From: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
To: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, linux-acpi@vger.kernel.org,
devicetree@vger.kernel.org
Cc: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>,
shameerali.kolothum.thodi@huawei.com,
D Scott Phillips OS <scott@os.amperecomputing.com>,
carl@os.amperecomputing.com, lcherian@marvell.com,
bobo.shaobowang@huawei.com, tan.shaopeng@fujitsu.com,
baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com,
Jamie Iles <quic_jiles@quicinc.com>,
Xin Hao <xhao@linux.alibaba.com>,
peternewman@google.com, dfustini@baylibre.com,
amitsinght@marvell.com, David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>,
Rex Nie <rex.nie@jaguarmicro.com>,
Dave Martin <dave.martin@arm.com>, Koba Ko <kobak@nvidia.com>,
Shanker Donthineni <sdonthineni@nvidia.com>,
fenghuay@nvidia.com, baisheng.gao@unisoc.com,
Jonathan Cameron <jonathan.cameron@huawei.com>,
Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>,
Rohit Mathew <rohit.mathew@arm.com>,
Rafael Wysocki <rafael@kernel.org>, Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>,
Lorenzo Pieralisi <lpieralisi@kernel.org>,
Hanjun Guo <guohanjun@huawei.com>,
Sudeep Holla <sudeep.holla@arm.com>,
Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk+dt@kernel.org>,
Conor Dooley <conor+dt@kernel.org>,
Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>,
Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>,
Danilo Krummrich <dakr@kernel.org>
Subject: [PATCH 18/33] arm_mpam: Merge supported features during mpam_enable() into mpam_class
Date: Fri, 22 Aug 2025 15:29:59 +0000 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20250822153048.2287-19-james.morse@arm.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20250822153048.2287-1-james.morse@arm.com>
To make a decision about whether to expose an mpam class as
a resctrl resource we need to know its overall supported
features and properties.
Once we've probed all the resources, we can walk the tree
and produce overall values by merging the bitmaps. This
eliminates features that are only supported by some MSC
that make up a component or class.
If bitmap properties are mismatched within a component we
cannot support the mismatched feature.
Care has to be taken as vMSC may hold mismatched RIS.
Signed-off-by: James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>
---
drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c | 215 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h | 8 ++
2 files changed, 223 insertions(+)
diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
index 290a04f8654f..bb62de6d3847 100644
--- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
+++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_devices.c
@@ -1186,8 +1186,223 @@ static struct platform_driver mpam_msc_driver = {
.remove = mpam_msc_drv_remove,
};
+/* Any of these features mean the BWA_WD field is valid. */
+static bool mpam_has_bwa_wd_feature(struct mpam_props *props)
+{
+ if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_mbw_min, props))
+ return true;
+ if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_mbw_max, props))
+ return true;
+ if (mpam_has_feature(mpam_feat_mbw_prop, props))
+ return true;
+ return false;
+}
+
+#define MISMATCHED_HELPER(parent, child, helper, field, alias) \
+ helper(parent) && \
+ ((helper(child) && (parent)->field != (child)->field) || \
+ (!helper(child) && !(alias)))
+
+#define MISMATCHED_FEAT(parent, child, feat, field, alias) \
+ mpam_has_feature((feat), (parent)) && \
+ ((mpam_has_feature((feat), (child)) && (parent)->field != (child)->field) || \
+ (!mpam_has_feature((feat), (child)) && !(alias)))
+
+#define CAN_MERGE_FEAT(parent, child, feat, alias) \
+ (alias) && !mpam_has_feature((feat), (parent)) && \
+ mpam_has_feature((feat), (child))
+
+/*
+ * Combine two props fields.
+ * If this is for controls that alias the same resource, it is safe to just
+ * copy the values over. If two aliasing controls implement the same scheme
+ * a safe value must be picked.
+ * For non-aliasing controls, these control different resources, and the
+ * resulting safe value must be compatible with both. When merging values in
+ * the tree, all the aliasing resources must be handled first.
+ * On mismatch, parent is modified.
