[PATCH v3 0/7] futex: Use runtime constants for futex_hash computation

[PATCH v3 0/7] futex: Use runtime constants for futex_hash computation

[K Prateek Nayak]

tl;dr

This series introduces runtime_const_mask_32() and uses runtime
constants for __ro_after_init data in futex_hash() hot path. More
information can be found on v2 [1].

Comments that have *not* been addressed in this version
=======================================================

Samuel had an observation on v2 that __futex_mask is always of the form

    ((1 << bits) - 1) /* Only lower bits set; bits > 1. */

and ARM64 and RISC-V can use a single ubfx (ARM64), or slli+srli pattern
(RISC-V) for the mask operation respectively but this had the main
limitation of runtime_const_mask_32() only working with masks of such
form and others would fail runtime_const_init() at boot.

RISC-V does generated a "addi + slli" pattern with CONFIG_BASE_SMALL=y
where the futex_hash_mask can be computed at compile time.

The old scheme is retained for now since it is equivalent to the
generated asm for !CONFIG_BASE_SMALL and can handle any arbitrary masks
allowing for all future use cases.

If there is enough interest, please let me know, and I can look into
further optimization to runtime_const_mask_32() based on the current use
case for __futex_hash.

Testing
=======

Apart from x86, which was build and boot tested on baremetal, all the
other architectures have been build and boot tested with cross-compile +
QEMU with some light sanity testing on each.

Patches are based on:

  git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git master

at commit 1086b33a3f64 ("Merge branch into tip/master: 'x86/vdso'")
(2026-04-02)

Everyone has been Cc'd on the cover-letter and the futex bits for the
context. Respective arch maintainers, reviewers, and whoever got lucky
with get_maintainer.pl have been Cc'd on their respective arch specific
changes. Futex maintainers and the lists will be receiving the whole
series (sorry in advance!)

---
changelog rfc v2..v3:

o Collected Ack from Heiko for s390 bits after folding in their
  suggested changes (Thanks a ton!)

o Reordered Patch 2 and Patch 3 to allow for runtime_const_init() at
  late_initcall() first before introducing runtime_const_mask_32() on
  ARM64. (David)

o Moved the "&" operation outside the inline asm block on ARM64 and
  RISC-V which allows the compiler to optimize it further if possible.
  (David)

o Dropped the RFC tag.

v2: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20260316052401.18910-1-kprateek.nayak@amd.com/ [1]

changelog rfc v1..rfc v2:

o Use runtime constants to avoid the dereference overheads for
  dynamically allocated futex_queues.

o arch/ side plumbings for runtime_const_mask_32()

v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260128101358.20954-1-kprateek.nayak@amd.com/
---
K Prateek Nayak (4):
  arm64/runtime-const: Use aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() for patching
  arm64/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()
  riscv/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()
  s390/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

Peter Zijlstra (3):
  x86/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()
  asm-generic/runtime-const: Add dummy runtime_const_mask_32()
  futex: Use runtime constants for __futex_hash() hot path

 arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 32 ++++++++++++++------
 arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 22 ++++++++++++++
 arch/s390/include/asm/runtime-const.h  | 22 +++++++++++++-
 arch/x86/include/asm/runtime-const.h   | 14 +++++++++
 include/asm-generic/runtime-const.h    |  1 +
 include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h      |  5 ++-
 kernel/futex/core.c                    | 42 ++++++++++++++------------
 7 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)


base-commit: 1086b33a3f644c3bc37abefd699defc45accced1
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 1/7] x86/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

[K Prateek Nayak]

From: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>

Futex hash computation requires a mask operation with read-only after
init data that will be converted to a runtime constant in the subsequent
commit.

Introduce runtime_const_mask_32 to further optimize the mask operation
in the futex hash computation hot path.

