[PATCH v24 00/18] Improve write performance for zoned UFS devices

[PATCH v24 00/18] Improve write performance for zoned UFS devices

[Bart Van Assche]

Hi Jens,

This patch series improves small write IOPS by a factor of two for zoned UFS
devices on my test setup. The changes included in this patch series are as
follows:
 - A new request queue limits flag is introduced that allows block drivers to
   declare whether or not the request order is preserved per hardware queue.
 - The order of zoned writes is preserved in the block layer by submitting all
   zoned writes from the same CPU core as long as any zoned writes are pending.
 - A new member 'from_cpu' is introduced in the per-zone data structure
   'blk_zone_wplug' to track from which CPU to submit zoned writes. This data
   member is reset to -1 after all pending zoned writes for a zone have
   completed.
 - The retry count for zoned writes is increased in the SCSI core to deal with
   reordering caused by unit attention conditions or the SCSI error handler.
 - New functionality is added in the null_blk and scsi_debug drivers to make it
   easier to test the changes introduced by this patch series.

Please consider this patch series for the next merge window.

Thanks,

Bart.

Changes compared to v23:
 - Removed the sysfs attribute for configuring write pipelining.
 - Split patch "Run all hwqs for sq scheds if write pipelining is enabled" into
   two patches to make it easier to review.
 - Added patch "blk-zoned: Document disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work() locking".
 - Rebased on top of Jens' for-next branch.

Changes compared to v22:
 - Made write pipelining configurable via sysfs.
 - Fixed sporadic write errors observed with the mq-deadline I/O scheduler.

Changes compared to v21:
 - Added a patch that makes the block layer preserve the request order when
   inserting a request.
 - Restored a warning statement in block/blk-zoned.c.
 - Reworked the code that selects a CPU to queue zoned writes from such that no
   changes have to be undone if blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio() fails.
 - Removed the "plug" label in block/blk-zoned.c and retained the
   "add_to_bio_list" label.
 - Changed scoped_guard() back into spin_lock_*() calls.
 - Fixed a recently introduced reference count leak in
   disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work().
 - Restored the patch for the null_blk driver.

Changes compared to v20:
 - Converted a struct queue_limits member variable into a queue_limits feature
   flag.
 - Optimized performance of blk_mq_requeue_work().
 - Instead of splitting blk_zone_wplug_bio_work(), introduce a loop in that
   function.
 - Reworked patch "blk-zoned: Support pipelining of zoned writes".
 - Dropped the null_blk driver patch.
 - Improved several patch descriptions.

Changes compared to v19:
 - Dropped patch 2/11 "block: Support allocating from a specific software queue"
 - Implemented Damien's proposal to always add pipelined bios to the plug list
   and to submit all pipelined bios from the bio work for a zone.
 - Added three refactoring patches to make this patch series easier to review.

Changes compared to v18:
 - Dropped patch 2/12 "block: Rework request allocation in blk_mq_submit_bio()".
 - Improved patch descriptions.

Changes compared to v17:
 - Rebased the patch series on top of kernel v6.16-rc1.
 - Dropped support for UFSHCI 3.0 controllers because the UFSHCI 3.0 auto-
   hibernation mechanism causes request reordering. UFSHCI 4.0 controllers
   remain supported.
 - Removed the error handling and write pointer tracking mechanisms again
   from block/blk-zoned.c.
 - Dropped the dm-linear patch from this patch series since I'm not aware of
   any use cases for write pipelining and dm-linear.

Changes compared to v16:
 - Rebased the entire patch series on top of Jens' for-next branch. Compared
   to when v16 of this series was posted, the BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_NEED_WP_UPDATE
   flag has been introduced and support for REQ_NOWAIT has been fixed.
 - The behavior for SMR disks is preserved: if .driver_preserves_write_order
   has not been set, BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_NEED_WP_UPDATE is still set if a write
   error has been encountered. If .driver_preserves_write_order has not been
   set, the write pointer is restored and the failed zoned writes are retried.
 - The superfluous "disk->zone_wplugs_hash_bits != 0" tests have been removed.

Changes compared to v15:
 - Reworked this patch series on top of the zone write plugging approach.
 - Moved support for requeuing requests from the SCSI core into the block
   layer core.
 - In the UFS driver, instead of disabling write pipelining if
   auto-hibernation is enabled, rely on the requeuing mechanism to handle
   reordering caused by resuming from auto-hibernation.

Changes compared to v14:
 - Removed the drivers/scsi/Kconfig.kunit and drivers/scsi/Makefile.kunit
   files. Instead, modified drivers/scsi/Kconfig and added #include "*_test.c"
   directives in the appropriate .c files. Removed the EXPORT_SYMBOL()
   directives that were added to make the unit tests link.
 - Fixed a double free in a unit test.

Changes compared to v13:
 - Reworked patch "block: Preserve the order of requeued zoned writes".
 - Addressed a performance concern by removing the eh_needs_prepare_resubmit
   SCSI driver callback and by introducing the SCSI host template flag
   .needs_prepare_resubmit instead.
 - Added a patch that adds a 'host' argument to scsi_eh_flush_done_q().
 - Made the code in unit tests less repetitive.

Changes compared to v12:
 - Added two new patches: "block: Preserve the order of requeued zoned writes"
   and "scsi: sd: Add a unit test for sd_cmp_sector()"
 - Restricted the number of zoned write retries. To my surprise I had to add
   "&& scmd->retries <= scmd->allowed" in the SCSI error handler to limit the
   number of retries.
 - In patch "scsi: ufs: Inform the block layer about write ordering", only set
   ELEVATOR_F_ZBD_SEQ_WRITE for zoned block devices.

Changes compared to v11:
 - Fixed a NULL pointer dereference that happened when booting from an ATA
   device by adding an scmd->device != NULL check in scsi_needs_preparation().
 - Updated Reviewed-by tags.

Changes compared to v10:
 - Dropped the UFS MediaTek and HiSilicon patches because these are not correct
   and because it is safe to drop these patches.
 - Updated Acked-by / Reviewed-by tags.

Changes compared to v9:
 - Introduced an additional scsi_driver callback: .eh_needs_prepare_resubmit().
 - Renamed the scsi_debug kernel module parameter 'no_zone_write_lock' into
   'preserves_write_order'.
 - Fixed an out-of-bounds access in the unit scsi_call_prepare_resubmit() unit
   test.
 - Wrapped ufshcd_auto_hibern8_update() calls in UFS host drivers with
   WARN_ON_ONCE() such that a kernel stack appears in case an error code is
   returned.
 - Elaborated a comment in the UFSHCI driver.

Changes compared to v8:
 - Fixed handling of 'driver_preserves_write_order' and 'use_zone_write_lock'
   in blk_stack_limits().
 - Added a comment in disk_set_zoned().
 - Modified blk_req_needs_zone_write_lock() such that it returns false if
   q->limits.use_zone_write_lock is false.
 - Modified disk_clear_zone_settings() such that it clears
   q->limits.use_zone_write_lock.
 - Left out one change from the mq-deadline patch that became superfluous due to
   the blk_req_needs_zone_write_lock() change.
 - Modified scsi_call_prepare_resubmit() such that it only calls list_sort() if
   zoned writes have to be resubmitted for which zone write locking is disabled.
 - Added an additional unit test for scsi_call_prepare_resubmit().
 - Modified the sorting code in the sd driver such that only those SCSI commands
   are sorted for which write locking is disabled.
 - Modified sd_zbc.c such that ELEVATOR_F_ZBD_SEQ_WRITE is only set if the
   write order is not preserved.
 - Included three patches for UFS host drivers that rework code that wrote
   directly to the auto-hibernation controller register.
 - Modified the UFS driver such that enabling auto-hibernation is not allowed
   if a zoned logical unit is present and if the controller operates in legacy
   mode.
 - Also in the UFS driver, simplified ufshcd_auto_hibern8_update().

Changes compared to v7:
 - Split the queue_limits member variable `use_zone_write_lock' into two member
   variables: `use_zone_write_lock' (set by disk_set_zoned()) and
   `driver_preserves_write_order' (set by the block driver or SCSI LLD). This
   should clear up the confusion about the purpose of this variable.
 - Moved the code for sorting SCSI commands by LBA from the SCSI error handler
   into the SCSI disk (sd) driver as requested by Christoph.
   
Changes compared to v6:
 - Removed QUEUE_FLAG_NO_ZONE_WRITE_LOCK and instead introduced a flag in
   the request queue limits data structure.

Changes compared to v5:
 - Renamed scsi_cmp_lba() into scsi_cmp_sector().
 - Improved several source code comments.

Changes compared to v4:
 - Dropped the patch that introduces the REQ_NO_ZONE_WRITE_LOCK flag.
 - Dropped the null_blk patch and added two scsi_debug patches instead.
 - Dropped the f2fs patch.
 - Split the patch for the UFS driver into two patches.
 - Modified several patch descriptions and source code comments.
 - Renamed dd_use_write_locking() into dd_use_zone_write_locking().
 - Moved the list_sort() call from scsi_unjam_host() into scsi_eh_flush_done_q()
   such that sorting happens just before reinserting.
 - Removed the scsi_cmd_retry_allowed() call from scsi_check_sense() to make
   sure that the retry counter is adjusted once per retry instead of twice.

Changes compared to v3:
 - Restored the patch that introduces QUEUE_FLAG_NO_ZONE_WRITE_LOCK. That patch
   had accidentally been left out from v2.
 - In patch "block: Introduce the flag REQ_NO_ZONE_WRITE_LOCK", improved the
   patch description and added the function blk_no_zone_write_lock().
 - In patch "block/mq-deadline: Only use zone locking if necessary", moved the
   blk_queue_is_zoned() call into dd_use_write_locking().
 - In patch "fs/f2fs: Disable zone write locking", set REQ_NO_ZONE_WRITE_LOCK
   from inside __bio_alloc() instead of in f2fs_submit_write_bio().

