[PATCH 2/3] libata: convert assert(xxx)'s in low-level drivers to WARN_ON(!xxx)'s

[PATCH 2/3] libata: convert assert(xxx)'s in low-level drivers to WARN_ON(!xxx)'s

[Tejun Heo]

This patch converts all assert(xxx)'s in low-level drivers to
WARN_ON(!xxx)'s.  After this patch, there is no in-kernel user of the
libata assert() macro.

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>

---

 drivers/scsi/ahci.c       |    2 +-
 drivers/scsi/sata_mv.c    |   50 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 drivers/scsi/sata_qstor.c |    4 ++--
 drivers/scsi/sata_sx4.c   |    2 +-
 4 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

5a00ebe55d888f3252e87798add5ae085bde4228
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/ahci.c b/drivers/scsi/ahci.c
index a65895f..12c76be 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/ahci.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/ahci.c
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ static inline int ahci_host_intr(struct 
 	ci = readl(port_mmio + PORT_CMD_ISSUE);
 	if (likely((ci & 0x1) == 0)) {
 		if (qc) {
-			assert(qc->err_mask == 0);
+			WARN_ON(qc->err_mask);
 			ata_qc_complete(qc);
 			qc = NULL;
 		}
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/sata_mv.c b/drivers/scsi/sata_mv.c
index 6c80527..732cb64 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/sata_mv.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/sata_mv.c
@@ -632,8 +632,8 @@ static void mv_irq_clear(struct ata_port
  *      @base: port base address
  *      @pp: port private data
  *
- *      Verify the local cache of the eDMA state is accurate with an
- *      assert.
+ *      Verify the local cache of the eDMA state is accurate with a
+ *      WARN_ON.
  *
  *      LOCKING:
  *      Inherited from caller.
@@ -644,15 +644,15 @@ static void mv_start_dma(void __iomem *b
 		writelfl(EDMA_EN, base + EDMA_CMD_OFS);
 		pp->pp_flags |= MV_PP_FLAG_EDMA_EN;
 	}
-	assert(EDMA_EN & readl(base + EDMA_CMD_OFS));
+	WARN_ON(!(EDMA_EN & readl(base + EDMA_CMD_OFS)));
 }
 
 /**
  *      mv_stop_dma - Disable eDMA engine
  *      @ap: ATA channel to manipulate
  *
- *      Verify the local cache of the eDMA state is accurate with an
- *      assert.
+ *      Verify the local cache of the eDMA state is accurate with a
+ *      WARN_ON.
  *
  *      LOCKING:
  *      Inherited from caller.
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ static void mv_stop_dma(struct ata_port 
 		writelfl(EDMA_DS, port_mmio + EDMA_CMD_OFS);
 		pp->pp_flags &= ~MV_PP_FLAG_EDMA_EN;
 	} else {
-		assert(!(EDMA_EN & readl(port_mmio + EDMA_CMD_OFS)));
+		WARN_ON(EDMA_EN & readl(port_mmio + EDMA_CMD_OFS));
   	}
 
 	/* now properly wait for the eDMA to stop */
@@ -1061,15 +1061,15 @@ static void mv_qc_prep(struct ata_queued
 		return;
 
 	/* the req producer index should be the same as we remember it */
-	assert(((readl(mv_ap_base(qc->ap) + EDMA_REQ_Q_IN_PTR_OFS) >>
-		 EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) ==
-	       pp->req_producer);
+	WARN_ON(((readl(mv_ap_base(qc->ap) + EDMA_REQ_Q_IN_PTR_OFS) >>
+		  EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) !=
+		pp->req_producer);
 
 	/* Fill in command request block
 	 */
 	if (!(qc->tf.flags & ATA_TFLAG_WRITE))
 		flags |= CRQB_FLAG_READ;
-	assert(MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH > qc->tag);
+	WARN_ON(MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH <= qc->tag);
 	flags |= qc->tag << CRQB_TAG_SHIFT;
 
 	pp->crqb[pp->req_producer].sg_addr =
@@ -1152,16 +1152,16 @@ static void mv_qc_prep_iie(struct ata_qu
 		return;
 
 	/* the req producer index should be the same as we remember it */
-	assert(((readl(mv_ap_base(qc->ap) + EDMA_REQ_Q_IN_PTR_OFS) >>
-		 EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) ==
-	       pp->req_producer);
+	WARN_ON(((readl(mv_ap_base(qc->ap) + EDMA_REQ_Q_IN_PTR_OFS) >>
+		  EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) !=
+		pp->req_producer);
 