  [ prateek: Broke off the x86 chunk, commit message. ]

Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260227161841.GH606826@noisy.programming.kicks-ass.net
Not-yet-signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o No changes.
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/runtime-const.h
index 4cd94fdcb45e..b13f7036c1c9 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/runtime-const.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/runtime-const.h
@@ -41,6 +41,15 @@
 		:"+r" (__ret));					\
 	__ret; })
 
+#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym) ({			\
+	typeof(0u+(val)) __ret = (val);				\
+	asm_inline("and $0x12345678, %k0\n1:\n"				\
+		   ".pushsection runtime_mask_" #sym ",\"a\"\n\t"\
+		   ".long 1b - 4 - .\n"				\
+		   ".popsection"				\
+		   : "+r" (__ret));				\
+	__ret; })
+
 #define runtime_const_init(type, sym) do {		\
 	extern s32 __start_runtime_##type##_##sym[];	\
 	extern s32 __stop_runtime_##type##_##sym[];	\
@@ -65,6 +74,11 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_shift(void *where, unsigned long val)
 	*(unsigned char *)where = val;
 }
 
+static inline void __runtime_fixup_mask(void *where, unsigned long val)
+{
+	*(unsigned int *)where = val;
+}
+
 static inline void runtime_const_fixup(void (*fn)(void *, unsigned long),
 	unsigned long val, s32 *start, s32 *end)
 {
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 2/7] arm64/runtime-const: Use aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() for patching

[K Prateek Nayak]

The current scheme to directly patch the kernel text for runtime
constants runs into the following issue with futex adapted to using
runtime constants on arm64:

  Unable to handle kernel write to read-only memory at virtual address ...

The pc points to the *p assignment in the following call chain:

  futex_init()
    runtime_const_init(shift, __futex_shift)
      __runtime_fixup_shift()
        *p = cpu_to_le32(insn);

which suggests that core_initcall() is too late to patch the kernel text
directly unlike the "d_hash_shift" which is initialized during
vfs_caches_init_early() before the protections are in place.

Use aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() to patch the runtime constants
instead of doing it directly to allow runtime_const_init() slightly
later into the boot.

Since aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() calls caches_clean_inval_pou()
internally, __runtime_fixup_caches() ends up being redundant.
runtime_const_init() are rare and the overheads of multiple calls to
caches_clean_inval_pou() instead of batching them together should be
negligible in practice.

The cpu_to_le32() conversion of instruction isn't necessary since it is
handled later in the aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() call-chain:

  aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync(addr, insn)
    aarch64_insn_write(addr, insn)
      __aarch64_insn_write(addr, cpu_to_le32(insn))

Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o Reordered this to come before the introduction of
  runtime_const_mask_32(). (David)

o Trimmed down the commit message to be more precise.
---
 arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 13 +++----------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
index c3dbd3ae68f6..a3106f80912b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
+#include <asm/text-patching.h>
 
 /* Sigh. You can still run arm64 in BE mode */
 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
@@ -50,13 +51,7 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_16(__le32 *p, unsigned int val)
 	u32 insn = le32_to_cpu(*p);
 	insn &= 0xffe0001f;
 	insn |= (val & 0xffff) << 5;
-	*p = cpu_to_le32(insn);
-}
-
-static inline void __runtime_fixup_caches(void *where, unsigned int insns)
-{
-	unsigned long va = (unsigned long)where;
-	caches_clean_inval_pou(va, va + 4*insns);
+	aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync(p, insn);
 }
 
 static inline void __runtime_fixup_ptr(void *where, unsigned long val)
@@ -66,7 +61,6 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_ptr(void *where, unsigned long val)
 	__runtime_fixup_16(p+1, val >> 16);
 	__runtime_fixup_16(p+2, val >> 32);
 	__runtime_fixup_16(p+3, val >> 48);
-	__runtime_fixup_caches(where, 4);
 }
 
 /* Immediate value is 6 bits starting at bit #16 */
@@ -76,8 +70,7 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_shift(void *where, unsigned long val)
 	u32 insn = le32_to_cpu(*p);
 	insn &= 0xffc0ffff;
 	insn |= (val & 63) << 16;
-	*p = cpu_to_le32(insn);
-	__runtime_fixup_caches(where, 1);
+	aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync(p, insn);
 }
 
 static inline void runtime_const_fixup(void (*fn)(void *, unsigned long),
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 3/7] arm64/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

[K Prateek Nayak]

Futex hash computation requires a mask operation with read-only after
init data that will be converted to a runtime constant in the subsequent
commit.