Changes compared to v2:
 - Renamed the request queue flag for disabling zone write locking.
 - Introduced a new request flag for disabling zone write locking.
 - Modified the mq-deadline scheduler such that zone write locking is only
   disabled if both flags are set.
 - Added an F2FS patch that sets the request flag for disabling zone write
   locking.
 - Only disable zone write locking in the UFS driver if auto-hibernation is
   disabled.

Changes compared to v1:
 - Left out the patches that are already upstream.
 - Switched the approach in patch "scsi: Retry unaligned zoned writes" from
   retrying immediately to sending unaligne

Bart Van Assche (18):
  block: Support block devices that preserve the order of write requests
  blk-mq: Always insert sequential zoned writes into a software queue
  blk-mq: Restore the zone write order when requeuing
  blk-mq: Move the blk_queue_sq_sched() calls
  blk-mq: Run all hwqs for sq scheds if write pipelining is enabled
  block/mq-deadline: Enable zoned write pipelining
  blk-zoned: Add an argument to blk_zone_plug_bio()
  blk-zoned: Split an if-statement
  blk-zoned: Move code from disk_zone_wplug_add_bio() into its caller
  blk-zoned: Introduce a loop in blk_zone_wplug_bio_work()
  blk-zoned: Document disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work() locking
  blk-zoned: Support pipelining of zoned writes
  null_blk: Add the preserves_write_order attribute
  scsi: core: Retry unaligned zoned writes
  scsi: sd: Increase retry count for zoned writes
  scsi: scsi_debug: Add the preserves_write_order module parameter
  scsi: scsi_debug: Support injecting unaligned write errors
  ufs: core: Inform the block layer about write ordering

 block/bfq-iosched.c               |   2 +
 block/blk-mq.c                    |  88 +++++++++---
 block/blk-mq.h                    |   2 +
 block/blk-settings.c              |   2 +
 block/blk-zoned.c                 | 220 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 block/elevator.h                  |   1 +
 block/kyber-iosched.c             |   2 +
 block/mq-deadline.c               | 107 +++++++++++----
 drivers/block/null_blk/main.c     |   4 +
 drivers/block/null_blk/null_blk.h |   1 +
 drivers/md/dm.c                   |   5 +-
 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c         |  22 ++-
 drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c         |  16 +++
 drivers/scsi/sd.c                 |   6 +
 drivers/ufs/core/ufshcd.c         |   7 +
 include/linux/blk-mq.h            |  13 +-
 include/linux/blkdev.h            |  18 ++-
 17 files changed, 392 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-)

[PATCH v24 01/18] block: Support block devices that preserve the order of write requests

[Bart Van Assche]

Some storage controllers preserve the request order per hardware queue.
Some but not all device mapper drivers preserve the bio order. Introduce
the feature flag BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ to allow block drivers and stacked
drivers to indicate that the order of write commands is preserved per
hardware queue and hence that serialization of writes per zone is not
required if all pending writes are submitted to the same hardware queue.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-settings.c   | 2 ++
 include/linux/blkdev.h | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/block/blk-settings.c b/block/blk-settings.c
index d6438e6c276d..bcb9f115ba5a 100644
--- a/block/blk-settings.c
+++ b/block/blk-settings.c
@@ -777,6 +777,8 @@ int blk_stack_limits(struct queue_limits *t, struct queue_limits *b,
 		t->features &= ~BLK_FEAT_NOWAIT;
 	if (!(b->features & BLK_FEAT_POLL))
 		t->features &= ~BLK_FEAT_POLL;
+	if (!(b->features & BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ))
+		t->features &= ~BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ;
 
 	t->flags |= (b->flags & BLK_FLAG_MISALIGNED);
 
diff --git a/include/linux/blkdev.h b/include/linux/blkdev.h
index fe1797bbec42..23bb2a407368 100644
--- a/include/linux/blkdev.h
+++ b/include/linux/blkdev.h
@@ -338,6 +338,12 @@ typedef unsigned int __bitwise blk_features_t;
 /* skip this queue in blk_mq_(un)quiesce_tagset */
 #define BLK_FEAT_SKIP_TAGSET_QUIESCE	((__force blk_features_t)(1u << 13))
 
+/*
+ * The request order is preserved per hardware queue by the block driver and by
+ * the block device. Set by the block driver.
+ */
+#define BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ		((__force blk_features_t)(1u << 14))
+
 /* undocumented magic for bcache */
 #define BLK_FEAT_RAID_PARTIAL_STRIPES_EXPENSIVE \
 	((__force blk_features_t)(1u << 15))

[PATCH v24 02/18] blk-mq: Always insert sequential zoned writes into a software queue

[Bart Van Assche]

One of the optimizations in the block layer is that the software queues
are bypassed if it is expected that the block driver will accept a
request. This can cause request reordering even for requests submitted
from the same CPU core.  This patch preserves the order for sequential
zoned writes submitted from a given CPU core by always inserting these
requests into the appropriate software queue.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-mq.c         | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 block/blk-zoned.c      | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 block/elevator.h       |  1 +
 include/linux/blk-mq.h | 11 +++++++++++
 include/linux/blkdev.h |  7 +++++++
 5 files changed, 64 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-mq.c b/block/blk-mq.c
index ba3a4b77f578..2af9c59ff2ad 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.c
+++ b/block/blk-mq.c
@@ -1537,6 +1537,30 @@ void blk_mq_requeue_request(struct request *rq, bool kick_requeue_list)
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_mq_requeue_request);
 
+/*
+ * Whether the block layer should preserve the order of @rq relative to other
+ * requests submitted to the same software queue.
+ */
+static bool blk_mq_preserve_order(struct request *rq)
+{
+	return blk_pipeline_zwr(rq->q) && blk_rq_is_seq_zoned_write(rq);
+}
+
+static bool blk_mq_preserve_order_for_list(struct request_queue *q,
+					   struct list_head *list)
+{
+	struct request *rq;
+
+	if (!blk_pipeline_zwr(q))
+		return false;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(rq, list, queuelist)
+		if (blk_rq_is_seq_zoned_write(rq))
+			return true;
+
+	return false;
+}
+
 static void blk_mq_requeue_work(struct work_struct *work)
 {
 	struct request_queue *q =
@@ -2566,7 +2590,8 @@ static void blk_mq_insert_requests(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
 	 * Try to issue requests directly if the hw queue isn't busy to save an
 	 * extra enqueue & dequeue to the sw queue.
 	 */
-	if (!hctx->dispatch_busy && !run_queue_async) {
+	if (!hctx->dispatch_busy && !run_queue_async &&
+	    !blk_mq_preserve_order_for_list(hctx->queue, list)) {
 		blk_mq_run_dispatch_ops(hctx->queue,
 			blk_mq_try_issue_list_directly(hctx, list));
 		if (list_empty(list))
@@ -3215,7 +3240,8 @@ void blk_mq_submit_bio(struct bio *bio)
 
 	hctx = rq->mq_hctx;
 	if ((rq->rq_flags & RQF_USE_SCHED) ||
-	    (hctx->dispatch_busy && (q->nr_hw_queues == 1 || !is_sync))) {
+	    (hctx->dispatch_busy && (q->nr_hw_queues == 1 || !is_sync)) ||
+	    blk_mq_preserve_order(rq)) {
 		blk_mq_insert_request(rq, 0);
 		blk_mq_run_hw_queue(hctx, true);
 	} else {
diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index 5e2a5788dc3b..1b5923c1a149 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "blk.h"
 #include "blk-mq-sched.h"
 #include "blk-mq-debugfs.h"
+#include "elevator.h"
 
 #define ZONE_COND_NAME(name) [BLK_ZONE_COND_##name] = #name
 static const char *const zone_cond_name[] = {
@@ -377,6 +378,22 @@ int blkdev_zone_mgmt_ioctl(struct block_device *bdev, blk_mode_t mode,
 	return ret;
 }
 
+/*
+ * blk_pipeline_zwr() - Whether or not sequential zoned writes will be
+ *	pipelined per zone.
+ * @q: request queue pointer.
+ *
+ * Return: %true if and only if zoned writes will be pipelined per zone.
+ */
+bool blk_pipeline_zwr(struct request_queue *q)
+{
+	return q->limits.features & BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ &&
+	       (!q->elevator ||
+		test_bit(ELEVATOR_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ZONED_WRITE_PIPELINING,
+			 &q->elevator->flags));
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_pipeline_zwr);
+
 static bool disk_zone_is_last(struct gendisk *disk, struct blk_zone *zone)
 {
 	return zone->start + zone->len >= get_capacity(disk);
diff --git a/block/elevator.h b/block/elevator.h
index adc5c157e17e..51311027fdb7 100644
--- a/block/elevator.h
+++ b/block/elevator.h
@@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ struct elevator_queue
 #define ELEVATOR_FLAG_REGISTERED	0
 #define ELEVATOR_FLAG_DYING		1
 #define ELEVATOR_FLAG_ENABLE_WBT_ON_EXIT	2
+#define ELEVATOR_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ZONED_WRITE_PIPELINING 3
 
 /*
  * block elevator interface
diff --git a/include/linux/blk-mq.h b/include/linux/blk-mq.h
index 2a5a828f19a0..30d7cd1b0484 100644
--- a/include/linux/blk-mq.h
+++ b/include/linux/blk-mq.h
@@ -1191,4 +1191,15 @@ static inline int blk_rq_map_sg(struct request *rq, struct scatterlist *sglist)
 }
 void blk_dump_rq_flags(struct request *, char *);
 
+static inline bool blk_rq_is_seq_zoned_write(struct request *rq)
+{
+	switch (req_op(rq)) {
+	case REQ_OP_WRITE:
+	case REQ_OP_WRITE_ZEROES:
+		return bdev_zone_is_seq(rq->q->disk->part0, blk_rq_pos(rq));
+	default:
+		return false;
+	}
+}
+
 #endif /* BLK_MQ_H */
diff --git a/include/linux/blkdev.h b/include/linux/blkdev.h
index 23bb2a407368..2c2579d4b7ed 100644
--- a/include/linux/blkdev.h
+++ b/include/linux/blkdev.h
@@ -854,6 +854,8 @@ static inline unsigned int disk_nr_zones(struct gendisk *disk)
 	return disk->nr_zones;
 }
 
