig,mount_setattr}.2: add note about attribute-parameter distinction
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-08 20:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, Askar Safin,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner, Aleksa Sarai
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
This was not particularly well documented in mount(8) nor mount(2), and
since this is a fairly notable aspect of the new mount API, we should
probably add some words about it.
Signed-off-by: Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com>
---
man/man2/fsconfig.2 | 11 +++++++++++
man/man2/mount_setattr.2 | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 48 insertions(+)
diff --git a/man/man2/fsconfig.2 b/man/man2/fsconfig.2
index 97c9aff0e0c195e6028e1c7bd70e40905ba9f994..a7642e1633541bf8f5cd537db22987a4ec70da06 100644
--- a/man/man2/fsconfig.2
+++ b/man/man2/fsconfig.2
@@ -522,6 +522,17 @@ .SS Generic filesystem parameters
Linux Security Modules (LSMs)
are also generic with respect to the underlying filesystem.
See the documentation for the LSM you wish to configure for more details.
+.SS Mount attributes and filesystem parameters
+Some filesystem parameters
+(traditionally associated with
+.BR mount (8)-style
+options)
+are also mount attributes.
+.P
+For a description of the distinction between
+mount attributes and filesystem parameters,
+see the "Mount attributes and filesystem parameters" subsection of
+.BR mount_setattr (2).
.SH CAVEATS
.SS Filesystem parameter types
As a result of
diff --git a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
index d98e7d70870c082144dfa47e31ddf091c8545e4f..2927b012eed1569e0d78a2fb91815f364fca124d 100644
--- a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
+++ b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
@@ -790,6 +790,43 @@ .SS ID-mapped mounts
.BR chown (2)
system call changes the ownership globally and permanently.
.\"
+.SS Mount attributes and filesystem parameters
+Some mount attributes
+(traditionally associated with
+.BR mount (8)-style
+options)
+are also filesystem parameters.
+For example, the
+.I -o ro
+option to
+.BR mount (8)
+can refer to the
+"read-only" filesystem parameter,
+or the "read-only" mount attribute.
+.P
+The distinction between these two kinds of option is that
+mount object attributes are applied per-mount-object
+(allowing different mount objects
+derived from a given filesystem instance
+to have different attributes),
+while filesystem instance parameters
+("superblock flags" in kernel-developer parlance)
+apply to all mount objects
+derived from the same filesystem instance.
+.P
+When using
+.BR mount (2),
+the line between these two types of mount options was blurred.
+However, with
+.BR mount_setattr ()
+and
+.BR fsconfig (2),
+the distinction is made much clearer.
+Mount attributes are configured with
+.BR mount_setattr (),
+while filesystem parameters can be configured using
+.BR fsconfig (2).
+.\"
.SS Extensibility
In order to allow for future extensibility,
.BR mount_setattr ()
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related
* Re: [PATCH v2 01/11] mount_setattr.2: document glibc >= 2.36 syscall wrappers
From: Alejandro Colomar @ 2025-08-09 10:42 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Aleksa Sarai
Cc: Askar Safin, Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner
In-Reply-To: <2025-08-08.1754653930-iffy-pickled-agencies-mother-K0e7Hn@cyphar.com>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1558 bytes --]
Hi Aleksa, Askar,
On Fri, Aug 08, 2025 at 09:55:10PM +1000, Aleksa Sarai wrote:
> On 2025-08-08, Askar Safin <safinaskar@zohomail.com> wrote:
> > When I render "mount_setattr" from this (v2) pathset, I see weird quote mark. I. e.:
> >
> > $ MANWIDTH=10000 man /path/to/mount_setattr.2
> > ...
> > SYNOPSIS
> > #include <fcntl.h> /* Definition of AT_* constants */
> > #include <sys/mount.h>
> >
> > int mount_setattr(int dirfd, const char *path, unsigned int flags,
> > struct mount_attr *attr, size_t size);"
> > ...
>
> Ah, my bad. "make -R lint-man" told me to put end quotes on the synopsis
> lines, but I missed that there was a separate quote missing. This should
> fix it:
>
> diff --git a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
> index d44fafc93a20..46fcba927dd8 100644
> --- a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
> +++ b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
> @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ .SH SYNOPSIS
> .B #include <sys/mount.h>
> .P
> .BI "int mount_setattr(int " dirfd ", const char *" path ", unsigned int " flags ","
> -.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size );"
> +.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size ");"
Actually, I'd use
.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size );
> .fi
> .SH DESCRIPTION
> The
Hmmm, thanks for the catch! My CI server is down until I come back home
and have a chance to fix it.
