* Re: [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain syntactic and semantic dependencies
2022-01-27 21:11 ` [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain " Alan Stern
@ 2022-02-01 1:42 ` Akira Yokosawa
2022-02-01 18:02 ` Paul E. McKenney
2022-02-01 19:00 ` [PATCH v2] " Alan Stern
2 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Akira Yokosawa @ 2022-02-01 1:42 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alan Stern, Paul Heidekrüger
Cc: Andrea Parri, Will Deacon, Peter Zijlstra, Boqun Feng,
Nicholas Piggin, David Howells, Jade Alglave, Luc Maranget,
Paul E. McKenney, Daniel Lustig, Joel Fernandes,
Björn Töpel, linux-kernel, linux-arch, Marco Elver,
Charalampos Mainas, Pramod Bhatotia
Hi,
On Thu, 27 Jan 2022 16:11:48 -0500,
Alan Stern wrote:
> Paul Heidekrüger pointed out that the Linux Kernel Memory Model
> documentation doesn't mention the distinction between syntactic and
> semantic dependencies. This is an important difference, because the
> compiler can easily break dependencies that are only syntactic, not
> semantic.
>
> This patch adds a few paragraphs to the LKMM documentation explaining
> these issues and illustrating how they can matter.
>
> Suggested-by: Paul Heidekrüger <paul.heidekrueger@in.tum.de>
> Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
>
> ---
>
>
> [as1970]
>
>
> tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++
> 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)
>
> Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> ===================================================================
> --- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> +++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> @@ -485,6 +485,53 @@ have R ->po X. It wouldn't make sense f
> somehow on a value that doesn't get loaded from shared memory until
> later in the code!
>
> +Here's a trick question: When is a dependency not a dependency? Answer:
> +When it is purely syntactic rather than semantic. We say a dependency
> +between two accesses is purely syntactic if the second access doesn't
> +actually depend on the result of the first. Here is a trivial example:
> +
> + r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
> + WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 * 0);
> +
> +There appears to be a data dependency from the load of x to the store of
> +y, since the value to be stored is computed from the value that was
> +loaded. But in fact, the value stored does not really depend on
> +anything since it will always be 0. Thus the data dependency is only
> +syntactic (it appears to exist in the code) but not semantic (the second
> +access will always be the same, regardless of the value of the first
> +access). Given code like this, a compiler could simply eliminate the
> +load from x, which would certainly destroy any dependency.
> +
> +(It's natural to object that no one in their right mind would write code
> +like the above. However, macro expansions can easily give rise to this
> +sort of thing, in ways that generally are not apparent to the
> +programmer.)
> +
> +Another mechanism that can give rise to purely syntactic dependencies is
> +related to the notion of "undefined behavior". Certain program behaviors
> +are called "undefined" in the C language specification, which means that
> +when they occur there are no guarantees at all about the outcome.
> +Consider the following example:
> +
> + int a[1];
> + int i;
> +
> + r1 = READ_ONCE(i);
> + r2 = READ_ONCE(a[r1]);
> +
> +Access beyond the end or before the beginning of an array is one kind of
> +undefined behavior. Therefore the compiler doesn't have to worry about
> +what will happen if r1 is nonzero, and it can assume that r1 will always
> +be zero without actually loading anything from i. (If the assumption
> +turns out to be wrong, the resulting behavior will be undefined anyway
> +so the compiler doesn't care!) Thus the load from i can be eliminated,
> +breaking the address dependency.
> +
> +The LKMM is unaware that purely syntactic dependencies are different
> +from semantic dependencies and therefore mistakenly predicts that the
> +accesses in the two examples above will be ordered. This is another
> +example of how the compiler can undermine the memory model. Be warned.
> +
>
> THE READS-FROM RELATION: rf, rfi, and rfe
> -----------------------------------------
FWIW,
Reviewed-by: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@gmail.com>
Thanks, Akira
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread* Re: [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain syntactic and semantic dependencies
2022-01-27 21:11 ` [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain " Alan Stern
2022-02-01 1:42 ` Akira Yokosawa
@ 2022-02-01 18:02 ` Paul E. McKenney
2022-02-01 18:53 ` Alan Stern
2022-02-01 19:00 ` [PATCH v2] " Alan Stern
2 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Paul E. McKenney @ 2022-02-01 18:02 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alan Stern
Cc: Paul Heidekrüger, Andrea Parri, Will Deacon, Peter Zijlstra,
Boqun Feng, Nicholas Piggin, David Howells, Jade Alglave,
Luc Maranget, Akira Yokosawa, Daniel Lustig, Joel Fernandes,
Björn Töpel, linux-kernel, linux-arch, Marco Elver,
Charalampos Mainas, Pramod Bhatotia
On Thu, Jan 27, 2022 at 04:11:48PM -0500, Alan Stern wrote:
> Paul Heidekrüger pointed out that the Linux Kernel Memory Model
> documentation doesn't mention the distinction between syntactic and
> semantic dependencies. This is an important difference, because the
> compiler can easily break dependencies that are only syntactic, not
> semantic.