+bool blk_pipeline_zwr(struct request_queue *q);
+
 /**
  * bio_needs_zone_write_plugging - Check if a BIO needs to be handled with zone
  *				   write plugging
@@ -932,6 +934,11 @@ static inline unsigned int disk_nr_zones(struct gendisk *disk)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static inline bool blk_pipeline_zwr(struct request_queue *q)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
 static inline bool bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(struct bio *bio)
 {
 	return false;

[PATCH v24 03/18] blk-mq: Restore the zone write order when requeuing

[Bart Van Assche]

Zoned writes may be requeued. This happens if a block driver returns
BLK_STS_RESOURCE, to handle SCSI unit attentions or by the SCSI error
handler after error handling has finished. A later patch enables write
pipelining and increases the number of pending writes per zone. If
multiple writes are pending per zone, write requests may be requeued in
another order than submitted. Restore the request order if requests are
requeued. Add RQF_DONTPREP to RQF_NOMERGE_FLAGS because this patch may
cause RQF_DONTPREP requests to be sent to the code that checks whether
a request can be merged. RQF_DONTPREP requests must not be merged.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/bfq-iosched.c    |  2 ++
 block/blk-mq.c         | 20 +++++++++++++++++++-
 block/blk-mq.h         |  2 ++
 block/kyber-iosched.c  |  2 ++
 block/mq-deadline.c    |  7 ++++++-
 include/linux/blk-mq.h |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/bfq-iosched.c b/block/bfq-iosched.c
index 50e51047e1fe..297a37b38bbb 100644
--- a/block/bfq-iosched.c
+++ b/block/bfq-iosched.c
@@ -6259,6 +6259,8 @@ static void bfq_insert_request(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, struct request *rq,
 
 	if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_AT_HEAD) {
 		list_add(&rq->queuelist, &bfqd->dispatch);
+	} else if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_ORDERED) {
+		blk_mq_insert_ordered(rq, &bfqd->dispatch);
 	} else if (!bfqq) {
 		list_add_tail(&rq->queuelist, &bfqd->dispatch);
 	} else {
diff --git a/block/blk-mq.c b/block/blk-mq.c
index 2af9c59ff2ad..7f43138f8a09 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.c
+++ b/block/blk-mq.c
@@ -1583,7 +1583,9 @@ static void blk_mq_requeue_work(struct work_struct *work)
 		 * already.  Insert it into the hctx dispatch list to avoid
 		 * block layer merges for the request.
 		 */
-		if (rq->rq_flags & RQF_DONTPREP)
+		if (blk_mq_preserve_order(rq))
+			blk_mq_insert_request(rq, BLK_MQ_INSERT_ORDERED);
+		else if (rq->rq_flags & RQF_DONTPREP)
 			blk_mq_request_bypass_insert(rq, 0);
 		else
 			blk_mq_insert_request(rq, BLK_MQ_INSERT_AT_HEAD);
@@ -2617,6 +2619,20 @@ static void blk_mq_insert_requests(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
 	blk_mq_run_hw_queue(hctx, run_queue_async);
 }
 
+void blk_mq_insert_ordered(struct request *rq, struct list_head *list)
+{
+	struct request_queue *q = rq->q;
+	struct request *rq2;
+
+	list_for_each_entry(rq2, list, queuelist)
+		if (rq2->q == q && blk_rq_pos(rq2) > blk_rq_pos(rq))
+			break;
+
+	/* Insert rq before rq2. If rq2 is the list head, append at the end. */
+	list_add_tail(&rq->queuelist, &rq2->queuelist);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(blk_mq_insert_ordered);
+
 static void blk_mq_insert_request(struct request *rq, blk_insert_t flags)
 {
 	struct request_queue *q = rq->q;
@@ -2671,6 +2687,8 @@ static void blk_mq_insert_request(struct request *rq, blk_insert_t flags)
 		spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
 		if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_AT_HEAD)
 			list_add(&rq->queuelist, &ctx->rq_lists[hctx->type]);
+		else if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_ORDERED)
+			blk_mq_insert_ordered(rq, &ctx->rq_lists[hctx->type]);
 		else
 			list_add_tail(&rq->queuelist,
 				      &ctx->rq_lists[hctx->type]);
diff --git a/block/blk-mq.h b/block/blk-mq.h
index affb2e14b56e..393660311a56 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.h
+++ b/block/blk-mq.h
@@ -40,8 +40,10 @@ enum {
 
 typedef unsigned int __bitwise blk_insert_t;
 #define BLK_MQ_INSERT_AT_HEAD		((__force blk_insert_t)0x01)
+#define BLK_MQ_INSERT_ORDERED		((__force blk_insert_t)0x02)
 
 void blk_mq_submit_bio(struct bio *bio);
+void blk_mq_insert_ordered(struct request *rq, struct list_head *list);
 int blk_mq_poll(struct request_queue *q, blk_qc_t cookie, struct io_comp_batch *iob,
 		unsigned int flags);
 void blk_mq_exit_queue(struct request_queue *q);
diff --git a/block/kyber-iosched.c b/block/kyber-iosched.c
index 70cbc7b2deb4..e1ed9e9206fe 100644
--- a/block/kyber-iosched.c
+++ b/block/kyber-iosched.c
@@ -591,6 +591,8 @@ static void kyber_insert_requests(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
 		trace_block_rq_insert(rq);
 		if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_AT_HEAD)
 			list_move(&rq->queuelist, head);
+		else if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_ORDERED)
+			blk_mq_insert_ordered(rq, head);
 		else
 			list_move_tail(&rq->queuelist, head);
 		sbitmap_set_bit(&khd->kcq_map[sched_domain],
diff --git a/block/mq-deadline.c b/block/mq-deadline.c
index b9b7cdf1d3c9..1226ad3876ab 100644
--- a/block/mq-deadline.c
+++ b/block/mq-deadline.c
@@ -686,7 +686,12 @@ static void dd_insert_request(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, struct request *rq,
 		 * set expire time and add to fifo list
 		 */
 		rq->fifo_time = jiffies + dd->fifo_expire[data_dir];
-		list_add_tail(&rq->queuelist, &per_prio->fifo_list[data_dir]);
+		if (flags & BLK_MQ_INSERT_ORDERED)
+			blk_mq_insert_ordered(rq,
+					      &per_prio->fifo_list[data_dir]);
+		else
+			list_add_tail(&rq->queuelist,
+				      &per_prio->fifo_list[data_dir]);
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/blk-mq.h b/include/linux/blk-mq.h
index 30d7cd1b0484..1c516151fff0 100644
--- a/include/linux/blk-mq.h
+++ b/include/linux/blk-mq.h
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ enum rqf_flags {
 
 /* flags that prevent us from merging requests: */
 #define RQF_NOMERGE_FLAGS \
-	(RQF_STARTED | RQF_FLUSH_SEQ | RQF_SPECIAL_PAYLOAD)
+	(RQF_STARTED | RQF_FLUSH_SEQ | RQF_DONTPREP | RQF_SPECIAL_PAYLOAD)
 
 enum mq_rq_state {
 	MQ_RQ_IDLE		= 0,

[PATCH v24 04/18] blk-mq: Move the blk_queue_sq_sched() calls

[Bart Van Assche]

Prepare for running all hardware queues for single-queue I/O schedulers
if write pipelining is enabled. No functionality has been changed.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-mq.c | 19 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-mq.c b/block/blk-mq.c
index 7f43138f8a09..e2d3239aacbc 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.c
+++ b/block/blk-mq.c
@@ -2392,7 +2392,13 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_mq_run_hw_queue);
  */
 static struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(struct request_queue *q)
 {
-	struct blk_mq_ctx *ctx = blk_mq_get_ctx(q);
+	struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx;
+	struct blk_mq_ctx *ctx;
+
+	if (!blk_queue_sq_sched(q))
+		return NULL;
+
+	ctx = blk_mq_get_ctx(q);
 	/*
 	 * If the IO scheduler does not respect hardware queues when
 	 * dispatching, we just don't bother with multiple HW queues and
@@ -2400,8 +2406,7 @@ static struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(struct request_queue *q)
 	 * just causes lock contention inside the scheduler and pointless cache
 	 * bouncing.
 	 */
-	struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx = ctx->hctxs[HCTX_TYPE_DEFAULT];
-
+	hctx = ctx->hctxs[HCTX_TYPE_DEFAULT];
 	if (!blk_mq_hctx_stopped(hctx))
 		return hctx;
 	return NULL;
@@ -2417,9 +2422,7 @@ void blk_mq_run_hw_queues(struct request_queue *q, bool async)
 	struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, *sq_hctx;
 	unsigned long i;
 
-	sq_hctx = NULL;
-	if (blk_queue_sq_sched(q))
-		sq_hctx = blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(q);
+	sq_hctx = blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(q);
 	queue_for_each_hw_ctx(q, hctx, i) {
 		if (blk_mq_hctx_stopped(hctx))
 			continue;
@@ -2445,9 +2448,7 @@ void blk_mq_delay_run_hw_queues(struct request_queue *q, unsigned long msecs)
 	struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, *sq_hctx;
 	unsigned long i;
 
-	sq_hctx = NULL;
-	if (blk_queue_sq_sched(q))
-		sq_hctx = blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(q);
+	sq_hctx = blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(q);
 	queue_for_each_hw_ctx(q, hctx, i) {
 		if (blk_mq_hctx_stopped(hctx))
 			continue;

[PATCH v24 05/18] blk-mq: Run all hwqs for sq scheds if write pipelining is enabled

[Bart Van Assche]

