[PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[Jiawei Zhao]

When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".

In this patch:
- add usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing usdt argument spec
  handling logic

Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
---
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  8 +++
 .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 71 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 116 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
index 910d8d6402ef..68cf6a9cf05f 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
@@ -759,6 +759,14 @@ TRUNNER_BPF_BUILD_RULE := $$(error no BPF objects should be built)
 TRUNNER_BPF_CFLAGS :=
 $(eval $(call DEFINE_TEST_RUNNER,test_maps))
 
+# Use -O2 optimization to generate SIB addressing usdt argument spec
+# Only apply on x86 architecture where SIB addressing is relevant
+ifeq ($(ARCH), x86)
+$(OUTPUT)/usdt_o2.test.o: CFLAGS:=$(subst O0,O2,$(CFLAGS))
+$(OUTPUT)/cpuv4/usdt_o2.test.o: CFLAGS:=$(subst O0,O2,$(CFLAGS))
+$(OUTPUT)/no_alu32/usdt_o2.test.o: CFLAGS:=$(subst O0,O2,$(CFLAGS))
+endif
+
 # Define test_verifier test runner.
 # It is much simpler than test_maps/test_progs and sufficiently different from
 # them (e.g., test.h is using completely pattern), that it's worth just
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f04b756b3640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>. */
+#include <test_progs.h>
+
+#define _SDT_HAS_SEMAPHORES 1
+#include "../sdt.h"
+#include "test_usdt_o2.skel.h"
+
+int lets_test_this(int);
+
+#define test_value 0xFEDCBA9876543210ULL
+#define SEC(name) __attribute__((section(name), used))
+
+
+static volatile __u64 array[1] = {test_value};
+unsigned short test_usdt1_semaphore SEC(".probes");
+
+static __always_inline void trigger_func(void)
+{
+	/* Base address + offset + (index * scale) */
+	if (test_usdt1_semaphore) {
+		for (volatile int i = 0; i <= 0; i++)
+			STAP_PROBE1(test, usdt1, array[i]);
+	}
+}
+
+static void basic_sib_usdt(void)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_usdt_opts, opts);
+	struct test_usdt_o2 *skel;
+	struct test_usdt_o2__bss *bss;
+	int err;
+
+	skel = test_usdt_o2__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "skel_open"))
+		return;
+
+	bss = skel->bss;
+	bss->my_pid = getpid();
+
+	err = test_usdt_o2__attach(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "skel_attach"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* usdt1 won't be auto-attached */
+	opts.usdt_cookie = 0xcafedeadbeeffeed;
+	skel->links.usdt1 = bpf_program__attach_usdt(skel->progs.usdt1,
+						     0 /*self*/, "/proc/self/exe",
+						     "test", "usdt1", &opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel->links.usdt1, "usdt1_link"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	trigger_func();
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_called, 1, "usdt1_called");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_cookie, 0xcafedeadbeeffeed, "usdt1_cookie");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_cnt, 1, "usdt1_arg_cnt");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg, test_value, "usdt1_arg");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_ret, 0, "usdt1_arg_ret");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_size, sizeof(array[0]), "usdt1_arg_size");
+
+cleanup:
+	test_usdt_o2__destroy(skel);
+}
+
+
+
+void test_usdt_o2(void)
+{
+	basic_sib_usdt();
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..14602aa54578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/usdt.bpf.h>
+
+int my_pid;
+
+int usdt1_called;
+u64 usdt1_cookie;
+int usdt1_arg_cnt;
+int usdt1_arg_ret;
+u64 usdt1_arg;
+int usdt1_arg_size;
+
+SEC("usdt")
+int usdt1(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+	long tmp;
+
+	if (my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
+		return 0;
+
+	__sync_fetch_and_add(&usdt1_called, 1);
+
+	usdt1_cookie = bpf_usdt_cookie(ctx);
+	usdt1_arg_cnt = bpf_usdt_arg_cnt(ctx);
+
+	usdt1_arg_ret = bpf_usdt_arg(ctx, 0, &tmp);
+	usdt1_arg = (u64)tmp;
+	usdt1_arg_size = bpf_usdt_arg_size(ctx, 0);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[Andrii Nakryiko]

On Wed, Aug 6, 2025 at 7:35 PM Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com> wrote:
>
> When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
> optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
> array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
> e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".
>
> In this patch:
> - add usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing usdt argument spec
>   handling logic
>
> Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
> ---
>  tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  8 +++
>  .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 71 +++++++++++++++++++
>  .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
>  3 files changed, 116 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> index 910d8d6402ef..68cf6a9cf05f 100644
> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> @@ -759,6 +759,14 @@ TRUNNER_BPF_BUILD_RULE := $$(error no BPF objects should be built)
>  TRUNNER_BPF_CFLAGS :=
>  $(eval $(call DEFINE_TEST_RUNNER,test_maps))
>
> +# Use -O2 optimization to generate SIB addressing usdt argument spec
> +# Only apply on x86 architecture where SIB addressing is relevant
> +ifeq ($(ARCH), x86)
> +$(OUTPUT)/usdt_o2.test.o: CFLAGS:=$(subst O0,O2,$(CFLAGS))
> +$(OUTPUT)/cpuv4/usdt_o2.test.o: CFLAGS:=$(subst O0,O2,$(CFLAGS))
> +$(OUTPUT)/no_alu32/usdt_o2.test.o: CFLAGS:=$(subst O0,O2,$(CFLAGS))
> +endif
> +

