Re: [PATCH v5 13/36] vmlinux.lds.h: add PGO and AutoFDO input sections

Arvind Sankar
2020-08-01T03:51:28Z

On Fri, Jul 31, 2020 at 04:07:57PM -0700, Kees Cook wrote:
> From: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
>
> Basically, consider .text.{hot|unlikely|unknown}.* part of .text, too.
>
> When compiling with profiling information (collected via PGO
> instrumentations or AutoFDO sampling), Clang will separate code into
> .text.hot, .text.unlikely, or .text.unknown sections based on profiling
> information. After D79600 (clang-11), these sections will have a
> trailing `.` suffix, ie. .text.hot., .text.unlikely., .text.unknown..
>
> When using -ffunction-sections together with profiling infomation,
> either explicitly (FGKASLR) or implicitly (LTO), code may be placed in
> sections following the convention:
> .text.hot.<foo>, .text.unlikely.<bar>, .text.unknown.<baz>
> where <foo>, <bar>, and <baz> are functions. (This produces one section
> per function; we generally try to merge these all back via linker script
> so that we don't have 50k sections).
>
> For the above cases, we need to teach our linker scripts that such
> sections might exist and that we'd explicitly like them grouped
> together, otherwise we can wind up with code outside of the
> _stext/_etext boundaries that might not be mapped properly for some
> architectures, resulting in boot failures.
>
> If the linker script is not told about possible input sections, then
> where the section is placed as output is a heuristic-laiden mess that's
> non-portable between linkers (ie. BFD and LLD), and has resulted in many
> hard to debug bugs. Kees Cook is working on cleaning this up by adding
> --orphan-handling=warn linker flag used in ARCH=powerpc to additional
> architectures. In the case of linker scripts, borrowing from the Zen of
> Python: explicit is better than implicit.
>
> Also, ld.bfd's internal linker script considers .text.hot AND
> .text.hot.* to be part of .text, as well as .text.unlikely and
> .text.unlikely.*. I didn't see support for .text.unknown.*, and didn't
> see Clang producing such code in our kernel builds, but I see code in
> LLVM that can produce such section names if profiling information is
> missing. That may point to a larger issue with generating or collecting
> profiles, but I would much rather be safe and explicit than have to
> debug yet another issue related to orphan section placement.
>
> Reported-by: Jian Cai <jiancai@google.com>
> Suggested-by: Fāng-ruì Sòng <maskray@google.com>
> Tested-by: Luis Lozano <llozano@google.com>
> Tested-by: Manoj Gupta <manojgupta@google.com>
> Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
> Link: https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=add44f8d5c5c05e08b11e033127a744d61c26aee
> Link: https://sourceware.org/git/?p=binutils-gdb.git;a=commitdiff;h=1de778ed23ce7492c523d5850c6c6dbb34152655
> Link: https://reviews.llvm.org/D79600
> Link: https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1084760
> Debugged-by: Luis Lozano <llozano@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
> ---
> include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h | 5 ++++-
> 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>
> diff --git a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> index 2593957f6e8b..af5211ca857c 100644
> --- a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> +++ b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> @@ -561,7 +561,10 @@
> */
> #define TEXT_TEXT \
> ALIGN_FUNCTION(); \
> - *(.text.hot TEXT_MAIN .text.fixup .text.unlikely) \
> + *(.text.hot .text.hot.*) \
> + *(TEXT_MAIN .text.fixup) \
> + *(.text.unlikely .text.unlikely.*) \
> + *(.text.unknown .text.unknown.*) \
> NOINSTR_TEXT \
> *(.text..refcount) \
> *(.ref.text) \
> --
> 2.25.1
>

This also changes the ordering to place all hot resp unlikely sections separate
from other text, while currently it places the hot/unlikely bits of each file
together with the rest of the code in that file. That seems like a reasonable
change and should be mentioned in the commit message.

However, the history of their being together comes from

9bebe9e5b0f3 ("kbuild: Fix .text.unlikely placement")

which seems to indicate there was some problem with having them separated out,
although I don't quite understand what the issue was from the commit message.

Cc Andi and Michal to see if they remember.