Introduce runtime_const_mask_32 to further optimize the mask operation
in the futex hash computation hot path. GCC generates a:

  movz  w1, #lo16, lsl #0     // w1 = bits [15:0]
  movk  w1, #hi16, lsl #16    // w1 = full 32-bit value
  and   w0, w0, w1	      // w0 = w0 & w1

pattern to tackle arbitrary 32-bit masks and the same was also suggested
by Claude which is implemented here. The (__mask & value) operation is
intentiaonally placed outside of asm block to allow compilers to further
optimize it if possible.

__runtime_fixup_ptr() already patches a "movz, + movk lsl #16" sequence
which has been reused to patch the same sequence for
__runtime_fixup_mask().

Assisted-by: Claude:claude-sonnet-4-5
Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o Reordered this to come after the text patching fixes for ARM64.
  (David)

o Moved the "&" operation outside the inline asm block to allow for
  compilers to further optimize it if possible. (David)
---
 arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
index a3106f80912b..21f817eb5951 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
@@ -36,6 +36,17 @@
 		:"r" (0u+(val)));				\
 	__ret; })
 
+#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym) ({			\
+	unsigned long __mask;					\
+	asm_inline("1:\t"					\
+		"movz %w0, #0xcdef\n\t"				\
+		"movk %w0, #0x89ab, lsl #16\n\t"		\
+		".pushsection runtime_mask_" #sym ",\"a\"\n\t"	\
+		".long 1b - .\n\t"				\
+		".popsection"					\
+		:"=r" (__mask));				\
+	(__mask & val); })
+
 #define runtime_const_init(type, sym) do {		\
 	extern s32 __start_runtime_##type##_##sym[];	\
 	extern s32 __stop_runtime_##type##_##sym[];	\
@@ -73,6 +84,14 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_shift(void *where, unsigned long val)
 	aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync(p, insn);
 }
 
+/* Immediate value is 6 bits starting at bit #16 */
+static inline void __runtime_fixup_mask(void *where, unsigned long val)
+{
+	__le32 *p = lm_alias(where);
+	__runtime_fixup_16(p, val);
+	__runtime_fixup_16(p+1, val >> 16);
+}
+
 static inline void runtime_const_fixup(void (*fn)(void *, unsigned long),
 	unsigned long val, s32 *start, s32 *end)
 {
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 4/7] riscv/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

[K Prateek Nayak]

Futex hash computation requires a mask operation with read-only after
init data that will be converted to a runtime constant in the subsequent
commit.

Introduce runtime_const_mask_32 to further optimize the mask operation
in the futex hash computation hot path. GCC generates a:

  lui   a0, 0x12346       # upper; +0x800 then >>12 for correct rounding
  addi  a0, a0, 0x678     # lower 12 bits
  and   a1, a1, a0        # a1 = a1 & a0

pattern to tackle arbitrary 32-bit masks and the same was also suggested
by Claude which is implemented here. The (__mask & val) operation is
intentionally placed outside of asm block to allow compilers to further
optimize it if possible.

__runtime_fixup_ptr() already patches a "lui + addi" sequence which has
been reused to patch the same sequence for __runtime_fixup_mask().

Assisted-by: Claude:claude-sonnet-4-5
Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o Moved the "&" operation outside the inline asm block to allow for
  compilers to further optimize it if possible. (Based on David's
  comment on ARM64 bits).
---
 arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
index d766e2b9e6df..85efba8ecf12 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
+++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
@@ -153,6 +153,22 @@
 	__ret;							\
 })
 
+#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym)				\
+({								\
+	u32 __mask;						\
+	asm_inline(".option push\n\t"				\
+		".option norvc\n\t"				\
+		"1:\t"						\
+		"lui	%[__mask],0x89abd\n\t"			\
+		"addi	%[__mask],%[__mask],-0x211\n\t"		\
+		".option pop\n\t"				\
+		".pushsection runtime_mask_" #sym ",\"a\"\n\t"	\
+		".long 1b - .\n\t"				\
+		".popsection"					\
+		: [__mask] "=r" (__mask));			\
+	(__mask & val);						\
+})
+
 #define runtime_const_init(type, sym) do {			\
 	extern s32 __start_runtime_##type##_##sym[];		\
 	extern s32 __stop_runtime_##type##_##sym[];		\
@@ -256,6 +272,12 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_shift(void *where, unsigned long val)
 	mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
 }
 
