Re: [PATCH v3 3/3] randomize_kstack: Unify random source across arches

David Laight
2026-01-05T14:45:49Z

On Mon, 5 Jan 2026 11:05:18 +0000
Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com> wrote:

> On 04/01/2026 23:01, David Laight wrote:
> > On Fri, 2 Jan 2026 13:11:54 +0000
> > Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@arm.com> wrote:
> >
> >> Previously different architectures were using random sources of
> >> differing strength and cost to decide the random kstack offset. A number
> >> of architectures (loongarch, powerpc, s390, x86) were using their
> >> timestamp counter, at whatever the frequency happened to be. Other
> >> arches (arm64, riscv) were using entropy from the crng via
> >> get_random_u16().
> >>
> >> There have been concerns that in some cases the timestamp counters may
> >> be too weak, because they can be easily guessed or influenced by user
> >> space. And get_random_u16() has been shown to be too costly for the
> >> level of protection kstack offset randomization provides.
> >>
> >> So let's use a common, architecture-agnostic source of entropy; a
> >> per-cpu prng, seeded at boot-time from the crng. This has a few
> >> benefits:
> >>
> >> - We can remove choose_random_kstack_offset(); That was only there to
> >> try to make the timestamp counter value a bit harder to influence
> >> from user space.
> >>
> >> - The architecture code is simplified. All it has to do now is call
> >> add_random_kstack_offset() in the syscall path.
> >>
> >> - The strength of the randomness can be reasoned about independently
> >> of the architecture.
> >>
> >> - Arches previously using get_random_u16() now have much faster
> >> syscall paths, see below results.
> >>
> >> There have been some claims that a prng may be less strong than the
> >> timestamp counter if not regularly reseeded. But the prng has a period
> >> of about 2^113. So as long as the prng state remains secret, it should
> >> not be possible to guess. If the prng state can be accessed, we have
> >> bigger problems.
> >
> > If you have 128 bits of output from consecutive outputs I think you
> > can trivially determine the full state using (almost) 'school boy' maths
> > that could be done on pencil and paper.
> > (Most of the work only has to be done once.)
> >
> > The underlying problem is that the TAUSWORTHE() transformation is 'linear'
> > So that TAUSWORTHE(x ^ y) == TAUSWORTHE(x) ^ TAUSWORTHE(y).
> > (This is true of a LFSR/CRC and TOUSWORTH() is doing some subset of CRCs.)
> > This means that each output bit is the 'xor' of some of the input bits.
> > The four new 'state' values are just xor of the the bits of the old ones.
> > The final xor of the four states gives a 32bit value with each bit just
> > an xor of some of the 128 state bits.
> > Get four consecutive 32 bit values and you can solve the 128 simultaneous
> > equations (by trivial substitution) and get the initial state.
> > The solution gives you the 128 128bit constants for:
> > u128 state = 0;
> > u128 val = 'value returned from 4 calls';
> > for (int i = 0; i < 128; i++)
> > state |= parity(const128[i] ^ val) << i;
>
> What is const128[] here?

Some values you prepared earlier :-)

> > You done need all 32bits, just accumulate 128 bits.
> > So if you can get the 5bit stack offset from 26 system calls you know the
> > value that will be used for all the subsequent calls.
>
> It's not immediately obvious to me how user space would do this, but I'll take
> it on faith that it may be possible.

It shouldn't be possible, but anything that leaks a stack address would
give it away.
It is also pretty much why you care about the cycle length of the PRNG.
(If the length is short a rogue application can remember all the values.)

> >
> > Simply changing the final line to use + not ^ makes the output non-linear
> > and solving the equations a lot harder.
>
> There has been pushback on introducing new primitives [1] but I don't think
> that's a reason not to considder it.

That is a more general issue with the PRNG.
ISTR it was true for the previous version that explicitly used four CRC.
Jason should know more about whether the xor are a good idea.

>
> [1] https://lore.kernel.org/all/aRyppb8PCxFKVphr@zx2c4.com/
>
> >
> > I might sit down tomorrow and see if I can actually code it...
>
> Thanks for the analysis! I look forward to seeing your conclusion... although
> I'm not sure I'll be qualified to evaluate it mathematically.

I need to drag out the brian cells from when I learnt about CRC (actually
relating to burst error correction) over 40 years ago...

> FWIW, I previously had a go at various schemes using siphash to calculate some
> random bits. I found it to be significantly slower than this prng. I've so far
> taken the view that 6 bits of randomness is not much of a defence against brute
> force so we really shouldn't be spending too many cycles to generate the bits.
> If we can get to approach to work, I think that's best.

Indeed.
A single 32bit CRC using (crc + (crc >> 16)) & 0x3f could be 'good enough'.
Especially if the value is 'perturbed' during (say) context switch.
The '16' might need adjusting for the actual CRC, especially if TAUSWORTHE()
is used - you don't want the value to match one of the shifts it uses.

prandom_u32_state() is defined as:
#define TAUSWORTHE(s, a, b, c, d) ((s & c) << d) ^ (((s << a) ^ s) >> b)
state->s1 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s1, 6U, 13U, 4294967294U, 18U);
state->s2 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s2, 2U, 27U, 4294967288U, 2U);
state->s3 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s3, 13U, 21U, 4294967280U, 7U);
state->s4 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s4, 3U, 12U, 4294967168U, 13U);
return (state->s1 ^ state->s2 ^ state->s3 ^ state->s4);
This is equivalent to:
#define TAUSWORTHE(s, a, b, c, d) ((s & ~c) << d) ^ (s >> a) ^ (s >> b)
state->s1 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s1, 7, 13, 1, 18);
state->s2 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s2, 25, 27, 7, 2);
state->s3 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s3, 8, 21, 15, 7);
state->s4 = TAUSWORTHE(state->s4, 9, 12, 127, 13);
which makes it clear that some low bits of each 's' get discarded reducing
the length of each CRC to (I think) 31, 29, 28 and 25.
Since 'b + d' matches the bits discarded by 'c', two of those shifts are
actually just a rotate, so there isn't really much 'bit stirring' going on.

By comparison CRC-16 (for hdlc comms like x25, isdn and ss7) reduces to:
u32 crc_step(u32 crc, u8 byte_val)
{
u8 t = crc ^ byte_val;
t = (t ^ t << 4);
return crc >> 8 ^ t << 8 ^ t << 3 ^ t >> 4;
}
Much more 'stirring'.

David