Have a lovely day!
Alex
--
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v2 01/11] mount_setattr.2: document glibc >= 2.36 syscall wrappers
From: Alejandro Colomar @ 2025-08-09 10:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Aleksa Sarai
Cc: Askar Safin, Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner
In-Reply-To: <j57inuu7wzzh2tm7sxfnhdogg4u7f4gf3vktmla4qlafuknh3p@ypu3peu3g5k6>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 2318 bytes --]
Hi Aleksa, Askar,
On Sat, Aug 09, 2025 at 12:42:58PM +0200, Alejandro Colomar wrote:
> Hi Aleksa, Askar,
>
> On Fri, Aug 08, 2025 at 09:55:10PM +1000, Aleksa Sarai wrote:
> > On 2025-08-08, Askar Safin <safinaskar@zohomail.com> wrote:
> > > When I render "mount_setattr" from this (v2) pathset, I see weird quote mark. I. e.:
> > >
> > > $ MANWIDTH=10000 man /path/to/mount_setattr.2
> > > ...
> > > SYNOPSIS
> > > #include <fcntl.h> /* Definition of AT_* constants */
> > > #include <sys/mount.h>
> > >
> > > int mount_setattr(int dirfd, const char *path, unsigned int flags,
> > > struct mount_attr *attr, size_t size);"
> > > ...
> >
> > Ah, my bad. "make -R lint-man" told me to put end quotes on the synopsis
> > lines, but I missed that there was a separate quote missing. This should
> > fix it:
> >
> > diff --git a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2 b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
> > index d44fafc93a20..46fcba927dd8 100644
> > --- a/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
> > +++ b/man/man2/mount_setattr.2
> > @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ .SH SYNOPSIS
> > .B #include <sys/mount.h>
> > .P
> > .BI "int mount_setattr(int " dirfd ", const char *" path ", unsigned int " flags ","
> > -.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size );"
> > +.BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size ");"
>
> Actually, I'd use
>
> .BI " struct mount_attr *" attr ", size_t " size );
I've pushed this as a fix. As a sanity check:
$ diffman-git HEAD
--- HEAD^:man/man2/mount_setattr.2
+++ HEAD:man/man2/mount_setattr.2
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
#include <sys/mount.h>
int mount_setattr(int dirfd, const char *path, unsigned int flags,
- struct mount_attr *attr, size_t size);"
+ struct mount_attr *attr, size_t size);
DESCRIPTION
The mount_setattr() system call changes the mount properties of a mount
Have a lovely day!
Alex
>
> > .fi
> > .SH DESCRIPTION
> > The
>
> Hmmm, thanks for the catch! My CI server is down until I come back home
> and have a chance to fix it.
>
>
> Have a lovely day!
> Alex
>
> --
> <https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
--
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v4 1/2] man/man2/mremap.2: describe multiple mapping move
From: Alejandro Colomar @ 2025-08-09 14:25 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Lorenzo Stoakes
Cc: linux-man, Andrew Morton, Peter Xu, Alexander Viro,
Christian Brauner, Jan Kara, Liam R . Howlett, Vlastimil Babka,
Jann Horn, Pedro Falcato, Rik van Riel, linux-mm, linux-kernel,
linux-api
In-Reply-To: <53e4284ffe80a63260c957369ccacea8f5c16adc.1754414738.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 6007 bytes --]
Hi Lorenzo,
On Tue, Aug 05, 2025 at 06:31:55PM +0100, Lorenzo Stoakes wrote:
> Document the new behaviour introduced in Linux 6.17 whereby it is now
> possible to move multiple mappings in a single operation, as long as the
> operation is purely a move, that is old_size is equal to new_size and
> MREMAP_FIXED is specified.
>
> To make things clearer, also describe this 'pure move' operation, before
> expanding upon it to describe the newly introduced behaviour.
Can we split this further into two commits?
>
> This change also explains the limitations of of this method and the
> possibility of partial failure.
>
> Finally, we pluralise language where it makes sense to so the documentation
> does not contradict either this new capability nor the pre-existing edge
> case.
