[PATCH -rcu/kcsan 04/23] kcsan: Add core support for a subset of weak memory modeling

Marco Elver
2021-10-05T10:59:59Z

Add support for modeling a subset of weak memory, which will enable
detection of a subset of data races due to missing memory barriers.

KCSAN's approach to detecting missing memory barriers is based on
modeling access reordering, and enabled if `CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY=y`,
which depends on `CONFIG_KCSAN_STRICT=y`. The feature can be enabled or
disabled at boot and runtime via the `kcsan.weak_memory` boot parameter.

Each memory access for which a watchpoint is set up, is also selected
for simulated reordering within the scope of its function (at most 1
in-flight access).

We are limited to modeling the effects of "buffering" (delaying the
access), since the runtime cannot "prefetch" accesses (therefore no
acquire modeling). Once an access has been selected for reordering, it
is checked along every other access until the end of the function scope.
If an appropriate memory barrier is encountered, the access will no
longer be considered for reordering.

When the result of a memory operation should be ordered by a barrier,
KCSAN can then detect data races where the conflict only occurs as a
result of a missing barrier due to reordering accesses.

Suggested-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Marco Elver <elver@google.com>
---
include/linux/kcsan-checks.h | 10 +-
include/linux/kcsan.h | 10 +-
include/linux/sched.h | 3 +
kernel/kcsan/core.c | 222 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
lib/Kconfig.kcsan | 16 +++
scripts/Makefile.kcsan | 9 +-
6 files changed, 251 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/kcsan-checks.h b/include/linux/kcsan-checks.h
index 5f5965246877..a1c6a89fde71 100644
--- a/include/linux/kcsan-checks.h
+++ b/include/linux/kcsan-checks.h
@@ -99,7 +99,15 @@ void kcsan_set_access_mask(unsigned long mask);

/* Scoped access information. */
struct kcsan_scoped_access {
- struct list_head list;
+ union {
+ struct list_head list; /* scoped_accesses list */
+ /*
+ * Not an entry in scoped_accesses list; stack depth from where
+ * the access was initialized.
+ */
+ int stack_depth;
+ };
+
/* Access information. */
const volatile void *ptr;
size_t size;
diff --git a/include/linux/kcsan.h b/include/linux/kcsan.h
index 13cef3458fed..c07c71f5ba4f 100644
--- a/include/linux/kcsan.h
+++ b/include/linux/kcsan.h
@@ -49,8 +49,16 @@ struct kcsan_ctx {
*/
unsigned long access_mask;

- /* List of scoped accesses. */
+ /* List of scoped accesses; likely to be empty. */
struct list_head scoped_accesses;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+ /*
+ * Scoped access for modeling access reordering to detect missing memory
+ * barriers; only keep 1 to keep fast-path complexity manageable.
+ */
+ struct kcsan_scoped_access reorder_access;
+#endif
};

/**
diff --git a/include/linux/sched.h b/include/linux/sched.h
index e12b524426b0..c6a96f0cc984 100644
--- a/include/linux/sched.h
+++ b/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -1343,6 +1343,9 @@ struct task_struct {
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
struct irqtrace_events kcsan_save_irqtrace;
#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+ int kcsan_stack_depth;
+#endif
#endif

#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KUNIT)
diff --git a/kernel/kcsan/core.c b/kernel/kcsan/core.c
index bd359f8ee63a..0e180d1cd53d 100644
--- a/kernel/kcsan/core.c
+++ b/kernel/kcsan/core.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/instrumentation.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/list.h>
#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>

+#include <asm/sections.h>
+
#include "encoding.h"
#include "kcsan.h"
#include "permissive.h"
@@ -29,6 +32,7 @@ unsigned int kcsan_udelay_task = CONFIG_KCSAN_UDELAY_TASK;
unsigned int kcsan_udelay_interrupt = CONFIG_KCSAN_UDELAY_INTERRUPT;
static long kcsan_skip_watch = CONFIG_KCSAN_SKIP_WATCH;
static bool kcsan_interrupt_watcher = IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_INTERRUPT_WATCHER);
+static bool kcsan_weak_memory = IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY);

#ifdef MODULE_PARAM_PREFIX
#undef MODULE_PARAM_PREFIX
@@ -39,6 +43,9 @@ module_param_named(udelay_task, kcsan_udelay_task, uint, 0644);
module_param_named(udelay_interrupt, kcsan_udelay_interrupt, uint, 0644);
module_param_named(skip_watch, kcsan_skip_watch, long, 0644);
module_param_named(interrupt_watcher, kcsan_interrupt_watcher, bool, 0444);
+#ifdef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+module_param_named(weak_memory, kcsan_weak_memory, bool, 0644);
+#endif

bool kcsan_enabled;

@@ -102,6 +109,22 @@ static DEFINE_PER_CPU(long, kcsan_skip);
/* For kcsan_prandom_u32_max(). */
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(u32, kcsan_rand_state);

+#if !defined(CONFIG_ARCH_WANTS_NO_INSTR) || defined(CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION)
+/*
+ * Arch does not rely on noinstr, or objtool will remove memory barrier
+ * instrumentation, and no instrumentation of noinstr code is expected.
+ */
+#define kcsan_noinstr
+static inline bool within_noinstr(unsigned long ip) { return false; }
+#else
+#define kcsan_noinstr noinstr
+static __always_inline bool within_noinstr(unsigned long ip)
+{
+ return (unsigned long)__noinstr_text_start <= ip &&
+ ip < (unsigned long)__noinstr_text_end;
+}
+#endif
+
static __always_inline atomic_long_t *find_watchpoint(unsigned long addr,
size_t size,
bool expect_write,
@@ -351,6 +374,67 @@ void kcsan_restore_irqtrace(struct task_struct *task)
#endif
}

+static __always_inline int get_kcsan_stack_depth(void)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+ return current->kcsan_stack_depth;
+#else
+ BUILD_BUG();
+ return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static __always_inline void add_kcsan_stack_depth(int val)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+ current->kcsan_stack_depth += val;
+#else
+ BUILD_BUG();
+#endif
+}
+
+static __always_inline struct kcsan_scoped_access *get_reorder_access(struct kcsan_ctx *ctx)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+ return ctx->disable_scoped ? NULL : &ctx->reorder_access;
+#else
+ return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+static __always_inline bool
+find_reorder_access(struct kcsan_ctx *ctx, const volatile void *ptr, size_t size,
+ int type, unsigned long ip)
+{
+ struct kcsan_scoped_access *reorder_access = get_reorder_access(ctx);
+
+ if (!reorder_access)
+ return false;
+
+ /*
+ * Note: If accesses are repeated while reorder_access is identical,
+ * never matches the new access, because !(type & KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED).
+ */
+ return reorder_access->ptr == ptr && reorder_access->size == size &&
+ reorder_access->type == type && reorder_access->ip == ip;
+}
+
+static inline void
+set_reorder_access(struct kcsan_ctx *ctx, const volatile void *ptr, size_t size,
+ int type, unsigned long ip)
+{
+ struct kcsan_scoped_access *reorder_access = get_reorder_access(ctx);
+
+ if (!reorder_access || !kcsan_weak_memory)
+ return;
+
+ reorder_access->ptr = ptr;
+ reorder_access->size = size;
+ reorder_access->type = type | KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED;
+ reorder_access->ip = ip;
+ reorder_access->stack_depth = get_kcsan_stack_depth();
+}
+
/*
* Pull everything together: check_access() below contains the performance
* critical operations; the fast-path (including check_access) functions should
@@ -389,8 +473,10 @@ static noinline void kcsan_found_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr,
* The access_mask check relies on value-change comparison. To avoid
* reporting a race where e.g. the writer set up the watchpoint, but the
* reader has access_mask!=0, we have to ignore the found watchpoint.
+ *
+ * reorder_access is never created from an access with access_mask set.
*/
- if (ctx->access_mask)
+ if (ctx->access_mask && !find_reorder_access(ctx, ptr, size, type, ip))
return;

/*
@@ -440,11 +526,13 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
const bool is_assert = (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_ASSERT) != 0;
atomic_long_t *watchpoint;
u64 old, new, diff;
- unsigned long access_mask;
enum kcsan_value_change value_change = KCSAN_VALUE_CHANGE_MAYBE;
+ bool interrupt_watcher = kcsan_interrupt_watcher;
unsigned long ua_flags = user_access_save();
struct kcsan_ctx *ctx = get_ctx();
+ unsigned long access_mask = ctx->access_mask;
unsigned long irq_flags = 0;
+ bool is_reorder_access;

/*
* Always reset kcsan_skip counter in slow-path to avoid underflow; see
@@ -467,6 +555,17 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
goto out;
}

+ /*
+ * The local CPU cannot observe reordering of its own accesses, and
+ * therefore we need to take care of 2 cases to avoid false positives:
+ *
+ * 1. Races of the reordered access with interrupts. To avoid, if
+ * the current access is reorder_access, disable interrupts.
+ * 2. Avoid races of scoped accesses from nested interrupts (below).
+ */
+ is_reorder_access = find_reorder_access(ctx, ptr, size, type, ip);
+ if (is_reorder_access)
+ interrupt_watcher = false;
/*
* Avoid races of scoped accesses from nested interrupts (or scheduler).
* Assume setting up a watchpoint for a non-scoped (normal) access that
@@ -482,7 +581,7 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
* information is lost if dirtied by KCSAN.
*/
kcsan_save_irqtrace(current);
- if (!kcsan_interrupt_watcher)
+ if (!interrupt_watcher)
local_irq_save(irq_flags);

watchpoint = insert_watchpoint((unsigned long)ptr, size, is_write);
@@ -503,7 +602,7 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
* Read the current value, to later check and infer a race if the data
* was modified via a non-instrumented access, e.g. from a device.
*/
- old = read_instrumented_memory(ptr, size);
+ old = is_reorder_access ? 0 : read_instrumented_memory(ptr, size);

/*
* Delay this thread, to increase probability of observing a racy
@@ -515,8 +614,17 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
* Re-read value, and check if it is as expected; if not, we infer a
* racy access.
*/
- access_mask = ctx->access_mask;
- new = read_instrumented_memory(ptr, size);
+ if (!is_reorder_access) {
+ new = read_instrumented_memory(ptr, size);
+ } else {
+ /*
+ * Reordered accesses cannot be used for value change detection,
+ * because the memory location may no longer be accessible and
+ * could result in a fault.
+ */
+ new = 0;
+ access_mask = 0;
+ }

diff = old ^ new;
if (access_mask)
@@ -585,11 +693,20 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
*/
remove_watchpoint(watchpoint);
atomic_long_dec(&kcsan_counters[KCSAN_COUNTER_USED_WATCHPOINTS]);
+
out_unlock:
- if (!kcsan_interrupt_watcher)
+ if (!interrupt_watcher)
local_irq_restore(irq_flags);
kcsan_restore_irqtrace(current);
ctx->disable_scoped--;
+
+ /*
+ * Reordered accesses cannot be used for value change detection,
+ * therefore never consider for reordering if access_mask is set.
+ * ASSERT_EXCLUSIVE are not real accesses, ignore them as well.
+ */
+ if (!access_mask && !is_assert)
+ set_reorder_access(ctx, ptr, size, type, ip);
out:
user_access_restore(ua_flags);
}
@@ -597,7 +714,6 @@ kcsan_setup_watchpoint(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned
static __always_inline void
check_access(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned long ip)
{
- const bool is_write = (type & KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE) != 0;
atomic_long_t *watchpoint;
long encoded_watchpoint;

@@ -608,12 +724,14 @@ check_access(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned long ip)
if (unlikely(size == 0))
return;

+again:
/*
* Avoid user_access_save in fast-path: find_watchpoint is safe without
* user_access_save, as the address that ptr points to is only used to
* check if a watchpoint exists; ptr is never dereferenced.
*/
- watchpoint = find_watchpoint((unsigned long)ptr, size, !is_write,
+ watchpoint = find_watchpoint((unsigned long)ptr, size,
+ !(type & KCSAN_ACCESS_WRITE),
&encoded_watchpoint);
/*
* It is safe to check kcsan_is_enabled() after find_watchpoint in the
@@ -627,9 +745,42 @@ check_access(const volatile void *ptr, size_t size, int type, unsigned long ip)
else {
struct kcsan_ctx *ctx = get_ctx(); /* Call only once in fast-path. */

- if (unlikely(should_watch(ctx, ptr, size, type)))
+ if (unlikely(should_watch(ctx, ptr, size, type))) {
kcsan_setup_watchpoint(ptr, size, type, ip);
- else if (unlikely(ctx->scoped_accesses.prev))
+ return;
+ }
+
+ if (!(type & KCSAN_ACCESS_SCOPED)) {
+ struct kcsan_scoped_access *reorder_access = get_reorder_access(ctx);
+
+ if (reorder_access) {
+ /*
+ * reorder_access check: simulates reordering of
+ * the access after subsequent operations.
+ */
+ ptr = reorder_access->ptr;
+ type = reorder_access->type;
+ ip = reorder_access->ip;
+ /*
+ * Upon a nested interrupt, this context's
+ * reorder_access can be modified (shared ctx).
+ * We know that upon return, reorder_access is
+ * always invalidated by setting size to 0 via
+ * __tsan_func_exit(). Therefore we must read
+ * and check size after the other fields.
+ */
+ barrier();
+ size = READ_ONCE(reorder_access->size);
+ if (size)
+ goto again;
+ }
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Always checked last, right before returning from runtime;
+ * if reorder_access is valid, checked after it was checked.
+ */
+ if (unlikely(ctx->scoped_accesses.prev))
kcsan_check_scoped_accesses();
}
}
@@ -916,19 +1067,60 @@ DEFINE_TSAN_VOLATILE_READ_WRITE(8);
DEFINE_TSAN_VOLATILE_READ_WRITE(16);