+static inline void __runtime_fixup_mask(void *where, unsigned long val)
+{
+	__runtime_fixup_32(where, where + 4, val);
+	__runtime_fixup_caches(where, 2);
+}
+
 static inline void runtime_const_fixup(void (*fn)(void *, unsigned long),
 				       unsigned long val, s32 *start, s32 *end)
 {
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 5/7] s390/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

[K Prateek Nayak]

Futex hash computation requires a mask operation with read-only after
init data that will be converted to a runtime constant in the subsequent
commit.

Introduce runtime_const_mask_32 to further optimize the mask operation
in the futex hash computation hot path.

GCC generates a:

  nilf %r1,<imm32>

to tackle arbitrary 32-bit masks and the same is implemented here.
Immediate patching pattern for __runtime_fixup_mask() has been adopted
from __runtime_fixup_ptr().

Acked-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o Collected Ack from Heiko after folding in the suggested diff. (Thanks
  a ton!)
---
 arch/s390/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/arch/s390/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/s390/include/asm/runtime-const.h
index 17878b1d048c..7b71156031ec 100644
--- a/arch/s390/include/asm/runtime-const.h
+++ b/arch/s390/include/asm/runtime-const.h
@@ -33,6 +33,20 @@
 	__ret;							\
 })
 
+#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym)				\
+({								\
+	unsigned int __ret = (val);				\
+								\
+	asm_inline(						\
+		"0:	nilf	%[__ret],12\n"			\
+		".pushsection runtime_mask_" #sym ",\"a\"\n"	\
+		".long 0b - .\n"				\
+		".popsection"					\
+		: [__ret] "+d" (__ret)				\
+		: : "cc");					\
+	__ret;							\
+})
+
 #define runtime_const_init(type, sym) do {			\
 	extern s32 __start_runtime_##type##_##sym[];		\
 	extern s32 __stop_runtime_##type##_##sym[];		\
@@ -43,12 +57,12 @@
 			    __stop_runtime_##type##_##sym);	\
 } while (0)
 
-/* 32-bit immediate for iihf and iilf in bits in I2 field */
 static inline void __runtime_fixup_32(u32 *p, unsigned int val)
 {
 	s390_kernel_write(p, &val, sizeof(val));
 }
 
+/* 32-bit immediate for iihf and iilf in bits in I2 field */
 static inline void __runtime_fixup_ptr(void *where, unsigned long val)
 {
 	__runtime_fixup_32(where + 2, val >> 32);
@@ -65,6 +79,12 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_shift(void *where, unsigned long val)
 	s390_kernel_write(where, &insn, sizeof(insn));
 }
 
+/* 32-bit immediate for nilf in bits in I2 field */
+static inline void __runtime_fixup_mask(void *where, unsigned long val)
+{
+	__runtime_fixup_32(where + 2, val);
+}
+
 static inline void runtime_const_fixup(void (*fn)(void *, unsigned long),
 				       unsigned long val, s32 *start, s32 *end)
 {
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 6/7] asm-generic/runtime-const: Add dummy runtime_const_mask_32()

[K Prateek Nayak]

From: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>

Add a dummy runtime_const_mask_32() for all the architectures that do
not support runtime-const.

Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260227161841.GH606826@noisy.programming.kicks-ass.net
Not-yet-signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o No changes.
---
 include/asm-generic/runtime-const.h | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/include/asm-generic/runtime-const.h b/include/asm-generic/runtime-const.h
index 670499459514..03e6e3e02401 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/runtime-const.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/runtime-const.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
  */
 #define runtime_const_ptr(sym) (sym)
 #define runtime_const_shift_right_32(val, sym) ((u32)(val)>>(sym))
+#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym) ((u32)(val)&(sym))
 #define runtime_const_init(type,sym) do { } while (0)
 
 #endif
-- 
2.34.1

[PATCH v3 7/7] futex: Use runtime constants for __futex_hash() hot path

[K Prateek Nayak]

From: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>

Runtime constify the read-only after init data  __futex_shift(shift_32),
__futex_mask(mask_32), and __futex_queues(ptr) used in __futex_hash()
hot path to avoid referencing global variable.

