* [PATCH 1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment
2022-04-29 13:13 [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2022-04-29 13:13 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2022-05-04 18:59 ` Catalin Marinas
2022-04-29 13:13 ` [PATCH 2/2] arm64: mm: avoid writable executable mappings in kexec/hibernate code Ard Biesheuvel
` (2 subsequent siblings)
3 siblings, 1 reply; 7+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2022-04-29 13:13 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-arm-kernel; +Cc: catalin.marinas, will, maz, mark.rutland, Ard Biesheuvel
There are a few code sections that are emitted into the kernel's
executable .text segment simply because they contain code, but are
actually never executed via this mapping, so they can happily live in a
region that gets mapped without executable permissions, reducing the
risk of being gadgetized.
Note that the kexec and hibernate region contents are always copied into
a fresh page, and so there is no need to align them as long as the
overall size of each is below 4 KiB.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
---
The EL1 and HYP ID maps could receive a similar treatment, but this
requires slightly more work, which I will cover in my boot mapping
cleanup series.
The HYP text section contains branches covered by jump labels, and
moving it out of [_stext.._etext] makes the core jump label code very
unhappy so moving that one out is left for a future effort.
arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S | 20 +++++++++++---------
1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
index edaf0faf766f..cf594c6a7b84 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ jiffies = jiffies_64;
#ifdef CONFIG_HIBERNATION
#define HIBERNATE_TEXT \
- . = ALIGN(SZ_4K); \
__hibernate_exit_text_start = .; \
*(.hibernate_exit.text) \
__hibernate_exit_text_end = .;
@@ -103,7 +102,6 @@ jiffies = jiffies_64;
#ifdef CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE
#define KEXEC_TEXT \
- . = ALIGN(SZ_4K); \
__relocate_new_kernel_start = .; \
*(.kexec_relocate.text) \
__relocate_new_kernel_end = .;
@@ -170,9 +168,6 @@ SECTIONS
KPROBES_TEXT
HYPERVISOR_TEXT
IDMAP_TEXT
- HIBERNATE_TEXT
- KEXEC_TEXT
- TRAMP_TEXT
*(.gnu.warning)
. = ALIGN(16);
*(.got) /* Global offset table */
@@ -194,6 +189,13 @@ SECTIONS
HYPERVISOR_DATA_SECTIONS
+ /* code sections that are never executed via the kernel mapping */
+ .rodata.text : {
+ TRAMP_TEXT
+ HIBERNATE_TEXT
+ KEXEC_TEXT
+ }
+
idmap_pg_dir = .;
. += IDMAP_DIR_SIZE;
idmap_pg_end = .;
@@ -337,8 +339,8 @@ ASSERT(__hyp_idmap_text_end - __hyp_idmap_text_start <= PAGE_SIZE,
ASSERT(__idmap_text_end - (__idmap_text_start & ~(SZ_4K - 1)) <= SZ_4K,
"ID map text too big or misaligned")
#ifdef CONFIG_HIBERNATION
-ASSERT(__hibernate_exit_text_end - (__hibernate_exit_text_start & ~(SZ_4K - 1))
- <= SZ_4K, "Hibernate exit text too big or misaligned")
+ASSERT(__hibernate_exit_text_end - __hibernate_exit_text_start <= SZ_4K,
+ "Hibernate exit text is bigger than 4 KiB")
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UNMAP_KERNEL_AT_EL0
ASSERT((__entry_tramp_text_end - __entry_tramp_text_start) <= 3*PAGE_SIZE,
@@ -362,7 +364,7 @@ ASSERT(swapper_pg_dir - tramp_pg_dir == TRAMP_SWAPPER_OFFSET,
#ifdef CONFIG_KEXEC_CORE
/* kexec relocation code should fit into one KEXEC_CONTROL_PAGE_SIZE */
-ASSERT(__relocate_new_kernel_end - (__relocate_new_kernel_start & ~(SZ_4K - 1))
- <= SZ_4K, "kexec relocation code is too big or misaligned")
+ASSERT(__relocate_new_kernel_end - __relocate_new_kernel_start <= SZ_4K,
+ "kexec relocation code is bigger than 4 KiB")
ASSERT(KEXEC_CONTROL_PAGE_SIZE >= SZ_4K, "KEXEC_CONTROL_PAGE_SIZE is broken")
#endif
--
2.30.2
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^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* Re: [PATCH 1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment
2022-04-29 13:13 ` [PATCH 1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2022-05-04 18:59 ` Catalin Marinas
2022-05-05 7:10 ` Ard Biesheuvel
0 siblings, 1 reply; 7+ messages in thread
From: Catalin Marinas @ 2022-05-04 18:59 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, will, maz, mark.rutland
On Fri, Apr 29, 2022 at 03:13:46PM +0200, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> There are a few code sections that are emitted into the kernel's
> executable .text segment simply because they contain code, but are
> actually never executed via this mapping, so they can happily live in a
> region that gets mapped without executable permissions, reducing the
> risk of being gadgetized.