One of the optimizations in the block layer is that blk_mq_run_hw_queues()
only calls blk_mq_run_hw_queue() for a single hardware queue for single
queue I/O schedulers instead of for all hardware queues. Disable this
optimization if ELEVATOR_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ZONED_WRITE_PIPELINING has been
set. This patch prepares for adding write pipelining support in the
mq-deadline I/O scheduler.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-mq.c | 8 ++++++--
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-mq.c b/block/blk-mq.c
index e2d3239aacbc..33b639653b5d 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.c
+++ b/block/blk-mq.c
@@ -2387,8 +2387,7 @@ void blk_mq_run_hw_queue(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, bool async)
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(blk_mq_run_hw_queue);
 
 /*
- * Return prefered queue to dispatch from (if any) for non-mq aware IO
- * scheduler.
+ * Return preferred queue to dispatch from for single-queue IO schedulers.
  */
 static struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(struct request_queue *q)
 {
@@ -2398,6 +2397,11 @@ static struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *blk_mq_get_sq_hctx(struct request_queue *q)
 	if (!blk_queue_sq_sched(q))
 		return NULL;
 
+	if (blk_queue_is_zoned(q) && blk_pipeline_zwr(q) &&
+	    test_bit(ELEVATOR_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ZONED_WRITE_PIPELINING,
+		     &q->elevator->flags))
+		return NULL;
+
 	ctx = blk_mq_get_ctx(q);
 	/*
 	 * If the IO scheduler does not respect hardware queues when

[PATCH v24 06/18] block/mq-deadline: Enable zoned write pipelining

[Bart Van Assche]

The hwq selected by blk_mq_run_hw_queues() for single-queue I/O schedulers
depends on the CPU core that function has been called from. This may lead
to concurrent dispatching of I/O requests on different CPU cores and hence
may cause I/O reordering. Prevent as follows that zoned writes are
reordered:
- Set the ELEVATOR_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ZONED_WRITE_PIPELINING flag. This disables
  the single hwq optimization in the block layer core.
- Modify dd_has_work() such that it only reports that any work is pending
  for zoned writes if the zoned writes have been submitted to the hwq that
  has been passed as argument to dd_has_work().
- Modify dd_dispatch_request() such that it only dispatches zoned writes
  if the hwq argument passed to this function matches the hwq of the
  pending zoned writes.

Because this patch introduces code that locks dd->lock from interrupt
context, make all dd->lock locking and unlocking calls IRQ-safe.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/mq-deadline.c | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/mq-deadline.c b/block/mq-deadline.c
index 1226ad3876ab..a638d28ef8ab 100644
--- a/block/mq-deadline.c
+++ b/block/mq-deadline.c
@@ -310,11 +310,25 @@ static bool started_after(struct deadline_data *dd, struct request *rq,
 	return time_after(start_time, latest_start);
 }
 
+/*
+ * If write pipelining is enabled, only dispatch sequential zoned writes if
+ * rq->mq_hctx == hctx.
+ */
+static bool dd_dispatch_from_hctx(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
+				  struct request *rq)
+{
+	struct request_queue *q = hctx->queue;
+
+	return !(q->limits.features & BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ) ||
+		rq->mq_hctx == hctx || !blk_rq_is_seq_zoned_write(rq);
+}
+
 /*
  * deadline_dispatch_requests selects the best request according to
  * read/write expire, fifo_batch, etc and with a start time <= @latest_start.
  */
 static struct request *__dd_dispatch_request(struct deadline_data *dd,
+					     struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
 					     struct dd_per_prio *per_prio,
 					     unsigned long latest_start)
 {
@@ -339,7 +353,8 @@ static struct request *__dd_dispatch_request(struct deadline_data *dd,
 	 * batches are currently reads XOR writes
 	 */
 	rq = deadline_next_request(dd, per_prio, dd->last_dir);
-	if (rq && dd->batching < dd->fifo_batch) {
+	if (rq && dd->batching < dd->fifo_batch &&
+	    dd_dispatch_from_hctx(hctx, rq)) {
 		/* we have a next request and are still entitled to batch */
 		data_dir = rq_data_dir(rq);
 		goto dispatch_request;
@@ -399,7 +414,7 @@ static struct request *__dd_dispatch_request(struct deadline_data *dd,
 		rq = next_rq;
 	}
 
-	if (!rq)
+	if (!rq || !dd_dispatch_from_hctx(hctx, rq))
 		return NULL;
 
 	dd->last_dir = data_dir;
@@ -427,8 +442,9 @@ static struct request *__dd_dispatch_request(struct deadline_data *dd,
  * Check whether there are any requests with priority other than DD_RT_PRIO
  * that were inserted more than prio_aging_expire jiffies ago.
  */
-static struct request *dd_dispatch_prio_aged_requests(struct deadline_data *dd,
-						      unsigned long now)
+static struct request *
+dd_dispatch_prio_aged_requests(struct deadline_data *dd,
+			       struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx, unsigned long now)
 {
 	struct request *rq;
 	enum dd_prio prio;
@@ -442,7 +458,7 @@ static struct request *dd_dispatch_prio_aged_requests(struct deadline_data *dd,
 		return NULL;
 
 	for (prio = DD_BE_PRIO; prio <= DD_PRIO_MAX; prio++) {
-		rq = __dd_dispatch_request(dd, &dd->per_prio[prio],
+		rq = __dd_dispatch_request(dd, hctx, &dd->per_prio[prio],
 					   now - dd->prio_aging_expire);
 		if (rq)
 			return rq;
@@ -466,8 +482,8 @@ static struct request *dd_dispatch_request(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx)
 	struct request *rq;
 	enum dd_prio prio;
 
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);
-	rq = dd_dispatch_prio_aged_requests(dd, now);
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);
+	rq = dd_dispatch_prio_aged_requests(dd, hctx, now);
 	if (rq)
 		goto unlock;
 
@@ -476,13 +492,13 @@ static struct request *dd_dispatch_request(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx)
 	 * requests if any higher priority requests are pending.
 	 */
 	for (prio = 0; prio <= DD_PRIO_MAX; prio++) {
-		rq = __dd_dispatch_request(dd, &dd->per_prio[prio], now);
+		rq = __dd_dispatch_request(dd, hctx, &dd->per_prio[prio], now);
 		if (rq || dd_queued(dd, prio))
 			break;
 	}
 
 unlock:
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);
 
 	return rq;
 }
@@ -538,9 +554,9 @@ static void dd_exit_sched(struct elevator_queue *e)
 		WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&per_prio->fifo_list[DD_READ]));
 		WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&per_prio->fifo_list[DD_WRITE]));
 
-		spin_lock(&dd->lock);
+		spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);
 		queued = dd_queued(dd, prio);
-		spin_unlock(&dd->lock);
+		spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);
 
 		WARN_ONCE(queued != 0,
 			  "statistics for priority %d: i %u m %u d %u c %u\n",
@@ -586,6 +602,8 @@ static int dd_init_sched(struct request_queue *q, struct elevator_queue *eq)
 	/* We dispatch from request queue wide instead of hw queue */
 	blk_queue_flag_set(QUEUE_FLAG_SQ_SCHED, q);
 
+	set_bit(ELEVATOR_FLAG_SUPPORTS_ZONED_WRITE_PIPELINING, &eq->flags);
+
 	q->elevator = eq;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -633,9 +651,9 @@ static bool dd_bio_merge(struct request_queue *q, struct bio *bio,
 	struct request *free = NULL;
 	bool ret;
 
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);
 	ret = blk_mq_sched_try_merge(q, bio, nr_segs, &free);
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);
 
 	if (free)
 		blk_mq_free_request(free);
@@ -706,7 +724,7 @@ static void dd_insert_requests(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;
 	LIST_HEAD(free);
 
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);
 	while (!list_empty(list)) {
 		struct request *rq;
 
@@ -714,7 +732,7 @@ static void dd_insert_requests(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
 		list_del_init(&rq->queuelist);
 		dd_insert_request(hctx, rq, flags, &free);
 	}
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);
 
 	blk_mq_free_requests(&free);
 }
@@ -741,11 +759,41 @@ static void dd_finish_request(struct request *rq)
 		atomic_inc(&per_prio->stats.completed);
 }
 
-static bool dd_has_work_for_prio(struct dd_per_prio *per_prio)
+/* May be called from interrupt context. */
+static bool dd_has_write_work(struct deadline_data *dd,
+			      struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
+			      struct list_head *list)
+{
+	struct request_queue *q = hctx->queue;
+	unsigned long flags;
+	struct request *rq;
+	bool has_work = false;
+
+	if (list_empty_careful(list))
+		return false;
+
+	if (!(q->limits.features & BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ))
+		return true;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&dd->lock, flags);
+	list_for_each_entry(rq, list, queuelist) {
+		if (rq->mq_hctx == hctx) {
+			has_work = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dd->lock, flags);
+
+	return has_work;
+}
+
+static bool dd_has_work_for_prio(struct deadline_data *dd,
+				 struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx,
+				 struct dd_per_prio *per_prio)
 {
 	return !list_empty_careful(&per_prio->dispatch) ||
 		!list_empty_careful(&per_prio->fifo_list[DD_READ]) ||
-		!list_empty_careful(&per_prio->fifo_list[DD_WRITE]);
+		dd_has_write_work(dd, hctx, &per_prio->fifo_list[DD_WRITE]);
 }
 
 static bool dd_has_work(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx)
@@ -754,7 +802,7 @@ static bool dd_has_work(struct blk_mq_hw_ctx *hctx)
 	enum dd_prio prio;
 
 	for (prio = 0; prio <= DD_PRIO_MAX; prio++)
-		if (dd_has_work_for_prio(&dd->per_prio[prio]))
+		if (dd_has_work_for_prio(dd, hctx, &dd->per_prio[prio]))
 			return true;
 
 	return false;
@@ -836,7 +884,7 @@ static void *deadline_##name##_fifo_start(struct seq_file *m,		\
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;		\
 	struct dd_per_prio *per_prio = &dd->per_prio[prio];		\
 									\
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);						\
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);						\
 	return seq_list_start(&per_prio->fifo_list[data_dir], *pos);	\
 }									\
 									\
@@ -856,7 +904,7 @@ static void deadline_##name##_fifo_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v)	\
 	struct request_queue *q = m->private;				\
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;		\
 									\
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);						\
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);						\
 }									\
 									\
 static const struct seq_operations deadline_##name##_fifo_seq_ops = {	\
@@ -922,11 +970,11 @@ static int dd_queued_show(void *data, struct seq_file *m)
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;
 	u32 rt, be, idle;
 