+ */
+static void __props_mismatch(struct mpam_props *parent,
+ struct mpam_props *child, bool alias)
+{
+ if (CAN_MERGE_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_cpor_part, alias)) {
+ parent->cpbm_wd = child->cpbm_wd;
+ } else if (MISMATCHED_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_cpor_part,
+ cpbm_wd, alias)) {
+ pr_debug("%s cleared cpor_part\n", __func__);
+ mpam_clear_feature(mpam_feat_cpor_part, &parent->features);
+ parent->cpbm_wd = 0;
+ }
+
+ if (CAN_MERGE_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_mbw_part, alias)) {
+ parent->mbw_pbm_bits = child->mbw_pbm_bits;
+ } else if (MISMATCHED_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_mbw_part,
+ mbw_pbm_bits, alias)) {
+ pr_debug("%s cleared mbw_part\n", __func__);
+ mpam_clear_feature(mpam_feat_mbw_part, &parent->features);
+ parent->mbw_pbm_bits = 0;
+ }
+
+ /* bwa_wd is a count of bits, fewer bits means less precision */
+ if (alias && !mpam_has_bwa_wd_feature(parent) && mpam_has_bwa_wd_feature(child)) {
+ parent->bwa_wd = child->bwa_wd;
+ } else if (MISMATCHED_HELPER(parent, child, mpam_has_bwa_wd_feature,
+ bwa_wd, alias)) {
+ pr_debug("%s took the min bwa_wd\n", __func__);
+ parent->bwa_wd = min(parent->bwa_wd, child->bwa_wd);
+ }
+
+ /* For num properties, take the minimum */
+ if (CAN_MERGE_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_msmon_csu, alias)) {
+ parent->num_csu_mon = child->num_csu_mon;
+ } else if (MISMATCHED_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_msmon_csu,
+ num_csu_mon, alias)) {
+ pr_debug("%s took the min num_csu_mon\n", __func__);
+ parent->num_csu_mon = min(parent->num_csu_mon, child->num_csu_mon);
+ }
+
+ if (CAN_MERGE_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu, alias)) {
+ parent->num_mbwu_mon = child->num_mbwu_mon;
+ } else if (MISMATCHED_FEAT(parent, child, mpam_feat_msmon_mbwu,
+ num_mbwu_mon, alias)) {
+ pr_debug("%s took the min num_mbwu_mon\n", __func__);
+ parent->num_mbwu_mon = min(parent->num_mbwu_mon, child->num_mbwu_mon);
+ }
+
+ if (alias) {
+ /* Merge features for aliased resources */
+ parent->features |= child->features;
+ } else {
+ /* Clear missing features for non aliasing */
+ parent->features &= child->features;
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * If a vmsc doesn't match class feature/configuration, do the right thing(tm).
+ * For 'num' properties we can just take the minimum.
+ * For properties where the mismatched unused bits would make a difference, we
+ * nobble the class feature, as we can't configure all the resources.
+ * e.g. The L3 cache is composed of two resources with 13 and 17 portion
+ * bitmaps respectively.
+ */
+static void
+__class_props_mismatch(struct mpam_class *class, struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc)
+{
+ struct mpam_props *cprops = &class->props;
+ struct mpam_props *vprops = &vmsc->props;
+
+ lockdep_assert_held(&mpam_list_lock); /* we modify class */
+
+ pr_debug("%s: Merging features for class:0x%lx &= vmsc:0x%lx\n",
+ dev_name(&vmsc->msc->pdev->dev),
+ (long)cprops->features, (long)vprops->features);
+
+ /* Take the safe value for any common features */
+ __props_mismatch(cprops, vprops, false);
+}
+
+static void
+__vmsc_props_mismatch(struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc, struct mpam_msc_ris *ris)
+{
+ struct mpam_props *rprops = &ris->props;
+ struct mpam_props *vprops = &vmsc->props;
+
+ lockdep_assert_held(&mpam_list_lock); /* we modify vmsc */
+
+ pr_debug("%s: Merging features for vmsc:0x%lx |= ris:0x%lx\n",
+ dev_name(&vmsc->msc->pdev->dev),
+ (long)vprops->features, (long)rprops->features);
+
+ /*
+ * Merge mismatched features - Copy any features that aren't common,
+ * but take the safe value for any common features.