This also allows __futex_queues to be allocated dynamically to
"nr_node_ids" slots instead of reserving config dependent MAX_NUMNODES
(1 << CONFIG_NODES_SHIFT) worth of slots upfront.

No functional chages intended.

  [ prateek: Dynamically allocate __futex_queues, mark the global data
    __ro_after_init since they are constified after futex_init(). ]

Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260227161841.GH606826@noisy.programming.kicks-ass.net
Reported-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de> # MAX_NUMNODES bloat
Not-yet-signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
---
Changelog v2..v3:

o No changes.
---
 include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h |  5 +++-
 kernel/futex/core.c               | 42 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
index 1e1580febe4b..86f99fa6ae24 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
@@ -975,7 +975,10 @@
 		RUNTIME_CONST(shift, d_hash_shift)			\
 		RUNTIME_CONST(ptr, dentry_hashtable)			\
 		RUNTIME_CONST(ptr, __dentry_cache)			\
-		RUNTIME_CONST(ptr, __names_cache)
+		RUNTIME_CONST(ptr, __names_cache)			\
+		RUNTIME_CONST(shift, __futex_shift)			\
+		RUNTIME_CONST(mask,  __futex_mask)			\
+		RUNTIME_CONST(ptr,   __futex_queues)
 
 /* Alignment must be consistent with (kunit_suite *) in include/kunit/test.h */
 #define KUNIT_TABLE()							\
diff --git a/kernel/futex/core.c b/kernel/futex/core.c
index ff2a4fb2993f..73eade7184dc 100644
--- a/kernel/futex/core.c
+++ b/kernel/futex/core.c
@@ -45,23 +45,19 @@
 #include <linux/mempolicy.h>
 #include <linux/mmap_lock.h>
 
+#include <asm/runtime-const.h>
+
 #include "futex.h"
 #include "../locking/rtmutex_common.h"
 
-/*
- * The base of the bucket array and its size are always used together
- * (after initialization only in futex_hash()), so ensure that they
- * reside in the same cacheline.
- */
-static struct {
-	unsigned long            hashmask;
-	unsigned int		 hashshift;
-	struct futex_hash_bucket *queues[MAX_NUMNODES];
-} __futex_data __read_mostly __aligned(2*sizeof(long));
+static u32 __futex_mask __ro_after_init;
+static u32 __futex_shift __ro_after_init;
+static struct futex_hash_bucket **__futex_queues __ro_after_init;
 
-#define futex_hashmask	(__futex_data.hashmask)
-#define futex_hashshift	(__futex_data.hashshift)
-#define futex_queues	(__futex_data.queues)
+static __always_inline struct futex_hash_bucket **futex_queues(void)
+{
+	return runtime_const_ptr(__futex_queues);
+}
 
 struct futex_private_hash {
 	int		state;
@@ -439,14 +435,14 @@ __futex_hash(union futex_key *key, struct futex_private_hash *fph)
 		 * NOTE: this isn't perfectly uniform, but it is fast and
 		 * handles sparse node masks.
 		 */
-		node = (hash >> futex_hashshift) % nr_node_ids;
+		node = runtime_const_shift_right_32(hash, __futex_shift) % nr_node_ids;
 		if (!node_possible(node)) {
 			node = find_next_bit_wrap(node_possible_map.bits,
 						  nr_node_ids, node);
 		}
 	}
 