>
> Example code is enclosed below demonstrating the behaviour which is now
> possible:
>
> int main(void)
> {
> unsigned long page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
> void *ptr = mmap(NULL, 10 * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
> MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
> void *tgt_ptr = mmap(NULL, 10 * page_size, PROT_NONE,
> MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
> int i;
>
> if (ptr == MAP_FAILED || tgt_ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
> perror("mmap");
> return EXIT_FAILURE;
> }
>
> /* Unmap every other page. */
> for (i = 1; i < 10; i += 2)
> munmap(ptr + i * page_size, page_size);
>
> /* Now move all 5 distinct mappings to tgt_ptr. */
> ptr = mremap(ptr, 10 * page_size, 10 * page_size,
> MREMAP_MAYMOVE | MREMAP_FIXED, tgt_ptr);
> if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
> perror("mremap");
> return EXIT_FAILURE;
> }
>
> return EXIT_SUCCESS;
> }
>
> Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
> ---
> man/man2/mremap.2 | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
> 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/man/man2/mremap.2 b/man/man2/mremap.2
> index 2168ca728..6ba51310c 100644
> --- a/man/man2/mremap.2
> +++ b/man/man2/mremap.2
> @@ -25,18 +25,47 @@ moving it at the same time (controlled by the
> argument and
> the available virtual address space).
> .P
> +Mappings can also simply be moved
> +(without any resizing)
> +by specifying equal
> +.I old_size
> +and
> +.I new_size
> +and using the
> +.B MREMAP_FIXED
> +flag
> +(see below).
> +Since Linux 6.17,
> +while
> +.I old_address
> +must reside within a mapping,
I don't understand this. What does it mean that old_address must reside
within a mapping? It's a point, not a size, so I'm not sure I
understand it.
> +.I old_size
> +may span multiple mappings
> +which do not have to be
> +adjacent to one another when
> +performing a move like this.
> +The
> +.B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> +flag may be specified.
> +.P
> +If the operation is not
> +simply moving mappings,
> +then
> +.I old_size
> +must span only a single mapping.
> +.P
> .I old_address
> -is the old address of the virtual memory block that you
> -want to expand (or shrink).
> +is the old address of the first virtual memory block that you
> +want to expand, shrink, and/or move.
> Note that
> .I old_address
> has to be page aligned.
> .I old_size
> -is the old size of the
> -virtual memory block.
> +is the size of the range containing
> +virtual memory blocks to be manipulated.
> .I new_size
> is the requested size of the
> -virtual memory block after the resize.
> +virtual memory blocks after the resize.
> An optional fifth argument,
> .IR new_address ,
> may be provided; see the description of
> @@ -105,13 +134,43 @@ If
> is specified, then
> .B MREMAP_MAYMOVE
> must also be specified.
> +.IP
> +Since Linux 6.17,
> +if
> +.I old_size
> +is equal to
> +.I new_size
> +and
> +.B MREMAP_FIXED
> +is specified, then
> +.I old_size
> +may span beyond the mapping in which
> +.I old_address
> +resides.
> +In this case,
> +gaps between mappings in the original range
> +are maintained in the new range.
> +The whole operation is performed atomically
> +unless an error arises,
> +in which case the operation may be partially
> +completed,
> +that is,
> +some mappings may be moved and others not.
> +.IP
> +
Why this blank?
Cheers,
Alex
> +Moving multiple mappings is not permitted if
> +any of those mappings have either
> +been registered with
> +.BR userfaultfd (2) ,
> +or map drivers that
> +specify their own custom address mapping logic.
> .TP
> .BR MREMAP_DONTUNMAP " (since Linux 5.7)"
> .\" commit e346b3813067d4b17383f975f197a9aa28a3b077
> This flag, which must be used in conjunction with
> .BR MREMAP_MAYMOVE ,
> -remaps a mapping to a new address but does not unmap the mapping at
> -.IR old_address .
> +remaps mappings to a new address but does not unmap them
> +from their original address.
> .IP
> The
> .B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> @@ -149,13 +208,13 @@ mapped.
> See NOTES for some possible applications of
> .BR MREMAP_DONTUNMAP .