>
> This patch adds a few paragraphs to the LKMM documentation explaining
> these issues and illustrating how they can matter.
>
> Suggested-by: Paul Heidekrüger <paul.heidekrueger@in.tum.de>
> Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
>
> ---
>
>
> [as1970]
>
>
> tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++
> 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)
>
> Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> ===================================================================
> --- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> +++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> @@ -485,6 +485,53 @@ have R ->po X. It wouldn't make sense f
> somehow on a value that doesn't get loaded from shared memory until
> later in the code!
>
> +Here's a trick question: When is a dependency not a dependency? Answer:
> +When it is purely syntactic rather than semantic. We say a dependency
> +between two accesses is purely syntactic if the second access doesn't
> +actually depend on the result of the first. Here is a trivial example:
> +
> + r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
> + WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 * 0);
> +
> +There appears to be a data dependency from the load of x to the store of
> +y, since the value to be stored is computed from the value that was
> +loaded. But in fact, the value stored does not really depend on
> +anything since it will always be 0. Thus the data dependency is only
> +syntactic (it appears to exist in the code) but not semantic (the second
> +access will always be the same, regardless of the value of the first
> +access). Given code like this, a compiler could simply eliminate the
> +load from x, which would certainly destroy any dependency.
Are you OK with that last sentence reading as follows?
Given code like this, a compiler could simply discard the value
return by the load from x, which would certainly destroy any
dependency.
My concern with the original is that it might mislead people into thinking
that compilers can omit volatile loads.
> +
> +(It's natural to object that no one in their right mind would write code
> +like the above. However, macro expansions can easily give rise to this
> +sort of thing, in ways that generally are not apparent to the
> +programmer.)
> +
> +Another mechanism that can give rise to purely syntactic dependencies is
> +related to the notion of "undefined behavior". Certain program behaviors
> +are called "undefined" in the C language specification, which means that
> +when they occur there are no guarantees at all about the outcome.
> +Consider the following example:
> +
> + int a[1];
> + int i;
> +
> + r1 = READ_ONCE(i);
> + r2 = READ_ONCE(a[r1]);
> +
> +Access beyond the end or before the beginning of an array is one kind of
> +undefined behavior. Therefore the compiler doesn't have to worry about
> +what will happen if r1 is nonzero, and it can assume that r1 will always
> +be zero without actually loading anything from i.
And similarly here:
... and it can assume that r1 will always be zero regardless of
the value actually loaded from i.
> + (If the assumption
> +turns out to be wrong, the resulting behavior will be undefined anyway
> +so the compiler doesn't care!) Thus the load from i can be eliminated,
> +breaking the address dependency.
> +
> +The LKMM is unaware that purely syntactic dependencies are different
> +from semantic dependencies and therefore mistakenly predicts that the
> +accesses in the two examples above will be ordered. This is another
> +example of how the compiler can undermine the memory model. Be warned.
> +
>
> THE READS-FROM RELATION: rf, rfi, and rfe
> -----------------------------------------
Looks great otherwise, and thank you all for your work on this!
Alan, would you like me to pull this in making those two changes and
applying Akira's Reviewed-by, or would you prefer to send another version?
For that matter, am I off base in my suggested changes.
Thanx, Paul
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain syntactic and semantic dependencies
2022-02-01 18:02 ` Paul E. McKenney
@ 2022-02-01 18:53 ` Alan Stern
2022-02-01 19:02 ` Paul E. McKenney
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Alan Stern @ 2022-02-01 18:53 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Paul E. McKenney
Cc: Paul Heidekrüger, Andrea Parri, Will Deacon, Peter Zijlstra,
Boqun Feng, Nicholas Piggin, David Howells, Jade Alglave,
Luc Maranget, Akira Yokosawa, Daniel Lustig, Joel Fernandes,
Björn Töpel, linux-kernel, linux-arch, Marco Elver,
Charalampos Mainas, Pramod Bhatotia
On Tue, Feb 01, 2022 at 10:02:39AM -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> On Thu, Jan 27, 2022 at 04:11:48PM -0500, Alan Stern wrote:
> > Paul Heidekrüger pointed out that the Linux Kernel Memory Model
> > documentation doesn't mention the distinction between syntactic and
> > semantic dependencies. This is an important difference, because the
> > compiler can easily break dependencies that are only syntactic, not
> > semantic.