-	return &futex_queues[node][hash & futex_hashmask];
+	return &futex_queues()[node][runtime_const_mask_32(hash, __futex_mask)];
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1916,7 +1912,7 @@ int futex_hash_allocate_default(void)
 	 *   16 <= threads * 4 <= global hash size
 	 */
 	buckets = roundup_pow_of_two(4 * threads);
-	buckets = clamp(buckets, 16, futex_hashmask + 1);
+	buckets = clamp(buckets, 16, __futex_mask + 1);
 
 	if (current_buckets >= buckets)
 		return 0;
@@ -1986,10 +1982,19 @@ static int __init futex_init(void)
 	hashsize = max(4, hashsize);
 	hashsize = roundup_pow_of_two(hashsize);
 #endif
-	futex_hashshift = ilog2(hashsize);
+	__futex_mask = hashsize - 1;
+	__futex_shift = ilog2(hashsize);
 	size = sizeof(struct futex_hash_bucket) * hashsize;
 	order = get_order(size);
 
+	__futex_queues = kcalloc(nr_node_ids, sizeof(*__futex_queues), GFP_KERNEL);
+
+	runtime_const_init(shift, __futex_shift);
+	runtime_const_init(mask,  __futex_mask);
+	runtime_const_init(ptr,   __futex_queues);
+
+	BUG_ON(!futex_queues());
+
 	for_each_node(n) {
 		struct futex_hash_bucket *table;
 
@@ -2003,10 +2008,9 @@ static int __init futex_init(void)
 		for (i = 0; i < hashsize; i++)
 			futex_hash_bucket_init(&table[i], NULL);
 
-		futex_queues[n] = table;
+		futex_queues()[n] = table;
 	}
 
-	futex_hashmask = hashsize - 1;
 	pr_info("futex hash table entries: %lu (%lu bytes on %d NUMA nodes, total %lu KiB, %s).\n",
 		hashsize, size, num_possible_nodes(), size * num_possible_nodes() / 1024,
 		order > MAX_PAGE_ORDER ? "vmalloc" : "linear");
-- 
2.34.1

Re: [PATCH v3 4/7] riscv/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

[Guo Ren]

On Thu, Apr 2, 2026 at 7:39 PM K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com> wrote:
>
> Futex hash computation requires a mask operation with read-only after
> init data that will be converted to a runtime constant in the subsequent
> commit.
>
> Introduce runtime_const_mask_32 to further optimize the mask operation
> in the futex hash computation hot path. GCC generates a:
>
>   lui   a0, 0x12346       # upper; +0x800 then >>12 for correct rounding
>   addi  a0, a0, 0x678     # lower 12 bits
>   and   a1, a1, a0        # a1 = a1 & a0
>
> pattern to tackle arbitrary 32-bit masks and the same was also suggested
> by Claude which is implemented here. The (__mask & val) operation is
> intentionally placed outside of asm block to allow compilers to further
> optimize it if possible.
>
> __runtime_fixup_ptr() already patches a "lui + addi" sequence which has
> been reused to patch the same sequence for __runtime_fixup_mask().
>
> Assisted-by: Claude:claude-sonnet-4-5
> Signed-off-by: K Prateek Nayak <kprateek.nayak@amd.com>
> ---
> Changelog v2..v3:
>
> o Moved the "&" operation outside the inline asm block to allow for
>   compilers to further optimize it if possible. (Based on David's
>   comment on ARM64 bits).
> ---
>  arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)
>
> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
> index d766e2b9e6df..85efba8ecf12 100644
> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
> @@ -153,6 +153,22 @@
>         __ret;                                                  \
>  })
>
> +#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym)                                \
> +({                                                             \
> +       u32 __mask;                                             \
> +       asm_inline(".option push\n\t"                           \
> +               ".option norvc\n\t"                             \
> +               "1:\t"                                          \
> +               "lui    %[__mask],0x89abd\n\t"                  \
> +               "addi   %[__mask],%[__mask],-0x211\n\t"         \
Ref include/uapi/linux/reboot.h:
#define LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_CAD_ON 0x89ABCDEF

#define RUNTIME_MAGIC 0x89ABCDEF

"lui %[__mask], %%hi(RUNTIME_MAGIC)\n\t"
"addi %[__mask], %[__mask], %%lo(RUNTIME_MAGIC)\n\t"