>
> Note that the kexec and hibernate region contents are always copied into
> a fresh page, and so there is no need to align them as long as the
> overall size of each is below 4 KiB.
>
> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
This patch doesn't get very far. Under qemu, defconfig:
EFI stub: Booting Linux Kernel...
EFI stub: Generating empty DTB
EFI stub: Exiting boot services...
[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x000f0510]
[ 0.000000] Linux version 5.18.0-rc3-00008-gfd536ceae063 (cmarinas@gaia) (aarch64-linux-gcc (GCC) 11.1.0, ...)
[ 0.000000] earlycon: pl11 at MMIO 0x0000000009000000 (options '')
[ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [pl11] enabled
[ 0.000000] efi: EFI v2.70 by EDK II
[ 0.000000] efi: SMBIOS 3.0=0xbbed0000 MEMATTR=0xba919018 ACPI 2.0=0xb61a0018 RNG=0xbbfdbd18 MEMRESERVE=0xb6235f18
[ 0.000000] efi: seeding entropy pool
[ 0.000000] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffbfffda351b4
[ 0.000000] Mem abort info:
[ 0.000000] ESR = 0x96000007
[ 0.000000] EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
[ 0.000000] SET = 0, FnV = 0
[ 0.000000] EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
[ 0.000000] FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
[ 0.000000] Data abort info:
[ 0.000000] ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
[ 0.000000] CM = 0, WnR = 0
[ 0.000000] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000bf11d000
[ 0.000000] [fffffbfffda351b4] pgd=00000000bf09c003, p4d=00000000bf09c003
[ 0.000000] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff00007f09cff8
[ 0.000000] Mem abort info:
[ 0.000000] ESR = 0x96000004
[ 0.000000] EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
[ 0.000000] SET = 0, FnV = 0
[ 0.000000] EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
[ 0.000000] FSC = 0x04: level 0 translation fault
[ 0.000000] Data abort info:
[ 0.000000] ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000004
[ 0.000000] CM = 0, WnR = 0
[ 0.000000] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000bf11d000
[ 0.000000] [ffff00007f09cff8] pgd=0000000000000000, p4d=0000000000000000
[ 0.000000] Internal error: Oops: 96000004 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
[ 0.000000] Modules linked in:
[ 0.000000] CPU: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper Not tainted 5.18.0-rc3-00008-gfd536ceae063 #4
[ 0.000000] pstate: 620000c5 (nZCv daIF -PAN -UAO +TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
[ 0.000000] pc : die_kernel_fault+0x2dc/0x394
[ 0.000000] lr : die_kernel_fault+0x2ac/0x394
[ 0.000000] sp : ffffb594f7963ab0
[ 0.000000] x29: ffffb594f7963ab0 x28: ffffb594f7973340 x27: ffffb594f5a20000
[ 0.000000] x26: ffffb594f72c0000 x25: ffffb594f7214000 x24: ffffb594f7d1d000
[ 0.000000] x23: 0000000000000ff8 x22: ffffb594f7963bc0 x21: ffff00007f09c000
[ 0.000000] x20: 0000000096000007 x19: fffffbfffda351b4 x18: ffffffffffffffff
[ 0.000000] x17: 6266666666662073 x16: 736572646461206c x15: ffffb594f7caeb38
[ 0.000000] x14: 0000000000000010 x13: ffffb594f79824a0 x12: 0000000000000036