> >
> > This patch adds a few paragraphs to the LKMM documentation explaining
> > these issues and illustrating how they can matter.
> >
> > Suggested-by: Paul Heidekrüger <paul.heidekrueger@in.tum.de>
> > Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
> >
> > ---
> >
> >
> > [as1970]
> >
> >
> > tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++
> > 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)
> >
> > Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> > ===================================================================
> > --- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> > +++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> > @@ -485,6 +485,53 @@ have R ->po X. It wouldn't make sense f
> > somehow on a value that doesn't get loaded from shared memory until
> > later in the code!
> >
> > +Here's a trick question: When is a dependency not a dependency? Answer:
> > +When it is purely syntactic rather than semantic. We say a dependency
> > +between two accesses is purely syntactic if the second access doesn't
> > +actually depend on the result of the first. Here is a trivial example:
> > +
> > + r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
> > + WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 * 0);
> > +
> > +There appears to be a data dependency from the load of x to the store of
> > +y, since the value to be stored is computed from the value that was
> > +loaded. But in fact, the value stored does not really depend on
> > +anything since it will always be 0. Thus the data dependency is only
> > +syntactic (it appears to exist in the code) but not semantic (the second
> > +access will always be the same, regardless of the value of the first
> > +access). Given code like this, a compiler could simply eliminate the
> > +load from x, which would certainly destroy any dependency.
>
> Are you OK with that last sentence reading as follows?
>
> Given code like this, a compiler could simply discard the value
> return by the load from x, which would certainly destroy any
s/return/returned/
> dependency.
>
> My concern with the original is that it might mislead people into thinking
> that compilers can omit volatile loads.
Yes, good point. Should we also tack on something like this?
(The compiler is not permitted to eliminate entirely the load
generated for a READ_ONCE() -- that's one of the nice properties
of READ_ONCE() -- but it is allowed to ignore the load's value.)
> > +
> > +(It's natural to object that no one in their right mind would write code
> > +like the above. However, macro expansions can easily give rise to this
> > +sort of thing, in ways that generally are not apparent to the
> > +programmer.)
> > +
> > +Another mechanism that can give rise to purely syntactic dependencies is
> > +related to the notion of "undefined behavior". Certain program behaviors
> > +are called "undefined" in the C language specification, which means that
> > +when they occur there are no guarantees at all about the outcome.
> > +Consider the following example:
> > +
> > + int a[1];
> > + int i;
> > +
> > + r1 = READ_ONCE(i);
> > + r2 = READ_ONCE(a[r1]);
> > +
> > +Access beyond the end or before the beginning of an array is one kind of
> > +undefined behavior. Therefore the compiler doesn't have to worry about
> > +what will happen if r1 is nonzero, and it can assume that r1 will always
> > +be zero without actually loading anything from i.
>
> And similarly here:
>
> ... and it can assume that r1 will always be zero regardless of
> the value actually loaded from i.
Right.
> > + (If the assumption
> > +turns out to be wrong, the resulting behavior will be undefined anyway
> > +so the compiler doesn't care!) Thus the load from i can be eliminated,
> > +breaking the address dependency.
This also should be changed:
Thus the value from the load can be discarded, breaking the
address dependency.
> > +
> > +The LKMM is unaware that purely syntactic dependencies are different
> > +from semantic dependencies and therefore mistakenly predicts that the
> > +accesses in the two examples above will be ordered. This is another
> > +example of how the compiler can undermine the memory model. Be warned.
> > +
> >
> > THE READS-FROM RELATION: rf, rfi, and rfe
> > -----------------------------------------
>
> Looks great otherwise, and thank you all for your work on this!
>
> Alan, would you like me to pull this in making those two changes and
> applying Akira's Reviewed-by, or would you prefer to send another version?
I'll send a new version.
> For that matter, am I off base in my suggested changes.
Not at all. Thanks.
