Re: [PATCH v13 17/48] arm64: RMI: Allocate/free RECs to match vCPUs

Suzuki K Poulose
2026-03-23T11:58:07Z

Hi,

This is a NOTE for the fellow reviewers. This patch will undergo some
changes to handle how the AUX granules (metadata storage for RMM) for
the REC (aka vCPU) will be donated/reclaimed with RMM-v2.0.

Please see PATCH 48/48 for the changes with the new Stateful RMI
Operations (SRO), for REC create and destory.

I have tried to mark the areas affected below.

On 18/03/2026 15:53, Steven Price wrote:
> The RMM maintains a data structure known as the Realm Execution Context
> (or REC). It is similar to struct kvm_vcpu and tracks the state of the
> virtual CPUs. KVM must delegate memory and request the structures are
> created when vCPUs are created, and suitably tear down on destruction.
>
> RECs must also be supplied with addition pages - auxiliary (or AUX)
> granules - for storing the larger registers state (e.g. for SVE). The
> number of AUX granules for a REC depends on the parameters with which
> the Realm was created - the RMM makes this information available via the
> RMI_REC_AUX_COUNT call performed after creating the Realm Descriptor (RD).
>
> Note that only some of register state for the REC can be set by KVM, the
> rest is defined by the RMM (zeroed). The register state then cannot be
> changed by KVM after the REC is created (except when the guest
> explicitly requests this e.g. by performing a PSCI call).
>
> Signed-off-by: Steven Price <steven.price@arm.com>
> ---
> Changes since v12:
> * Use the new range-based delegation RMI.
> Changes since v11:
> * Remove the KVM_ARM_VCPU_REC feature. User space no longer needs to
> configure each VCPU separately, RECs are created on the first VCPU
> run of the guest.
> Changes since v9:
> * Size the aux_pages array according to the PAGE_SIZE of the host.
> Changes since v7:
> * Add comment explaining the aux_pages array.
> * Rename "undeleted_failed" variable to "should_free" to avoid a
> confusing double negative.
> Changes since v6:
> * Avoid reporting the KVM_ARM_VCPU_REC feature if the guest isn't a
> realm guest.
> * Support host page size being larger than RMM's granule size when
> allocating/freeing aux granules.
> Changes since v5:
> * Separate the concept of vcpu_is_rec() and
> kvm_arm_vcpu_rec_finalized() by using the KVM_ARM_VCPU_REC feature as
> the indication that the VCPU is a REC.
> Changes since v2:
> * Free rec->run earlier in kvm_destroy_realm() and adapt to previous patches.
> ---
> arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_emulate.h | 2 +-
> arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 3 +
> arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_rmi.h | 21 +++
> arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c | 10 +-
> arch/arm64/kvm/reset.c | 1 +
> arch/arm64/kvm/rmi.c | 196 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> 6 files changed, 230 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_emulate.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_emulate.h
> index 39310d9b4e16..d194d91fbc2a 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_emulate.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_emulate.h
> @@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ static inline bool kvm_realm_is_created(struct kvm *kvm)
>
> static inline bool vcpu_is_rec(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> {
> - return false;
> + return kvm_is_realm(vcpu->kvm);
> }
>
> #endif /* __ARM64_KVM_EMULATE_H__ */
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> index 9267a2f2d65b..64304848aad4 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> @@ -924,6 +924,9 @@ struct kvm_vcpu_arch {
>
> /* Per-vcpu TLB for VNCR_EL2 -- NULL when !NV */
> struct vncr_tlb *vncr_tlb;
> +
> + /* Realm meta data */
> + struct realm_rec rec;
> };
>
> /*
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_rmi.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_rmi.h
> index 6c13847480f7..4e2c61e71a38 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_rmi.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_rmi.h
> @@ -63,6 +63,26 @@ struct realm {
> unsigned int ia_bits;
> };
>
> +/**
> + * struct realm_rec - Additional per VCPU data for a Realm