[ 0.000000] x11: 0000000000000012 x10: ffffb594f79da650 x9 : ffffb594f79824a0
[ 0.000000] x8 : 00000000ffffefff x7 : ffffb594f79da4a0 x6 : 00000000000001b0
[ 0.000000] x5 : 000000000000bff4 x4 : 00000000fffff012 x3 : 0000000000000000
[ 0.000000] x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : 0000000040000000 x0 : ffffb594f7083618
[ 0.000000] Call trace:
[ 0.000000] die_kernel_fault+0x2dc/0x394
[ 0.000000] __do_kernel_fault+0xfc/0x180
[ 0.000000] do_translation_fault+0x58/0xc0
[ 0.000000] do_mem_abort+0x44/0x94
[ 0.000000] el1_abort+0x40/0x6c
[ 0.000000] el1h_64_sync_handler+0xa4/0xd0
[ 0.000000] el1h_64_sync+0x64/0x68
[ 0.000000] paging_init+0x1e4/0x550
[ 0.000000] setup_arch+0x274/0x608
[ 0.000000] start_kernel+0x84/0x668
[ 0.000000] __primary_switched+0xc0/0xc8
[ 0.000000] Code: d0003580 91186000 cb0102b5 b2503eb5 (f8776ab8)
[ 0.000000] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
[ 0.000000] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill the idle task!
[ 0.000000] ---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill the idle task! ]---
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^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH 1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment
2022-05-04 18:59 ` Catalin Marinas
@ 2022-05-05 7:10 ` Ard Biesheuvel
0 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2022-05-05 7:10 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Catalin Marinas; +Cc: Linux ARM, Will Deacon, Marc Zyngier, Mark Rutland
On Wed, 4 May 2022 at 20:59, Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> wrote:
>
> On Fri, Apr 29, 2022 at 03:13:46PM +0200, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> > There are a few code sections that are emitted into the kernel's
> > executable .text segment simply because they contain code, but are
> > actually never executed via this mapping, so they can happily live in a
> > region that gets mapped without executable permissions, reducing the
> > risk of being gadgetized.
> >
> > Note that the kexec and hibernate region contents are always copied into
> > a fresh page, and so there is no need to align them as long as the
> > overall size of each is below 4 KiB.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
>
> This patch doesn't get very far. Under qemu, defconfig:
>
Apologies, this is a local rebase error on my part. The .rodata.text
section needs the below added or the following sections will appear
misaligned in memory.
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
index c33467c6a969..4cea87393c68 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
@@ -212,6 +212,7 @@ SECTIONS
TRAMP_TEXT
HIBERNATE_TEXT
KEXEC_TEXT
+ . = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);
}
idmap_pg_dir = .;
> EFI stub: Booting Linux Kernel...
> EFI stub: Generating empty DTB
> EFI stub: Exiting boot services...
> [ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x000f0510]
> [ 0.000000] Linux version 5.18.0-rc3-00008-gfd536ceae063 (cmarinas@gaia) (aarch64-linux-gcc (GCC) 11.1.0, ...)
