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Exactly, that is the intended semantic. Kent is trying to address a scenario in which data in the cache is imperfect and the data on media is reliable. SCSI did not consider such a scenario because the entire access model would be fundamentally broken if cache contents couldn't be trusted. FUA was defined to handle the exact opposite scenario: Data in cache is reliable by definition and the media inherently unreliable. Consequently, what all the standards describe is a flush-then-read semantic, not an invalidate-cache-then-read ditto. The purpose of FUA is to validate endurance of future reads. SCSI has a different per-command flag for cache management. However, it is only a hint and therefore does not offer the guarantee Kent is looking for. At least for SCSI, given how FUA is usually implemented, I consider it quite unlikely that two read operations back to back would somehow cause different data to be transferred. Regardless of which flags you use. Also, and obviously this is also highly implementation-dependent, but I don't think one should underestimate the amount of checking done along the entire data path inside the device, including DRAM to the transport interface ASIC. Data is usually validated by the ASIC on the way out and from there on all modern transports have some form of checking. Having corrupted data placed in host memory without an associated error condition is not a common scenario. Bit flips in host memory are much more common. -- Martin K. Petersen Oracle Linux Engineering