> + *
> + * @mpidr: MPIDR (Multiprocessor Affinity Register) value to identify this VCPU
> + * @rec_page: Kernel VA of the RMM's private page for this REC
> + * @aux_pages: Additional pages private to the RMM for this REC
> + * @run: Kernel VA of the RmiRecRun structure shared with the RMM
> + */
> +struct realm_rec {
> + unsigned long mpidr;
> + void *rec_page;
> + /*
> + * REC_PARAMS_AUX_GRANULES is the maximum number of 4K granules that
> + * the RMM can require. The array is sized to be large enough for the
> + * maximum number of host sized pages that could be required.
> + */
> + struct page *aux_pages[(REC_PARAMS_AUX_GRANULES * SZ_4K) >> PAGE_SHIFT];
> + struct rec_run *run;
> +};
> +
> void kvm_init_rmi(void);
> u32 kvm_realm_ipa_limit(void);
>
> @@ -70,6 +90,7 @@ int kvm_init_realm_vm(struct kvm *kvm);
> int kvm_activate_realm(struct kvm *kvm);
> void kvm_destroy_realm(struct kvm *kvm);
> void kvm_realm_destroy_rtts(struct kvm *kvm);
> +void kvm_destroy_rec(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
>
> static inline bool kvm_realm_is_private_address(struct realm *realm,
> unsigned long addr)
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
> index c8e51ed009c0..8c50ebd9fba0 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
> @@ -575,6 +575,8 @@ int kvm_arch_vcpu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> /* Force users to call KVM_ARM_VCPU_INIT */
> vcpu_clear_flag(vcpu, VCPU_INITIALIZED);
>
> + vcpu->arch.rec.mpidr = INVALID_HWID;
> +
> vcpu->arch.mmu_page_cache.gfp_zero = __GFP_ZERO;
>
> /* Set up the timer */
> @@ -1549,7 +1551,7 @@ int kvm_vm_ioctl_irq_line(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_irq_level *irq_level,
> return -EINVAL;
> }
>
> -static unsigned long system_supported_vcpu_features(void)
> +static unsigned long system_supported_vcpu_features(struct kvm *kvm)
> {
> unsigned long features = KVM_VCPU_VALID_FEATURES;
>
> @@ -1587,7 +1589,7 @@ static int kvm_vcpu_init_check_features(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
> return -ENOENT;
> }
>
> - if (features & ~system_supported_vcpu_features())
> + if (features & ~system_supported_vcpu_features(vcpu->kvm))
> return -EINVAL;
>
> /*
> @@ -1609,6 +1611,10 @@ static int kvm_vcpu_init_check_features(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
> if (test_bit(KVM_ARM_VCPU_HAS_EL2, &features))
> return -EINVAL;
>
> + /* Realms are incompatible with AArch32 */
> + if (vcpu_is_rec(vcpu))
> + return -EINVAL;
> +
> return 0;
> }
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/reset.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/reset.c
> index 959532422d3a..4bbf58892928 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/reset.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/reset.c
> @@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ void kvm_arm_vcpu_destroy(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> free_page((unsigned long)vcpu->arch.ctxt.vncr_array);
> kfree(vcpu->arch.vncr_tlb);
> kfree(vcpu->arch.ccsidr);
> + kvm_destroy_rec(vcpu);
> }
>
> static void kvm_vcpu_reset_sve(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/rmi.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/rmi.c
> index 937fababf960..6daf14c4b413 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/rmi.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/rmi.c
> @@ -207,6 +207,28 @@ static int get_start_level(struct realm *realm)
> return 4 - stage2_pgtable_levels(realm->ia_bits);
> }
>
> +static int delegate_range(phys_addr_t phys, unsigned long size)
> +{
> + unsigned long ret;
> + unsigned long top = phys + size;
> + unsigned long out_top;
> +
> + while (phys < top) {
> + ret = rmi_granule_range_delegate(phys, top, &out_top);
> + if (ret == RMI_SUCCESS)
> + phys = out_top;
> + else if (ret != RMI_BUSY && ret != RMI_BLOCKED)
> + return ret;
> + }
> +
> + return ret;
> +}
> +
> +static int delegate_page(phys_addr_t phys)
> +{
> + return delegate_range(phys, PAGE_SIZE);
> +}
> +
> static int undelegate_range(phys_addr_t phys, unsigned long size)
> {
> unsigned long ret;
> @@ -372,9 +394,177 @@ static int realm_ensure_created(struct kvm *kvm)
> return -ENXIO;
> }
>

