* [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file
@ 2023-07-01 14:21 syzbot
2023-07-01 15:28 ` Amir Goldstein
2023-07-02 10:29 ` Christian Brauner
0 siblings, 2 replies; 5+ messages in thread
From: syzbot @ 2023-07-01 14:21 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: amir73il, brauner, linux-fsdevel, linux-kernel, linux-unionfs,
miklos, syzkaller-bugs
Hello,
syzbot found the following issue on:
HEAD commit: 1ef6663a587b Merge tag 'tag-chrome-platform-for-v6.5' of g..
git tree: upstream
console+strace: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/log.txt?x=120fd3a8a80000
kernel config: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/.config?x=33c8c2baba1cfc7e
dashboard link: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ada42aab05cf51b00e98
compiler: Debian clang version 15.0.7, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.35.2
syz repro: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/repro.syz?x=130a5670a80000
C reproducer: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/repro.c?x=11aac680a80000
Downloadable assets:
disk image: https://storage.googleapis.com/syzbot-assets/6561f5e7c861/disk-1ef6663a.raw.xz
vmlinux: https://storage.googleapis.com/syzbot-assets/aed67f7d3a9d/vmlinux-1ef6663a.xz
kernel image: https://storage.googleapis.com/syzbot-assets/baa651e2ed8e/bzImage-1ef6663a.xz
The issue was bisected to:
commit 62d53c4a1dfe347bd87ede46ffad38c9a3870338
Author: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com>
Date: Thu Jun 15 11:22:28 2023 +0000
fs: use backing_file container for internal files with "fake" f_path
bisection log: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/bisect.txt?x=156341e0a80000
final oops: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/report.txt?x=176341e0a80000
console output: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/log.txt?x=136341e0a80000
IMPORTANT: if you fix the issue, please add the following tag to the commit:
Reported-by: syzbot+ada42aab05cf51b00e98@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Fixes: 62d53c4a1dfe ("fs: use backing_file container for internal files with "fake" f_path")
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 00007fbb808467a9
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000004 RDI: 0000000000000005
RBP: 00007ffdc0c78ff0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 00007fbb80800034
R10: 000000007ffff000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000006
R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
</TASK>
==================================================================
BUG: KASAN: invalid-free in init_file+0x195/0x200 fs/file_table.c:163
Free of addr ffff88801ea5a800 by task syz-executor145/4991
CPU: 0 PID: 4991 Comm: syz-executor145 Not tainted 6.4.0-syzkaller-01224-g1ef6663a587b #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 05/27/2023
Call Trace:
<TASK>
__dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline]
dump_stack_lvl+0x1e7/0x2d0 lib/dump_stack.c:106
print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:351 [inline]
print_report+0x163/0x540 mm/kasan/report.c:462
kasan_report_invalid_free+0xeb/0x100 mm/kasan/report.c:537
____kasan_slab_free+0xfb/0x120
kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:162 [inline]
slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:1781 [inline]
slab_free_freelist_hook mm/slub.c:1807 [inline]
slab_free mm/slub.c:3786 [inline]
kmem_cache_free+0x297/0x520 mm/slub.c:3808
init_file+0x195/0x200 fs/file_table.c:163
alloc_empty_backing_file+0x67/0xd0 fs/file_table.c:267
backing_file_open+0x26/0x100 fs/open.c:1166
ovl_open_realfile+0x1f6/0x350 fs/overlayfs/file.c:64
ovl_real_fdget_meta fs/overlayfs/file.c:122 [inline]
ovl_real_fdget fs/overlayfs/file.c:143 [inline]
ovl_splice_read+0x7cc/0x8c0 fs/overlayfs/file.c:430
splice_direct_to_actor+0x2a8/0x9a0 fs/splice.c:961
do_splice_direct+0x286/0x3d0 fs/splice.c:1070
do_sendfile+0x623/0x1070 fs/read_write.c:1254
__do_sys_sendfile64 fs/read_write.c:1322 [inline]
__se_sys_sendfile64+0x17c/0x1e0 fs/read_write.c:1308
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
RIP: 0033:0x7fbb808467a9
Code: 28 c3 e8 2a 14 00 00 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 c0 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
RSP: 002b:00007ffdc0c78fe8 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000028
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 00007fbb808467a9
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000004 RDI: 0000000000000005
RBP: 00007ffdc0c78ff0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 00007fbb80800034
R10: 000000007ffff000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000006
R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
</TASK>
Allocated by task 4991:
kasan_save_stack mm/kasan/common.c:45 [inline]
kasan_set_track+0x4f/0x70 mm/kasan/common.c:52