+ */
+ __props_mismatch(vprops, rprops, true);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copy the first component's first vMSC's properties and features to the
+ * class. __class_props_mismatch() will remove conflicts.
+ * It is not possible to have a class with no components, or a component with
+ * no resources. The vMSC properties have already been built.
+ */
+static void mpam_enable_init_class_features(struct mpam_class *class)
+{
+ struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
+ struct mpam_component *comp;
+
+ comp = list_first_entry_or_null(&class->components,
+ struct mpam_component, class_list);
+ if (WARN_ON(!comp))
+ return;
+
+ vmsc = list_first_entry_or_null(&comp->vmsc,
+ struct mpam_vmsc, comp_list);
+ if (WARN_ON(!vmsc))
+ return;
+
+ class->props = vmsc->props;
+}
+
+static void mpam_enable_merge_vmsc_features(struct mpam_component *comp)
+{
+ struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
+ struct mpam_msc_ris *ris;
+ struct mpam_class *class = comp->class;
+
+ list_for_each_entry(vmsc, &comp->vmsc, comp_list) {
+ list_for_each_entry(ris, &vmsc->ris, vmsc_list) {
+ __vmsc_props_mismatch(vmsc, ris);
+ class->nrdy_usec = max(class->nrdy_usec,
+ vmsc->msc->nrdy_usec);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+static void mpam_enable_merge_class_features(struct mpam_component *comp)
+{
+ struct mpam_vmsc *vmsc;
+ struct mpam_class *class = comp->class;
+
+ list_for_each_entry(vmsc, &comp->vmsc, comp_list)
+ __class_props_mismatch(class, vmsc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Merge all the common resource features into class.
+ * vmsc features are bitwise-or'd together, this must be done first.
+ * Next the class features are the bitwise-and of all the vmsc features.
+ * Other features are the min/max as appropriate.
+ *
+ * To avoid walking the whole tree twice, the class->nrdy_usec property is
+ * updated when working with the vmsc as it is a max(), and doesn't need
+ * initialising first.
+ */
+static void mpam_enable_merge_features(struct list_head *all_classes_list)
+{
+ struct mpam_class *class;
+ struct mpam_component *comp;
+
+ lockdep_assert_held(&mpam_list_lock);
+
+ list_for_each_entry(class, all_classes_list, classes_list) {
+ list_for_each_entry(comp, &class->components, class_list)
+ mpam_enable_merge_vmsc_features(comp);
+
+ mpam_enable_init_class_features(class);
+
+ list_for_each_entry(comp, &class->components, class_list)
+ mpam_enable_merge_class_features(comp);
+ }
+}
+
static void mpam_enable_once(void)
{
+ mutex_lock(&mpam_list_lock);
+ mpam_enable_merge_features(&mpam_classes);
+ mutex_unlock(&mpam_list_lock);
+
/*
* Once the cpuhp callbacks have been changed, mpam_partid_max can no
* longer change.
diff --git a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
index 9f6cd4a68cce..a2b0ff411138 100644
--- a/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
+++ b/drivers/resctrl/mpam_internal.h
@@ -186,12 +186,20 @@ static inline void mpam_set_feature(enum mpam_device_features feat,
props->features |= (1 << feat);
}
+static inline void mpam_clear_feature(enum mpam_device_features feat,
+ mpam_features_t *supported)
+{
+ *supported &= ~(1 << feat);
+}
+
struct mpam_class {
/* mpam_components in this class */
struct list_head components;
cpumask_t affinity;
+ struct mpam_props props;
+ u32 nrdy_usec;
u8 level;
enum mpam_class_types type;
--
2.20.1
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2025-08-22 15:32 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 130+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2025-08-22 15:29 [PATCH 00/33] arm_mpam: Add basic mpam driver James Morse
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 01/33] cacheinfo: Expose the code to generate a cache-id from a device_node James Morse
2025-08-27 10:46 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-27 17:11 ` James Morse
2025-08-28 14:08 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 02/33] drivers: base: cacheinfo: Add helper to find the cache size from cpu+level James Morse
2025-08-24 17:25 ` Krzysztof Kozlowski
2025-08-27 17:11 ` James Morse
2025-08-27 10:46 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-27 17:11 ` James Morse
2025-08-28 14:10 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 03/33] ACPI / PPTT: Add a helper to fill a cpumask from a processor container James Morse
2025-08-26 14:45 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-28 15:56 ` James Morse
2025-08-27 10:48 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-28 15:57 ` James Morse
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 04/33] ACPI / PPTT: Stop acpi_count_levels() expecting callers to clear levels James Morse
2025-08-27 10:49 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-28 15:57 ` James Morse
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 05/33] ACPI / PPTT: Find cache level by cache-id James Morse
2025-08-23 12:14 ` Markus Elfring
2025-08-28 15:57 ` James Morse
2025-08-27 9:25 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-28 15:57 ` James Morse
2025-08-27 10:50 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-28 15:58 ` James Morse
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 06/33] ACPI / PPTT: Add a helper to fill a cpumask from a cache_id James Morse
2025-08-27 10:53 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-28 15:58 ` James Morse
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 07/33] arm64: kconfig: Add Kconfig entry for MPAM James Morse
2025-08-27 8:53 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-28 15:58 ` James Morse
2025-08-29 8:20 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-27 11:01 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 08/33] ACPI / MPAM: Parse the MPAM table James Morse
2025-08-23 10:55 ` Markus Elfring
2025-08-27 16:05 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 09/33] dt-bindings: arm: Add MPAM MSC binding James Morse
2025-08-27 16:22 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 10/33] arm_mpam: Add probe/remove for mpam msc driver and kbuild boiler plate James Morse
2025-08-22 19:15 ` Markus Elfring
2025-08-22 19:55 ` Markus Elfring
2025-08-23 6:41 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
2025-08-27 13:03 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-27 15:39 ` Rob Herring
2025-08-27 16:16 ` Rob Herring
2025-09-01 9:11 ` Ben Horgan
2025-09-01 11:21 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 11/33] arm_mpam: Add support for memory controller MSC on DT platforms James Morse
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 12/33] arm_mpam: Add the class and component structures for ris firmware described James Morse
2025-08-28 1:29 ` Fenghua Yu
2025-09-01 11:09 ` Dave Martin
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 13/33] arm_mpam: Add MPAM MSC register layout definitions James Morse
2025-08-29 8:42 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 14/33] arm_mpam: Add cpuhp callbacks to probe MSC hardware James Morse
2025-08-27 16:08 ` Rob Herring
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 15/33] arm_mpam: Probe MSCs to find the supported partid/pmg values James Morse
2025-08-28 13:12 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 16/33] arm_mpam: Add helpers for managing the locking around the mon_sel registers James Morse
2025-08-28 17:07 ` Fenghua Yu
2025-08-22 15:29 ` [PATCH 17/33] arm_mpam: Probe the hardware features resctrl supports James Morse
2025-08-28 13:44 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:29 ` James Morse [this message]
2025-08-29 13:54 ` [PATCH 18/33] arm_mpam: Merge supported features during mpam_enable() into mpam_class Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 19/33] arm_mpam: Reset MSC controls from cpu hp callbacks James Morse
2025-08-27 16:19 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 20/33] arm_mpam: Add a helper to touch an MSC from any CPU James Morse
2025-08-28 16:13 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 21/33] arm_mpam: Extend reset logic to allow devices to be reset any time James Morse
2025-08-29 14:30 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 22/33] arm_mpam: Register and enable IRQs James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 23/33] arm_mpam: Use a static key to indicate when mpam is enabled James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 24/33] arm_mpam: Allow configuration to be applied and restored during cpu online James Morse