--->8--- Cut here

> +static void free_rec_aux(struct page **aux_pages,
> + unsigned int num_aux)
> +{
> + unsigned int i;
> + unsigned int page_count = 0;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < num_aux; i++) {
> + struct page *aux_page = aux_pages[page_count++];
> + phys_addr_t aux_page_phys = page_to_phys(aux_page);
> +
> + if (!WARN_ON(undelegate_page(aux_page_phys)))
> + __free_page(aux_page);
> + aux_page_phys += PAGE_SIZE;
> + }
> +}
> +
> +static int alloc_rec_aux(struct page **aux_pages,
> + u64 *aux_phys_pages,
> + unsigned int num_aux)
> +{
> + struct page *aux_page;
> + unsigned int i;
> + int ret;
> +
> + for (i = 0; i < num_aux; i++) {
> + phys_addr_t aux_page_phys;
> +
> + aux_page = alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL);
> + if (!aux_page) {
> + ret = -ENOMEM;
> + goto out_err;
> + }
> +
> + aux_page_phys = page_to_phys(aux_page);
> + if (delegate_page(aux_page_phys)) {
> + ret = -ENXIO;
> + goto err_undelegate;
> + }
> + aux_phys_pages[i] = aux_page_phys;
> + aux_pages[i] = aux_page;
> + }
> +
> + return 0;
> +err_undelegate:
> + while (i > 0) {
> + i--;
> + if (WARN_ON(undelegate_page(aux_phys_pages[i]))) {
> + /* Leak the page if the undelegate fails */
> + goto out_err;
> + }
> + }
> + __free_page(aux_page);
> +out_err:
> + free_rec_aux(aux_pages, i);
> + return ret;
> +}
> +

---8<---

> +static int kvm_create_rec(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> +{

...

---8>--- CUT here

> + r = alloc_rec_aux(rec->aux_pages, params->aux, realm->num_aux);
> + if (r)
> + goto out_undelegate_rmm_rec;
> +
> + params->num_rec_aux = realm->num_aux;

---8<---

> + params->mpidr = mpidr;
> +
> + if (rmi_rec_create(virt_to_phys(realm->rd),
> + rec_page_phys,
> + virt_to_phys(params))) {
> + r = -ENXIO;
> + goto out_free_rec_aux;
> + }

> +
> + rec->mpidr = mpidr;
> +
> + free_page((unsigned long)params);
> + return 0;
> +
> +out_free_rec_aux:
> + free_rec_aux(rec->aux_pages, realm->num_aux);
> +out_undelegate_rmm_rec:
> + if (WARN_ON(undelegate_page(rec_page_phys)))
> + rec->rec_page = NULL;
> +out_free_pages:
> + free_page((unsigned long)rec->run);
> + free_page((unsigned long)rec->rec_page);
> + free_page((unsigned long)params);
> + rec->run = NULL;
> + return r;
> +}
> +
> +void kvm_destroy_rec(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> +{
> + struct realm *realm = &vcpu->kvm->arch.realm;
> + struct realm_rec *rec = &vcpu->arch.rec;
> + unsigned long rec_page_phys;
> +
> + if (!vcpu_is_rec(vcpu))
> + return;
> +
> + if (!rec->run) {
> + /* Nothing to do if the VCPU hasn't been finalized */
> + return;
> + }
> +
> + free_page((unsigned long)rec->run);
> +
> + rec_page_phys = virt_to_phys(rec->rec_page);
> +

--8>-- Cut here

> + /*
> + * The REC and any AUX pages cannot be reclaimed until the REC is
> + * destroyed. So if the REC destroy fails then the REC page and any AUX
> + * pages will be leaked.
> + */
> + if (WARN_ON(rmi_rec_destroy(rec_page_phys)))
> + return;
> +
> + free_rec_aux(rec->aux_pages, realm->num_aux);

---8<---

Suzuki

> +
> + free_delegated_page(rec_page_phys);
> +}
> +
> int kvm_activate_realm(struct kvm *kvm)
> {
> struct realm *realm = &kvm->arch.realm;
> + struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu;
> + unsigned long i;
> int ret;
>
> if (kvm_realm_state(kvm) >= REALM_STATE_ACTIVE)
> @@ -397,6 +587,12 @@ int kvm_activate_realm(struct kvm *kvm)
> /* Mark state as dead in case we fail */
> WRITE_ONCE(realm->state, REALM_STATE_DEAD);
>
> + kvm_for_each_vcpu(i, vcpu, kvm) {
> + ret = kvm_create_rec(vcpu);
> + if (ret)
> + return ret;
> + }
> +
> ret = rmi_realm_activate(virt_to_phys(realm->rd));
> if (ret)
> return -ENXIO;