> .P
> -If the memory segment specified by
> +If the memory segments specified by
> .I old_address
> and
> .I old_size
> -is locked (using
> +are locked (using
> .BR mlock (2)
> -or similar), then this lock is maintained when the segment is
> +or similar), then this lock is maintained when the segments are
> resized and/or relocated.
> As a consequence, the amount of memory locked by the process may change.
> .SH RETURN VALUE
> @@ -188,7 +247,10 @@ virtual memory address for this process.
> You can also get
> .B EFAULT
> even if there exist mappings that cover the
> -whole address space requested, but those mappings are of different types.
> +whole address space requested, but those mappings are of different types,
> +and the
> +.BR mremap ()
> +operation being performed does not support this.
> .TP
> .B EINVAL
> An invalid argument was given.
> --
> 2.50.1
>
--
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v4 2/2] man/man2/mremap.2: describe previously undocumented shrink behaviour
From: Alejandro Colomar @ 2025-08-09 14:33 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Lorenzo Stoakes
Cc: linux-man, Andrew Morton, Peter Xu, Alexander Viro,
Christian Brauner, Jan Kara, Liam R . Howlett, Vlastimil Babka,
Jann Horn, Pedro Falcato, Rik van Riel, linux-mm, linux-kernel,
linux-api
In-Reply-To: <c7ba8ba09b1c0b015134c54824788ef4aa47fd46.1754414738.git.lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 2334 bytes --]
Hi Lorenzo,
On Tue, Aug 05, 2025 at 06:31:56PM +0100, Lorenzo Stoakes wrote:
> There is pre-existing logic that appears to be undocumented for an mremap()
> shrink operation, where it turns out that the usual 'input range must span
> a single mapping' requirement no longer applies.
>
> In fact, it turns out that the input range specified by [old_address,
> old_address + old_size) may span any number of mappings.
>
> If shrinking in-place (that is, neither the MREMAP_FIXED nor
> MREMAP_DONTUNMAP flags are specified), then the new span may also span any
> number of VMAs - [old_address, old_address + new_size).
>
> If shrinking and moving, the range specified by [old_address, old_address +
> new_size) must span a single VMA.
>
> There must be at least one VMA contained within the [old_address,
> old_address + old_size) range, and old_address must be within the range of
> a VMA.
>
> Explicitly document this.
>
> Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
Since this is documenting old behavior, could we have this patch before
the patch documenting new behavior? Or do you prefer it in this order?
Cheers,
Alex
> ---
> man/man2/mremap.2 | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
> 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/man/man2/mremap.2 b/man/man2/mremap.2
> index 6ba51310c..631c835b8 100644
> --- a/man/man2/mremap.2
> +++ b/man/man2/mremap.2
> @@ -48,8 +48,35 @@ The
> .B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> flag may be specified.
> .P
> -If the operation is not
> -simply moving mappings,
> +Equally, if the operation performs a shrink,
> +that is if
> +.I old_size
> +is greater than
> +.IR new_size ,
> +then
> +.I old_size
> +may also span multiple mappings
> +which do not have to be
> +adjacent to one another.
> +If this shrink is performed
> +in-place,
> +that is,
> +neither
> +.BR MREMAP_FIXED ,
> +nor
> +.B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> +are specified,
> +.I new_size
> +may also span multiple VMAs.
> +However, if the range is moved,
> +then
> +.I new_size
> +must span only a single mapping.
> +.P
> +If the operation is neither a
> +.B MREMAP_FIXED
> +move
> +nor a shrink,
> then
> .I old_size
> must span only a single mapping.
> --
> 2.50.1
>
--
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v3 00/12] man2: document "new" mount API
From: Askar Safin @ 2025-08-09 15:04 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Aleksa Sarai, Alejandro Colomar
Cc: Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara, G. Branden Robinson,
linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel, linux-kernel, David Howells,
Christian Brauner
In-Reply-To: <20250809-new-mount-api-v3-0-f61405c80f34@cyphar.com>
I plan to do a lot of testing of "new" mount API on my computer.
It is quiet possible that I will find some bugs in these manpages during testing.
(I already found some, but I'm not sure.)
I think this will take 3-7 days.
So, Alejandro Colomar, please, don't merge this patchset until then.