> [ 0.000000] earlycon: pl11 at MMIO 0x0000000009000000 (options '')
> [ 0.000000] printk: bootconsole [pl11] enabled
> [ 0.000000] efi: EFI v2.70 by EDK II
> [ 0.000000] efi: SMBIOS 3.0=0xbbed0000 MEMATTR=0xba919018 ACPI 2.0=0xb61a0018 RNG=0xbbfdbd18 MEMRESERVE=0xb6235f18
> [ 0.000000] efi: seeding entropy pool
> [ 0.000000] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffbfffda351b4
> [ 0.000000] Mem abort info:
> [ 0.000000] ESR = 0x96000007
> [ 0.000000] EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
> [ 0.000000] SET = 0, FnV = 0
> [ 0.000000] EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
> [ 0.000000] FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
> [ 0.000000] Data abort info:
> [ 0.000000] ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
> [ 0.000000] CM = 0, WnR = 0
> [ 0.000000] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000bf11d000
> [ 0.000000] [fffffbfffda351b4] pgd=00000000bf09c003, p4d=00000000bf09c003
> [ 0.000000] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address ffff00007f09cff8
> [ 0.000000] Mem abort info:
> [ 0.000000] ESR = 0x96000004
> [ 0.000000] EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
> [ 0.000000] SET = 0, FnV = 0
> [ 0.000000] EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
> [ 0.000000] FSC = 0x04: level 0 translation fault
> [ 0.000000] Data abort info:
> [ 0.000000] ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000004
> [ 0.000000] CM = 0, WnR = 0
> [ 0.000000] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000bf11d000
> [ 0.000000] [ffff00007f09cff8] pgd=0000000000000000, p4d=0000000000000000
> [ 0.000000] Internal error: Oops: 96000004 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
> [ 0.000000] Modules linked in:
> [ 0.000000] CPU: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper Not tainted 5.18.0-rc3-00008-gfd536ceae063 #4
> [ 0.000000] pstate: 620000c5 (nZCv daIF -PAN -UAO +TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
> [ 0.000000] pc : die_kernel_fault+0x2dc/0x394
> [ 0.000000] lr : die_kernel_fault+0x2ac/0x394
> [ 0.000000] sp : ffffb594f7963ab0
> [ 0.000000] x29: ffffb594f7963ab0 x28: ffffb594f7973340 x27: ffffb594f5a20000
> [ 0.000000] x26: ffffb594f72c0000 x25: ffffb594f7214000 x24: ffffb594f7d1d000
> [ 0.000000] x23: 0000000000000ff8 x22: ffffb594f7963bc0 x21: ffff00007f09c000
> [ 0.000000] x20: 0000000096000007 x19: fffffbfffda351b4 x18: ffffffffffffffff
> [ 0.000000] x17: 6266666666662073 x16: 736572646461206c x15: ffffb594f7caeb38
> [ 0.000000] x14: 0000000000000010 x13: ffffb594f79824a0 x12: 0000000000000036
> [ 0.000000] x11: 0000000000000012 x10: ffffb594f79da650 x9 : ffffb594f79824a0
> [ 0.000000] x8 : 00000000ffffefff x7 : ffffb594f79da4a0 x6 : 00000000000001b0
> [ 0.000000] x5 : 000000000000bff4 x4 : 00000000fffff012 x3 : 0000000000000000
> [ 0.000000] x2 : 0000000000000000 x1 : 0000000040000000 x0 : ffffb594f7083618
> [ 0.000000] Call trace:
> [ 0.000000] die_kernel_fault+0x2dc/0x394
> [ 0.000000] __do_kernel_fault+0xfc/0x180
> [ 0.000000] do_translation_fault+0x58/0xc0
> [ 0.000000] do_mem_abort+0x44/0x94
> [ 0.000000] el1_abort+0x40/0x6c
> [ 0.000000] el1h_64_sync_handler+0xa4/0xd0
> [ 0.000000] el1h_64_sync+0x64/0x68
> [ 0.000000] paging_init+0x1e4/0x550
> [ 0.000000] setup_arch+0x274/0x608
> [ 0.000000] start_kernel+0x84/0x668
> [ 0.000000] __primary_switched+0xc0/0xc8
> [ 0.000000] Code: d0003580 91186000 cb0102b5 b2503eb5 (f8776ab8)
> [ 0.000000] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
> [ 0.000000] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill the idle task!