____kasan_kmalloc mm/kasan/common.c:374 [inline]
__kasan_kmalloc+0x98/0xb0 mm/kasan/common.c:383
kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:559 [inline]
kzalloc include/linux/slab.h:680 [inline]
alloc_empty_backing_file+0x52/0xd0 fs/file_table.c:263
backing_file_open+0x26/0x100 fs/open.c:1166
ovl_open_realfile+0x1f6/0x350 fs/overlayfs/file.c:64
ovl_real_fdget_meta fs/overlayfs/file.c:122 [inline]
ovl_real_fdget fs/overlayfs/file.c:143 [inline]
ovl_splice_read+0x7cc/0x8c0 fs/overlayfs/file.c:430
splice_direct_to_actor+0x2a8/0x9a0 fs/splice.c:961
do_splice_direct+0x286/0x3d0 fs/splice.c:1070
do_sendfile+0x623/0x1070 fs/read_write.c:1254
__do_sys_sendfile64 fs/read_write.c:1322 [inline]
__se_sys_sendfile64+0x17c/0x1e0 fs/read_write.c:1308
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88801ea5a800
which belongs to the cache kmalloc-512 of size 512
The buggy address is located 0 bytes inside of
480-byte region [ffff88801ea5a800, ffff88801ea5a9e0)
The buggy address belongs to the physical page:
page:ffffea00007a9600 refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x1ea58
head:ffffea00007a9600 order:2 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0
anon flags: 0xfff00000010200(slab|head|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x7ff)
page_type: 0xffffffff()
raw: 00fff00000010200 ffff888012441c80 0000000000000000 dead000000000001
raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080100010 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000
page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
page_owner tracks the page as allocated
page last allocated via order 2, migratetype Unmovable, gfp_mask 0xd20c0(__GFP_IO|__GFP_FS|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOMEMALLOC), pid 733, tgid 733 (kworker/u4:0), ts 6534177535, free_ts 0
set_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:31 [inline]
post_alloc_hook+0x1e6/0x210 mm/page_alloc.c:1744
prep_new_page mm/page_alloc.c:1751 [inline]
get_page_from_freelist+0x320e/0x3390 mm/page_alloc.c:3523
__alloc_pages+0x255/0x670 mm/page_alloc.c:4794
alloc_slab_page+0x6a/0x160 mm/slub.c:1851
allocate_slab mm/slub.c:1998 [inline]
new_slab+0x84/0x2f0 mm/slub.c:2051
___slab_alloc+0xa85/0x10a0 mm/slub.c:3192
__slab_alloc mm/slub.c:3291 [inline]
__slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:3344 [inline]
slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:3441 [inline]
__kmem_cache_alloc_node+0x1b8/0x290 mm/slub.c:3490
kmalloc_trace+0x2a/0xe0 mm/slab_common.c:1057
kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:559 [inline]
kzalloc include/linux/slab.h:680 [inline]
alloc_bprm+0x56/0x900 fs/exec.c:1512
kernel_execve+0x96/0xa10 fs/exec.c:1987
call_usermodehelper_exec_async+0x233/0x370 kernel/umh.c:110
ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:308
page_owner free stack trace missing
Memory state around the buggy address:
ffff88801ea5a700: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
ffff88801ea5a780: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
>ffff88801ea5a800: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
^
ffff88801ea5a880: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
ffff88801ea5a900: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
==================================================================
---
This report is generated by a bot. It may contain errors.
See https://goo.gl/tpsmEJ for more information about syzbot.
syzbot engineers can be reached at syzkaller@googlegroups.com.
syzbot will keep track of this issue. See:
https://goo.gl/tpsmEJ#status for how to communicate with syzbot.
For information about bisection process see: https://goo.gl/tpsmEJ#bisection
If the bug is already fixed, let syzbot know by replying with:
#syz fix: exact-commit-title
If you want syzbot to run the reproducer, reply with:
#syz test: git://repo/address.git branch-or-commit-hash
If you attach or paste a git patch, syzbot will apply it before testing.
If you want to change bug's subsystems, reply with:
#syz set subsystems: new-subsystem
(See the list of subsystem names on the web dashboard)
If the bug is a duplicate of another bug, reply with:
#syz dup: exact-subject-of-another-report
If you want to undo deduplication, reply with:
#syz undup
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 5+ messages in thread
* Re: [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file
2023-07-01 14:21 [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file syzbot
@ 2023-07-01 15:28 ` Amir Goldstein
2023-07-01 16:52 ` syzbot
2023-07-02 10:29 ` Christian Brauner
1 sibling, 1 reply; 5+ messages in thread
From: Amir Goldstein @ 2023-07-01 15:28 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: syzbot
Cc: brauner, linux-fsdevel, linux-kernel, linux-unionfs, miklos,
syzkaller-bugs
On Sat, Jul 1, 2023 at 5:21 PM syzbot
<syzbot+ada42aab05cf51b00e98@syzkaller.appspotmail.com> wrote:
>
> Hello,
>
> syzbot found the following issue on:
>
> HEAD commit: 1ef6663a587b Merge tag 'tag-chrome-platform-for-v6.5' of g..
> git tree: upstream
> console+strace: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/log.txt?x=120fd3a8a80000
> kernel config: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/.config?x=33c8c2baba1cfc7e
> dashboard link: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ada42aab05cf51b00e98
> compiler: Debian clang version 15.0.7, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.35.2
> syz repro: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/repro.syz?x=130a5670a80000
> C reproducer: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/repro.c?x=11aac680a80000
>
> Downloadable assets:
> disk image: https://storage.googleapis.com/syzbot-assets/6561f5e7c861/disk-1ef6663a.raw.xz
> vmlinux: https://storage.googleapis.com/syzbot-assets/aed67f7d3a9d/vmlinux-1ef6663a.xz
> kernel image: https://storage.googleapis.com/syzbot-assets/baa651e2ed8e/bzImage-1ef6663a.xz
>
> The issue was bisected to:
>
> commit 62d53c4a1dfe347bd87ede46ffad38c9a3870338
> Author: Amir Goldstein <amir73il@gmail.com>
> Date: Thu Jun 15 11:22:28 2023 +0000
>
> fs: use backing_file container for internal files with "fake" f_path
>
> bisection log: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/bisect.txt?x=156341e0a80000
> final oops: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/report.txt?x=176341e0a80000
> console output: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/log.txt?x=136341e0a80000
>
> IMPORTANT: if you fix the issue, please add the following tag to the commit:
> Reported-by: syzbot+ada42aab05cf51b00e98@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
> Fixes: 62d53c4a1dfe ("fs: use backing_file container for internal files with "fake" f_path")
>
> RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 00007fbb808467a9
> RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000004 RDI: 0000000000000005
> RBP: 00007ffdc0c78ff0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 00007fbb80800034
> R10: 000000007ffff000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000006
> R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
> </TASK>
> ==================================================================
> BUG: KASAN: invalid-free in init_file+0x195/0x200 fs/file_table.c:163
> Free of addr ffff88801ea5a800 by task syz-executor145/4991
>
> CPU: 0 PID: 4991 Comm: syz-executor145 Not tainted 6.4.0-syzkaller-01224-g1ef6663a587b #0
> Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 05/27/2023
> Call Trace:
> <TASK>
> __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline]
> dump_stack_lvl+0x1e7/0x2d0 lib/dump_stack.c:106
> print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:351 [inline]
> print_report+0x163/0x540 mm/kasan/report.c:462
> kasan_report_invalid_free+0xeb/0x100 mm/kasan/report.c:537
> ____kasan_slab_free+0xfb/0x120
> kasan_slab_free include/linux/kasan.h:162 [inline]
> slab_free_hook mm/slub.c:1781 [inline]
> slab_free_freelist_hook mm/slub.c:1807 [inline]
> slab_free mm/slub.c:3786 [inline]
> kmem_cache_free+0x297/0x520 mm/slub.c:3808
> init_file+0x195/0x200 fs/file_table.c:163
> alloc_empty_backing_file+0x67/0xd0 fs/file_table.c:267
> backing_file_open+0x26/0x100 fs/open.c:1166
> ovl_open_realfile+0x1f6/0x350 fs/overlayfs/file.c:64
> ovl_real_fdget_meta fs/overlayfs/file.c:122 [inline]
> ovl_real_fdget fs/overlayfs/file.c:143 [inline]
> ovl_splice_read+0x7cc/0x8c0 fs/overlayfs/file.c:430
> splice_direct_to_actor+0x2a8/0x9a0 fs/splice.c:961
> do_splice_direct+0x286/0x3d0 fs/splice.c:1070
> do_sendfile+0x623/0x1070 fs/read_write.c:1254
> __do_sys_sendfile64 fs/read_write.c:1322 [inline]
> __se_sys_sendfile64+0x17c/0x1e0 fs/read_write.c:1308
> do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
> do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
> entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
> RIP: 0033:0x7fbb808467a9
> Code: 28 c3 e8 2a 14 00 00 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 c0 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
> RSP: 002b:00007ffdc0c78fe8 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000028
> RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000001 RCX: 00007fbb808467a9
> RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000004 RDI: 0000000000000005
> RBP: 00007ffdc0c78ff0 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 00007fbb80800034
> R10: 000000007ffff000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000006
> R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000
> </TASK>
>
> Allocated by task 4991:
> kasan_save_stack mm/kasan/common.c:45 [inline]
> kasan_set_track+0x4f/0x70 mm/kasan/common.c:52
> ____kasan_kmalloc mm/kasan/common.c:374 [inline]
> __kasan_kmalloc+0x98/0xb0 mm/kasan/common.c:383
> kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:559 [inline]
> kzalloc include/linux/slab.h:680 [inline]
> alloc_empty_backing_file+0x52/0xd0 fs/file_table.c:263
> backing_file_open+0x26/0x100 fs/open.c:1166
> ovl_open_realfile+0x1f6/0x350 fs/overlayfs/file.c:64
> ovl_real_fdget_meta fs/overlayfs/file.c:122 [inline]
> ovl_real_fdget fs/overlayfs/file.c:143 [inline]
> ovl_splice_read+0x7cc/0x8c0 fs/overlayfs/file.c:430
> splice_direct_to_actor+0x2a8/0x9a0 fs/splice.c:961
> do_splice_direct+0x286/0x3d0 fs/splice.c:1070
> do_sendfile+0x623/0x1070 fs/read_write.c:1254
> __do_sys_sendfile64 fs/read_write.c:1322 [inline]
> __se_sys_sendfile64+0x17c/0x1e0 fs/read_write.c:1308
> do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
> do_syscall_64+0x41/0xc0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
> entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
>
> The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff88801ea5a800
> which belongs to the cache kmalloc-512 of size 512
> The buggy address is located 0 bytes inside of
> 480-byte region [ffff88801ea5a800, ffff88801ea5a9e0)
>
> The buggy address belongs to the physical page:
> page:ffffea00007a9600 refcount:1 mapcount:0 mapping:0000000000000000 index:0x0 pfn:0x1ea58
> head:ffffea00007a9600 order:2 entire_mapcount:0 nr_pages_mapped:0 pincount:0
> anon flags: 0xfff00000010200(slab|head|node=0|zone=1|lastcpupid=0x7ff)
> page_type: 0xffffffff()
> raw: 00fff00000010200 ffff888012441c80 0000000000000000 dead000000000001
> raw: 0000000000000000 0000000080100010 00000001ffffffff 0000000000000000
> page dumped because: kasan: bad access detected
> page_owner tracks the page as allocated
> page last allocated via order 2, migratetype Unmovable, gfp_mask 0xd20c0(__GFP_IO|__GFP_FS|__GFP_NOWARN|__GFP_NORETRY|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOMEMALLOC), pid 733, tgid 733 (kworker/u4:0), ts 6534177535, free_ts 0
> set_page_owner include/linux/page_owner.h:31 [inline]
> post_alloc_hook+0x1e6/0x210 mm/page_alloc.c:1744
> prep_new_page mm/page_alloc.c:1751 [inline]
> get_page_from_freelist+0x320e/0x3390 mm/page_alloc.c:3523
> __alloc_pages+0x255/0x670 mm/page_alloc.c:4794
> alloc_slab_page+0x6a/0x160 mm/slub.c:1851
> allocate_slab mm/slub.c:1998 [inline]
> new_slab+0x84/0x2f0 mm/slub.c:2051
> ___slab_alloc+0xa85/0x10a0 mm/slub.c:3192
> __slab_alloc mm/slub.c:3291 [inline]
> __slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:3344 [inline]
> slab_alloc_node mm/slub.c:3441 [inline]
> __kmem_cache_alloc_node+0x1b8/0x290 mm/slub.c:3490
> kmalloc_trace+0x2a/0xe0 mm/slab_common.c:1057
> kmalloc include/linux/slab.h:559 [inline]
> kzalloc include/linux/slab.h:680 [inline]
> alloc_bprm+0x56/0x900 fs/exec.c:1512
> kernel_execve+0x96/0xa10 fs/exec.c:1987
> call_usermodehelper_exec_async+0x233/0x370 kernel/umh.c:110
> ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:308
> page_owner free stack trace missing
>
> Memory state around the buggy address:
> ffff88801ea5a700: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
> ffff88801ea5a780: fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc fc
> >ffff88801ea5a800: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
> ^
> ffff88801ea5a880: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
> ffff88801ea5a900: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
> ==================================================================
>
>
> ---
> This report is generated by a bot. It may contain errors.
> See https://goo.gl/tpsmEJ for more information about syzbot.
> syzbot engineers can be reached at syzkaller@googlegroups.com.
>
> syzbot will keep track of this issue. See:
> https://goo.gl/tpsmEJ#status for how to communicate with syzbot.
> For information about bisection process see: https://goo.gl/tpsmEJ#bisection
>
> If the bug is already fixed, let syzbot know by replying with:
> #syz fix: exact-commit-title
>
> If you want syzbot to run the reproducer, reply with:
> #syz test: git://repo/address.git branch-or-commit-hash
> If you attach or paste a git patch, syzbot will apply it before testing.
>
#syz test https://github.com/amir73il/linux.git ovl-fixes
Thanks,
Amir.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 5+ messages in thread
* Re: [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file
2023-07-01 15:28 ` Amir Goldstein
@ 2023-07-01 16:52 ` syzbot
0 siblings, 0 replies; 5+ messages in thread
From: syzbot @ 2023-07-01 16:52 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: amir73il, brauner, linux-fsdevel, linux-kernel, linux-unionfs,
miklos, syzkaller-bugs
Hello,
syzbot tried to test the proposed patch but the build/boot failed:
27119][ T0] Smack: IPv6 Netfilter enabled.
[ 2.128178][ T0] LSM support for eBPF active
[ 2.134180][ T0] Dentry cache hash table entries: 1048576 (order: 11, 8388608 bytes, vmalloc hugepage)
[ 2.138824][ T0] Inode-cache hash table entries: 524288 (order: 10, 4194304 bytes, vmalloc hugepage)
[ 2.141770][ T0] Mount-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 2.143494][ T0] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 2.148953][ T0] Running RCU synchronous self tests
[ 2.150087][ T0] Running RCU synchronous self tests
[ 2.272250][ T1] smpboot: CPU0: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU @ 2.20GHz (family: 0x6, model: 0x4f, stepping: 0x0)
[ 2.273215][ T1] RCU Tasks: Setting shift to 1 and lim to 1 rcu_task_cb_adjust=1.