Have you considered using GCC's __attribute__((optimize("O2")))
attribute. It seems like Clang doesn't have support for something like
that, but we'll still have this covered in BPF CI for GCC-built
selftests. Then I'd just add this as another subtest to existing usdt
tests.

Can you please try that?

>  # Define test_verifier test runner.
>  # It is much simpler than test_maps/test_progs and sufficiently different from
>  # them (e.g., test.h is using completely pattern), that it's worth just
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..f04b756b3640
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +/* Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>. */
> +#include <test_progs.h>
> +
> +#define _SDT_HAS_SEMAPHORES 1
> +#include "../sdt.h"
> +#include "test_usdt_o2.skel.h"
> +
> +int lets_test_this(int);
> +
> +#define test_value 0xFEDCBA9876543210ULL
> +#define SEC(name) __attribute__((section(name), used))
> +
> +
> +static volatile __u64 array[1] = {test_value};
> +unsigned short test_usdt1_semaphore SEC(".probes");
> +

Is semaphore essential to this test?

> +static __always_inline void trigger_func(void)
> +{
> +       /* Base address + offset + (index * scale) */
> +       if (test_usdt1_semaphore) {
> +               for (volatile int i = 0; i <= 0; i++)
> +                       STAP_PROBE1(test, usdt1, array[i]);
> +       }
> +}
> +

[...]

[PATCH bpf-next v8 0/2] libbpf: fix USDT SIB argument handling causing unrecognized register error

[Jiawei Zhao]

When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".

The current USDT implementation in libbpf cannot parse these two formats,
causing `bpf_program__attach_usdt()` to fail with -ENOENT
(unrecognized register).

This patch series adds support for SIB addressing mode in USDT probes.
The main changes include:
- add correct handling logic for SIB-addressed arguments in
  `parse_usdt_arg`.
- add an usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing mode.

Testing shows that the SIB probe correctly generates 8@(%rcx,%rax,8) 
argument spec and passes all validation checks.

The modification history of this patch series:
Change since v1:
- refactor the code to make it more readable
- modify the commit message to explain why and how

Change since v2:
- fix the `scale` uninitialized error

Change since v3:
- force -O2 optimization for usdt.test.o to generate SIB addressing usdt
  and pass all test cases.

Change since v4:
- split the patch into two parts, one for the fix and the other for the
  test

Change since v5:
- Only enable optimization for x86 architecture to generate SIB addressing
  usdt argument spec.

Change since v6:
- Add an usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing mode.
- Reinstate the usdt.c test case.

Change since v7:
- Refactor modifications to __bpf_usdt_arg_spec to avoid increasing its size,
  achieving better compatibility
- Fix some minor code style issues
- Refactor the usdt_o2 test case, removing semaphore and adding GCC attribute
  to force -O2 optimization


Jiawei Zhao (2):
  libbpf: fix USDT SIB argument handling causing unrecognized register
    error
  selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB
    handling logic

 tools/lib/bpf/usdt.bpf.h                      | 55 ++++++++++++++-
 tools/lib/bpf/usdt.c                          | 61 ++++++++++++++--
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  1 +
 .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 69 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
 5 files changed, 216 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c

-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH bpf-next v8 1/2] libbpf: fix USDT SIB argument handling causing unrecognized register error

[Jiawei Zhao]

On x86-64, USDT arguments can be specified using Scale-Index-Base (SIB)
addressing, e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)". The current USDT implementation
in libbpf cannot parse this format, causing `bpf_program__attach_usdt()`
to fail with -ENOENT (unrecognized register).

This patch fixes this by implementing the necessary changes:
- add correct handling for SIB-addressed arguments in `bpf_usdt_arg`.
- add adaptive support to `__bpf_usdt_arg_type` and
  `__bpf_usdt_arg_spec` to represent SIB addressing parameters.

Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
---
 tools/lib/bpf/usdt.bpf.h | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 tools/lib/bpf/usdt.c     | 61 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.bpf.h b/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.bpf.h
index 2a7865c8e3fe..f6bb7d6e4f9a 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.bpf.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.bpf.h
@@ -34,13 +34,31 @@ enum __bpf_usdt_arg_type {
 	BPF_USDT_ARG_CONST,
 	BPF_USDT_ARG_REG,
 	BPF_USDT_ARG_REG_DEREF,
+	BPF_USDT_ARG_SIB,
 };
 
+/*
+ * To preserve overall layout and avoid growing this struct while adding SIB
+ * extras, we keep 4 bytes worth of space after val_off:
+ *
+ *  - arg_type is stored as a single byte (values from enum below)
+ *  - idx_packed is a 16-bit field packing idx_reg_off (high 12 bits)
+ *    and scale shift (low 4 bits, i.e., scale = 1 << shift)
+ *  - reserved is one spare byte for future use
+ *
+ * This keeps the offset of reg_off identical to the historical layout
+ * (val_off:8 + 4 bytes here), ensuring backwards/forwards compatibility for
+ * non-SIB modes that only rely on val_off/arg_type/reg_off/... offsets.
+ */
 struct __bpf_usdt_arg_spec {
 	/* u64 scalar interpreted depending on arg_type, see below */
 	__u64 val_off;
 	/* arg location case, see bpf_usdt_arg() for details */
-	enum __bpf_usdt_arg_type arg_type;
+	__u8 arg_type;
+	/* packed: [15:4] idx_reg_off, [3:0] scale_shift */
+	__u16 idx_packed;
+	/* reserved for future use, keeps reg_off offset stable */
+	__u8 reserved;
 	/* offset of referenced register within struct pt_regs */
 	short reg_off;
 	/* whether arg should be interpreted as signed value */
@@ -52,6 +70,10 @@ struct __bpf_usdt_arg_spec {
 	char arg_bitshift;
 };
 
+/* Helpers to (un)pack SIB extras from idx_packed without relying on bitfields. */
+#define USDT_IDX_OFF(packed)         ((packed) >> 4)
+#define USDT_IDX_SCALE_SHIFT(packed) ((packed) & 0x000f)
+
 /* should match USDT_MAX_ARG_CNT in usdt.c exactly */
 #define BPF_USDT_MAX_ARG_CNT 12
 struct __bpf_usdt_spec {
@@ -149,8 +171,9 @@ int bpf_usdt_arg(struct pt_regs *ctx, __u64 arg_num, long *res)
 {
 	struct __bpf_usdt_spec *spec;
 	struct __bpf_usdt_arg_spec *arg_spec;
-	unsigned long val;
+	unsigned long val, idx;
 	int err, spec_id;
+	int idx_off = 0, scale = 0;
 
 	*res = 0;
 
@@ -202,6 +225,34 @@ int bpf_usdt_arg(struct pt_regs *ctx, __u64 arg_num, long *res)
 			return err;
 #if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
 		val >>= arg_spec->arg_bitshift;
+#endif
+		break;
+	case BPF_USDT_ARG_SIB:
+		/* Arg is in memory addressed by SIB (Scale-Index-Base) mode
+		 * (e.g., "-1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" in USDT arg spec). Register
+		 * is identified like with BPF_USDT_ARG_SIB case, the offset
+		 * is in arg_spec->val_off, the scale factor is in arg_spec->scale.
+		 * Firstly, we fetch the base register contents and the index
+		 * register contents from pt_regs. Secondly, we multiply the
+		 * index register contents by the scale factor, then add the
+		 * base address and the offset to get the final address. Finally,
+		 * we do another user-space probe read to fetch argument value
+		 * itself.
+		 */
+		idx_off = USDT_IDX_OFF(arg_spec->idx_packed);
+		scale = 1UL << USDT_IDX_SCALE_SHIFT(arg_spec->idx_packed);
+		err = bpf_probe_read_kernel(&val, sizeof(val), (void *)ctx + arg_spec->reg_off);
+		if (err)
+			return err;
+		err = bpf_probe_read_kernel(&idx, sizeof(idx), (void *)ctx + idx_off);
+		if (err)
+			return err;
+		err = bpf_probe_read_user(&val, sizeof(val),
+								 (void *)val + idx * scale + arg_spec->val_off);
+		if (err)
+			return err;
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+		val >>= arg_spec->arg_bitshift;
 #endif
 		break;
 	default:
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.c b/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.c
index 3373b9d45ac4..0a6499f654fc 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.c
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/usdt.c
@@ -200,12 +200,15 @@ enum usdt_arg_type {
 	USDT_ARG_CONST,
 	USDT_ARG_REG,
 	USDT_ARG_REG_DEREF,
+	USDT_ARG_SIB,
 };
 
 /* should match exactly struct __bpf_usdt_arg_spec from usdt.bpf.h */
 struct usdt_arg_spec {
 	__u64 val_off;
-	enum usdt_arg_type arg_type;
+	__u8 arg_type;     /* enum value stored as u8 */
+	__u16 idx_packed;  /* [15:4]=idx_reg_off, [3:0]=scale_shift */
+	__u8 reserved;     /* keep reg_off offset stable */
 	short reg_off;
 	bool arg_signed;
 	char arg_bitshift;
@@ -214,6 +217,10 @@ struct usdt_arg_spec {
 /* should match BPF_USDT_MAX_ARG_CNT in usdt.bpf.h */
 #define USDT_MAX_ARG_CNT 12
 