/*
- * The below are not required by KCSAN, but can still be emitted by the
- * compiler.
+ * Function entry and exit are used to determine the validty of reorder_access.
+ * Reordering of the access ends at the end of the function scope where the
+ * access happened. This is done for two reasons:
+ *
+ * 1. Artificially limits the scope where missing barriers are detected.
+ * This minimizes false positives due to uninstrumented functions that
+ * contain the required barriers but were missed.
+ *
+ * 2. Simplifies generating the stack trace of the access.
*/
void __tsan_func_entry(void *call_pc);
-void __tsan_func_entry(void *call_pc)
+kcsan_noinstr void __tsan_func_entry(void *call_pc)
{
+ if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY) || within_noinstr(_RET_IP_))
+ return;
+
+ instrumentation_begin();
+ add_kcsan_stack_depth(1);
+ instrumentation_end();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__tsan_func_entry);
+
void __tsan_func_exit(void);
-void __tsan_func_exit(void)
+kcsan_noinstr void __tsan_func_exit(void)
{
+ struct kcsan_scoped_access *reorder_access;
+
+ if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY) || within_noinstr(_RET_IP_))
+ return;
+
+ instrumentation_begin();
+ reorder_access = get_reorder_access(get_ctx());
+ if (!reorder_access)
+ goto out;
+
+ if (get_kcsan_stack_depth() <= reorder_access->stack_depth) {
+ /*
+ * Access check to catch cases where write without a barrier
+ * (supposed release) was last access in function: because
+ * instrumentation is inserted before the real access, a data
+ * race due to the write giving up a c-s would only be caught if
+ * we do the conflicting access after.
+ */
+ check_access(reorder_access->ptr, reorder_access->size,
+ reorder_access->type, reorder_access->ip);
+ reorder_access->size = 0;
+ reorder_access->stack_depth = INT_MIN;
+ }
+out:
+ add_kcsan_stack_depth(-1);
+ instrumentation_end();
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__tsan_func_exit);
+
void __tsan_init(void);
void __tsan_init(void)
{
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.kcsan b/lib/Kconfig.kcsan
index e0a93ffdef30..55b33bc11824 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig.kcsan
+++ b/lib/Kconfig.kcsan
@@ -191,6 +191,22 @@ config KCSAN_STRICT
closely aligns with the rules defined by the Linux-kernel memory
consistency model (LKMM).

+config KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+ bool "Enable weak memory modeling to detect missing memory barriers"
+ default y
+ depends on KCSAN_STRICT
+ help
+ Enable support for modeling a subset of weak memory, which allows
+ detecting a subset of data races due to missing memory barriers.
+
+ Depends on KCSAN_STRICT, because the options strenghtening certain
+ plain accesses by default (depending on !KCSAN_STRICT) reduce the
+ ability to detect any data races invoving reordered accesses, in
+ particular reordered writes.
+
+ Weak memory modeling relies on additional instrumentation and may
+ affect performance.
+
config KCSAN_REPORT_VALUE_CHANGE_ONLY
bool "Only report races where watcher observed a data value change"
default y
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.kcsan b/scripts/Makefile.kcsan
index 37cb504c77e1..4c7f0d282e42 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.kcsan
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.kcsan
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ endif

# Keep most options here optional, to allow enabling more compilers if absence
# of some options does not break KCSAN nor causes false positive reports.
-export CFLAGS_KCSAN := -fsanitize=thread \
- $(call cc-option,$(call cc-param,tsan-instrument-func-entry-exit=0) -fno-optimize-sibling-calls) \
+kcsan-cflags := -fsanitize=thread -fno-optimize-sibling-calls \
$(call cc-option,$(call cc-param,tsan-compound-read-before-write=1),$(call cc-option,$(call cc-param,tsan-instrument-read-before-write=1))) \
$(call cc-param,tsan-distinguish-volatile=1)
+
+ifndef CONFIG_KCSAN_WEAK_MEMORY
+kcsan-cflags += $(call cc-option,$(call cc-param,tsan-instrument-func-entry-exit=0))
+endif
+
+export CFLAGS_KCSAN := $(kcsan-cflags)
--
2.33.0.800.g4c38ced690-goog