[ 2.273215][ T1] RCU Tasks Trace: Setting shift to 1 and lim to 1 rcu_task_cb_adjust=1.
[ 2.273254][ T1] Running RCU-tasks wait API self tests
[ 2.403503][ T1] Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 79 no PMU driver, software events only.
[ 2.405504][ T1] signal: max sigframe size: 1776
[ 2.407112][ T1] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[ 2.408574][ T1] rcu: Max phase no-delay instances is 1000.
[ 2.414512][ T1] NMI watchdog: Perf NMI watchdog permanently disabled
[ 2.417267][ T1] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[ 2.420500][ T1] smpboot: x86: Booting SMP configuration:
[ 2.421388][ T1] .... node #0, CPUs: #1
[ 2.423383][ T1] MDS CPU bug present and SMT on, data leak possible. See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.html for more details.
[ 2.426407][ T1] TAA CPU bug present and SMT on, data leak possible. See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/tsx_async_abort.html for more details.
[ 2.429092][ T1] MMIO Stale Data CPU bug present and SMT on, data leak possible. See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/processor_mmio_stale_data.html for more details.
[ 2.433473][ T1] smp: Brought up 2 nodes, 2 CPUs
[ 2.434299][ T1] smpboot: Max logical packages: 1
[ 2.435188][ T1] smpboot: Total of 2 processors activated (8800.92 BogoMIPS)
[ 2.439416][ T1] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 2.439416][ T1] x86/mm: Memory block size: 128MB
[ 2.453338][ T14] Callback from call_rcu_tasks_trace() invoked.
[ 2.475089][ T1] Running RCU synchronous self tests
[ 2.476319][ T1] Running RCU synchronous self tests
[ 2.478039][ T1] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 19112604462750000 ns
[ 2.480252][ T1] futex hash table entries: 512 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 2.483248][ T1] PM: RTC time: 16:50:51, date: 2023-07-01
[ 2.492493][ T1] NET: Registered PF_NETLINK/PF_ROUTE protocol family
[ 2.506662][ T1] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled)
[ 2.508842][ T1] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise'
[ 2.508842][ T1] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'user_space'
[ 2.508842][ T27] audit: type=2000 audit(1688230251.721:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0 res=1
[ 2.518243][ T1] cpuidle: using governor menu
[ 2.518243][ T1] NET: Registered PF_QIPCRTR protocol family
[ 2.518243][ T1] dca service started, version 1.12.1
[ 2.518243][ T1] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access
[ 2.523361][ T1] WARNING: workqueue cpumask: online intersect > possible intersect
[ 2.564096][ T1] HugeTLB: registered 1.00 GiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 2.565677][ T1] HugeTLB: 16380 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 1.00 GiB page
[ 2.568064][ T1] HugeTLB: registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[ 2.570294][ T1] HugeTLB: 28 KiB vmemmap can be freed for a 2.00 MiB page
[ 2.623640][ T13] Callback from call_rcu_tasks() invoked.
[ 2.625239][ T1] cryptd: max_cpu_qlen set to 1000
[ 2.654723][ T1] raid6: skipped pq benchmark and selected avx2x4
[ 2.656007][ T1] raid6: using avx2x2 recovery algorithm
[ 2.658822][ T1] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device)
[ 2.659746][ T1] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device)
[ 2.660600][ T1] ACPI: Added _OSI(3.0 _SCP Extensions)
[ 2.661534][ T1] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Aggregator Device)
[ 2.779896][ T1] ACPI: 2 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded
[ 2.853240][ T1] ACPI: Interpreter enabled
[ 2.853824][ T1] ACPI: PM: (supports S0 S3 S4 S5)
[ 2.855217][ T1] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing
[ 2.858802][ T1] PCI: Using host bridge windows from ACPI; if necessary, use "pci=nocrs" and report a bug
[ 2.861808][ T1] PCI: Ignoring E820 reservations for host bridge windows
[ 2.877265][ T1] ACPI: Enabled 16 GPEs in block 00 to 0F
[ 3.020230][ T1] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-ff])
[ 3.022254][ T1] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: OS supports [ASPM ClockPM Segments MSI HPX-Type3]
[ 3.033237][ T1] acpi PNP0A03:00: _OSC: not requesting OS control; OS requires [ExtendedConfig ASPM ClockPM MSI]
[ 3.037635][ T1] acpi PNP0A03:00: fail to add MMCONFIG information, can't access extended configuration space under this bridge
[ 3.045938][ T1] PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
[ 3.047232][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: Unknown NUMA node; performance will be reduced
[ 3.049572][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window]
[ 3.053249][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io 0x0d00-0xffff window]