> [ 0.000000] ---[ end Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill the idle task! ]---
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^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread
* [PATCH 2/2] arm64: mm: avoid writable executable mappings in kexec/hibernate code
2022-04-29 13:13 [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks Ard Biesheuvel
2022-04-29 13:13 ` [PATCH 1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2022-04-29 13:13 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2022-05-04 11:52 ` [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks Mark Rutland
2022-05-17 8:38 ` Catalin Marinas
3 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2022-04-29 13:13 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-arm-kernel; +Cc: catalin.marinas, will, maz, mark.rutland, Ard Biesheuvel
The temporary mappings of the low-level kexec and hibernate helpers are
created with both writable and executable attributes, which is not
necessary here, and generally best avoided. So use read-only, executable
attributes instead.
Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
---
arch/arm64/mm/trans_pgd.c | 2 +-
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/trans_pgd.c b/arch/arm64/mm/trans_pgd.c
index d7da8ca40d2e..4ea2eefbc053 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/mm/trans_pgd.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/mm/trans_pgd.c
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ int trans_pgd_idmap_page(struct trans_pgd_info *info, phys_addr_t *trans_ttbr0,
int this_level, index, level_lsb, level_msb;
dst_addr &= PAGE_MASK;
- prev_level_entry = pte_val(pfn_pte(pfn, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC));
+ prev_level_entry = pte_val(pfn_pte(pfn, PAGE_KERNEL_ROX));
for (this_level = 3; this_level >= 0; this_level--) {
levels[this_level] = trans_alloc(info);
--
2.30.2
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^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread* Re: [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks
2022-04-29 13:13 [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks Ard Biesheuvel
2022-04-29 13:13 ` [PATCH 1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment Ard Biesheuvel
2022-04-29 13:13 ` [PATCH 2/2] arm64: mm: avoid writable executable mappings in kexec/hibernate code Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2022-05-04 11:52 ` Mark Rutland
2022-05-17 8:38 ` Catalin Marinas
3 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Mark Rutland @ 2022-05-04 11:52 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, catalin.marinas, will, maz
On Fri, Apr 29, 2022 at 03:13:45PM +0200, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> A couple of tweaks to the way we handle the kexec and hibernate helper
> code, so that it no longer gets mapped with attributes it doesn't need.
>
> Ard Biesheuvel (2):
> arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment
> arm64: mm: avoid writable executable mappings in kexec/hibernate code
>
> arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S | 20 +++++++++++---------
> arch/arm64/mm/trans_pgd.c | 2 +-
> 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
These both look reasonable to me, so FWIW:
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Mark.
>
> --
> 2.30.2
>
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^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks
2022-04-29 13:13 [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks Ard Biesheuvel
` (2 preceding siblings ...)
2022-05-04 11:52 ` [PATCH 0/2] arm64: pair of minor hardening tweaks Mark Rutland
@ 2022-05-17 8:38 ` Catalin Marinas
3 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Catalin Marinas @ 2022-05-17 8:38 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-arm-kernel, Ard Biesheuvel; +Cc: Will Deacon, mark.rutland, maz
On Fri, 29 Apr 2022 15:13:45 +0200, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> A couple of tweaks to the way we handle the kexec and hibernate helper
> code, so that it no longer gets mapped with attributes it doesn't need.
>
> Ard Biesheuvel (2):
> arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment
> arm64: mm: avoid writable executable mappings in kexec/hibernate code
>
> [...]
Applied to arm64 (for-next/misc), thanks!
I modified the first patch for the rodata alignment, it now boots fine.
[1/2] arm64: lds: move special code sections out of kernel exec segment
https://git.kernel.org/arm64/c/6ee3cf6a209f
[2/2] arm64: mm: avoid writable executable mappings in kexec/hibernate code
https://git.kernel.org/arm64/c/01142791b0d1
--
Catalin
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^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread