[PATCH v7 00/15] kasan: x86: arm64: KASAN tag-based mode for x86

[PATCH v7 00/15] kasan: x86: arm64: KASAN tag-based mode for x86

[Maciej Wieczor-Retman]

======= Introduction
The patchset aims to add a KASAN tag-based mode for the x86 architecture
with the help of the new CPU feature called Linear Address Masking
(LAM). Main improvement introduced by the series is 2x lower memory
usage compared to KASAN's generic mode, the only currently available
mode on x86. The tag based mode may also find errors that the generic
mode couldn't because of differences in how these modes operate.

======= How does KASAN' tag-based mode work?
When enabled, memory accesses and allocations are augmented by the
compiler during kernel compilation. Instrumentation functions are added
to each memory allocation and each pointer dereference.

The allocation related functions generate a random tag and save it in
two places: in shadow memory that maps to the allocated memory, and in
the top bits of the pointer that points to the allocated memory. Storing
the tag in the top of the pointer is possible because of Top-Byte Ignore
(TBI) on arm64 architecture and LAM on x86.

The access related functions are performing a comparison between the tag
stored in the pointer and the one stored in shadow memory. If the tags
don't match an out of bounds error must have occurred and so an error
report is generated.

The general idea for the tag-based mode is very well explained in the
series with the original implementation [1].

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1544099024.git.andreyknvl@google.com/

======= Differences summary compared to the arm64 tag-based mode
- Tag width:
	- Tag width influences the chance of a tag mismatch due to two
	  tags from different allocations having the same value. The
	  bigger the possible range of tag values the lower the chance
	  of that happening.
	- Shortening the tag width from 8 bits to 4, while it can help
	  with memory usage, it also increases the chance of not
	  reporting an error. 4 bit tags have a ~7% chance of a tag
	  mismatch.

- Address masking mechanism
	- TBI in arm64 allows for storing metadata in the top 8 bits of
	  the virtual address.
	- LAM in x86 allows storing tags in bits [62:57] of the pointer.
	  To maximize memory savings the tag width is reduced to bits
	  [60:57].

- Inline mode mismatch reporting
	- Arm64 inserts a BRK instruction to pass metadata about a tag
	  mismatch to the KASAN report.
	- Right now on x86 the INT3 instruction is used for the same
	  purpose. This series attempts to move it over to use UD1 in
	  the future so it's consistent with UBSan. Also using INT3 in
	  on the kernel side causes other issues that need to be patched
	  over.

======= Testing
Checked all the kunits for both software tags and generic KASAN after
making changes.

In generic mode (both with these patches and without) the results were:

kasan: pass:61 fail:1 skip:14 total:76
Totals: pass:61 fail:1 skip:14 total:76
not ok 1 kasan

and for software tags:

kasan: pass:65 fail:1 skip:10 total:76
Totals: pass:65 fail:1 skip:10 total:76
not ok 1 kasan

At the time of testing the one failing case is also present on generic
mode without this patchset applied. This seems to point to something
else being at fault for the one case not passing. The test case in
question concerns strscpy() out of bounds error not getting caught.

======= Benchmarks [1]
All tests were ran on a Sierra Forest server platform. The only
differences between the tests were kernel options:
	- CONFIG_KASAN
	- CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC
	- CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS
	- CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE [1]
	- CONFIG_KASAN_OUTLINE

Boot time (until login prompt):
* 02:55 for clean kernel
* 05:42 / 06:32 for generic KASAN (inline/outline)
* 05:58 for tag-based KASAN (outline) [2]

Total memory usage (512GB present on the system - MemAvailable just
after boot):
* 12.56 GB for clean kernel
* 81.74 GB for generic KASAN
* 44.39 GB for tag-based KASAN

Kernel size:
* 14 MB for clean kernel
* 24.7 MB / 19.5 MB for generic KASAN (inline/outline)
* 27.1 MB / 18.1 MB for tag-based KASAN (inline/outline)

Work under load time comparison (compiling the mainline kernel) (200 cores):
*  62s for clean kernel
* 171s / 125s for generic KASAN (outline/inline)
* 145s for tag-based KASAN (outline) [2]

[1] Currently inline mode doesn't work on x86 due to things missing in
the compiler. I have written a patch for clang that seems to fix the
inline mode and I was able to boot and check that all patches regarding
the inline mode work as expected. My hope is to post the patch to LLVM
once this series is completed, and then make inline mode available in
the kernel config.