[ 3.055000][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]
[ 3.056802][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0xc0000000-0xfebfefff window]
[ 3.059261][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-ff]
[ 3.061286][ T1] pci 0000:00:00.0: [8086:1237] type 00 class 0x060000
[ 3.077371][ T1] pci 0000:00:01.0: [8086:7110] type 00 class 0x060100
[ 3.108998][ T1] pci 0000:00:01.3: [8086:7113] type 00 class 0x068000
[ 3.132904][ T1] pci 0000:00:01.3: quirk: [io 0xb000-0xb03f] claimed by PIIX4 ACPI
[ 3.132904][ T1] pci 0000:00:03.0: [1af4:1004] type 00 class 0x000000
[ 3.155328][ T1] pci 0000:00:03.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xc000-0xc03f]
[ 3.165224][ T1] pci 0000:00:03.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xfe800000-0xfe80007f]
[ 3.191213][ T1] pci 0000:00:04.0: [1af4:1000] type 00 class 0x020000
[ 3.207352][ T1] pci 0000:00:04.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xc040-0xc07f]
[ 3.213009][ T1] pci 0000:00:04.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xfe801000-0xfe80107f]
[ 3.242801][ T1] pci 0000:00:05.0: [1ae0:a002] type 00 class 0x030000
[ 3.258142][ T1] pci 0000:00:05.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xfe000000-0xfe7fffff]
[ 3.283115][ T1] pci 0000:00:05.0: Video device with shadowed ROM at [mem 0x000c0000-0x000dffff]
[ 3.297395][ T1] pci 0000:00:06.0: [1af4:1002] type 00 class 0x00ff00
[ 3.309891][ T1] pci 0000:00:06.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xc080-0xc09f]
[ 3.313249][ T1] pci 0000:00:06.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xfe802000-0xfe80207f]
[ 3.357243][ T1] pci 0000:00:07.0: [1af4:1005] type 00 class 0x00ff00
[ 3.363247][ T1] pci 0000:00:07.0: reg 0x10: [io 0xc0a0-0xc0bf]
[ 3.383254][ T1] pci 0000:00:07.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xfe803000-0xfe80303f]
[ 3.428038][ T1] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKA configured for IRQ 10
[ 3.436722][ T1] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKB configured for IRQ 10
[ 3.445230][ T1] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKC configured for IRQ 11
[ 3.453537][ T1] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKD configured for IRQ 11
[ 3.464044][ T1] ACPI: PCI: Interrupt link LNKS configured for IRQ 9
[ 3.483327][ T1] iommu: Default domain type: Translated
[ 3.484528][ T1] iommu: DMA domain TLB invalidation policy: lazy mode
[ 3.491460][ T1] SCSI subsystem initialized
[ 3.505337][ T1] ACPI: bus type USB registered
[ 3.506708][ T1] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[ 3.508578][ T1] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[ 3.510528][ T1] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[ 3.513915][ T1] mc: Linux media interface: v0.10
[ 3.515542][ T1] videodev: Linux video capture interface: v2.00
[ 3.518037][ T1] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered
[ 3.520082][ T1] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it>
[ 3.533454][ T1] PTP clock support registered
[ 3.543864][ T1] EDAC MC: Ver: 3.0.0
[ 3.546889][ T1] Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Initialized.
[ 3.553096][ T1] Bluetooth: Core ver 2.22
[ 3.563575][ T1] NET: Registered PF_BLUETOOTH protocol family
[ 3.565252][ T1] Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized
[ 3.567107][ T1] Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized
[ 3.568386][ T1] Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized
[ 3.570088][ T1] Bluetooth: SCO socket layer initialized
[ 3.571402][ T1] NET: Registered PF_ATMPVC protocol family
[ 3.573245][ T1] NET: Registered PF_ATMSVC protocol family
[ 3.575012][ T1] NetLabel: Initializing
[ 3.575925][ T1] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128
[ 3.576962][ T1] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4 CALIPSO
[ 3.578855][ T1] NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default
[ 3.582694][ T1] nfc: nfc_init: NFC Core ver 0.1
[ 3.582694][ T1] NET: Registered PF_NFC protocol family
[ 3.582694][ T1] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing
[ 3.582694][ T1] pci 0000:00:05.0: vgaarb: setting as boot VGA device
[ 3.582694][ T1] pci 0000:00:05.0: vgaarb: bridge control possible
[ 3.582694][ T1] pci 0000:00:05.0: vgaarb: VGA device added: decodes=io+mem,owns=io+mem,locks=none
[ 3.582988][ T1] vgaarb: loaded
[ 3.597539][ T1] clocksource: Switched to clocksource kvm-clock
[ 3.603189][ T1] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0
[ 3.603189][ T1] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[ 3.603189][ T1] FS-Cache: Loaded
[ 3.605594][ T1] CacheFiles: Loaded
[ 3.607713][ T1] TOMOYO: 2.6.0
[ 3.608509][ T1] Mandatory Access Control activated.