2025-08-28 16:13 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 25/33] arm_mpam: Probe and reset the rest of the features James Morse
2025-08-28 10:11 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 26/33] arm_mpam: Add helpers to allocate monitors James Morse
2025-08-29 15:47 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Add mpam_msmon_read() to read monitor value James Morse
2025-08-29 15:55 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 28/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for overflow and power management James Morse
2025-08-29 16:09 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 29/33] arm_mpam: Probe for long/lwd mbwu counters James Morse
2025-08-28 16:14 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 30/33] arm_mpam: Use long MBWU counters if supported James Morse
2025-08-29 16:39 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 31/33] arm_mpam: Add helper to reset saved mbwu state James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 32/33] arm_mpam: Add kunit test for bitmap reset James Morse
2025-08-29 16:56 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 33/33] arm_mpam: Add kunit tests for props_mismatch() James Morse
2025-08-29 17:11 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 00/33] arm_mpam: Add basic mpam driver James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 01/33] cacheinfo: Expose the code to generate a cache-id from a device_node James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 02/33] drivers: base: cacheinfo: Add helper to find the cache size from cpu+level James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 03/33] ACPI / PPTT: Add a helper to fill a cpumask from a processor container James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 04/33] ACPI / PPTT: Stop acpi_count_levels() expecting callers to clear levels James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 05/33] ACPI / PPTT: Find cache level by cache-id James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 06/33] ACPI / PPTT: Add a helper to fill a cpumask from a cache_id James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 07/33] arm64: kconfig: Add Kconfig entry for MPAM James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 08/33] ACPI / MPAM: Parse the MPAM table James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 09/33] dt-bindings: arm: Add MPAM MSC binding James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 10/33] arm_mpam: Add probe/remove for mpam msc driver and kbuild boiler plate James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 11/33] arm_mpam: Add support for memory controller MSC on DT platforms James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 12/33] arm_mpam: Add the class and component structures for ris firmware described James Morse
2025-08-29 12:41 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 13/33] arm_mpam: Add MPAM MSC register layout definitions James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 14/33] arm_mpam: Add cpuhp callbacks to probe MSC hardware James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 15/33] arm_mpam: Probe MSCs to find the supported partid/pmg values James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 16/33] arm_mpam: Add helpers for managing the locking around the mon_sel registers James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 17/33] arm_mpam: Probe the hardware features resctrl supports James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 18/33] arm_mpam: Merge supported features during mpam_enable() into mpam_class James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 19/33] arm_mpam: Reset MSC controls from cpu hp callbacks James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 20/33] arm_mpam: Add a helper to touch an MSC from any CPU James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 21/33] arm_mpam: Extend reset logic to allow devices to be reset any time James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 22/33] arm_mpam: Register and enable IRQs James Morse
2025-09-01 10:05 ` Ben Horgan
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 23/33] arm_mpam: Use a static key to indicate when mpam is enabled James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 24/33] arm_mpam: Allow configuration to be applied and restored during cpu online James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 25/33] arm_mpam: Probe and reset the rest of the features James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 26/33] arm_mpam: Add helpers to allocate monitors James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 27/33] arm_mpam: Add mpam_msmon_read() to read monitor value James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 28/33] arm_mpam: Track bandwidth counter state for overflow and power management James Morse
2025-08-28 0:58 ` Fenghua Yu
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 29/33] arm_mpam: Probe for long/lwd mbwu counters James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 30/33] arm_mpam: Use long MBWU counters if supported James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 31/33] arm_mpam: Add helper to reset saved mbwu state James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 32/33] arm_mpam: Add kunit test for bitmap reset James Morse
2025-08-22 15:30 ` [PATCH 33/33] arm_mpam: Add kunit tests for props_mismatch() James Morse
2025-09-02 16:59 ` Fenghua Yu
2025-08-24 17:24 ` [PATCH 00/33] arm_mpam: Add basic mpam driver Krzysztof Kozlowski
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