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FYI, the blktests CI run for the patch caught failures at block/017, zbd/004, zbd/009 and zbd/012. # RUN_ZONED_TESTS=1 ./check block/017 block/017 (do I/O and check the inflight counter) [passed] runtime 2.264s ... 2.140s block/017 (zoned) (do I/O and check the inflight counter) [failed] runtime 2.107s ... 2.080s something found in dmesg: [ 207.429382] [ T1852] run blktests block/017 at 2026-05-27 20:43:45 [ 207.466894] [ T1852] null_blk: nullb1: using native zone append [ 207.479158] [ T1852] null_blk: disk nullb1 created [ 207.810531] [ T1956] null_blk: disk nullb0 created [ 207.811528] [ T1956] null_blk: module loaded [ 207.830801] [ T1852] null_blk: nullb1: using native zone append [ 208.404359] [ T1852] null_blk: disk nullb1 created [ 209.174141] [ C2] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 209.175354] [ C2] WARNING: block/blk-zoned.c:590 at disk_free_zone_wplug+0x30c/0x3b0, CPU#2: swapper/2/0 [ 209.176896] [ C2] Modules linked in: null_blk nft_fib_inet nft_fib_ipv4 nft_fib_ipv6 nft_fib nft_reject_inet nf_reject_ipv4 nf_reject_ipv6 nft_reject nft_ct nft_chain_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 nf_tables qrtr sunrpc 9pnet_virtio 9pnet i2c_piix4 pcspkr netfs i2c_smbus dm_multipath nfnetlink zram vmw_vsock_virtio_transport vmw_vsock_virtio_transport_common vsock bochs drm_client_lib nvme drm_shmem_helper xfs drm_kms_helper sym53c8xx nvme_core floppy nvme_keyring nvme_auth scsi_transport_spi e1000 drm serio_raw ata_generic pata_acpi i2c_dev qemu_fw_cfg virtiofs fuse virtio_console [last unloaded: null_blk] ... (See '/home/shin/Blktests/blktests/results/nodev_zoned/block/017.dmesg' for the entire message) # ./check zbd/004 zbd/009 zbd/012 zbd/004 => nullb1 (write split across sequential zones) [failed] runtime 0.152s ... 0.626s something found in dmesg: [ 231.263084] [ T2067] run blktests zbd/004 at 2026-05-27 20:44:08 [ 231.714947] [ T2105] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 231.716700] [ T2105] refcount_t: underflow; use-after-free. [ 231.717849] [ T2105] WARNING: lib/refcount.c:28 at refcount_warn_saturate+0xa9/0xe0, CPU#3: dd/2105 [ 231.720269] [ T2105] Modules linked in: null_blk nft_fib_inet nft_fib_ipv4 nft_fib_ipv6 nft_fib nft_reject_inet nf_reject_ipv4 nf_reject_ipv6 nft_reject nft_ct nft_chain_nat nf_nat nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4 nf_tables qrtr sunrpc 9pnet_virtio 9pnet i2c_piix4 pcspkr netfs i2c_smbus dm_multipath nfnetlink zram vmw_vsock_virtio_transport vmw_vsock_virtio_transport_common vsock bochs drm_client_lib nvme drm_shmem_helper xfs drm_kms_helper sym53c8xx nvme_core floppy nvme_keyring nvme_auth scsi_transport_spi e1000 drm serio_raw ata_generic pata_acpi i2c_dev qemu_fw_cfg virtiofs fuse virtio_console [last unloaded: null_blk] [ 231.730390] [ T2105] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 2105 Comm: dd Tainted: G W 7.1.0-rc5+ #3 PREEMPT(full) [ 231.732289] [ T2105] Tainted: [W]=WARN [ 231.733281] [ T2105] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.17.0-10.fc44 06/10/2025 [ 231.735090] [ T2105] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0xa9/0xe0 [ 231.736514] [ T2105] Code: bd ee 5d 03 67 48 0f b9 3a 5b 5d c3 cc cc cc cc 48 8d 3d ba ee 5d 03 67 48 0f b9 3a 5b 5d e9 ce ea 85 01 48 8d 3d b7 ee 5d 03 <67> 48 0f b9 3a 5b 5d c3 cc cc cc cc 48 8d 3d b4 ee 5d 03 67 48 0f ... (See '/home/shin/Blktests/blktests/results/nullb1/zbd/004.dmesg' for the entire message) zbd/009 (test gap zone support with BTRFS) [failed] runtime 11.646s ... 1.424s --- tests/zbd/009.out 2023-04-06 10:11:07.928670527 +0900 +++ /home/shin/Blktests/blktests/results/nodev/zbd/009.out.bad 2026-05-27 20:44:12.743034470 +0900 @@ -1,2 +1,4 @@ Running zbd/009 -Test complete +mount: /home/shin/Blktests/blktests/results/tmpdir.zbd.009.xLW/mnt: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdd, missing codepage or helper program, or other error. + dmesg(1) may have more information after failed mount system call. +Test failed zbd/012 (test requeuing of zoned writes and queue freezing) [failed] runtime 42.181s ... 23.791s --- tests/zbd/012.out 2025-03-06 19:32:02.536851507 +0900 +++ /home/shin/Blktests/blktests/results/nodev/zbd/012.out.bad 2026-05-27 20:44:38.677211476 +0900 @@ -2,6 +2,4 @@ 1 2 4 -8 -16 -Test complete +Test failed