Alan
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain syntactic and semantic dependencies
2022-02-01 18:53 ` Alan Stern
@ 2022-02-01 19:02 ` Paul E. McKenney
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Paul E. McKenney @ 2022-02-01 19:02 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alan Stern
Cc: Paul Heidekrüger, Andrea Parri, Will Deacon, Peter Zijlstra,
Boqun Feng, Nicholas Piggin, David Howells, Jade Alglave,
Luc Maranget, Akira Yokosawa, Daniel Lustig, Joel Fernandes,
Björn Töpel, linux-kernel, linux-arch, Marco Elver,
Charalampos Mainas, Pramod Bhatotia
On Tue, Feb 01, 2022 at 01:53:14PM -0500, Alan Stern wrote:
> On Tue, Feb 01, 2022 at 10:02:39AM -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > On Thu, Jan 27, 2022 at 04:11:48PM -0500, Alan Stern wrote:
> > > Paul Heidekrüger pointed out that the Linux Kernel Memory Model
> > > documentation doesn't mention the distinction between syntactic and
> > > semantic dependencies. This is an important difference, because the
> > > compiler can easily break dependencies that are only syntactic, not
> > > semantic.
> > >
> > > This patch adds a few paragraphs to the LKMM documentation explaining
> > > these issues and illustrating how they can matter.
> > >
> > > Suggested-by: Paul Heidekrüger <paul.heidekrueger@in.tum.de>
> > > Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
> > >
> > > ---
> > >
> > >
> > > [as1970]
> > >
> > >
> > > tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++
> > > 1 file changed, 47 insertions(+)
> > >
> > > Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> > > ===================================================================
> > > --- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> > > +++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> > > @@ -485,6 +485,53 @@ have R ->po X. It wouldn't make sense f
> > > somehow on a value that doesn't get loaded from shared memory until
> > > later in the code!
> > >
> > > +Here's a trick question: When is a dependency not a dependency? Answer:
> > > +When it is purely syntactic rather than semantic. We say a dependency
> > > +between two accesses is purely syntactic if the second access doesn't
> > > +actually depend on the result of the first. Here is a trivial example:
> > > +
> > > + r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
> > > + WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 * 0);
> > > +
> > > +There appears to be a data dependency from the load of x to the store of
> > > +y, since the value to be stored is computed from the value that was
> > > +loaded. But in fact, the value stored does not really depend on
> > > +anything since it will always be 0. Thus the data dependency is only
> > > +syntactic (it appears to exist in the code) but not semantic (the second
> > > +access will always be the same, regardless of the value of the first
> > > +access). Given code like this, a compiler could simply eliminate the
> > > +load from x, which would certainly destroy any dependency.
> >
> > Are you OK with that last sentence reading as follows?
> >
> > Given code like this, a compiler could simply discard the value
> > return by the load from x, which would certainly destroy any
>
> s/return/returned/
Good eyes!
> > dependency.
> >
> > My concern with the original is that it might mislead people into thinking
> > that compilers can omit volatile loads.
>
> Yes, good point. Should we also tack on something like this?
>
> (The compiler is not permitted to eliminate entirely the load
> generated for a READ_ONCE() -- that's one of the nice properties
> of READ_ONCE() -- but it is allowed to ignore the load's value.)
Please!
> > > +
> > > +(It's natural to object that no one in their right mind would write code
> > > +like the above. However, macro expansions can easily give rise to this
> > > +sort of thing, in ways that generally are not apparent to the
> > > +programmer.)
> > > +
> > > +Another mechanism that can give rise to purely syntactic dependencies is
> > > +related to the notion of "undefined behavior". Certain program behaviors
> > > +are called "undefined" in the C language specification, which means that
> > > +when they occur there are no guarantees at all about the outcome.
> > > +Consider the following example:
> > > +
> > > + int a[1];
> > > + int i;
> > > +
> > > + r1 = READ_ONCE(i);
> > > + r2 = READ_ONCE(a[r1]);
> > > +
> > > +Access beyond the end or before the beginning of an array is one kind of
> > > +undefined behavior. Therefore the compiler doesn't have to worry about
> > > +what will happen if r1 is nonzero, and it can assume that r1 will always
> > > +be zero without actually loading anything from i.
> >
> > And similarly here:
> >
> > ... and it can assume that r1 will always be zero regardless of
> > the value actually loaded from i.
>
> Right.
>
> > > + (If the assumption
> > > +turns out to be wrong, the resulting behavior will be undefined anyway
> > > +so the compiler doesn't care!) Thus the load from i can be eliminated,
> > > +breaking the address dependency.