[ 3.610238][ T1] pnp: PnP ACPI init
[ 3.632464][ T1] pnp: PnP ACPI: found 7 devices
[ 3.690116][ T1] clocksource: acpi_pm: mask: 0xffffff max_cycles: 0xffffff, max_idle_ns: 2085701024 ns
[ 3.693133][ T1] NET: Registered PF_INET protocol family
[ 3.699454][ T1] IP idents hash table entries: 131072 (order: 8, 1048576 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.712599][ T1] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 4096 (order: 6, 294912 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.718202][ T1] Table-perturb hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.723203][ T1] TCP established hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.735432][ T1] TCP bind hash table entries: 65536 (order: 11, 9437184 bytes, vmalloc hugepage)
[ 3.753052][ T1] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 65536 bind 65536)
[ 3.759662][ T1] MPTCP token hash table entries: 8192 (order: 7, 720896 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.766188][ T1] UDP hash table entries: 4096 (order: 7, 655360 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.772152][ T1] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 4096 (order: 7, 655360 bytes, vmalloc)
[ 3.776897][ T1] NET: Registered PF_UNIX/PF_LOCAL protocol family
[ 3.781241][ T1] RPC: Registered named UNIX socket transport module.
[ 3.783239][ T1] RPC: Registered udp transport module.
[ 3.784886][ T1] RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
[ 3.786903][ T1] RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
[ 3.792324][ T1] NET: Registered PF_XDP protocol family
[ 3.794148][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 4 [io 0x0000-0x0cf7 window]
[ 3.796651][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 5 [io 0x0d00-0xffff window]
[ 3.798897][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 6 [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]
[ 3.801385][ T1] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 7 [mem 0xc0000000-0xfebfefff window]
[ 3.805305][ T1] pci 0000:00:00.0: Limiting direct PCI/PCI transfers
[ 3.807722][ T1] PCI: CLS 0 bytes, default 64
[ 3.814903][ T1] PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering for IO (SWIOTLB)
[ 3.817626][ T1] software IO TLB: mapped [mem 0x00000000b5800000-0x00000000b9800000] (64MB)
[ 3.821308][ T1] ACPI: bus type thunderbolt registered
[ 3.827146][ T1] RAPL PMU: API unit is 2^-32 Joules, 0 fixed counters, 10737418240 ms ovfl timer
[ 3.837618][ T57] kworker/u4:3 (57) used greatest stack depth: 25848 bytes left
[ 3.853873][ T1] kvm_amd: SVM not supported by CPU 0, not amd or hygon
[ 3.856145][ T1] clocksource: tsc: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1fb70c0f8fc, max_idle_ns: 440795213829 ns
[ 3.859506][ T1] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc
[ 3.872085][ T1] AVX2 instructions are not detected.
[ 3.874215][ T1] AVX or AES-NI instructions are not detected.
[ 3.876743][ T1] AVX2 or AES-NI instructions are not detected.
[ 3.879753][ T1] AVX or AES-NI instructions are not detected.
[ 3.881266][ T1] AVX2 or AES-NI instructions are not detected.
[ 3.883437][ T1] AVX or AES-NI instructions are not detected.
syzkaller build log:
go env (err=<nil>)
GO111MODULE="auto"
GOARCH="amd64"
GOBIN=""
GOCACHE="/syzkaller/.cache/go-build"
GOENV="/syzkaller/.config/go/env"
GOEXE=""
GOEXPERIMENT=""
GOFLAGS=""
GOHOSTARCH="amd64"
GOHOSTOS="linux"
GOINSECURE=""
GOMODCACHE="/syzkaller/jobs-2/linux/gopath/pkg/mod"
GONOPROXY=""
GONOSUMDB=""
GOOS="linux"
GOPATH="/syzkaller/jobs-2/linux/gopath"
GOPRIVATE=""
GOPROXY="https://proxy.golang.org,direct"
GOROOT="/usr/local/go"
GOSUMDB="sum.golang.org"
GOTMPDIR=""
GOTOOLDIR="/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/linux_amd64"
GOVCS=""
GOVERSION="go1.20.1"
GCCGO="gccgo"
GOAMD64="v1"
AR="ar"
CC="gcc"
CXX="g++"
CGO_ENABLED="1"
GOMOD="/syzkaller/jobs-2/linux/gopath/src/github.com/google/syzkaller/go.mod"
GOWORK=""
CGO_CFLAGS="-O2 -g"
CGO_CPPFLAGS=""
CGO_CXXFLAGS="-O2 -g"
CGO_FFLAGS="-O2 -g"
CGO_LDFLAGS="-O2 -g"
PKG_CONFIG="pkg-config"
GOGCCFLAGS="-fPIC -m64 -pthread -Wl,--no-gc-sections -fmessage-length=0 -fdebug-prefix-map=/tmp/go-build2315435869=/tmp/go-build -gno-record-gcc-switches"
git status (err=<nil>)
HEAD detached at 4cd5bb25a
nothing to commit, working tree clean
tput: No value for $TERM and no -T specified
tput: No value for $TERM and no -T specified
Makefile:32: run command via tools/syz-env for best compatibility, see:
Makefile:33: https://github.com/google/syzkaller/blob/master/docs/contributing.md#using-syz-env
go list -f '{{.Stale}}' ./sys/syz-sysgen | grep -q false || go install ./sys/syz-sysgen
make .descriptions
tput: No value for $TERM and no -T specified
tput: No value for $TERM and no -T specified
bin/syz-sysgen
touch .descriptions
GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build "-ldflags=-s -w -X github.com/google/syzkaller/prog.GitRevision=4cd5bb25a2752a9a5b25597d1da34656681f07a6 -X 'github.com/google/syzkaller/prog.gitRevisionDate=20230626-110233'" "-tags=syz_target syz_os_linux syz_arch_amd64 " -o ./bin/linux_amd64/syz-fuzzer github.com/google/syzkaller/syz-fuzzer
GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build "-ldflags=-s -w -X github.com/google/syzkaller/prog.GitRevision=4cd5bb25a2752a9a5b25597d1da34656681f07a6 -X 'github.com/google/syzkaller/prog.gitRevisionDate=20230626-110233'" "-tags=syz_target syz_os_linux syz_arch_amd64 " -o ./bin/linux_amd64/syz-execprog github.com/google/syzkaller/tools/syz-execprog
GOOS=linux GOARCH=amd64 go build "-ldflags=-s -w -X github.com/google/syzkaller/prog.GitRevision=4cd5bb25a2752a9a5b25597d1da34656681f07a6 -X 'github.com/google/syzkaller/prog.gitRevisionDate=20230626-110233'" "-tags=syz_target syz_os_linux syz_arch_amd64 " -o ./bin/linux_amd64/syz-stress github.com/google/syzkaller/tools/syz-stress
mkdir -p ./bin/linux_amd64
gcc -o ./bin/linux_amd64/syz-executor executor/executor.cc \
-m64 -O2 -pthread -Wall -Werror -Wparentheses -Wunused-const-variable -Wframe-larger-than=16384 -Wno-stringop-overflow -Wno-array-bounds -Wno-format-overflow -Wno-unused-but-set-variable -Wno-unused-command-line-argument -static-pie -fpermissive -w -DGOOS_linux=1 -DGOARCH_amd64=1 \
-DHOSTGOOS_linux=1 -DGIT_REVISION=\"4cd5bb25a2752a9a5b25597d1da34656681f07a6\"
Error text is too large and was truncated, full error text is at:
https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/error.txt?x=11de8314a80000
Tested on:
commit: a2175988 fs: fix invalid-free in init_file()
git tree: https://github.com/amir73il/linux.git ovl-fixes
kernel config: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/.config?x=a9def0ca2621537a
dashboard link: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ada42aab05cf51b00e98
compiler: Debian clang version 15.0.7, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.35.2
Note: no patches were applied.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 5+ messages in thread
* Re: [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file
2023-07-01 14:21 [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file syzbot
2023-07-01 15:28 ` Amir Goldstein
@ 2023-07-02 10:29 ` Christian Brauner
2023-07-02 11:03 ` syzbot
1 sibling, 1 reply; 5+ messages in thread
From: Christian Brauner @ 2023-07-02 10:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: syzbot
Cc: amir73il, linux-fsdevel, linux-kernel, linux-unionfs, miklos,
syzkaller-bugs
On Sat, Jul 01, 2023 at 07:21:53AM -0700, syzbot wrote:
> Hello,
>
> syzbot found the following issue on:
>
> HEAD commit: 1ef6663a587b Merge tag 'tag-chrome-platform-for-v6.5' of g..
> git tree: upstream
> console+strace: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/log.txt?x=120fd3a8a80000
> kernel config: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/.config?x=33c8c2baba1cfc7e
> dashboard link: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ada42aab05cf51b00e98
> compiler: Debian clang version 15.0.7, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.35.2
> syz repro: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/repro.syz?x=130a5670a80000
> C reproducer: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/repro.c?x=11aac680a80000
#syz test https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs.git vfs.fixes
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 5+ messages in thread
* Re: [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file
2023-07-02 10:29 ` Christian Brauner
@ 2023-07-02 11:03 ` syzbot
0 siblings, 0 replies; 5+ messages in thread
From: syzbot @ 2023-07-02 11:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: amir73il, brauner, linux-fsdevel, linux-kernel, linux-unionfs,
miklos, syzkaller-bugs
Hello,
syzbot has tested the proposed patch and the reproducer did not trigger any issue:
Reported-and-tested-by: syzbot+ada42aab05cf51b00e98@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Tested on:
commit: 0ed645e2 fs: move cleanup from init_file() into its ca..
git tree: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs.git vfs.fixes
console output: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/log.txt?x=124e2008a80000
kernel config: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/x/.config?x=78aa7bd472e7bb0d
dashboard link: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ada42aab05cf51b00e98
compiler: Debian clang version 15.0.7, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.35.2
Note: no patches were applied.
Note: testing is done by a robot and is best-effort only.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 5+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2023-07-02 11:03 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 5+ messages (download: mbox.gz follow: Atom feed
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2023-07-01 14:21 [syzbot] [overlayfs?] KASAN: invalid-free in init_file syzbot
2023-07-01 15:28 ` Amir Goldstein
2023-07-01 16:52 ` syzbot
2023-07-02 10:29 ` Christian Brauner
2023-07-02 11:03 ` syzbot
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
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