[2] While I was able to boot the inline tag-based kernel with my
compiler changes in a simulated environment, due to toolchain
difficulties I couldn't get it to boot on the machine I had access to.
Also boot time results from the simulation seem too good to be true, and
they're much too worse for the generic case to be believable. Therefore
I'm posting only results from the physical server platform.

======= Compilation
Clang was used to compile the series (make LLVM=1) since gcc doesn't
seem to have support for KASAN tag-based compiler instrumentation on
x86.

======= Dependencies
The series is based on this series [1] by Peter Zijlstra. Also for the
series to work on bigger systems (with more than 1 NUMA node and more
than 128 cores from my experience) the vmalloc fix patchset [2] is
needed. If you don't want vmalloc support it should run without it.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251110114633.202485143@infradead.org/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1764945396.git.m.wieczorretman@pm.me/

======= Previous versions
v6: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1761763681.git.m.wieczorretman@pm.me/
v5: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1756151769.git.maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com/
v4: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1755004923.git.maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com/
v3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1743772053.git.maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com/
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1739866028.git.maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com/
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1738686764.git.maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com/

=== (two fixes patches were split off after v6) (merged into mm-unstable)
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1762267022.git.m.wieczorretman@pm.me/
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1764685296.git.m.wieczorretman@pm.me/
v3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1764874575.git.m.wieczorretman@pm.me/
v4: https://lore.kernel.org/all/cover.1764945396.git.m.wieczorretman@pm.me/

Changes v7:
- Rebased the series onto Peter Zijlstra's "WARN() hackery" v2 patchset.
- Fix flipped memset arguments in "x86/kasan: KASAN raw shadow memory
  PTE init".
- Reorder tag width defines on arm64 to avoid redefinition warnings.
- Split off the pcpu unpoison patches into a separate fix oriented
  series.
- Redid the canonicality checks so it works for KVM too (didn't change
  the __canonical_address() function previously).
- A lot of fixes pointed out by Alexander in his great review:
	- Fixed "x86/mm: Physical address comparisons in fill_p*d/pte"
	- Merged "Support tag widths less than 8 bits" and "Make special
	  tags arch specific".
	- Added comments and extended patch messages for patches
	  "x86/kasan: Make software tag-based kasan available" and
	  "mm/execmem: Untag addresses in EXECMEM_ROX related pointer arithmetic",
	- Fixed KASAN_TAG_MASK definition order so all patches compile
	  individually.
	- Renamed kasan_inline.c to kasan_sw_tags.c.

Changes v6:
- Initialize sw-tags only when LAM is available.
- Move inline mode to use UD1 instead of INT3
- Remove inline multishot patch.
- Fix the canonical check to work for user addresses too.
- Revise patch names and messages to align to tip tree rules.
- Fix vdso compilation issue.

Changes v5:
- Fix a bunch of arm64 compilation errors I didn't catch earlier.
  Thank You Ada for testing the series!
- Simplify the usage of the tag handling x86 functions (virt_to_page,
  phys_addr etc.).
- Remove within() and within_range() from the EXECMEM_ROX patch.

Changes v4:
- Revert x86 kasan_mem_to_shadow() scheme to the same on used in generic
  KASAN. Keep the arithmetic shift idea for the KASAN in general since
  it makes more sense for arm64 and in risc-v.
- Fix inline mode but leave it unavailable until a complementary
  compiler patch can be merged.
- Apply Dave Hansen's comments on series formatting, patch style and
  code simplifications.

Changes v3:
- Remove the runtime_const patch and setup a unified offset for both 5
  and 4 paging levels.
- Add a fix for inline mode on x86 tag-based KASAN. Add a handler for
  int3 that is generated on inline tag mismatches.
- Fix scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py so the new signed mem_to_shadow() is
  reflected there.
- Fix Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh to take new offsets into
  account.
- Made changes to the kasan_non_canonical_hook() according to upstream
  discussion.
- Remove patches 2 and 3 since they related to risc-v and this series
  adds only x86 related things.
- Reorder __tag_*() functions so they're before arch_kasan_*(). Remove
  CONFIG_KASAN condition from __tag_set().