--
Askar Safin
https://types.pl/@safinaskar
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v3 00/12] man2: document "new" mount API
From: Alejandro Colomar @ 2025-08-09 15:11 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Askar Safin
Cc: Aleksa Sarai, Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner
In-Reply-To: <1988f5c48ef.e4a6fe4950444.5375980219736330538@zohomail.com>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 461 bytes --]
Hi Askar,
On Sat, Aug 09, 2025 at 07:04:06PM +0400, Askar Safin wrote:
> I plan to do a lot of testing of "new" mount API on my computer.
> It is quiet possible that I will find some bugs in these manpages during testing.
> (I already found some, but I'm not sure.)
> I think this will take 3-7 days.
> So, Alejandro Colomar, please, don't merge this patchset until then.
Sure, thanks!
Cheers,
Alex
--
<https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v3 00/12] man2: document "new" mount API
From: Aleksa Sarai @ 2025-08-09 17:32 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Askar Safin
Cc: Alejandro Colomar, Michael T. Kerrisk, Alexander Viro, Jan Kara,
G. Branden Robinson, linux-man, linux-api, linux-fsdevel,
linux-kernel, David Howells, Christian Brauner
In-Reply-To: <1988f5c48ef.e4a6fe4950444.5375980219736330538@zohomail.com>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1392 bytes --]
On 2025-08-09, Askar Safin <safinaskar@zohomail.com> wrote:
> I plan to do a lot of testing of "new" mount API on my computer.
> It is quiet possible that I will find some bugs in these manpages during testing.
> (I already found some, but I'm not sure.)
> I think this will take 3-7 days.
> So, Alejandro Colomar, please, don't merge this patchset until then.
I don't plan to work on this again for the next week at least (I've
already spent over a week on these docs -- writing, rewriting, and then
rewriting once more for good measure; I've started seeing groff in my
nightmares...), so I will go through review comments after you're done.
There are some rough edges on these APIs I found while writing these
docs, so I plan to fix those this cycle if possible (hopefully those
aren't the bugs you said you found in the docs). Two of the fixes have
already been merged in the vfs tree for 6.18 (the -ENODATA handling bug,
as well as a bug in open_tree_attr() that would've let userspace trigger
UAFs). (Once 6.18 is out, I will send a follow-up patchset to document
the fixes.)
FYI, I've already fixed the few ".BR \% FOO" typos. (My terminal font
doesn't have a bold typeface, so when reviewing the rendered man-pages,
mistakes involving .B are hard to spot.)
--
Aleksa Sarai
Senior Software Engineer (Containers)
SUSE Linux GmbH
https://www.cyphar.com/
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v4 1/2] man/man2/mremap.2: describe multiple mapping move
From: Lorenzo Stoakes @ 2025-08-11 5:30 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: linux-man, Andrew Morton, Peter Xu, Alexander Viro,
Christian Brauner, Jan Kara, Liam R . Howlett, Vlastimil Babka,
Jann Horn, Pedro Falcato, Rik van Riel, linux-mm, linux-kernel,
linux-api
In-Reply-To: <ekjakm6zburrawhk34smm3fd43zufzguisfean4hmv7vyjp7fq@uvy6n47qbydl>
On Sat, Aug 09, 2025 at 04:25:18PM +0200, Alejandro Colomar wrote:
> Hi Lorenzo,
>
> On Tue, Aug 05, 2025 at 06:31:55PM +0100, Lorenzo Stoakes wrote:
> > Document the new behaviour introduced in Linux 6.17 whereby it is now
> > possible to move multiple mappings in a single operation, as long as the
> > operation is purely a move, that is old_size is equal to new_size and
> > MREMAP_FIXED is specified.
> >
> > To make things clearer, also describe this 'pure move' operation, before
> > expanding upon it to describe the newly introduced behaviour.
>
> Can we split this further into two commits?
OK can do.
>
> >
> > This change also explains the limitations of of this method and the
> > possibility of partial failure.
> >
> > Finally, we pluralise language where it makes sense to so the documentation
> > does not contradict either this new capability nor the pre-existing edge
> > case.