>
> This also should be changed:
>
> Thus the value from the load can be discarded, breaking the
> address dependency.
Again, good eyes!
> > > +
> > > +The LKMM is unaware that purely syntactic dependencies are different
> > > +from semantic dependencies and therefore mistakenly predicts that the
> > > +accesses in the two examples above will be ordered. This is another
> > > +example of how the compiler can undermine the memory model. Be warned.
> > > +
> > >
> > > THE READS-FROM RELATION: rf, rfi, and rfe
> > > -----------------------------------------
> >
> > Looks great otherwise, and thank you all for your work on this!
> >
> > Alan, would you like me to pull this in making those two changes and
> > applying Akira's Reviewed-by, or would you prefer to send another version?
>
> I'll send a new version.
Very good, looking forward to it!
Thanx, Paul
> > For that matter, am I off base in my suggested changes.
>
> Not at all. Thanks.
>
> Alan
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v2] tools/memory-model: Explain syntactic and semantic dependencies
2022-01-27 21:11 ` [PATCH] tools/memory-model: Explain " Alan Stern
2022-02-01 1:42 ` Akira Yokosawa
2022-02-01 18:02 ` Paul E. McKenney
@ 2022-02-01 19:00 ` Alan Stern
2022-02-01 19:09 ` Paul E. McKenney
2 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Alan Stern @ 2022-02-01 19:00 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Paul E. McKenney
Cc: Paul Heidekrüger, Andrea Parri, Will Deacon, Peter Zijlstra,
Boqun Feng, Nicholas Piggin, David Howells, Jade Alglave,
Luc Maranget, Akira Yokosawa, Daniel Lustig, Joel Fernandes,
Björn Töpel, linux-kernel, linux-arch, Marco Elver,
Charalampos Mainas, Pramod Bhatotia
Paul Heidekrüger pointed out that the Linux Kernel Memory Model
documentation doesn't mention the distinction between syntactic and
semantic dependencies. This is an important difference, because the
compiler can easily break dependencies that are only syntactic, not
semantic.
This patch adds a few paragraphs to the LKMM documentation explaining
these issues and illustrating how they can matter.
Suggested-by: Paul Heidekrüger <paul.heidekrueger@in.tum.de>
Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
---
v2: Incorporate changes suggested by Paul McKenney, along with a few
other minor edits.
[as1970b]
tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 51 insertions(+)
Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
===================================================================
--- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
+++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
@@ -485,6 +485,57 @@ have R ->po X. It wouldn't make sense f
somehow on a value that doesn't get loaded from shared memory until
later in the code!
+Here's a trick question: When is a dependency not a dependency? Answer:
+When it is purely syntactic rather than semantic. We say a dependency
+between two accesses is purely syntactic if the second access doesn't
+actually depend on the result of the first. Here is a trivial example:
+
+ r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
+ WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 * 0);
+
+There appears to be a data dependency from the load of x to the store
+of y, since the value to be stored is computed from the value that was
+loaded. But in fact, the value stored does not really depend on
+anything since it will always be 0. Thus the data dependency is only
+syntactic (it appears to exist in the code) but not semantic (the
+second access will always be the same, regardless of the value of the
+first access). Given code like this, a compiler could simply discard
+the value returned by the load from x, which would certainly destroy
+any dependency. (The compiler is not permitted to eliminate entirely
+the load generated for a READ_ONCE() -- that's one of the nice
+properties of READ_ONCE() -- but it is allowed to ignore the load's
+value.)
+
+It's natural to object that no one in their right mind would write
+code like the above. However, macro expansions can easily give rise
+to this sort of thing, in ways that often are not apparent to the
+programmer.
+
+Another mechanism that can lead to purely syntactic dependencies is
+related to the notion of "undefined behavior". Certain program
+behaviors are called "undefined" in the C language specification,
+which means that when they occur there are no guarantees at all about
+the outcome. Consider the following example:
+
+ int a[1];
+ int i;
+
+ r1 = READ_ONCE(i);
+ r2 = READ_ONCE(a[r1]);
+
+Access beyond the end or before the beginning of an array is one kind
+of undefined behavior. Therefore the compiler doesn't have to worry
+about what will happen if r1 is nonzero, and it can assume that r1
+will always be zero regardless of the value actually loaded from i.
+(If the assumption turns out to be wrong the resulting behavior will
+be undefined anyway, so the compiler doesn't care!) Thus the value
+from the load can be discarded, breaking the address dependency.