 	/* Fill in Gen IIE command request block
 	 */
 	if (!(qc->tf.flags & ATA_TFLAG_WRITE))
 		flags |= CRQB_FLAG_READ;
 
-	assert(MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH > qc->tag);
+	WARN_ON(MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH <= qc->tag);
 	flags |= qc->tag << CRQB_TAG_SHIFT;
 
 	crqb = (struct mv_crqb_iie *) &pp->crqb[pp->req_producer];
@@ -1226,12 +1226,12 @@ static unsigned int mv_qc_issue(struct a
 	in_ptr = readl(port_mmio + EDMA_REQ_Q_IN_PTR_OFS);
 
 	/* the req producer index should be the same as we remember it */
-	assert(((in_ptr >> EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) ==
-	       pp->req_producer);
+	WARN_ON(((in_ptr >> EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) !=
+		pp->req_producer);
 	/* until we do queuing, the queue should be empty at this point */
-	assert(((in_ptr >> EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) ==
-	       ((readl(port_mmio + EDMA_REQ_Q_OUT_PTR_OFS) >>
-		 EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK));
+	WARN_ON(((in_ptr >> EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) !=
+		((readl(port_mmio + EDMA_REQ_Q_OUT_PTR_OFS) >>
+		  EDMA_REQ_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK));
 
 	mv_inc_q_index(&pp->req_producer);	/* now incr producer index */
 
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ static unsigned int mv_qc_issue(struct a
  *
  *      This routine is for use when the port is in DMA mode, when it
  *      will be using the CRPB (command response block) method of
- *      returning command completion information.  We assert indices
+ *      returning command completion information.  We check indices
  *      are good, grab status, and bump the response consumer index to
  *      prove that we're up to date.
  *
@@ -1267,16 +1267,16 @@ static u8 mv_get_crpb_status(struct ata_
 	out_ptr = readl(port_mmio + EDMA_RSP_Q_OUT_PTR_OFS);
 
 	/* the response consumer index should be the same as we remember it */
-	assert(((out_ptr >> EDMA_RSP_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) ==
-	       pp->rsp_consumer);
+	WARN_ON(((out_ptr >> EDMA_RSP_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) !=
+		pp->rsp_consumer);
 
 	/* increment our consumer index... */
 	pp->rsp_consumer = mv_inc_q_index(&pp->rsp_consumer);
 
 	/* and, until we do NCQ, there should only be 1 CRPB waiting */
-	assert(((readl(port_mmio + EDMA_RSP_Q_IN_PTR_OFS) >>
-		 EDMA_RSP_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) ==
-	       pp->rsp_consumer);
+	WARN_ON(((readl(port_mmio + EDMA_RSP_Q_IN_PTR_OFS) >>
+		  EDMA_RSP_Q_PTR_SHIFT) & MV_MAX_Q_DEPTH_MASK) !=
+		pp->rsp_consumer);
 
 	/* write out our inc'd consumer index so EDMA knows we're caught up */
 	out_ptr &= EDMA_RSP_Q_BASE_LO_MASK;
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/sata_qstor.c b/drivers/scsi/sata_qstor.c
index 82c3df7..955131b 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/sata_qstor.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/sata_qstor.c
@@ -277,8 +277,8 @@ static unsigned int qs_fill_sg(struct at
 	unsigned int nelem;
 	u8 *prd = pp->pkt + QS_CPB_BYTES;
 
-	assert(qc->__sg != NULL);
-	assert(qc->n_elem > 0);
+	WARN_ON(qc->__sg == NULL);
+	WARN_ON(qc->n_elem == 0);
 
 	nelem = 0;
 	ata_for_each_sg(sg, qc) {
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/sata_sx4.c b/drivers/scsi/sata_sx4.c
index 212cff4..e158f7a 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/sata_sx4.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/sata_sx4.c
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@ static void pdc20621_dma_prep(struct ata
 	unsigned int i, idx, total_len = 0, sgt_len;
 	u32 *buf = (u32 *) &pp->dimm_buf[PDC_DIMM_HEADER_SZ];
 
-	assert(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_DMAMAP);
+	WARN_ON(!(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_DMAMAP));
 
 	VPRINTK("ata%u: ENTER\n", ap->id);
 
-- 
1.1.5

[PATCH 1/3] libata: convert assert(X)'s in libata core layer to WARN_ON(!X)'s

[Tejun Heo]

In an effort to kill libata-specific assert() and use generic
WARN_ON(), this patch converts all assert(X)'s in libata core layer to
WARN_ON(!X)'s.  Most conversions are straight-forward logical negation
exception for the followings.

* In libata-core.c:ata_fill_sg(),
  assert(qc->n_elem > 0) is converted to WARN_ON(qc->n_elem == 0) because
  qc->n_elem is unsigned and unsigned <= 0 is weird.

* In libata-scsi.c:ata_gen_ata_desc/fixed_sense(),
  assert(NULL != qc->ap->ops->tf_read) is converted to
  WARN_ON(qc->ap->ops->tf_read == NULL), as there are no other users of
  'constant cond var' style in libata.

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>

---

 drivers/scsi/libata-core.c |   46 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 drivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c |   14 +++++++------
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

89261226ba2baa00a04f07699ca6bbe17dec8980
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/libata-core.c b/drivers/scsi/libata-core.c
index fffbaa9..cef85e5 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/libata-core.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/libata-core.c
@@ -904,8 +904,8 @@ static void ata_dev_identify(struct ata_
 
 	DPRINTK("ENTER, host %u, dev %u\n", ap->id, device);
 
-	assert (dev->class == ATA_DEV_ATA || dev->class == ATA_DEV_ATAPI ||
-		dev->class == ATA_DEV_NONE);
+	WARN_ON(dev->class != ATA_DEV_ATA && dev->class != ATA_DEV_ATAPI &&
+		dev->class != ATA_DEV_NONE);
 
 	ata_dev_select(ap, device, 1, 1); /* select device 0/1 */
 
@@ -2301,7 +2301,7 @@ static unsigned int ata_get_mode_mask(co
 	master = &ap->device[0];
 	slave = &ap->device[1];
 
-	assert (ata_dev_present(master) || ata_dev_present(slave));
+	WARN_ON(!ata_dev_present(master) && !ata_dev_present(slave));
 
 	if (shift == ATA_SHIFT_UDMA) {
 		mask = ap->udma_mask;
@@ -2547,11 +2547,11 @@ static void ata_sg_clean(struct ata_queu
 	int dir = qc->dma_dir;
 	void *pad_buf = NULL;
 
-	assert(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_DMAMAP);
-	assert(sg != NULL);
+	WARN_ON(!(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_DMAMAP));
+	WARN_ON(sg == NULL);
 
 	if (qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_SINGLE)
-		assert(qc->n_elem == 1);
+		WARN_ON(qc->n_elem != 1);
 
 	VPRINTK("unmapping %u sg elements\n", qc->n_elem);
 
@@ -2606,8 +2606,8 @@ static void ata_fill_sg(struct ata_queue
 	struct scatterlist *sg;
 	unsigned int idx;
 
-	assert(qc->__sg != NULL);
-	assert(qc->n_elem > 0);
+	WARN_ON(qc->__sg == NULL);
+	WARN_ON(qc->n_elem == 0);
 
 	idx = 0;
 	ata_for_each_sg(sg, qc) {
@@ -2759,7 +2759,7 @@ static int ata_sg_setup_one(struct ata_q
 		void *pad_buf = ap->pad + (qc->tag * ATA_DMA_PAD_SZ);
 		struct scatterlist *psg = &qc->pad_sgent;
 
-		assert(qc->dev->class == ATA_DEV_ATAPI);
+		WARN_ON(qc->dev->class != ATA_DEV_ATAPI);
 
 		memset(pad_buf, 0, ATA_DMA_PAD_SZ);
 
@@ -2821,7 +2821,7 @@ static int ata_sg_setup(struct ata_queue
 	int n_elem, pre_n_elem, dir, trim_sg = 0;
 
 	VPRINTK("ENTER, ata%u\n", ap->id);
-	assert(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_SG);
+	WARN_ON(!(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_SG));
 
 	/* we must lengthen transfers to end on a 32-bit boundary */
 	qc->pad_len = lsg->length & 3;
@@ -2830,7 +2830,7 @@ static int ata_sg_setup(struct ata_queue
 		struct scatterlist *psg = &qc->pad_sgent;
 		unsigned int offset;
 
-		assert(qc->dev->class == ATA_DEV_ATAPI);
+		WARN_ON(qc->dev->class != ATA_DEV_ATAPI);
 
 		memset(pad_buf, 0, ATA_DMA_PAD_SZ);
 