Changes v2:
- Split the series into one adding KASAN tag-based mode (this one) and
  another one that adds the dense mode to KASAN (will post later).
- Removed exporting kasan_poison() and used a wrapper instead in
  kasan_init_64.c
- Prepended series with 4 patches from the risc-v series and applied
  review comments to the first patch as the rest already are reviewed.

Maciej Wieczor-Retman (13):
  kasan: Fix inline mode for x86 tag-based mode
  x86/kasan: Add arch specific kasan functions
  x86/mm: Reset tag for virtual to physical address conversions
  mm/execmem: Untag addresses in EXECMEM_ROX related pointer arithmetic
  x86/mm: Physical address comparisons in fill_p*d/pte
  x86/kasan: KASAN raw shadow memory PTE init
  x86/mm: LAM compatible non-canonical definition
  x86/mm: LAM initialization
  x86: Minimal SLAB alignment
  x86/kasan: Handle UD1 for inline KASAN reports
  arm64: Unify software tag-based KASAN inline recovery path
  x86/kasan: Logical bit shift for kasan_mem_to_shadow
  x86/kasan: Make software tag-based kasan available

Samuel Holland (2):
  kasan: sw_tags: Use arithmetic shift for shadow computation
  kasan: arm64: x86: Make special tags arch specific

 Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh |  8 ++-
 Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/mm.rst      |  6 +-
 MAINTAINERS                               |  4 +-
 arch/arm64/Kconfig                        | 10 +--
 arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan-tags.h       | 14 ++++
 arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h            |  2 -
 arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h           | 14 +++-
 arch/arm64/include/asm/uaccess.h          |  1 +
 arch/arm64/kernel/traps.c                 | 17 +----
 arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c                |  7 +-
 arch/x86/Kconfig                          |  4 ++
 arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h           |  1 +
 arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h                |  1 +
 arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h              |  4 ++
 arch/x86/include/asm/kasan-tags.h         |  9 +++
 arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h              | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 arch/x86/include/asm/page.h               | 23 ++++++-
 arch/x86/include/asm/page_64.h            |  1 +
 arch/x86/kernel/head_64.S                 |  3 +
 arch/x86/kernel/traps.c                   | 13 +++-
 arch/x86/mm/Makefile                      |  2 +
 arch/x86/mm/init.c                        |  3 +
 arch/x86/mm/init_64.c                     | 11 +--
 arch/x86/mm/kasan_init_64.c               | 25 ++++++-
 arch/x86/mm/kasan_sw_tags.c               | 19 ++++++
 arch/x86/mm/physaddr.c                    |  2 +
 include/linux/kasan-tags.h                | 21 ++++--
 include/linux/kasan.h                     | 36 ++++++++--
 include/linux/mm.h                        |  6 +-
 include/linux/mmzone.h                    |  2 +-
 include/linux/page-flags-layout.h         |  9 +--
 lib/Kconfig.kasan                         |  3 +-
 mm/execmem.c                              |  9 ++-
 mm/kasan/report.c                         | 37 +++++++++--
 mm/vmalloc.c                              |  7 +-
 scripts/Makefile.kasan                    |  3 +
 scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py                |  5 +-
 scripts/gdb/linux/mm.py                   |  5 +-
 38 files changed, 354 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan-tags.h
 create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/kasan-tags.h
 create mode 100644 arch/x86/mm/kasan_sw_tags.c

-- 
2.52.0

[PATCH v7 01/15] kasan: sw_tags: Use arithmetic shift for shadow computation

[Maciej Wieczor-Retman]

From: Samuel Holland <samuel.holland@sifive.com>

Currently, kasan_mem_to_shadow() uses a logical right shift, which turns
canonical kernel addresses into non-canonical addresses by clearing the
high KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT bits. The value of KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET is
then chosen so that the addition results in a canonical address for the
shadow memory.

For KASAN_GENERIC, this shift/add combination is ABI with the compiler,
because KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET is used in compiler-generated inline tag
checks[1], which must only attempt to dereference canonical addresses.

However, for KASAN_SW_TAGS there is some freedom to change the algorithm
without breaking the ABI. Because TBI is enabled for kernel addresses,
the top bits of shadow memory addresses computed during tag checks are
irrelevant, and so likewise are the top bits of KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET.
This is demonstrated by the fact that LLVM uses a logical right shift in
the tag check fast path[2] but a sbfx (signed bitfield extract)
instruction in the slow path[3] without causing any issues.