> >
> > Example code is enclosed below demonstrating the behaviour which is now
> > possible:
> >
> > int main(void)
> > {
> > unsigned long page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
> > void *ptr = mmap(NULL, 10 * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
> > MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
> > void *tgt_ptr = mmap(NULL, 10 * page_size, PROT_NONE,
> > MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
> > int i;
> >
> > if (ptr == MAP_FAILED || tgt_ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
> > perror("mmap");
> > return EXIT_FAILURE;
> > }
> >
> > /* Unmap every other page. */
> > for (i = 1; i < 10; i += 2)
> > munmap(ptr + i * page_size, page_size);
> >
> > /* Now move all 5 distinct mappings to tgt_ptr. */
> > ptr = mremap(ptr, 10 * page_size, 10 * page_size,
> > MREMAP_MAYMOVE | MREMAP_FIXED, tgt_ptr);
> > if (ptr == MAP_FAILED) {
> > perror("mremap");
> > return EXIT_FAILURE;
> > }
> >
> > return EXIT_SUCCESS;
> > }
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
> > ---
> > man/man2/mremap.2 | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
> > 1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/man/man2/mremap.2 b/man/man2/mremap.2
> > index 2168ca728..6ba51310c 100644
> > --- a/man/man2/mremap.2
> > +++ b/man/man2/mremap.2
> > @@ -25,18 +25,47 @@ moving it at the same time (controlled by the
> > argument and
> > the available virtual address space).
> > .P
> > +Mappings can also simply be moved
> > +(without any resizing)
> > +by specifying equal
> > +.I old_size
> > +and
> > +.I new_size
> > +and using the
> > +.B MREMAP_FIXED
> > +flag
> > +(see below).
> > +Since Linux 6.17,
> > +while
> > +.I old_address
> > +must reside within a mapping,
>
> I don't understand this. What does it mean that old_address must reside
> within a mapping? It's a point, not a size, so I'm not sure I
> understand it.
I think if it were a size it would be more confusing no?
It's an address, the address must be located within an existing memory mapping.
Will replace with 'located' for clarity.
>
> > +.I old_size
> > +may span multiple mappings
> > +which do not have to be
> > +adjacent to one another when
> > +performing a move like this.
> > +The
> > +.B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> > +flag may be specified.
> > +.P
> > +If the operation is not
> > +simply moving mappings,
> > +then
> > +.I old_size
> > +must span only a single mapping.
> > +.P
> > .I old_address
> > -is the old address of the virtual memory block that you
> > -want to expand (or shrink).
> > +is the old address of the first virtual memory block that you
> > +want to expand, shrink, and/or move.
> > Note that
> > .I old_address
> > has to be page aligned.
> > .I old_size
> > -is the old size of the
> > -virtual memory block.
> > +is the size of the range containing
> > +virtual memory blocks to be manipulated.
> > .I new_size
> > is the requested size of the
> > -virtual memory block after the resize.
> > +virtual memory blocks after the resize.
> > An optional fifth argument,
> > .IR new_address ,
> > may be provided; see the description of
> > @@ -105,13 +134,43 @@ If
> > is specified, then
> > .B MREMAP_MAYMOVE
> > must also be specified.
> > +.IP
> > +Since Linux 6.17,
> > +if
> > +.I old_size
> > +is equal to
> > +.I new_size
> > +and
> > +.B MREMAP_FIXED
> > +is specified, then
> > +.I old_size
> > +may span beyond the mapping in which
> > +.I old_address
> > +resides.
> > +In this case,
> > +gaps between mappings in the original range
> > +are maintained in the new range.
> > +The whole operation is performed atomically
> > +unless an error arises,
> > +in which case the operation may be partially
> > +completed,
> > +that is,
> > +some mappings may be moved and others not.
> > +.IP
> > +
>
> Why this blank?
Oops that was a mistake, will fix on respin.
>
>
> Cheers,
> Alex
>
> > +Moving multiple mappings is not permitted if
> > +any of those mappings have either
> > +been registered with
> > +.BR userfaultfd (2) ,
> > +or map drivers that
> > +specify their own custom address mapping logic.
> > .TP
> > .BR MREMAP_DONTUNMAP " (since Linux 5.7)"
> > .\" commit e346b3813067d4b17383f975f197a9aa28a3b077
> > This flag, which must be used in conjunction with
> > .BR MREMAP_MAYMOVE ,
> > -remaps a mapping to a new address but does not unmap the mapping at
> > -.IR old_address .
> > +remaps mappings to a new address but does not unmap them
> > +from their original address.
> > .IP
> > The
> > .B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> > @@ -149,13 +208,13 @@ mapped.
> > See NOTES for some possible applications of
> > .BR MREMAP_DONTUNMAP .
> > .P
> > -If the memory segment specified by
> > +If the memory segments specified by
> > .I old_address
> > and
> > .I old_size
> > -is locked (using
> > +are locked (using
> > .BR mlock (2)
> > -or similar), then this lock is maintained when the segment is
> > +or similar), then this lock is maintained when the segments are
> > resized and/or relocated.
> > As a consequence, the amount of memory locked by the process may change.
> > .SH RETURN VALUE
> > @@ -188,7 +247,10 @@ virtual memory address for this process.
> > You can also get
> > .B EFAULT
> > even if there exist mappings that cover the
> > -whole address space requested, but those mappings are of different types.
> > +whole address space requested, but those mappings are of different types,
> > +and the
> > +.BR mremap ()
> > +operation being performed does not support this.
> > .TP
> > .B EINVAL
> > An invalid argument was given.
> > --
> > 2.50.1
> >
>
> --
> <https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v4 2/2] man/man2/mremap.2: describe previously undocumented shrink behaviour
From: Lorenzo Stoakes @ 2025-08-11 5:31 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alejandro Colomar
Cc: linux-man, Andrew Morton, Peter Xu, Alexander Viro,
Christian Brauner, Jan Kara, Liam R . Howlett, Vlastimil Babka,
Jann Horn, Pedro Falcato, Rik van Riel, linux-mm, linux-kernel,
linux-api
In-Reply-To: <iolucvrp6is43yjulbluchhw5wy6urq2gtwmcelg5atwuv63se@ovzuthfrup26>
On Sat, Aug 09, 2025 at 04:33:12PM +0200, Alejandro Colomar wrote:
> Hi Lorenzo,
>
> On Tue, Aug 05, 2025 at 06:31:56PM +0100, Lorenzo Stoakes wrote:
> > There is pre-existing logic that appears to be undocumented for an mremap()
> > shrink operation, where it turns out that the usual 'input range must span
> > a single mapping' requirement no longer applies.
> >
> > In fact, it turns out that the input range specified by [old_address,
> > old_address + old_size) may span any number of mappings.
> >
> > If shrinking in-place (that is, neither the MREMAP_FIXED nor
> > MREMAP_DONTUNMAP flags are specified), then the new span may also span any
> > number of VMAs - [old_address, old_address + new_size).
> >
> > If shrinking and moving, the range specified by [old_address, old_address +
> > new_size) must span a single VMA.
> >
> > There must be at least one VMA contained within the [old_address,
> > old_address + old_size) range, and old_address must be within the range of
> > a VMA.
> >
> > Explicitly document this.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com>
>
> Since this is documenting old behavior, could we have this patch before
> the patch documenting new behavior? Or do you prefer it in this order?
I think it's fine in this order, it's more convenient for me as it'd be a pain
to re-order otherwise, and we've waited ~20 years (or longer?) to document this
so a delay in ordering is probably fine :P
Cheers, Lorenzo
>
>
> Cheers,
> Alex
>
> > ---
> > man/man2/mremap.2 | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
> > 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/man/man2/mremap.2 b/man/man2/mremap.2
> > index 6ba51310c..631c835b8 100644
> > --- a/man/man2/mremap.2
> > +++ b/man/man2/mremap.2
> > @@ -48,8 +48,35 @@ The
> > .B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> > flag may be specified.
> > .P
> > -If the operation is not
> > -simply moving mappings,
> > +Equally, if the operation performs a shrink,
> > +that is if
> > +.I old_size
> > +is greater than
> > +.IR new_size ,
> > +then
> > +.I old_size
> > +may also span multiple mappings
> > +which do not have to be
> > +adjacent to one another.
> > +If this shrink is performed
> > +in-place,
> > +that is,
> > +neither
> > +.BR MREMAP_FIXED ,
> > +nor
> > +.B MREMAP_DONTUNMAP
> > +are specified,
> > +.I new_size
> > +may also span multiple VMAs.
> > +However, if the range is moved,
> > +then
> > +.I new_size
> > +must span only a single mapping.
> > +.P
> > +If the operation is neither a
> > +.B MREMAP_FIXED
> > +move
> > +nor a shrink,
> > then
> > .I old_size
> > must span only a single mapping.
> > --
> > 2.50.1
> >
>
> --
> <https://www.alejandro-colomar.es/>
^ permalink raw reply
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