> +               ".option pop\n\t"                               \
> +               ".pushsection runtime_mask_" #sym ",\"a\"\n\t"  \
> +               ".long 1b - .\n\t"                              \
> +               ".popsection"                                   \
> +               : [__mask] "=r" (__mask));                      \
> +       (__mask & val);                                         \
> +})
> +
>  #define runtime_const_init(type, sym) do {                     \
>         extern s32 __start_runtime_##type##_##sym[];            \
>         extern s32 __stop_runtime_##type##_##sym[];             \
> @@ -256,6 +272,12 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_shift(void *where, unsigned long val)
>         mutex_unlock(&text_mutex);
>  }
>
> +static inline void __runtime_fixup_mask(void *where, unsigned long val)
> +{
> +       __runtime_fixup_32(where, where + 4, val);
> +       __runtime_fixup_caches(where, 2);
> +}
> +
>  static inline void runtime_const_fixup(void (*fn)(void *, unsigned long),
>                                        unsigned long val, s32 *start, s32 *end)
>  {
> --
> 2.34.1
>
>


-- 
Best Regards
 Guo Ren

Re: [PATCH v3 4/7] riscv/runtime-const: Introduce runtime_const_mask_32()

[K Prateek Nayak]

Hello Guo,

On 4/3/2026 3:12 PM, Guo Ren wrote:
>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
>> index d766e2b9e6df..85efba8ecf12 100644
>> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
>> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/runtime-const.h
>> @@ -153,6 +153,22 @@
>>         __ret;                                                  \
>>  })
>>
>> +#define runtime_const_mask_32(val, sym)                                \
>> +({                                                             \
>> +       u32 __mask;                                             \
>> +       asm_inline(".option push\n\t"                           \
>> +               ".option norvc\n\t"                             \
>> +               "1:\t"                                          \
>> +               "lui    %[__mask],0x89abd\n\t"                  \
>> +               "addi   %[__mask],%[__mask],-0x211\n\t"         \
> Ref include/uapi/linux/reboot.h:
> #define LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_CAD_ON 0x89ABCDEF
> 
> #define RUNTIME_MAGIC 0x89ABCDEF
> 
> "lui %[__mask], %%hi(RUNTIME_MAGIC)\n\t"
> "addi %[__mask], %[__mask], %%lo(RUNTIME_MAGIC)\n\t"

Ack! I'll clean it up in the next version while also fixing the
stuff that Sashiko reported.

Thanks a ton for taking a look at the series.

> 
> 
>> +               ".option pop\n\t"                               \
>> +               ".pushsection runtime_mask_" #sym ",\"a\"\n\t"  \
>> +               ".long 1b - .\n\t"                              \
>> +               ".popsection"                                   \
>> +               : [__mask] "=r" (__mask));                      \
>> +       (__mask & val);                                         \
>> +})
-- 
Thanks and Regards,
Prateek

Re: [PATCH v3 2/7] arm64/runtime-const: Use aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() for patching

[Catalin Marinas]

On Thu, Apr 02, 2026 at 11:22:45AM +0000, K Prateek Nayak wrote:
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
> index c3dbd3ae68f6..a3106f80912b 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/runtime-const.h
> @@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
>  #endif
>  
>  #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
> +#include <asm/text-patching.h>
>  
>  /* Sigh. You can still run arm64 in BE mode */
>  #include <asm/byteorder.h>
> @@ -50,13 +51,7 @@ static inline void __runtime_fixup_16(__le32 *p, unsigned int val)
>  	u32 insn = le32_to_cpu(*p);
>  	insn &= 0xffe0001f;
>  	insn |= (val & 0xffff) << 5;
> -	*p = cpu_to_le32(insn);
> -}
> -
> -static inline void __runtime_fixup_caches(void *where, unsigned int insns)
> -{
> -	unsigned long va = (unsigned long)where;
> -	caches_clean_inval_pou(va, va + 4*insns);
> +	aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync(p, insn);
>  }

Sashiko has some good points here:

https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260402112250.2138-1-kprateek.nayak@amd.com

In short, aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync() does not expect a linear map
address but rather a kernel text one (or vmalloc/modules). The other
valid point is on aliasing I-caches.

I think dropping the lm_alias() and just use 'where' directly would do
but I haven't tried.

-- 
Catalin