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);
 	rt = dd_queued(dd, DD_RT_PRIO);
 	be = dd_queued(dd, DD_BE_PRIO);
 	idle = dd_queued(dd, DD_IDLE_PRIO);
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);
 
 	seq_printf(m, "%u %u %u\n", rt, be, idle);
 
@@ -950,11 +998,11 @@ static int dd_owned_by_driver_show(void *data, struct seq_file *m)
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;
 	u32 rt, be, idle;
 
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);
 	rt = dd_owned_by_driver(dd, DD_RT_PRIO);
 	be = dd_owned_by_driver(dd, DD_BE_PRIO);
 	idle = dd_owned_by_driver(dd, DD_IDLE_PRIO);
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);
 
 	seq_printf(m, "%u %u %u\n", rt, be, idle);
 
@@ -970,7 +1018,7 @@ static void *deadline_dispatch##prio##_start(struct seq_file *m,	\
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;		\
 	struct dd_per_prio *per_prio = &dd->per_prio[prio];		\
 									\
-	spin_lock(&dd->lock);						\
+	spin_lock_irq(&dd->lock);					\
 	return seq_list_start(&per_prio->dispatch, *pos);		\
 }									\
 									\
@@ -990,7 +1038,7 @@ static void deadline_dispatch##prio##_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v)	\
 	struct request_queue *q = m->private;				\
 	struct deadline_data *dd = q->elevator->elevator_data;		\
 									\
-	spin_unlock(&dd->lock);						\
+	spin_unlock_irq(&dd->lock);					\
 }									\
 									\
 static const struct seq_operations deadline_dispatch##prio##_seq_ops = { \

[PATCH v24 07/18] blk-zoned: Add an argument to blk_zone_plug_bio()

[Bart Van Assche]

Software that submits zoned writes, e.g. a filesystem, may submit zoned
writes from multiple CPU cores as long as the zoned writes are serialized
per zone. Submitting bios from different CPUs may cause bio reordering if
e.g. different bios reach the storage device through different queues.
Prepare for preserving the order of pipelined zoned writes per zone by
adding the 'rq_cpu` argument to blk_zone_plug_bio(). This argument tells
blk_zone_plug_bio() from which CPU a cached request has been allocated.
The cached request will only be used if it matches the CPU from which
zoned writes are being submitted for the zone associated with the bio.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-mq.c         | 7 +++----
 block/blk-zoned.c      | 5 ++++-
 drivers/md/dm.c        | 5 ++---
 include/linux/blkdev.h | 5 +++--
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-mq.c b/block/blk-mq.c
index 33b639653b5d..31c0db1fc217 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.c
+++ b/block/blk-mq.c
@@ -3219,10 +3219,9 @@ void blk_mq_submit_bio(struct bio *bio)
 	if (blk_mq_attempt_bio_merge(q, bio, nr_segs))
 		goto queue_exit;
 
-	if (bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(bio)) {
-		if (blk_zone_plug_bio(bio, nr_segs))
-			goto queue_exit;
-	}
+	if (bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(bio) &&
+	    blk_zone_plug_bio(bio, nr_segs, rq ? rq->mq_ctx->cpu : -1))
+		goto queue_exit;
 
 new_request:
 	if (rq) {
diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index 1b5923c1a149..dfc77fc44837 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -1127,6 +1127,9 @@ static void blk_zone_wplug_handle_native_zone_append(struct bio *bio)
  * blk_zone_plug_bio - Handle a zone write BIO with zone write plugging
  * @bio: The BIO being submitted
  * @nr_segs: The number of physical segments of @bio
+ * @rq_cpu: software queue onto which a request will be queued. -1 if the caller
+ *	has not yet decided onto which software queue to queue the request or if
+ *	the bio won't be converted into a request.
  *
  * Handle write, write zeroes and zone append operations requiring emulation
  * using zone write plugging.
@@ -1135,7 +1138,7 @@ static void blk_zone_wplug_handle_native_zone_append(struct bio *bio)
  * write plug. Otherwise, return false to let the submission path process
  * @bio normally.
  */
-bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
+bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs, int rq_cpu)
 {
 	struct block_device *bdev = bio->bi_bdev;
 
diff --git a/drivers/md/dm.c b/drivers/md/dm.c
index a44e8c2dccee..cd0ec4a39b4d 100644
--- a/drivers/md/dm.c
+++ b/drivers/md/dm.c
@@ -1804,9 +1804,8 @@ static inline bool dm_zone_bio_needs_split(struct bio *bio)
 
 static inline bool dm_zone_plug_bio(struct mapped_device *md, struct bio *bio)
 {
-	if (!bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(bio))
-		return false;
-	return blk_zone_plug_bio(bio, 0);
+	return bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(bio) &&
+		blk_zone_plug_bio(bio, 0, -1);
 }
 
 static blk_status_t __send_zone_reset_all_emulated(struct clone_info *ci,
diff --git a/include/linux/blkdev.h b/include/linux/blkdev.h
index 2c2579d4b7ed..88fdbd6b1ac0 100644
--- a/include/linux/blkdev.h
+++ b/include/linux/blkdev.h
@@ -904,7 +904,7 @@ static inline bool bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(struct bio *bio)
 	}
 }
 
-bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs);
+bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs, int rq_cpu);
 
 /**
  * disk_zone_capacity - returns the zone capacity of zone containing @sector
@@ -944,7 +944,8 @@ static inline bool bio_needs_zone_write_plugging(struct bio *bio)
 	return false;
 }
 
-static inline bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
+static inline bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs,
+				     int rq_cpu)
 {
 	return false;
 }

[PATCH v24 08/18] blk-zoned: Split an if-statement

[Bart Van Assche]

Split an if-statement and also the comment above that if-statement. This
patch prepares for moving code from disk_zone_wplug_add_bio() into its
caller. No functionality has been changed.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-zoned.c | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index dfc77fc44837..f7f43b7e6f31 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -1053,13 +1053,14 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 	bio_set_flag(bio, BIO_ZONE_WRITE_PLUGGING);
 
 	/*
-	 * If the zone is already plugged, add the BIO to the plug BIO list.
-	 * Do the same for REQ_NOWAIT BIOs to ensure that we will not see a
+	 * Add REQ_NOWAIT BIOs to the plug list to ensure that we will not see a
 	 * BLK_STS_AGAIN failure if we let the BIO execute.
-	 * Otherwise, plug and let the BIO execute.
 	 */
-	if ((zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED) ||
-	    (bio->bi_opf & REQ_NOWAIT))
+	if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_NOWAIT)
+		goto plug;
+
+	/* If the zone is already plugged, add the BIO to the plug BIO list. */
+	if (zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED)
 		goto plug;
 
 	if (!blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio(zwplug, bio)) {
@@ -1068,6 +1069,7 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	/* Otherwise, plug and submit the BIO. */
 	zwplug->flags |= BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
 
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);

[PATCH v24 09/18] blk-zoned: Move code from disk_zone_wplug_add_bio() into its caller

[Bart Van Assche]

Move the following code into the only caller of disk_zone_wplug_add_bio():
 - The code for clearing the REQ_NOWAIT flag.
 - The code that sets the BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED flag.
 - The disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work() call.

No functionality has been changed.

This patch prepares for zoned write pipelining by removing the code from
disk_zone_wplug_add_bio() that does not apply to all zoned write pipelining
bio processing cases.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-zoned.c | 33 ++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index f7f43b7e6f31..fb6e7407d173 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -799,8 +799,6 @@ static inline void disk_zone_wplug_add_bio(struct gendisk *disk,
 				struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug,
 				struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 {
-	bool schedule_bio_work = false;
-
 	/*
 	 * Grab an extra reference on the BIO request queue usage counter.
 	 * This reference will be reused to submit a request for the BIO for
@@ -816,16 +814,6 @@ static inline void disk_zone_wplug_add_bio(struct gendisk *disk,
 	 */
 	bio_clear_polled(bio);
 
-	/*
-	 * REQ_NOWAIT BIOs are always handled using the zone write plug BIO
-	 * work, which can block. So clear the REQ_NOWAIT flag and schedule the
-	 * work if this is the first BIO we are plugging.
-	 */
-	if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_NOWAIT) {
-		schedule_bio_work = !(zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED);
-		bio->bi_opf &= ~REQ_NOWAIT;
-	}
-
 	/*
 	 * Reuse the poll cookie field to store the number of segments when
 	 * split to the hardware limits.
@@ -841,11 +829,6 @@ static inline void disk_zone_wplug_add_bio(struct gendisk *disk,
 	bio_list_add(&zwplug->bio_list, bio);
 	trace_disk_zone_wplug_add_bio(zwplug->disk->queue, zwplug->zone_no,
 				      bio->bi_iter.bi_sector, bio_sectors(bio));
-
-	zwplug->flags |= BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
-
-	if (schedule_bio_work)
-		disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(disk, zwplug);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1010,6 +993,7 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 {
 	struct gendisk *disk = bio->bi_bdev->bd_disk;
 	sector_t sector = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
+	bool schedule_bio_work = false;
 	struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug;
 	gfp_t gfp_mask = GFP_NOIO;
 	unsigned long flags;
@@ -1056,12 +1040,14 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 	 * Add REQ_NOWAIT BIOs to the plug list to ensure that we will not see a
 	 * BLK_STS_AGAIN failure if we let the BIO execute.
 	 */
-	if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_NOWAIT)
-		goto plug;
+	if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_NOWAIT) {
+		bio->bi_opf &= ~REQ_NOWAIT;
+		goto add_to_bio_list;
+	}
 