+
+The LKMM is unaware that purely syntactic dependencies are different
+from semantic dependencies and therefore mistakenly predicts that the
+accesses in the two examples above will be ordered. This is another
+example of how the compiler can undermine the memory model. Be warned.
+
THE READS-FROM RELATION: rf, rfi, and rfe
-----------------------------------------
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v2] tools/memory-model: Explain syntactic and semantic dependencies
2022-02-01 19:00 ` [PATCH v2] " Alan Stern
@ 2022-02-01 19:09 ` Paul E. McKenney
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Paul E. McKenney @ 2022-02-01 19:09 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Alan Stern
Cc: Paul Heidekrüger, Andrea Parri, Will Deacon, Peter Zijlstra,
Boqun Feng, Nicholas Piggin, David Howells, Jade Alglave,
Luc Maranget, Akira Yokosawa, Daniel Lustig, Joel Fernandes,
Björn Töpel, linux-kernel, linux-arch, Marco Elver,
Charalampos Mainas, Pramod Bhatotia
On Tue, Feb 01, 2022 at 02:00:08PM -0500, Alan Stern wrote:
> Paul Heidekrüger pointed out that the Linux Kernel Memory Model
> documentation doesn't mention the distinction between syntactic and
> semantic dependencies. This is an important difference, because the
> compiler can easily break dependencies that are only syntactic, not
> semantic.
>
> This patch adds a few paragraphs to the LKMM documentation explaining
> these issues and illustrating how they can matter.
>
> Suggested-by: Paul Heidekrüger <paul.heidekrueger@in.tum.de>
> Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Very good, queued and pushed with Akira's Reviewed-by.
Thank you all!
Thanx, Paul
> ---
>
> v2: Incorporate changes suggested by Paul McKenney, along with a few
> other minor edits.
>
>
> [as1970b]
>
>
> tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt | 51 +++++++++++++++++++++++
> 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+)
>
> Index: usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> ===================================================================
> --- usb-devel.orig/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> +++ usb-devel/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
> @@ -485,6 +485,57 @@ have R ->po X. It wouldn't make sense f
> somehow on a value that doesn't get loaded from shared memory until
> later in the code!
>
> +Here's a trick question: When is a dependency not a dependency? Answer:
> +When it is purely syntactic rather than semantic. We say a dependency
> +between two accesses is purely syntactic if the second access doesn't
> +actually depend on the result of the first. Here is a trivial example:
> +
> + r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
> + WRITE_ONCE(y, r1 * 0);
> +
> +There appears to be a data dependency from the load of x to the store
> +of y, since the value to be stored is computed from the value that was
> +loaded. But in fact, the value stored does not really depend on
> +anything since it will always be 0. Thus the data dependency is only
> +syntactic (it appears to exist in the code) but not semantic (the
> +second access will always be the same, regardless of the value of the
> +first access). Given code like this, a compiler could simply discard
> +the value returned by the load from x, which would certainly destroy
> +any dependency. (The compiler is not permitted to eliminate entirely
> +the load generated for a READ_ONCE() -- that's one of the nice
> +properties of READ_ONCE() -- but it is allowed to ignore the load's
> +value.)
> +
> +It's natural to object that no one in their right mind would write
> +code like the above. However, macro expansions can easily give rise
> +to this sort of thing, in ways that often are not apparent to the
> +programmer.
> +
> +Another mechanism that can lead to purely syntactic dependencies is
> +related to the notion of "undefined behavior". Certain program
> +behaviors are called "undefined" in the C language specification,
> +which means that when they occur there are no guarantees at all about
> +the outcome. Consider the following example:
> +
> + int a[1];
> + int i;
> +
> + r1 = READ_ONCE(i);
> + r2 = READ_ONCE(a[r1]);
> +
> +Access beyond the end or before the beginning of an array is one kind
> +of undefined behavior. Therefore the compiler doesn't have to worry
> +about what will happen if r1 is nonzero, and it can assume that r1
> +will always be zero regardless of the value actually loaded from i.
> +(If the assumption turns out to be wrong the resulting behavior will
> +be undefined anyway, so the compiler doesn't care!) Thus the value
> +from the load can be discarded, breaking the address dependency.
> +
> +The LKMM is unaware that purely syntactic dependencies are different
> +from semantic dependencies and therefore mistakenly predicts that the
> +accesses in the two examples above will be ordered. This is another
> +example of how the compiler can undermine the memory model. Be warned.
> +
>
> THE READS-FROM RELATION: rf, rfi, and rfe
> -----------------------------------------
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