Using an arithmetic shift in kasan_mem_to_shadow() provides a number of
benefits:

1) The memory layout doesn't change but is easier to understand.
KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET becomes a canonical memory address, and the shifted
pointer becomes a negative offset, so KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET ==
KASAN_SHADOW_END regardless of the shift amount or the size of the
virtual address space.

2) KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET becomes a simpler constant, requiring only one
instruction to load instead of two. Since it must be loaded in each
function with a tag check, this decreases kernel text size by 0.5%.

3) This shift and the sign extension from kasan_reset_tag() can be
combined into a single sbfx instruction. When this same algorithm change
is applied to the compiler, it removes an instruction from each inline
tag check, further reducing kernel text size by an additional 4.6%.

These benefits extend to other architectures as well. On RISC-V, where
the baseline ISA does not shifted addition or have an equivalent to the
sbfx instruction, loading KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET is reduced from 3 to 2
instructions, and kasan_mem_to_shadow(kasan_reset_tag(addr)) similarly
combines two consecutive right shifts.

Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/llvmorg-20-init/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/AddressSanitizer.cpp#L1316 [1]
Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/llvmorg-20-init/llvm/lib/Transforms/Instrumentation/HWAddressSanitizer.cpp#L895 [2]
Link: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/llvmorg-20-init/llvm/lib/Target/AArch64/AArch64AsmPrinter.cpp#L669 [3]
Signed-off-by: Samuel Holland <samuel.holland@sifive.com>
Co-developed-by: Maciej Wieczor-Retman <maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Maciej Wieczor-Retman <maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com>
Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
---
Changelog v7: (Maciej)
- Change UL to ULL in report.c to fix some compilation warnings.

Changelog v6: (Maciej)
- Add Catalin's acked-by.
- Move x86 gdb snippet here from the last patch.

Changelog v5: (Maciej)
- (u64) -> (unsigned long) in report.c

Changelog v4: (Maciej)
- Revert x86 to signed mem_to_shadow mapping.
- Remove last two paragraphs since they were just poorer duplication of
  the comments in kasan_non_canonical_hook().

Changelog v3: (Maciej)
- Fix scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py so the new signed mem_to_shadow() is
  reflected there.
- Fix Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh to take new offsets into
  account.
- Made changes to the kasan_non_canonical_hook() according to upstream
  discussion. Settled on overflow on both ranges and separate checks for
  x86 and arm.

Changelog v2: (Maciej)
- Correct address range that's checked in kasan_non_canonical_hook().
  Adjust the comment inside.
- Remove part of comment from arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h.
- Append patch message paragraph about the overflow in
  kasan_non_canonical_hook().

 Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh |  8 +++--
 arch/arm64/Kconfig                        | 10 +++----
 arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h           | 14 ++++++++-
 arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c                |  7 +++--
 include/linux/kasan.h                     | 10 +++++--
 mm/kasan/report.c                         | 36 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py                |  5 +++-
 scripts/gdb/linux/mm.py                   |  5 ++--
 8 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh b/Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh
index 2dc5f9e18039..ce777c7c7804 100644
--- a/Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh
+++ b/Documentation/arch/arm64/kasan-offsets.sh
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@
 
 print_kasan_offset () {
 	printf "%02d\t" $1
-	printf "0x%08x00000000\n" $(( (0xffffffff & (-1 << ($1 - 1 - 32))) \
-			- (1 << (64 - 32 - $2)) ))
+	if [[ $2 -ne 4 ]] then
+		printf "0x%08x00000000\n" $(( (0xffffffff & (-1 << ($1 - 1 - 32))) \
+				- (1 << (64 - 32 - $2)) ))
+	else
+		printf "0x%08x00000000\n" $(( (0xffffffff & (-1 << ($1 - 1 - 32))) ))
+	fi
 }
 
 echo KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3
diff --git a/arch/arm64/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
index 6663ffd23f25..ac50ba2d760b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/arm64/Kconfig
@@ -433,11 +433,11 @@ config KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
 	default 0xdffffe0000000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_42 && !KASAN_SW_TAGS
 	default 0xdfffffc000000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_39 && !KASAN_SW_TAGS
 	default 0xdffffff800000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_36 && !KASAN_SW_TAGS
-	default 0xefff800000000000 if (ARM64_VA_BITS_48 || (ARM64_VA_BITS_52 && !ARM64_16K_PAGES)) && KASAN_SW_TAGS
-	default 0xefffc00000000000 if (ARM64_VA_BITS_47 || ARM64_VA_BITS_52) && ARM64_16K_PAGES && KASAN_SW_TAGS
-	default 0xeffffe0000000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_42 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
-	default 0xefffffc000000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_39 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
-	default 0xeffffff800000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_36 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
+	default 0xffff800000000000 if (ARM64_VA_BITS_48 || (ARM64_VA_BITS_52 && !ARM64_16K_PAGES)) && KASAN_SW_TAGS
+	default 0xffffc00000000000 if (ARM64_VA_BITS_47 || ARM64_VA_BITS_52) && ARM64_16K_PAGES && KASAN_SW_TAGS
+	default 0xfffffe0000000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_42 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
+	default 0xffffffc000000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_39 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
+	default 0xfffffff800000000 if ARM64_VA_BITS_36 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
 	default 0xffffffffffffffff
 
 config UNWIND_TABLES
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h
index f1505c4acb38..7bbebde59a75 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h
@@ -89,7 +89,15 @@
  *
  * KASAN_SHADOW_END is defined first as the shadow address that corresponds to
  * the upper bound of possible virtual kernel memory addresses UL(1) << 64
- * according to the mapping formula.
+ * according to the mapping formula. For Generic KASAN, the address in the
+ * mapping formula is treated as unsigned (part of the compiler's ABI), so the
+ * end of the shadow memory region is at a large positive offset from
+ * KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET. For Software Tag-Based KASAN, the address in the
+ * formula is treated as signed. Since all kernel addresses are negative, they
+ * map to shadow memory below KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET, making KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
+ * itself the end of the shadow memory region. (User pointers are positive and
+ * would map to shadow memory above KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET, but shadow memory is
+ * not allocated for them.)
  *
  * KASAN_SHADOW_START is defined second based on KASAN_SHADOW_END. The shadow
  * memory start must map to the lowest possible kernel virtual memory address
@@ -100,7 +108,11 @@
  */
 #if defined(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC) || defined(CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS)
 #define KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET	_AC(CONFIG_KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET, UL)
+#ifdef CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC
 #define KASAN_SHADOW_END	((UL(1) << (64 - KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)) + KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET)
+#else
+#define KASAN_SHADOW_END	KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
+#endif
 #define _KASAN_SHADOW_START(va)	(KASAN_SHADOW_END - (UL(1) << ((va) - KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)))
 #define KASAN_SHADOW_START	_KASAN_SHADOW_START(vabits_actual)
 #define PAGE_END		KASAN_SHADOW_START
diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c b/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
index abeb81bf6ebd..937f6eb8115b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
@@ -198,8 +198,11 @@ static bool __init root_level_aligned(u64 addr)
 /* The early shadow maps everything to a single page of zeroes */
 asmlinkage void __init kasan_early_init(void)
 {
-	BUILD_BUG_ON(KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET !=
-		KASAN_SHADOW_END - (1UL << (64 - KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)));
+	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC))
+		BUILD_BUG_ON(KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET !=
+			KASAN_SHADOW_END - (1UL << (64 - KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)));
+	else
+		BUILD_BUG_ON(KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET != KASAN_SHADOW_END);
 	BUILD_BUG_ON(!IS_ALIGNED(_KASAN_SHADOW_START(VA_BITS), SHADOW_ALIGN));
 	BUILD_BUG_ON(!IS_ALIGNED(_KASAN_SHADOW_START(VA_BITS_MIN), SHADOW_ALIGN));
 	BUILD_BUG_ON(!IS_ALIGNED(KASAN_SHADOW_END, SHADOW_ALIGN));
diff --git a/include/linux/kasan.h b/include/linux/kasan.h
index d12e1a5f5a9a..670de5427c32 100644
--- a/include/linux/kasan.h
+++ b/include/linux/kasan.h
@@ -61,8 +61,14 @@ int kasan_populate_early_shadow(const void *shadow_start,
 #ifndef kasan_mem_to_shadow
 static inline void *kasan_mem_to_shadow(const void *addr)
 {
-	return (void *)((unsigned long)addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)
-		+ KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET;
+	void *scaled;
+
+	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC))
+		scaled = (void *)((unsigned long)addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT);
+	else
+		scaled = (void *)((long)addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT);
+
+	return KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET + scaled;
 }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/mm/kasan/report.c b/mm/kasan/report.c
index 62c01b4527eb..b5beb1b10bd2 100644
--- a/mm/kasan/report.c
+++ b/mm/kasan/report.c
@@ -642,11 +642,39 @@ void kasan_non_canonical_hook(unsigned long addr)
 	const char *bug_type;
 