@@ -2924,7 +2924,7 @@ static unsigned long ata_pio_poll(struct
 	unsigned int reg_state = HSM_ST_UNKNOWN;
 
 	qc = ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag);
-	assert(qc != NULL);
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);
 
 	switch (ap->hsm_task_state) {
 	case HSM_ST:
@@ -2992,7 +2992,7 @@ static int ata_pio_complete (struct ata_
 	}
 
 	qc = ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag);
-	assert(qc != NULL);
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);
 
 	drv_stat = ata_wait_idle(ap);
 	if (!ata_ok(drv_stat)) {
@@ -3003,7 +3003,7 @@ static int ata_pio_complete (struct ata_
 
 	ap->hsm_task_state = HSM_ST_IDLE;
 
-	assert(qc->err_mask == 0);
+	WARN_ON(qc->err_mask);
 	ata_poll_qc_complete(qc);
 
 	/* another command may start at this point */
@@ -3360,7 +3360,7 @@ static void ata_pio_block(struct ata_por
 	}
 
 	qc = ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag);
-	assert(qc != NULL);
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);
 
 	/* check error */
 	if (status & (ATA_ERR | ATA_DF)) {
@@ -3397,12 +3397,12 @@ static void ata_pio_error(struct ata_por
 	printk(KERN_WARNING "ata%u: PIO error\n", ap->id);
 
 	qc = ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag);
-	assert(qc != NULL);
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);
 
 	/* make sure qc->err_mask is available to 
 	 * know what's wrong and recover
 	 */
-	assert(qc->err_mask);
+	WARN_ON(qc->err_mask == 0);
 
 	ap->hsm_task_state = HSM_ST_IDLE;
 
@@ -3609,7 +3609,7 @@ void ata_qc_free(struct ata_queued_cmd *
 	struct ata_port *ap = qc->ap;
 	unsigned int tag;
 
-	assert(qc != NULL);	/* ata_qc_from_tag _might_ return NULL */
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);	/* ata_qc_from_tag _might_ return NULL */
 
 	qc->flags = 0;
 	tag = qc->tag;
@@ -3623,8 +3623,8 @@ void ata_qc_free(struct ata_queued_cmd *
 
 void __ata_qc_complete(struct ata_queued_cmd *qc)
 {
-	assert(qc != NULL);	/* ata_qc_from_tag _might_ return NULL */
-	assert(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_ACTIVE);
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);	/* ata_qc_from_tag _might_ return NULL */
+	WARN_ON(!(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_ACTIVE));
 
 	if (likely(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_DMAMAP))
 		ata_sg_clean(qc);
@@ -4155,8 +4155,8 @@ static void atapi_packet_task(void *_dat
 	u8 status;
 
 	qc = ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag);
-	assert(qc != NULL);
-	assert(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_ACTIVE);
+	WARN_ON(qc == NULL);
+	WARN_ON(!(qc->flags & ATA_QCFLAG_ACTIVE));
 
 	/* sleep-wait for BSY to clear */
 	DPRINTK("busy wait\n");
@@ -4174,7 +4174,7 @@ static void atapi_packet_task(void *_dat
 
 	/* send SCSI cdb */
 	DPRINTK("send cdb\n");
-	assert(ap->cdb_len >= 12);
+	WARN_ON(ap->cdb_len < 12);
 
 	if (qc->tf.protocol == ATA_PROT_ATAPI_DMA ||
 	    qc->tf.protocol == ATA_PROT_ATAPI_NODATA) {
diff --git a/drivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c b/drivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
index 9d67c67..26f07a2 100644
--- a/drivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
+++ b/drivers/scsi/libata-scsi.c
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ void ata_gen_ata_desc_sense(struct ata_q
 	/*
 	 * Read the controller registers.
 	 */
-	assert(NULL != qc->ap->ops->tf_read);
+	WARN_ON(qc->ap->ops->tf_read == NULL);
 	qc->ap->ops->tf_read(qc->ap, tf);
 
 	/*
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ void ata_gen_fixed_sense(struct ata_queu
 	/*
 	 * Read the controller registers.
 	 */
-	assert(NULL != qc->ap->ops->tf_read);
+	WARN_ON(qc->ap->ops->tf_read == NULL);
 	qc->ap->ops->tf_read(qc->ap, tf);
 
