Re: [LSF/MM/BPF TOPIC] Filesystem inode reclaim

Jan Kara
2026-04-10T09:43:45Z

On Thu 09-04-26 13:37:17, Jeff Layton wrote:
> On Thu, 2026-04-09 at 09:12 -0700, Darrick J. Wong wrote:
> > On Thu, Apr 09, 2026 at 11:16:44AM +0200, Jan Kara wrote:
> > > Hello!
> > >
> > > This is a recurring topic Matthew has been kicking forward for the last
> > > year so let me maybe offer a fs-person point of view on the problem and
> > > possible solutions. The problem is very simple: When a filesystem (ext4,
> > > btrfs, vfat) is about to reclaim an inode, it sometimes needs to perform a
> > > complex cleanup - like trimming of preallocated blocks beyond end of file,
> > > making sure journalling machinery is done with the inode, etc.. This may
> > > require reading metadata into memory which requires memory allocations and
> > > as inode eviction cannot fail, these are effectively GFP_NOFAIL
> > > allocations (and there are other reasons why it would be very difficult to
> > > make some of these required allocations in the filesystems failable).
> > >
> > > GFP_NOFAIL allocation from reclaim context (be it kswapd or direct reclaim)
> > > trigger warnings - and for a good reason as forward progress isn't
> > > guaranteed. Also it leaves a bad taste that we are performing sometimes
> > > rather long running operations blocking on IO from reclaim context thus
> > > stalling reclaim for substantial amount of time to free 1k worth of slab
> > > cache.
> > >
> > > I have been mulling over possible solutions since I don't think each
> > > filesystem should be inventing a complex inode lifetime management scheme
> > > as XFS has invented to solve these issues. Here's what I think we could do:
> > >
> > > 1) Filesystems will be required to mark inodes that have non-trivial
> > > cleanup work to do on reclaim with an inode flag I_RECLAIM_HARD (or
> > > whatever :)). Usually I expect this to happen on first inode modification
> > > or so. This will require some per-fs work but it shouldn't be that
> > > difficult and filesystems can be adapted one-by-one as they decide to
> > > address these warnings from reclaim.
> > >
> > > 2) Inodes without I_RECLAIM_HARD will be reclaimed as usual directly from
> > > kswapd / direct reclaim. I'm keeping this variant of inode reclaim for
> > > performance reasons. I expect this to be a significant portion of inodes
> > > on average and in particular for some workloads which scan a lot of inodes
> > > (find through the whole fs or similar) the efficiency of inode reclaim is
> > > one of the determining factors for their performance.
> > >
> > > 3) Inodes with I_RECLAIM_HARD will be moved by the shrinker to a separate
> > > per-sb list s_hard_reclaim_inodes and we'll queue work (per-sb work struct)
> > > to process them.
> > >
> > > 4) The work will walk s_hard_reclaim_inodes list and call evict() for each
> > > inode, doing the hard work.
> > >
> > > This way, kswapd / direct reclaim doesn't wait for hard to reclaim inodes
> > > and they can work on freeing memory needed for freeing of hard to reclaim
> > > inodes. So warnings about GFP_NOFAIL allocations aren't only papered over,
> > > they should really be addressed.
> >
> > This more or less sounds fine to me.
> >
> > > One possible concern is that s_hard_reclaim_inodes list could grow out of
> > > control for some workloads (in particular because there could be multiple
> > > CPUs generating hard to reclaim inodes while the cleanup would be
> > > single-threaded). This could be addressed by tracking number of inodes in
> > > that list and if it grows over some limit, we could start throttling
> > > processes when setting I_RECLAIM_HARD inode flag.
> >
> > <nod> XFS does that, see xfs_inodegc_want_flush_work in
> > xfs_inodegc_queue.
> >
> > > There's also a simpler approach to this problem but with more radical
> > > changes to behavior. For example getting rid of inode LRU completely -
> > > inodes without dentries referencing them anymore should be rare and it
> > > isn't very useful to cache them. So we can always drop inodes on last
> > > iput() (as we currently do for example for unlinked inodes). But I have a
> > > nagging feeling that somebody is depending on inode LRU somewhere - I'd
> > > like poll the collective knowledge of what could possibly go wrong here :)
> >
> > NFS, possibly? ;)
> >
>
> NFS indeed.
>
> Bear in mind that the NFS may fail d_revalidate checks on child
> dentries when a parent directory is changed on the server. I imagine
> some workloads might see a performance hit if a large file's dentry has
> to be discarded and looked back up because we suddenly threw away a
> bunch of useful data in the pagecache.

Thanks for filling in details! I was having vague memories that NFS was
relying on inodes with 0 refcount not getting immediately evicted. I'll
keep that in mind when thinking about solutions.

Honza

--
Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
SUSE Labs, CR