 	/* If the zone is already plugged, add the BIO to the plug BIO list. */
 	if (zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED)
-		goto plug;
+		goto add_to_bio_list;
 
 	if (!blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio(zwplug, bio)) {
 		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
@@ -1076,8 +1062,13 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 
 	return false;
 
-plug:
+add_to_bio_list:
+	schedule_bio_work = !(zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED);
+	zwplug->flags |= BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
+
 	disk_zone_wplug_add_bio(disk, zwplug, bio, nr_segs);
+	if (schedule_bio_work)
+		disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(disk, zwplug);
 
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
 

[PATCH v24 10/18] blk-zoned: Introduce a loop in blk_zone_wplug_bio_work()

[Bart Van Assche]

Prepare for submitting multiple bios from inside a single
blk_zone_wplug_bio_work() call. No functionality has been changed.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-zoned.c | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index fb6e7407d173..eb81278acb38 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -1301,44 +1301,48 @@ static void blk_zone_wplug_bio_work(struct work_struct *work)
 	struct bio *bio;
 	bool prepared;
 
-	/*
-	 * Submit the next plugged BIO. If we do not have any, clear
-	 * the plugged flag.
-	 */
-again:
-	spin_lock_irqsave(&zwplug->lock, flags);
-	bio = bio_list_pop(&zwplug->bio_list);
-	if (!bio) {
-		zwplug->flags &= ~BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
-		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
-		goto put_zwplug;
-	}
+	do {
+		/*
+		 * Submit the next plugged BIO. If we do not have any, clear
+		 * the plugged flag.
+		 */
+		spin_lock_irqsave(&zwplug->lock, flags);
+		bio = bio_list_pop(&zwplug->bio_list);
+		if (!bio) {
+			zwplug->flags &= ~BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
+			spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
+			goto put_zwplug;
+		}
 
-	trace_blk_zone_wplug_bio(zwplug->disk->queue, zwplug->zone_no,
-				 bio->bi_iter.bi_sector, bio_sectors(bio));
+		trace_blk_zone_wplug_bio(zwplug->disk->queue,
+					 zwplug->zone_no,
+					 bio->bi_iter.bi_sector,
+					 bio_sectors(bio));
 
-	prepared = blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio(zwplug, bio);
-	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
+		prepared = blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio(zwplug, bio);
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
 
-	if (!prepared) {
-		blk_zone_wplug_bio_io_error(zwplug, bio);
-		goto again;
-	}
+		if (!prepared) {
+			blk_zone_wplug_bio_io_error(zwplug, bio);
+			continue;
+		}
 
-	bdev = bio->bi_bdev;
 
-	/*
-	 * blk-mq devices will reuse the extra reference on the request queue
-	 * usage counter we took when the BIO was plugged, but the submission
-	 * path for BIO-based devices will not do that. So drop this extra
-	 * reference here.
-	 */
-	if (bdev_test_flag(bdev, BD_HAS_SUBMIT_BIO)) {
-		bdev->bd_disk->fops->submit_bio(bio);
-		blk_queue_exit(bdev->bd_disk->queue);
-	} else {
-		blk_mq_submit_bio(bio);
-	}
+		bdev = bio->bi_bdev;
+
+		/*
+		 * blk-mq devices will reuse the extra reference on the request
+		 * queue usage counter we took when the BIO was plugged, but the
+		 * submission path for BIO-based devices will not do that. So
+		 * drop this extra reference here.
+		 */
+		if (bdev_test_flag(bdev, BD_HAS_SUBMIT_BIO)) {
+			bdev->bd_disk->fops->submit_bio(bio);
+			blk_queue_exit(bdev->bd_disk->queue);
+		} else {
+			blk_mq_submit_bio(bio);
+		}
+	} while (0);
 
 put_zwplug:
 	/* Drop the reference we took in disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(). */

[PATCH v24 11/18] blk-zoned: Document disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work() locking

[Bart Van Assche]

Before adding more code in disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work() that depends
on the zone write plug lock being held, document that all callers hold this
lock.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-zoned.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index eb81278acb38..627a952477d1 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -785,6 +785,8 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_reset_all(struct bio *bio)
 static void disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(struct gendisk *disk,
 					      struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug)
 {
+	lockdep_assert_held(&zwplug->lock);
+
 	/*
 	 * Take a reference on the zone write plug and schedule the submission
 	 * of the next plugged BIO. blk_zone_wplug_bio_work() will release the

[PATCH v24 12/18] blk-zoned: Support pipelining of zoned writes

[Bart Van Assche]

Support pipelining of zoned writes if the write order is preserved per
hardware queue. Track per zone to which software queue writes have been
queued. If zoned writes are pipelined, submit new writes to the same
software queue as the writes that are already in progress. This prevents
reordering by submitting requests for the same zone to different
software or hardware queues. In disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(),
only increment the zwplug reference count if queuing zwplug->bio_work
succeeded since with this patch applied the bio_work may already be
queued if disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work() is called.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 block/blk-mq.c    |  4 +--
 block/blk-zoned.c | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 77 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/block/blk-mq.c b/block/blk-mq.c
index 31c0db1fc217..6f3069a50f63 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.c
+++ b/block/blk-mq.c
@@ -3174,8 +3174,8 @@ void blk_mq_submit_bio(struct bio *bio)
 	/*
 	 * A BIO that was released from a zone write plug has already been
 	 * through the preparation in this function, already holds a reference
-	 * on the queue usage counter, and is the only write BIO in-flight for
-	 * the target zone. Go straight to preparing a request for it.
+	 * on the queue usage counter. Go straight to preparing a request for
+	 * it.
 	 */
 	if (bio_zone_write_plugging(bio)) {
 		nr_segs = bio->__bi_nr_segments;
diff --git a/block/blk-zoned.c b/block/blk-zoned.c
index 627a952477d1..bb3cb1e3eff5 100644
--- a/block/blk-zoned.c
+++ b/block/blk-zoned.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2016, Damien Le Moal
  * Copyright (c) 2016, Western Digital
  * Copyright (c) 2024, Western Digital Corporation or its affiliates.
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
  */
 
 #include <linux/kernel.h>
@@ -54,6 +55,8 @@ static const char *const zone_cond_name[] = {
  * @zone_no: The number of the zone the plug is managing.
  * @wp_offset: The zone write pointer location relative to the start of the zone
  *             as a number of 512B sectors.
+ * @from_cpu: Software queue to submit writes from for drivers that preserve
+ *	the write order.
  * @bio_list: The list of BIOs that are currently plugged.
  * @bio_work: Work struct to handle issuing of plugged BIOs
  * @rcu_head: RCU head to free zone write plugs with an RCU grace period.
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@ struct blk_zone_wplug {
 	unsigned int		flags;
 	unsigned int		zone_no;
 	unsigned int		wp_offset;
+	int			from_cpu;
 	struct bio_list		bio_list;
 	struct work_struct	bio_work;
 	struct rcu_head		rcu_head;
@@ -75,8 +79,7 @@ struct blk_zone_wplug {
 /*
  * Zone write plug flags bits:
  *  - BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED: Indicates that the zone write plug is plugged,
- *    that is, that write BIOs are being throttled due to a write BIO already
- *    being executed or the zone write plug bio list is not empty.
+ *    that is, that write BIOs are being throttled.
  *  - BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_NEED_WP_UPDATE: Indicates that we lost track of a zone
  *    write pointer offset and need to update it.
  *  - BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_UNHASHED: Indicates that the zone write plug was removed
@@ -589,6 +592,7 @@ static struct blk_zone_wplug *disk_get_and_lock_zone_wplug(struct gendisk *disk,
 	zwplug->flags = 0;
 	zwplug->zone_no = zno;
 	zwplug->wp_offset = bdev_offset_from_zone_start(disk->part0, sector);
+	zwplug->from_cpu = -1;
 	bio_list_init(&zwplug->bio_list);
 	INIT_WORK(&zwplug->bio_work, blk_zone_wplug_bio_work);
 	zwplug->disk = disk;
@@ -785,16 +789,25 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_reset_all(struct bio *bio)
 static void disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(struct gendisk *disk,
 					      struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug)
 {
+	int cpu;
+
 	lockdep_assert_held(&zwplug->lock);
 
 	/*
-	 * Take a reference on the zone write plug and schedule the submission
-	 * of the next plugged BIO. blk_zone_wplug_bio_work() will release the
-	 * reference we take here.
+	 * Schedule a blk_zone_wplug_bio_work() call and increase the zone write
+	 * plug reference count. blk_zone_wplug_bio_work() will release the
+	 * reference we take here. Increasing the zone write plug reference
+	 * count after the queue_work_on() call is safe because all callers hold
+	 * the zone write plug lock and blk_zone_wplug_bio_work() obtains the
+	 * same lock before decrementing the reference count.
 	 */
 	WARN_ON_ONCE(!(zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED));
-	refcount_inc(&zwplug->ref);
-	queue_work(disk->zone_wplugs_wq, &zwplug->bio_work);
+	if (zwplug->from_cpu >= 0)
+		cpu = zwplug->from_cpu;
+	else
+		cpu = WORK_CPU_UNBOUND;
+	if (queue_work_on(cpu, disk->zone_wplugs_wq, &zwplug->bio_work))
+		refcount_inc(&zwplug->ref);
 }
 
 static inline void disk_zone_wplug_add_bio(struct gendisk *disk,
@@ -991,14 +1004,18 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio(struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug,
 	return true;
 }
 
-static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
+static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs,
+					int rq_cpu)
 {
 	struct gendisk *disk = bio->bi_bdev->bd_disk;
+	const bool pipeline_zwr = bio_op(bio) != REQ_OP_ZONE_APPEND &&
+				 blk_pipeline_zwr(disk->queue);
 	sector_t sector = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
 	bool schedule_bio_work = false;
 	struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug;
 	gfp_t gfp_mask = GFP_NOIO;
 	unsigned long flags;
+	int from_cpu = -1;
 