 	/*
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ enum scsi_eh_timer_return ata_scsi_timed
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&ap->host_set->lock, flags);
 	qc = ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag);
 	if (qc) {
-		assert(qc->scsicmd == cmd);
+		WARN_ON(qc->scsicmd != cmd);
 		qc->flags |= ATA_QCFLAG_EH_SCHEDULED;
 		qc->err_mask |= AC_ERR_TIMEOUT;
 		ret = EH_NOT_HANDLED;
@@ -780,14 +780,14 @@ int ata_scsi_error(struct Scsi_Host *hos
 	ap = (struct ata_port *) &host->hostdata[0];
 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&ap->host_set->lock, flags);
-	assert(!(ap->flags & ATA_FLAG_IN_EH));
+	WARN_ON(ap->flags & ATA_FLAG_IN_EH);
 	ap->flags |= ATA_FLAG_IN_EH;
-	assert(ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag) != NULL);
+	WARN_ON(ata_qc_from_tag(ap, ap->active_tag) == NULL);
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ap->host_set->lock, flags);
 
 	ap->ops->eng_timeout(ap);
 
-	assert(host->host_failed == 0 && list_empty(&host->eh_cmd_q));
+	WARN_ON(host->host_failed || !list_empty(&host->eh_cmd_q));
 
 	scsi_eh_flush_done_q(&ap->eh_done_q);
 
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ static void __ata_eh_qc_complete(struct 
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&ap->host_set->lock, flags);
 	qc->scsidone = ata_eh_scsidone;
 	__ata_qc_complete(qc);
-	assert(!ata_tag_valid(qc->tag));
+	WARN_ON(ata_tag_valid(qc->tag));
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ap->host_set->lock, flags);
 
 	scsi_eh_finish_cmd(scmd, &ap->eh_done_q);
-- 
1.1.5

[PATCHSET] libata: kill assert

[Tejun Heo]

Hello, Jeff.

This patchset replaces assert()'s with WARN_ON()'s as you suggested[1].
#01 converts assert()'s in libata core layer, #02 in low level drivers,
and #03 kills the macro itself.  I've lightly tested converted code and
double-checked every conversion.

Thanks.

--
tejun

[1] http://article.gmane.org/gmane.linux.ide/7928

[PATCH 3/3] libata: kill assert() macro

[Tejun Heo]

libata assert() now has no user left.  Kill it.

Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>

---

 include/linux/libata.h |   10 ----------
 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

c832a91bfb341cc331bda1c27ad433a769d3fc4a
diff --git a/include/linux/libata.h b/include/linux/libata.h
index 695d9ae..83a1f2e 100644
--- a/include/linux/libata.h
+++ b/include/linux/libata.h
@@ -62,16 +62,6 @@
 
 #define BPRINTK(fmt, args...) if (ap->flags & ATA_FLAG_DEBUGMSG) printk(KERN_ERR "%s: " fmt, __FUNCTION__, ## args)
 
-#ifdef ATA_NDEBUG
-#define assert(expr)
-#else
-#define assert(expr) \
-        if(unlikely(!(expr))) {                                   \
-        printk(KERN_ERR "Assertion failed! %s,%s,%s,line=%d\n", \
-        #expr,__FILE__,__FUNCTION__,__LINE__);          \
-        }
-#endif
-
 /* NEW: debug levels */
 #define HAVE_LIBATA_MSG 1
 
-- 
1.1.5

Re: [PATCH 1/3] libata: convert assert(X)'s in libata core layer to WARN_ON(!X)'s

[Jeff Garzik]

Tejun Heo wrote:
> In an effort to kill libata-specific assert() and use generic
> WARN_ON(), this patch converts all assert(X)'s in libata core layer to
> WARN_ON(!X)'s.  Most conversions are straight-forward logical negation
> exception for the followings.
> 
> * In libata-core.c:ata_fill_sg(),
>   assert(qc->n_elem > 0) is converted to WARN_ON(qc->n_elem == 0) because
>   qc->n_elem is unsigned and unsigned <= 0 is weird.
> 
> * In libata-scsi.c:ata_gen_ata_desc/fixed_sense(),
>   assert(NULL != qc->ap->ops->tf_read) is converted to
>   WARN_ON(qc->ap->ops->tf_read == NULL), as there are no other users of
>   'constant cond var' style in libata.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <htejun@gmail.com>

applied 1-3