 	/*
-	 * All addresses that came as a result of the memory-to-shadow mapping
-	 * (even for bogus pointers) must be >= KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET.
+	 * For Generic KASAN, kasan_mem_to_shadow() uses the logical right shift
+	 * and never overflows with the chosen KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET values (on
+	 * both x86 and arm64). Thus, the possible shadow addresses (even for
+	 * bogus pointers) belong to a single contiguous region that is the
+	 * result of kasan_mem_to_shadow() applied to the whole address space.
 	 */
-	if (addr < KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET)
-		return;
+	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC)) {
+		if (addr < (unsigned long)kasan_mem_to_shadow((void *)(0ULL)) ||
+		    addr > (unsigned long)kasan_mem_to_shadow((void *)(~0ULL)))
+			return;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * For Software Tag-Based KASAN, kasan_mem_to_shadow() uses the
+	 * arithmetic shift. Normally, this would make checking for a possible
+	 * shadow address complicated, as the shadow address computation
+	 * operation would overflow only for some memory addresses. However, due
+	 * to the chosen KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET values and the fact the
+	 * kasan_mem_to_shadow() only operates on pointers with the tag reset,
+	 * the overflow always happens.
+	 *
+	 * For arm64, the top byte of the pointer gets reset to 0xFF. Thus, the
+	 * possible shadow addresses belong to a region that is the result of
+	 * kasan_mem_to_shadow() applied to the memory range
+	 * [0xFF000000000000, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF]. Despite the overflow, the
+	 * resulting possible shadow region is contiguous, as the overflow
+	 * happens for both 0xFF000000000000 and 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF.
+	 */
+	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS) && IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARM64)) {
+		if (addr < (unsigned long)kasan_mem_to_shadow((void *)(0xFFULL << 56)) ||
+		    addr > (unsigned long)kasan_mem_to_shadow((void *)(~0ULL)))
+			return;
+	}
 
 	orig_addr = (unsigned long)kasan_shadow_to_mem((void *)addr);
 
diff --git a/scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py b/scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py
index 56730b3fde0b..4b86202b155f 100644
--- a/scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py
+++ b/scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 #
 
 import gdb
-from linux import constants, mm
+from linux import constants, utils, mm
+from ctypes import c_int64 as s64
 
 def help():
     t = """Usage: lx-kasan_mem_to_shadow [Hex memory addr]
@@ -39,6 +40,8 @@ class KasanMemToShadow(gdb.Command):
         else:
             help()
     def kasan_mem_to_shadow(self, addr):
+        if constants.CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS and not utils.is_target_arch('x86'):
+            addr = s64(addr)
         return (addr >> self.p_ops.KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT) + self.p_ops.KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
 
 KasanMemToShadow()
diff --git a/scripts/gdb/linux/mm.py b/scripts/gdb/linux/mm.py
index 7571aebbe650..2e63f3dedd53 100644
--- a/scripts/gdb/linux/mm.py
+++ b/scripts/gdb/linux/mm.py
@@ -110,12 +110,13 @@ class aarch64_page_ops():
         self.KERNEL_END = gdb.parse_and_eval("_end")
 
         if constants.LX_CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC or constants.LX_CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS:
+            self.KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET = constants.LX_CONFIG_KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
             if constants.LX_CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC:
                 self.KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3
+                self.KASAN_SHADOW_END = (1 << (64 - self.KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)) + self.KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
             else:
                 self.KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 4
-            self.KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET = constants.LX_CONFIG_KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
-            self.KASAN_SHADOW_END = (1 << (64 - self.KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT)) + self.KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
+                self.KASAN_SHADOW_END = self.KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
             self.PAGE_END = self.KASAN_SHADOW_END - (1 << (self.vabits_actual - self.KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT))
         else:
             self.PAGE_END = self._PAGE_END(self.VA_BITS_MIN)
-- 
2.52.0

[PATCH v7 15/15] x86/kasan: Make software tag-based kasan available

[Maciej Wieczor-Retman]

From: Maciej Wieczor-Retman <maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com>

Make CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS available for x86 machines if they have
ADDRESS_MASKING enabled (LAM) as that works similarly to Top-Byte Ignore
(TBI) that allows the software tag-based mode on arm64 platform.

The value for sw_tags KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET was calculated by rearranging
the formulas for KASAN_SHADOW_START and KASAN_SHADOW_END from
arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h - the only prerequisites being
KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT of 4, and KASAN_SHADOW_END equal to the
one from KASAN generic mode.

Set scale macro based on KASAN mode: in software tag-based mode 16 bytes
of memory map to one shadow byte and 8 in generic mode.

Disable CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE and CONFIG_KASAN_STACK when
CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS is enabled on x86 until the appropriate compiler
support is available.

Signed-off-by: Maciej Wieczor-Retman <maciej.wieczor-retman@intel.com>
---
Changelog v7:
- Add a paragraph to the patch message explaining how the various
  addresses and the KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET were calculated.

Changelog v6:
- Don't enable KASAN if LAM is not supported.
- Move kasan_init_tags() to kasan_init_64.c to not clutter the setup.c
  file.
- Move the #ifdef for the KASAN scale shift here.
- Move the gdb code to patch "Use arithmetic shift for shadow
  computation".
- Return "depends on KASAN" line to Kconfig.
- Add the defer kasan config option so KASAN can be disabled on hardware
  that doesn't have LAM.

Changelog v4:
- Add x86 specific kasan_mem_to_shadow().
- Revert x86 to the older unsigned KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET. Do the same to
  KASAN_SHADOW_START/END.
- Modify scripts/gdb/linux/kasan.py to keep x86 using unsigned offset.
- Disable inline and stack support when software tags are enabled on
  x86.

Changelog v3:
- Remove runtime_const from previous patch and merge the rest here.
- Move scale shift definition back to header file.
- Add new kasan offset for software tag based mode.
- Fix patch message typo 32 -> 16, and 16 -> 8.
- Update lib/Kconfig.kasan with x86 now having software tag-based
  support.

Changelog v2:
- Remove KASAN dense code.

 Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/mm.rst | 6 ++++--
 arch/x86/Kconfig                     | 4 ++++
 arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h      | 1 +
 arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h         | 4 ++++
 arch/x86/mm/kasan_init_64.c          | 6 ++++++
 lib/Kconfig.kasan                    | 3 ++-
 6 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/mm.rst b/Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/mm.rst
index a6cf05d51bd8..ccbdbb4cda36 100644
--- a/Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/mm.rst
+++ b/Documentation/arch/x86/x86_64/mm.rst
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ Complete virtual memory map with 4-level page tables
    ffffe90000000000 |  -23    TB | ffffe9ffffffffff |    1 TB | ... unused hole
    ffffea0000000000 |  -22    TB | ffffeaffffffffff |    1 TB | virtual memory map (vmemmap_base)
    ffffeb0000000000 |  -21    TB | ffffebffffffffff |    1 TB | ... unused hole
-   ffffec0000000000 |  -20    TB | fffffbffffffffff |   16 TB | KASAN shadow memory
+   ffffec0000000000 |  -20    TB | fffffbffffffffff |   16 TB | KASAN shadow memory (generic mode)
+   fffff40000000000 |   -8    TB | fffffbffffffffff |    8 TB | KASAN shadow memory (software tag-based mode)
   __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________
                                                               |
                                                               | Identical layout to the 56-bit one from here on:
@@ -130,7 +131,8 @@ Complete virtual memory map with 5-level page tables
    ffd2000000000000 |  -11.5  PB | ffd3ffffffffffff |  0.5 PB | ... unused hole
    ffd4000000000000 |  -11    PB | ffd5ffffffffffff |  0.5 PB | virtual memory map (vmemmap_base)
    ffd6000000000000 |  -10.5  PB | ffdeffffffffffff | 2.25 PB | ... unused hole
-   ffdf000000000000 |   -8.25 PB | fffffbffffffffff |   ~8 PB | KASAN shadow memory
+   ffdf000000000000 |   -8.25 PB | fffffbffffffffff |   ~8 PB | KASAN shadow memory (generic mode)
+   ffeffc0000000000 |   -6    PB | fffffbffffffffff |    4 PB | KASAN shadow memory (software tag-based mode)
   __________________|____________|__________________|_________|____________________________________________________________
                                                               |
                                                               | Identical layout to the 47-bit one from here on:
diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
index a26dc3bad804..b5275e322061 100644
--- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ config X86
 	select ARCH_CLOCKSOURCE_INIT
 	select ARCH_CONFIGURES_CPU_MITIGATIONS
 	select ARCH_CORRECT_STACKTRACE_ON_KRETPROBE
+	select ARCH_DISABLE_KASAN_INLINE	if X86_64 && KASAN_SW_TAGS
 	select ARCH_ENABLE_HUGEPAGE_MIGRATION if X86_64 && HUGETLB_PAGE && MIGRATION
 	select ARCH_ENABLE_MEMORY_HOTPLUG if X86_64
 	select ARCH_ENABLE_MEMORY_HOTREMOVE if MEMORY_HOTPLUG
@@ -196,6 +197,8 @@ config X86
 	select HAVE_ARCH_JUMP_LABEL_RELATIVE
 	select HAVE_ARCH_KASAN			if X86_64
 	select HAVE_ARCH_KASAN_VMALLOC		if X86_64
+	select HAVE_ARCH_KASAN_SW_TAGS		if ADDRESS_MASKING
+	select ARCH_NEEDS_DEFER_KASAN		if ADDRESS_MASKING
 	select HAVE_ARCH_KFENCE
 	select HAVE_ARCH_KMSAN			if X86_64
 	select HAVE_ARCH_KGDB
@@ -408,6 +411,7 @@ config AUDIT_ARCH
 config KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET
 	hex
 	depends on KASAN
+	default 0xeffffc0000000000 if KASAN_SW_TAGS
 	default 0xdffffc0000000000
 
 config HAVE_INTEL_TXT
diff --git a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h
index db1048621ea2..ded92b439ada 100644
--- a/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h
+++ b/arch/x86/boot/compressed/misc.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #undef CONFIG_PARAVIRT_SPINLOCKS
 #undef CONFIG_KASAN
 #undef CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC
+#undef CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS
 
 #define __NO_FORTIFY
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h
index 395e133d551d..3fa63036c93c 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kasan.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <linux/types.h>
 #define KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET _AC(CONFIG_KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET, UL)
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_KASAN_SW_TAGS
 /*
  * LLVM ABI for reporting tag mismatches in inline KASAN mode.
  * On x86 the UD1 instruction is used to carry metadata in the ECX register
@@ -24,7 +25,10 @@
 #define KASAN_ECX_WRITE		0x10
 #define KASAN_ECX_SIZE_MASK	0x0f
 #define KASAN_ECX_SIZE(ecx)	(1 << ((ecx) & KASAN_ECX_SIZE_MASK))
+#define KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT 4
+#else
 #define KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT 3
+#endif
 
 /*
  * Compiler uses shadow offset assuming that addresses start
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/kasan_init_64.c b/arch/x86/mm/kasan_init_64.c
index 7f5c11328ec1..3a5577341805 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/kasan_init_64.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/kasan_init_64.c
@@ -465,4 +465,10 @@ void __init kasan_init(void)
 
 	init_task.kasan_depth = 0;
 	kasan_init_generic();
+	pr_info("KernelAddressSanitizer initialized\n");
+
+	if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_LAM))
+		kasan_init_sw_tags();
+	else
+		pr_info("KernelAddressSanitizer not initialized (sw-tags): hardware doesn't support LAM\n");
 }
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.kasan b/lib/Kconfig.kasan
index a4bb610a7a6f..d13ea8da7bfd 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig.kasan
+++ b/lib/Kconfig.kasan
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ config KASAN_SW_TAGS
 
 	  Requires GCC 11+ or Clang.
 
-	  Supported only on arm64 CPUs and relies on Top Byte Ignore.
+	  Supported on arm64 CPUs that support Top Byte Ignore and on x86 CPUs
+	  that support Linear Address Masking.
 
 	  Consumes about 1/16th of available memory at kernel start and
 	  add an overhead of ~20% for dynamic allocations.
-- 
2.52.0