 	/*
 	 * BIOs must be fully contained within a zone so that we use the correct
@@ -1051,14 +1068,44 @@ static bool blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs)
 	if (zwplug->flags & BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED)
 		goto add_to_bio_list;
 
+	/*
+	 * The code below has been organized such that zwplug->from_cpu and
+	 * zwplug->flags are only modified after it is clear that a request will
+	 * be added to the bio list or that it will be submitted by the
+	 * caller. This prevents that any changes to these member variables have
+	 * to be reverted if the blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio() call fails.
+	 */
+
+	if (pipeline_zwr) {
+		if (zwplug->from_cpu >= 0)
+			from_cpu = zwplug->from_cpu;
+		else
+			from_cpu = smp_processor_id();
+		if (from_cpu != rq_cpu) {
+			zwplug->from_cpu = from_cpu;
+			goto add_to_bio_list;
+		}
+	}
+
 	if (!blk_zone_wplug_prepare_bio(zwplug, bio)) {
 		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
 		bio_io_error(bio);
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	/* Otherwise, plug and submit the BIO. */
-	zwplug->flags |= BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
+	if (pipeline_zwr) {
+		/*
+		 * The block driver preserves the write order. Submit future
+		 * writes from the same CPU core as ongoing writes.
+		 */
+		zwplug->from_cpu = from_cpu;
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * The block driver does not preserve the write order. Plug and
+		 * let the caller submit the BIO.
+		 */
+		zwplug->flags |= BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
+	}
 
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
 
@@ -1166,7 +1213,7 @@ bool blk_zone_plug_bio(struct bio *bio, unsigned int nr_segs, int rq_cpu)
 		fallthrough;
 	case REQ_OP_WRITE:
 	case REQ_OP_WRITE_ZEROES:
-		return blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(bio, nr_segs);
+		return blk_zone_wplug_handle_write(bio, nr_segs, rq_cpu);
 	case REQ_OP_ZONE_RESET:
 		return blk_zone_wplug_handle_reset_or_finish(bio, 0);
 	case REQ_OP_ZONE_FINISH:
@@ -1198,6 +1245,16 @@ static void disk_zone_wplug_unplug_bio(struct gendisk *disk,
 
 	zwplug->flags &= ~BLK_ZONE_WPLUG_PLUGGED;
 
+	/*
+	 * zwplug->from_cpu must not change while one or more writes are pending
+	 * for the zone associated with zwplug. zwplug->ref is 2 when the plug
+	 * is unused (one reference taken when the plug was allocated and
+	 * another reference taken by the caller context). Reset
+	 * zwplug->from_cpu if no more writes are pending.
+	 */
+	if (refcount_read(&zwplug->ref) == 2)
+		zwplug->from_cpu = -1;
+
 	/*
 	 * If the zone is full (it was fully written or finished, or empty
 	 * (it was reset), remove its zone write plug from the hash table.
@@ -1298,6 +1355,7 @@ static void blk_zone_wplug_bio_work(struct work_struct *work)
 {
 	struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug =
 		container_of(work, struct blk_zone_wplug, bio_work);
+	bool pipeline_zwr = blk_pipeline_zwr(zwplug->disk->queue);
 	struct block_device *bdev;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	struct bio *bio;
@@ -1344,7 +1402,7 @@ static void blk_zone_wplug_bio_work(struct work_struct *work)
 		} else {
 			blk_mq_submit_bio(bio);
 		}
-	} while (0);
+	} while (pipeline_zwr);
 
 put_zwplug:
 	/* Drop the reference we took in disk_zone_wplug_schedule_bio_work(). */
@@ -1871,6 +1929,7 @@ static void queue_zone_wplug_show(struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug,
 	unsigned int zwp_zone_no, zwp_ref;
 	unsigned int zwp_bio_list_size;
 	unsigned long flags;
+	int from_cpu;
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&zwplug->lock, flags);
 	zwp_zone_no = zwplug->zone_no;
@@ -1878,10 +1937,12 @@ static void queue_zone_wplug_show(struct blk_zone_wplug *zwplug,
 	zwp_ref = refcount_read(&zwplug->ref);
 	zwp_wp_offset = zwplug->wp_offset;
 	zwp_bio_list_size = bio_list_size(&zwplug->bio_list);
+	from_cpu = zwplug->from_cpu;
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zwplug->lock, flags);
 
-	seq_printf(m, "%u 0x%x %u %u %u\n", zwp_zone_no, zwp_flags, zwp_ref,
-		   zwp_wp_offset, zwp_bio_list_size);
+	seq_printf(m, "zone_no %u flags 0x%x ref %u wp_offset %u bio_list_size %u from_cpu %d\n",
+		   zwp_zone_no, zwp_flags, zwp_ref, zwp_wp_offset,
+		   zwp_bio_list_size, from_cpu);
 }
 
 int queue_zone_wplugs_show(void *data, struct seq_file *m)

[PATCH v24 13/18] null_blk: Add the preserves_write_order attribute

[Bart Van Assche]

Support configuring the BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ flag in the null_blk driver to
make it easier to test write pipelining

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 drivers/block/null_blk/main.c     | 4 ++++
 drivers/block/null_blk/null_blk.h | 1 +
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/block/null_blk/main.c b/drivers/block/null_blk/main.c
index 91642c9a3b29..86d72979d899 100644
--- a/drivers/block/null_blk/main.c
+++ b/drivers/block/null_blk/main.c
@@ -475,6 +475,7 @@ NULLB_DEVICE_ATTR(fua, bool, NULL);
 NULLB_DEVICE_ATTR(rotational, bool, NULL);
 NULLB_DEVICE_ATTR(badblocks_once, bool, NULL);
 NULLB_DEVICE_ATTR(badblocks_partial_io, bool, NULL);
+NULLB_DEVICE_ATTR(preserves_write_order, bool, NULL);
 
 static ssize_t nullb_device_power_show(struct config_item *item, char *page)
 {
@@ -613,6 +614,7 @@ static struct configfs_attribute *nullb_device_attrs[] = {
 	&nullb_device_attr_no_sched,
 	&nullb_device_attr_poll_queues,
 	&nullb_device_attr_power,
+	&nullb_device_attr_preserves_write_order,
 	&nullb_device_attr_queue_mode,
 	&nullb_device_attr_rotational,
 	&nullb_device_attr_shared_tag_bitmap,
@@ -1979,6 +1981,8 @@ static int null_add_dev(struct nullb_device *dev)
 	if (dev->virt_boundary)
 		lim.virt_boundary_mask = PAGE_SIZE - 1;
 	null_config_discard(nullb, &lim);
+	if (dev->preserves_write_order)
+		lim.features |= BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ;
 	if (dev->zoned) {
 		rv = null_init_zoned_dev(dev, &lim);
 		if (rv)
diff --git a/drivers/block/null_blk/null_blk.h b/drivers/block/null_blk/null_blk.h
index 7bb6128dbaaf..08b732cf853f 100644
--- a/drivers/block/null_blk/null_blk.h
+++ b/drivers/block/null_blk/null_blk.h
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ struct nullb_device {
 	bool shared_tag_bitmap; /* use hostwide shared tags */
 	bool fua; /* Support FUA */
 	bool rotational; /* Fake rotational device */
+	bool preserves_write_order;
 };
 
 struct nullb {

[PATCH v24 14/18] scsi: core: Retry unaligned zoned writes

[Bart Van Assche]

If zoned writes (REQ_OP_WRITE) for a sequential write required zone have
a starting LBA that differs from the write pointer, e.g. because a prior
write triggered a unit attention condition, then the storage device will
respond with an UNALIGNED WRITE COMMAND error. Retry commands that failed
with an unaligned write error.

Reviewed-by: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c b/drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c
index 746ff6a1f309..812b18e9b9de 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/scsi_error.c
@@ -713,6 +713,22 @@ enum scsi_disposition scsi_check_sense(struct scsi_cmnd *scmd)
 		fallthrough;
 
 	case ILLEGAL_REQUEST:
+		/*
+		 * Unaligned write command. This may indicate that zoned writes
+		 * have been received by the device in the wrong order. If write
+		 * pipelining is enabled, retry.
+		 */
+		if (sshdr.asc == 0x21 && sshdr.ascq == 0x04 &&
+		    blk_pipeline_zwr(req->q) &&
+		    blk_rq_is_seq_zoned_write(req) &&
+		    scsi_cmd_retry_allowed(scmd)) {
+			SCSI_LOG_ERROR_RECOVERY(1,
+				sdev_printk(KERN_WARNING, scmd->device,
+				"Retrying unaligned write at LBA %#llx.\n",
+				scsi_get_lba(scmd)));
+			return NEEDS_RETRY;
+		}
+
 		if (sshdr.asc == 0x20 || /* Invalid command operation code */
 		    sshdr.asc == 0x21 || /* Logical block address out of range */
 		    sshdr.asc == 0x22 || /* Invalid function */

[PATCH v24 15/18] scsi: sd: Increase retry count for zoned writes

[Bart Van Assche]

If the write order is preserved, increase the number of retries for
write commands sent to a sequential zone to the maximum number of
outstanding commands because in the worst case the number of times
reordered zoned writes have to be retried is (number of outstanding
writes per sequential zone) - 1.

Cc: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 drivers/scsi/sd.c | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/scsi/sd.c b/drivers/scsi/sd.c
index 5b8668accf8e..3ae6afc02ee5 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/sd.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/sd.c
@@ -1409,6 +1409,12 @@ static blk_status_t sd_setup_read_write_cmnd(struct scsi_cmnd *cmd)
 	cmd->transfersize = sdp->sector_size;
 	cmd->underflow = nr_blocks << 9;
 	cmd->allowed = sdkp->max_retries;
+	/*
+	 * Increase the number of allowed retries for zoned writes if zoned
+	 * write pipelining is enabled.
+	 */
+	if (blk_pipeline_zwr(rq->q) && blk_rq_is_seq_zoned_write(rq))
+		cmd->allowed += rq->q->nr_requests;
 	cmd->sdb.length = nr_blocks * sdp->sector_size;
 
 	SCSI_LOG_HLQUEUE(1,

[PATCH v24 16/18] scsi: scsi_debug: Add the preserves_write_order module parameter

[Bart Van Assche]

Make it easier to test write pipelining by adding support for setting the
BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ flag.