+/* Helpers to (un)pack SIB extras from idx_packed without relying on bitfields. */
+#define BPF_USDT_IDX_PACK(idx_off, scale_shift) \
+	((__u16)(((__u16)((idx_off) & 0x0fff)) << 4) | (__u16)((scale_shift) & 0x000f))
+
 /* should match struct __bpf_usdt_spec from usdt.bpf.h */
 struct usdt_spec {
 	struct usdt_arg_spec args[USDT_MAX_ARG_CNT];
@@ -1283,11 +1290,54 @@ static int calc_pt_regs_off(const char *reg_name)
 
 static int parse_usdt_arg(const char *arg_str, int arg_num, struct usdt_arg_spec *arg, int *arg_sz)
 {
-	char reg_name[16];
-	int len, reg_off;
-	long off;
+	char reg_name[16] = {0}, idx_reg_name[16] = {0};
+	int len, reg_off, idx_reg_off, scale = 1;
+	long off = 0;
+	__u16 scale_shift;
+
+	if (sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ %ld ( %%%15[^,] , %%%15[^,] , %d ) %n",
+			   arg_sz, &off, reg_name, idx_reg_name, &scale, &len) == 5 ||
+		sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ ( %%%15[^,] , %%%15[^,] , %d ) %n",
+			   arg_sz, reg_name, idx_reg_name, &scale, &len) == 4 ||
+		sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ %ld ( %%%15[^,] , %%%15[^)] ) %n",
+			   arg_sz, &off, reg_name, idx_reg_name, &len) == 4 ||
+		sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ ( %%%15[^,] , %%%15[^)] ) %n",
+			   arg_sz, reg_name, idx_reg_name, &len) == 3
+		) {
+		/*
+		 * Scale Index Base case:
+		 * 1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)
+		 * 1@(%rbp,%rax,8)
+		 * 1@-96(%rbp,%rax)
+		 * 1@(%rbp,%rax)
+		 */
+		arg->arg_type = USDT_ARG_SIB;
+		arg->val_off = off;
 
-	if (sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ %ld ( %%%15[^)] ) %n", arg_sz, &off, reg_name, &len) == 3) {
+		reg_off = calc_pt_regs_off(reg_name);
+		if (reg_off < 0)
+			return reg_off;
+		arg->reg_off = reg_off;
+
+		idx_reg_off = calc_pt_regs_off(idx_reg_name);
+		if (idx_reg_off < 0)
+			return idx_reg_off;
+		/* pack idx_reg_off and scale shift (scale in {1,2,4,8}) */
+		if (scale == 1)
+			scale_shift = 0;
+		else if (scale == 2)
+			scale_shift = 1;
+		else if (scale == 4)
+			scale_shift = 2;
+		else if (scale == 8)
+			scale_shift = 3;
+		else {
+			pr_warn("usdt: invalid SIB scale %d, expected 1,2,4,8; defaulting to 1\n", scale);
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+		arg->idx_packed = BPF_USDT_IDX_PACK(idx_reg_off, scale_shift);
+	} else if (sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ %ld ( %%%15[^)] ) %n",
+				arg_sz, &off, reg_name, &len) == 3) {
 		/* Memory dereference case, e.g., -4@-20(%rbp) */
 		arg->arg_type = USDT_ARG_REG_DEREF;
 		arg->val_off = off;
@@ -1306,6 +1356,7 @@ static int parse_usdt_arg(const char *arg_str, int arg_num, struct usdt_arg_spec
 	} else if (sscanf(arg_str, " %d @ %%%15s %n", arg_sz, reg_name, &len) == 2) {
 		/* Register read case, e.g., -4@%eax */
 		arg->arg_type = USDT_ARG_REG;
+		/* register read has no memory offset */
 		arg->val_off = 0;
 
 		reg_off = calc_pt_regs_off(reg_name);
-- 
2.43.0

[PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[Jiawei Zhao]

When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".

In this patch:
- add usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing usdt argument spec
  handling logic

Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
---
 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  1 +
 .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 69 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 107 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
 create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
index 4863106034df..24ff1a329625 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
@@ -760,6 +760,7 @@ TRUNNER_BPF_BUILD_RULE := $$(error no BPF objects should be built)
 TRUNNER_BPF_CFLAGS :=
 $(eval $(call DEFINE_TEST_RUNNER,test_maps))
 
+
 # Define test_verifier test runner.
 # It is much simpler than test_maps/test_progs and sufficiently different from
 # them (e.g., test.h is using completely pattern), that it's worth just
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f02dcf5188ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>. */
+#include <test_progs.h>
+
+#include "../sdt.h"
+#include "test_usdt_o2.skel.h"
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+__attribute__((optimize("O2")))
+#endif
+
+#define test_value 0xFEDCBA9876543210ULL
+#define SEC(name) __attribute__((section(name), used))
+
+int lets_test_this(int);
+static volatile __u64 array[1] = {test_value};
+
+static __always_inline void trigger_func(void)
+{
+	/* Base address + offset + (index * scale) */
+	for (volatile int i = 0; i <= 0; i++)
+		STAP_PROBE1(test, usdt1, array[i]);
+}
+
+static void basic_sib_usdt(void)
+{
+	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_usdt_opts, opts);
+	struct test_usdt_o2 *skel;
+	struct test_usdt_o2__bss *bss;
+	int err;
+
+	skel = test_usdt_o2__open_and_load();
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "skel_open"))
+		return;
+
+	bss = skel->bss;
+	bss->my_pid = getpid();
+
+	err = test_usdt_o2__attach(skel);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "skel_attach"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* usdt1 won't be auto-attached */
+	opts.usdt_cookie = 0xcafedeadbeeffeed;
+	skel->links.usdt1 = bpf_program__attach_usdt(skel->progs.usdt1,
+						     0 /*self*/, "/proc/self/exe",
+						     "test", "usdt1", &opts);
+	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel->links.usdt1, "usdt1_link"))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	trigger_func();
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_called, 1, "usdt1_called");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_cookie, 0xcafedeadbeeffeed, "usdt1_cookie");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_cnt, 1, "usdt1_arg_cnt");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg, test_value, "usdt1_arg");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_ret, 0, "usdt1_arg_ret");
+	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_size, sizeof(array[0]), "usdt1_arg_size");
+
+cleanup:
+	test_usdt_o2__destroy(skel);
+}
+
+
+
+void test_usdt_o2(void)
+{
+	basic_sib_usdt();
+}
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..14602aa54578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
+
+#include "vmlinux.h"
+#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
+#include <bpf/usdt.bpf.h>
+
+int my_pid;
+
+int usdt1_called;
+u64 usdt1_cookie;
+int usdt1_arg_cnt;
+int usdt1_arg_ret;
+u64 usdt1_arg;
+int usdt1_arg_size;
+
+SEC("usdt")
+int usdt1(struct pt_regs *ctx)
+{
+	long tmp;
+
+	if (my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
+		return 0;
+
+	__sync_fetch_and_add(&usdt1_called, 1);
+
+	usdt1_cookie = bpf_usdt_cookie(ctx);
+	usdt1_arg_cnt = bpf_usdt_arg_cnt(ctx);
+
+	usdt1_arg_ret = bpf_usdt_arg(ctx, 0, &tmp);
+	usdt1_arg = (u64)tmp;
+	usdt1_arg_size = bpf_usdt_arg_size(ctx, 0);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.43.0

Re: [PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[Jiri Olsa]

On Thu, Aug 14, 2025 at 06:45:04AM +0000, Jiawei Zhao wrote:
> When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
> optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
> array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
> e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".
> 
> In this patch:
> - add usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing usdt argument spec
>   handling logic

hi,
on my setup (gcc15) the test generates ust register argument:

  stapsdt              0x0000002a       NT_STAPSDT (SystemTap probe descriptors)
    Provider: test
    Name: usdt1
    Location: 0x00000000007677ce, Base: 0x00000000035bc728, Semaphore: 0x0000000000000000
    Arguments: 8@%rax


  7677c6:       48 8b 04 c5 20 49 9c    mov    0x39c4920(,%rax,8),%rax
  7677cd:       03
  7677ce:       90                      nop


I'm not sure if there's reliable solution to generate SIB argument from gcc,
maybe we could generate all in assembly, but that might get complicated

jirka


> 
> Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
> ---
>  tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  1 +
>  .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 69 +++++++++++++++++++
>  .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
>  3 files changed, 107 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
> 
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> index 4863106034df..24ff1a329625 100644
> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
> @@ -760,6 +760,7 @@ TRUNNER_BPF_BUILD_RULE := $$(error no BPF objects should be built)
>  TRUNNER_BPF_CFLAGS :=
>  $(eval $(call DEFINE_TEST_RUNNER,test_maps))
>  
> +
>  # Define test_verifier test runner.
>  # It is much simpler than test_maps/test_progs and sufficiently different from
>  # them (e.g., test.h is using completely pattern), that it's worth just
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..f02dcf5188ab
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +/* Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>. */
> +#include <test_progs.h>
> +
> +#include "../sdt.h"
> +#include "test_usdt_o2.skel.h"
> +
> +#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
> +__attribute__((optimize("O2")))
> +#endif
> +
> +#define test_value 0xFEDCBA9876543210ULL
> +#define SEC(name) __attribute__((section(name), used))
> +
> +int lets_test_this(int);
> +static volatile __u64 array[1] = {test_value};
> +
> +static __always_inline void trigger_func(void)
> +{
> +	/* Base address + offset + (index * scale) */
> +	for (volatile int i = 0; i <= 0; i++)
> +		STAP_PROBE1(test, usdt1, array[i]);
> +}
> +
> +static void basic_sib_usdt(void)
> +{
> +	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_usdt_opts, opts);
> +	struct test_usdt_o2 *skel;
> +	struct test_usdt_o2__bss *bss;
> +	int err;
> +
> +	skel = test_usdt_o2__open_and_load();
> +	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "skel_open"))
> +		return;
> +
> +	bss = skel->bss;
> +	bss->my_pid = getpid();
> +
> +	err = test_usdt_o2__attach(skel);
> +	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "skel_attach"))
> +		goto cleanup;
> +
> +	/* usdt1 won't be auto-attached */
> +	opts.usdt_cookie = 0xcafedeadbeeffeed;
> +	skel->links.usdt1 = bpf_program__attach_usdt(skel->progs.usdt1,
> +						     0 /*self*/, "/proc/self/exe",
> +						     "test", "usdt1", &opts);
> +	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel->links.usdt1, "usdt1_link"))
> +		goto cleanup;
> +
> +	trigger_func();
> +
> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_called, 1, "usdt1_called");
> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_cookie, 0xcafedeadbeeffeed, "usdt1_cookie");
> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_cnt, 1, "usdt1_arg_cnt");
> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg, test_value, "usdt1_arg");
> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_ret, 0, "usdt1_arg_ret");
> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_size, sizeof(array[0]), "usdt1_arg_size");
> +
> +cleanup:
> +	test_usdt_o2__destroy(skel);
> +}
> +
> +
> +
> +void test_usdt_o2(void)
> +{
> +	basic_sib_usdt();
> +}
> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..14602aa54578
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
> +
> +#include "vmlinux.h"
> +#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
> +#include <bpf/usdt.bpf.h>
> +
> +int my_pid;
> +
> +int usdt1_called;
> +u64 usdt1_cookie;
> +int usdt1_arg_cnt;
> +int usdt1_arg_ret;
> +u64 usdt1_arg;
> +int usdt1_arg_size;
> +
> +SEC("usdt")
> +int usdt1(struct pt_regs *ctx)
> +{
> +	long tmp;
> +
> +	if (my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	__sync_fetch_and_add(&usdt1_called, 1);
> +
> +	usdt1_cookie = bpf_usdt_cookie(ctx);
> +	usdt1_arg_cnt = bpf_usdt_arg_cnt(ctx);
> +
> +	usdt1_arg_ret = bpf_usdt_arg(ctx, 0, &tmp);
> +	usdt1_arg = (u64)tmp;
> +	usdt1_arg_size = bpf_usdt_arg_size(ctx, 0);
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
> -- 
> 2.43.0
> 
> 

Re:Re: [PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[赵佳炜]

Hi, Jiri. I've already modified the usdt_o2.c to generate its usdt argument spec in assembly.

Could you help me verify this modification since I cannot reproduce this issue. I guess this
solution may work. 

Thanks!





At 2025-08-14 17:00:55, "Jiri Olsa" <olsajiri@gmail.com> wrote:
>On Thu, Aug 14, 2025 at 06:45:04AM +0000, Jiawei Zhao wrote:
>> When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
>> optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
>> array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
>> e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".
>> 
>> In this patch:
>> - add usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing usdt argument spec
>>   handling logic
>
>hi,
>on my setup (gcc15) the test generates ust register argument:
>
>  stapsdt              0x0000002a       NT_STAPSDT (SystemTap probe descriptors)
>    Provider: test
>    Name: usdt1
>    Location: 0x00000000007677ce, Base: 0x00000000035bc728, Semaphore: 0x0000000000000000
>    Arguments: 8@%rax
>
>
>  7677c6:       48 8b 04 c5 20 49 9c    mov    0x39c4920(,%rax,8),%rax
>  7677cd:       03
>  7677ce:       90                      nop
>
>
>I'm not sure if there's reliable solution to generate SIB argument from gcc,
>maybe we could generate all in assembly, but that might get complicated
>
>jirka
>
>
>> 
>> Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
>> ---
>>  tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  1 +
>>  .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 69 +++++++++++++++++++
>>  .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
>>  3 files changed, 107 insertions(+)
>>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>> 
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> index 4863106034df..24ff1a329625 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> @@ -760,6 +760,7 @@ TRUNNER_BPF_BUILD_RULE := $$(error no BPF objects should be built)
>>  TRUNNER_BPF_CFLAGS :=
>>  $(eval $(call DEFINE_TEST_RUNNER,test_maps))
>>  
>> +
>>  # Define test_verifier test runner.
>>  # It is much simpler than test_maps/test_progs and sufficiently different from
>>  # them (e.g., test.h is using completely pattern), that it's worth just
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..f02dcf5188ab
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
>> +/* Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>. */
>> +#include <test_progs.h>
>> +
>> +#include "../sdt.h"
>> +#include "test_usdt_o2.skel.h"
>> +
>> +#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
>> +__attribute__((optimize("O2")))
>> +#endif
>> +
>> +#define test_value 0xFEDCBA9876543210ULL
>> +#define SEC(name) __attribute__((section(name), used))
>> +
>> +int lets_test_this(int);
>> +static volatile __u64 array[1] = {test_value};
>> +
>> +static __always_inline void trigger_func(void)
>> +{
>> +	/* Base address + offset + (index * scale) */
>> +	for (volatile int i = 0; i <= 0; i++)
>> +		STAP_PROBE1(test, usdt1, array[i]);
>> +}
>> +
>> +static void basic_sib_usdt(void)
>> +{
>> +	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_usdt_opts, opts);
>> +	struct test_usdt_o2 *skel;
>> +	struct test_usdt_o2__bss *bss;
>> +	int err;
>> +
>> +	skel = test_usdt_o2__open_and_load();
>> +	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "skel_open"))
>> +		return;
>> +
>> +	bss = skel->bss;
>> +	bss->my_pid = getpid();
>> +
>> +	err = test_usdt_o2__attach(skel);
>> +	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "skel_attach"))
>> +		goto cleanup;
>> +
>> +	/* usdt1 won't be auto-attached */
>> +	opts.usdt_cookie = 0xcafedeadbeeffeed;
>> +	skel->links.usdt1 = bpf_program__attach_usdt(skel->progs.usdt1,
>> +						     0 /*self*/, "/proc/self/exe",
>> +						     "test", "usdt1", &opts);
>> +	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel->links.usdt1, "usdt1_link"))
>> +		goto cleanup;
>> +
>> +	trigger_func();
>> +
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_called, 1, "usdt1_called");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_cookie, 0xcafedeadbeeffeed, "usdt1_cookie");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_cnt, 1, "usdt1_arg_cnt");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg, test_value, "usdt1_arg");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_ret, 0, "usdt1_arg_ret");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_size, sizeof(array[0]), "usdt1_arg_size");
>> +
>> +cleanup:
>> +	test_usdt_o2__destroy(skel);
>> +}
>> +
>> +
>> +
>> +void test_usdt_o2(void)
>> +{
>> +	basic_sib_usdt();
>> +}
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..14602aa54578
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
>> +/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
>> +
>> +#include "vmlinux.h"
>> +#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
>> +#include <bpf/usdt.bpf.h>
>> +
>> +int my_pid;
>> +
>> +int usdt1_called;
>> +u64 usdt1_cookie;
>> +int usdt1_arg_cnt;
>> +int usdt1_arg_ret;
>> +u64 usdt1_arg;
>> +int usdt1_arg_size;
>> +
>> +SEC("usdt")
>> +int usdt1(struct pt_regs *ctx)
>> +{
>> +	long tmp;
>> +
>> +	if (my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
>> +		return 0;
>> +
>> +	__sync_fetch_and_add(&usdt1_called, 1);
>> +
>> +	usdt1_cookie = bpf_usdt_cookie(ctx);
>> +	usdt1_arg_cnt = bpf_usdt_arg_cnt(ctx);
>> +
>> +	usdt1_arg_ret = bpf_usdt_arg(ctx, 0, &tmp);
>> +	usdt1_arg = (u64)tmp;
>> +	usdt1_arg_size = bpf_usdt_arg_size(ctx, 0);
>> +
>> +	return 0;
>> +}
>> +
>> +char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
>> -- 
>> 2.43.0
>> 
>> 

Re:Re: [PATCH bpf-next v8 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add an usdt_o2 test case in selftests to cover SIB handling logic

[赵佳炜]

Hi，Jiri. I've already modify usdt_o2.c to generate its usdt argument spec in
assembly. But I cannot reproduce this issue on my machine. Could you help
me verify this modification? 

The modification is in the [PATCH bpf-next v9 3/3] selftests/bpf: make usdt_o2 reliably generate
 SIB USDT arg spec

Thanks





At 2025-08-14 17:00:55, "Jiri Olsa" <olsajiri@gmail.com> wrote:
>On Thu, Aug 14, 2025 at 06:45:04AM +0000, Jiawei Zhao wrote:
>> When using GCC on x86-64 to compile an usdt prog with -O1 or higher
>> optimization, the compiler will generate SIB addressing mode for global
>> array and PC-relative addressing mode for global variable,
>> e.g. "1@-96(%rbp,%rax,8)" and "-1@4+t1(%rip)".
>> 
>> In this patch:
>> - add usdt_o2 test case to cover SIB addressing usdt argument spec
>>   handling logic
>
>hi,
>on my setup (gcc15) the test generates ust register argument:
>
>  stapsdt              0x0000002a       NT_STAPSDT (SystemTap probe descriptors)
>    Provider: test
>    Name: usdt1
>    Location: 0x00000000007677ce, Base: 0x00000000035bc728, Semaphore: 0x0000000000000000
>    Arguments: 8@%rax
>
>
>  7677c6:       48 8b 04 c5 20 49 9c    mov    0x39c4920(,%rax,8),%rax
>  7677cd:       03
>  7677ce:       90                      nop
>
>
>I'm not sure if there's reliable solution to generate SIB argument from gcc,
>maybe we could generate all in assembly, but that might get complicated
>
>jirka
>
>
>> 
>> Signed-off-by: Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>
>> ---
>>  tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile          |  1 +
>>  .../selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c        | 69 +++++++++++++++++++
>>  .../selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c        | 37 ++++++++++
>>  3 files changed, 107 insertions(+)
>>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>>  create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>> 
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> index 4863106034df..24ff1a329625 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/Makefile
>> @@ -760,6 +760,7 @@ TRUNNER_BPF_BUILD_RULE := $$(error no BPF objects should be built)
>>  TRUNNER_BPF_CFLAGS :=
>>  $(eval $(call DEFINE_TEST_RUNNER,test_maps))
>>  
>> +
>>  # Define test_verifier test runner.
>>  # It is much simpler than test_maps/test_progs and sufficiently different from
>>  # them (e.g., test.h is using completely pattern), that it's worth just
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..f02dcf5188ab
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/prog_tests/usdt_o2.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
>> +/* Copyright (c) 2025 Jiawei Zhao <phoenix500526@163.com>. */
>> +#include <test_progs.h>
>> +
>> +#include "../sdt.h"
>> +#include "test_usdt_o2.skel.h"
>> +
>> +#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
>> +__attribute__((optimize("O2")))
>> +#endif
>> +
>> +#define test_value 0xFEDCBA9876543210ULL
>> +#define SEC(name) __attribute__((section(name), used))
>> +
>> +int lets_test_this(int);
>> +static volatile __u64 array[1] = {test_value};
>> +
>> +static __always_inline void trigger_func(void)
>> +{
>> +	/* Base address + offset + (index * scale) */
>> +	for (volatile int i = 0; i <= 0; i++)
>> +		STAP_PROBE1(test, usdt1, array[i]);
>> +}
>> +
>> +static void basic_sib_usdt(void)
>> +{
>> +	LIBBPF_OPTS(bpf_usdt_opts, opts);
>> +	struct test_usdt_o2 *skel;
>> +	struct test_usdt_o2__bss *bss;
>> +	int err;
>> +
>> +	skel = test_usdt_o2__open_and_load();
>> +	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel, "skel_open"))
>> +		return;
>> +
>> +	bss = skel->bss;
>> +	bss->my_pid = getpid();
>> +
>> +	err = test_usdt_o2__attach(skel);
>> +	if (!ASSERT_OK(err, "skel_attach"))
>> +		goto cleanup;
>> +
>> +	/* usdt1 won't be auto-attached */
>> +	opts.usdt_cookie = 0xcafedeadbeeffeed;
>> +	skel->links.usdt1 = bpf_program__attach_usdt(skel->progs.usdt1,
>> +						     0 /*self*/, "/proc/self/exe",
>> +						     "test", "usdt1", &opts);
>> +	if (!ASSERT_OK_PTR(skel->links.usdt1, "usdt1_link"))
>> +		goto cleanup;
>> +
>> +	trigger_func();
>> +
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_called, 1, "usdt1_called");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_cookie, 0xcafedeadbeeffeed, "usdt1_cookie");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_cnt, 1, "usdt1_arg_cnt");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg, test_value, "usdt1_arg");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_ret, 0, "usdt1_arg_ret");
>> +	ASSERT_EQ(bss->usdt1_arg_size, sizeof(array[0]), "usdt1_arg_size");
>> +
>> +cleanup:
>> +	test_usdt_o2__destroy(skel);
>> +}
>> +
>> +
>> +
>> +void test_usdt_o2(void)
>> +{
>> +	basic_sib_usdt();
>> +}
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 000000000000..14602aa54578
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_usdt_o2.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
>> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
>> +/* Copyright (c) 2022 Meta Platforms, Inc. and affiliates. */
>> +
>> +#include "vmlinux.h"
>> +#include <bpf/bpf_helpers.h>
>> +#include <bpf/usdt.bpf.h>
>> +
>> +int my_pid;
>> +
>> +int usdt1_called;
>> +u64 usdt1_cookie;
>> +int usdt1_arg_cnt;
>> +int usdt1_arg_ret;
>> +u64 usdt1_arg;
>> +int usdt1_arg_size;
>> +
>> +SEC("usdt")
>> +int usdt1(struct pt_regs *ctx)
>> +{
>> +	long tmp;
>> +
>> +	if (my_pid != (bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32))
>> +		return 0;
>> +
>> +	__sync_fetch_and_add(&usdt1_called, 1);
>> +
>> +	usdt1_cookie = bpf_usdt_cookie(ctx);
>> +	usdt1_arg_cnt = bpf_usdt_arg_cnt(ctx);
>> +
>> +	usdt1_arg_ret = bpf_usdt_arg(ctx, 0, &tmp);
>> +	usdt1_arg = (u64)tmp;
>> +	usdt1_arg_size = bpf_usdt_arg_size(ctx, 0);
>> +
>> +	return 0;
>> +}
>> +
>> +char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
>> -- 
>> 2.43.0
>> 
>>