Acked-by: Douglas Gilbert <dgilbert@interlog.com>
Reviewed-by: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c b/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c
index 353cb60e1abe..2eeed9f63c69 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c
@@ -1004,6 +1004,7 @@ static int dix_reads;
 static int dif_errors;
 
 /* ZBC global data */
+static bool sdeb_preserves_write_order;
 static bool sdeb_zbc_in_use;	/* true for host-aware and host-managed disks */
 static int sdeb_zbc_zone_cap_mb;
 static int sdeb_zbc_zone_size_mb;
@@ -6630,10 +6631,15 @@ static struct sdebug_dev_info *find_build_dev_info(struct scsi_device *sdev)
 
 static int scsi_debug_sdev_init(struct scsi_device *sdp)
 {
+	struct request_queue *q = sdp->request_queue;
+
 	if (sdebug_verbose)
 		pr_info("sdev_init <%u %u %u %llu>\n",
 		       sdp->host->host_no, sdp->channel, sdp->id, sdp->lun);
 
+	if (sdeb_preserves_write_order)
+		q->limits.features |= BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ;
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -7362,6 +7368,8 @@ module_param_named(statistics, sdebug_statistics, bool, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR);
 module_param_named(strict, sdebug_strict, bool, S_IRUGO | S_IWUSR);
 module_param_named(submit_queues, submit_queues, int, S_IRUGO);
 module_param_named(poll_queues, poll_queues, int, S_IRUGO);
+module_param_named(preserves_write_order, sdeb_preserves_write_order, bool,
+		   S_IRUGO);
 module_param_named(tur_ms_to_ready, sdeb_tur_ms_to_ready, int, S_IRUGO);
 module_param_named(unmap_alignment, sdebug_unmap_alignment, int, S_IRUGO);
 module_param_named(unmap_granularity, sdebug_unmap_granularity, int, S_IRUGO);
@@ -7434,6 +7442,8 @@ MODULE_PARM_DESC(opts, "1->noise, 2->medium_err, 4->timeout, 8->recovered_err...
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(per_host_store, "If set, next positive add_host will get new store (def=0)");
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(physblk_exp, "physical block exponent (def=0)");
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(poll_queues, "support for iouring iopoll queues (1 to max(submit_queues - 1))");
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(preserves_write_order,
+		 "Whether or not to inform the block layer that this driver preserves the order of WRITE commands (def=0)");
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(ptype, "SCSI peripheral type(def=0[disk])");
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(random, "If set, uniformly randomize command duration between 0 and delay_in_ns");
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(removable, "claim to have removable media (def=0)");

[PATCH v24 17/18] scsi: scsi_debug: Support injecting unaligned write errors

[Bart Van Assche]

Allow user space software, e.g. a blktests test, to inject unaligned
write errors.

Acked-by: Douglas Gilbert <dgilbert@interlog.com>
Reviewed-by: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Cc: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Ming Lei <ming.lei@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c | 12 +++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c b/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c
index 2eeed9f63c69..8465b3346876 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/scsi_debug.c
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ struct tape_block {
 #define SDEBUG_OPT_NO_CDB_NOISE		0x4000
 #define SDEBUG_OPT_HOST_BUSY		0x8000
 #define SDEBUG_OPT_CMD_ABORT		0x10000
+#define SDEBUG_OPT_UNALIGNED_WRITE	0x20000
 #define SDEBUG_OPT_ALL_NOISE (SDEBUG_OPT_NOISE | SDEBUG_OPT_Q_NOISE | \
 			      SDEBUG_OPT_RESET_NOISE)
 #define SDEBUG_OPT_ALL_INJECTING (SDEBUG_OPT_RECOVERED_ERR | \
@@ -237,7 +238,8 @@ struct tape_block {
 				  SDEBUG_OPT_DIF_ERR | SDEBUG_OPT_DIX_ERR | \
 				  SDEBUG_OPT_SHORT_TRANSFER | \
 				  SDEBUG_OPT_HOST_BUSY | \
-				  SDEBUG_OPT_CMD_ABORT)
+				  SDEBUG_OPT_CMD_ABORT | \
+				  SDEBUG_OPT_UNALIGNED_WRITE)
 #define SDEBUG_OPT_RECOV_DIF_DIX (SDEBUG_OPT_RECOVERED_ERR | \
 				  SDEBUG_OPT_DIF_ERR | SDEBUG_OPT_DIX_ERR)
 
@@ -4938,6 +4940,14 @@ static int resp_write_dt0(struct scsi_cmnd *scp, struct sdebug_dev_info *devip)
 	u8 *cmd = scp->cmnd;
 	bool meta_data_locked = false;
 
+	if (unlikely(sdebug_opts & SDEBUG_OPT_UNALIGNED_WRITE &&
+		     atomic_read(&sdeb_inject_pending))) {
+		atomic_set(&sdeb_inject_pending, 0);
+		mk_sense_buffer(scp, ILLEGAL_REQUEST, LBA_OUT_OF_RANGE,
+				UNALIGNED_WRITE_ASCQ);
+		return check_condition_result;
+	}
+
 	switch (cmd[0]) {
 	case WRITE_16:
 		ei_lba = 0;

[PATCH v24 18/18] ufs: core: Inform the block layer about write ordering

[Bart Van Assche]

From the UFSHCI 4.0 specification, about the MCQ mode:
"Command Submission
1. Host SW writes an Entry to SQ
2. Host SW updates SQ doorbell tail pointer

Command Processing
3. After fetching the Entry, Host Controller updates SQ doorbell head
   pointer
4. Host controller sends COMMAND UPIU to UFS device"

In other words, in MCQ mode, UFS controllers are required to forward
commands to the UFS device in the order these commands have been
received from the host.

This patch improves performance as follows on a test setup with UFSHCI
4.0 controller:
- When not using an I/O scheduler: 2.3x more IOPS for small writes.
- With the mq-deadline scheduler: 2.0x more IOPS for small writes.

Reviewed-by: Avri Altman <avri.altman@wdc.com>
Reviewed-by: Can Guo <quic_cang@quicinc.com>
Cc: Bao D. Nguyen <quic_nguyenb@quicinc.com>
Cc: Martin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bvanassche@acm.org>
---
 drivers/ufs/core/ufshcd.c | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/drivers/ufs/core/ufshcd.c b/drivers/ufs/core/ufshcd.c
index 9a43102b2b21..c980857db9e2 100644
--- a/drivers/ufs/core/ufshcd.c
+++ b/drivers/ufs/core/ufshcd.c
@@ -5324,6 +5324,13 @@ static int ufshcd_sdev_configure(struct scsi_device *sdev,
 	struct ufs_hba *hba = shost_priv(sdev->host);
 	struct request_queue *q = sdev->request_queue;
 
+	/*
+	 * The write order is preserved per MCQ. Without MCQ, auto-hibernation
+	 * may cause write reordering that results in unaligned write errors.
+	 */
+	if (hba->mcq_enabled)
+		lim->features |= BLK_FEAT_ORDERED_HWQ;
+
 	lim->dma_pad_mask = PRDT_DATA_BYTE_COUNT_PAD - 1;
 
 	/*

Re: [PATCH v24 00/18] Improve write performance for zoned UFS devices

[Hannes Reinecke]

On 8/27/25 23:29, Bart Van Assche wrote:
> Hi Jens,
> 
> This patch series improves small write IOPS by a factor of two for zoned UFS
> devices on my test setup. The changes included in this patch series are as
> follows:
>   - A new request queue limits flag is introduced that allows block drivers to
>     declare whether or not the request order is preserved per hardware queue.
>   - The order of zoned writes is preserved in the block layer by submitting all
>     zoned writes from the same CPU core as long as any zoned writes are pending.
>   - A new member 'from_cpu' is introduced in the per-zone data structure
>     'blk_zone_wplug' to track from which CPU to submit zoned writes. This data
>     member is reset to -1 after all pending zoned writes for a zone have
>     completed.
>   - The retry count for zoned writes is increased in the SCSI core to deal with
>     reordering caused by unit attention conditions or the SCSI error handler.
>   - New functionality is added in the null_blk and scsi_debug drivers to make it
>     easier to test the changes introduced by this patch series.
> 
> Please consider this patch series for the next merge window.
> 
Before we're doing yet another round here, have you checked whether
the patchset from Yu Kuai ("PATCH RFC v2 00/10: block: fix disordered IO 
in the case of recurse split") does help in your case, too?

Cheers,

Hannes
-- 
Dr. Hannes Reinecke                  Kernel Storage Architect
hare@suse.de                                +49 911 74053 688
SUSE Software Solutions GmbH, Frankenstr. 146, 90461 Nürnberg
HRB 36809 (AG Nürnberg), GF: I. Totev, A. McDonald, W. Knoblich

Re: [PATCH v24 00/18] Improve write performance for zoned UFS devices

[Bart Van Assche]

On 8/28/25 4:23 AM, Hannes Reinecke wrote:
> Before we're doing yet another round here, have you checked whether
> the patchset from Yu Kuai ("PATCH RFC v2 00/10: block: fix disordered IO 
> in the case of recurse split") does help in your case, too?

Hi Hannes,

Thanks for having taken a look. Yu Kuai's patch series is independent of
this patch series. The patch series "PATCH RFC v2 00/10: block: fix
disordered IO in the case of recurse split" affects the order in which
split bios are submitted by RAID drivers and by dm-linear. None of these
drivers are used in the devices I care about (Android devices).

This patch series increases IOPS for small writes whether or not the
patch series "PATCH RFC v2 00/10: block: fix disordered IO in the case
of recurse split" is applied.

Does this answer your question?

Bart.