[PATCH v3 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support

[PATCH v3 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support

[Eric Biggers]

This series can also be retrieved from:

    git fetch https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiggers/linux.git mldsa-v3

This series adds support for verifying ML-DSA signatures to lib/crypto/.
Patch 1 is the ML-DSA implementation itself.  See that for full details.
Patch 2 adds the KUnit test suite.

The initial use case for this will be kernel module signature
verification.  For more details, see David Howells' patchset
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-crypto/20251120104439.2620205-1-dhowells@redhat.com/

Changed in v3:
- Moved SHAKE128 block buffer off the stack
- Reworked use_hint() again, simplifying it further
- Added unit test for use_hint()
- Moved some of the reduction logic into invntt_and_mul_2_32() and
  simplified it slightly
- Updated Zq_mult() to not rely on signed integer overflow having
  defined behavior, though this is unnecessary in the kernel
- Formatted the documented return values into a list
- Other minor tweaks

Changed in v2:
- Reworked the KUnit test suite
- Improved commit messages and comments
- Added missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION() and MODULE_LICENSE()
- Made the return values of mldsa_verify() differentiate between an
  input being malformed and the "real" signature check failing
- Refactored w1 encoding into a helper function
- Used kfree() instead of kfree_sensitive()
- Avoided unusal C syntax by accessing the hint vector via 'u8 *'
- Reworked use_hint() to be better optimized and documented

Eric Biggers (2):
  lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
  lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification

 include/crypto/mldsa.h            |   60 +
 lib/crypto/Kconfig                |    7 +
 lib/crypto/Makefile               |    5 +
 lib/crypto/mldsa.c                |  652 ++++++++++
 lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig          |    9 +
 lib/crypto/tests/Makefile         |    1 +
 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1887 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c    |  437 +++++++
 8 files changed, 3058 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
 create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c
 create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
 create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c


base-commit: 3f9f0252130e7dd60d41be0802bf58f6471c691d
-- 
2.52.0

[PATCH v3 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support

[Eric Biggers]

Add support for verifying ML-DSA signatures.

ML-DSA (Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm) is specified
in FIPS 204 and is the standard version of Dilithium.  Unlike RSA and
elliptic-curve cryptography, ML-DSA is believed to be secure even
against adversaries in possession of a large-scale quantum computer.

Compared to the earlier patch
(https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251117145606.2155773-3-dhowells@redhat.com/)
that was based on "leancrypto", this implementation:

  - Is about 700 lines of source code instead of 4800.

  - Generates about 4 KB of object code instead of 28 KB.

  - Uses 9-13 KB of memory to verify a signature instead of 31-84 KB.

  - Is at least about the same speed, with a microbenchmark showing 3-5%
    improvements on one x86_64 CPU and -1% to 1% changes on another.
    When memory is a bottleneck, it's likely much faster.

  - Correctly implements the RejNTTPoly step of the algorithm.

The API just consists of a single function mldsa_verify(), supporting
pure ML-DSA with any standard parameter set (ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, or
ML-DSA-87) as selected by an enum.  That's all that's actually needed.

The following four potential features are unneeded and aren't included.
However, any that ever become needed could fairly easily be added later,
as they only affect how the message representative mu is calculated:

  - Nonempty context strings
  - Incremental message hashing
  - HashML-DSA
  - External mu

Signing support would, of course, be a larger and more complex addition.
However, the kernel doesn't, and shouldn't, need ML-DSA signing support.

Note that mldsa_verify() allocates memory, so it can sleep and can fail
with ENOMEM.  Unfortunately we don't have much choice about that, since
ML-DSA needs a lot of memory.  At least callers have to check for errors
anyway, since the signature could be invalid.

Note that verification doesn't require constant-time code, and in fact
some steps are inherently variable-time.  I've used constant-time
patterns in some places anyway, but technically they're not needed.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
---
 include/crypto/mldsa.h |  60 ++++
 lib/crypto/Kconfig     |   7 +
 lib/crypto/Makefile    |   5 +
 lib/crypto/mldsa.c     | 652 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 724 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
 create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c

diff --git a/include/crypto/mldsa.h b/include/crypto/mldsa.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cf30aef29970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/crypto/mldsa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Support for verifying ML-DSA signatures
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+#ifndef _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H
+#define _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+/* Identifier for an ML-DSA parameter set */
+enum mldsa_alg {
+	MLDSA44, /* ML-DSA-44 */
+	MLDSA65, /* ML-DSA-65 */
+	MLDSA87, /* ML-DSA-87 */
+};
+
+/* Lengths of ML-DSA public keys and signatures in bytes */
+#define MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 1312
+#define MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 1952
+#define MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 2592
+#define MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE 2420
+#define MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE 3309
+#define MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE 4627
+
+/**
+ * mldsa_verify() - Verify an ML-DSA signature
+ * @alg: The ML-DSA parameter set to use
+ * @sig: The signature
+ * @sig_len: Length of the signature in bytes.  Should match the
+ *	     MLDSA*_SIGNATURE_SIZE constant associated with @alg,
+ *	     otherwise -EBADMSG will be returned.
+ * @msg: The message
+ * @msg_len: Length of the message in bytes
+ * @pk: The public key
+ * @pk_len: Length of the public key in bytes.  Should match the
+ *	    MLDSA*_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE constant associated with @alg,
+ *	    otherwise -EBADMSG will be returned.
+ *
+ * This verifies a signature using pure ML-DSA with the specified parameter set.
+ * The context string is assumed to be empty.
+ *
+ * Context: Might sleep
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * 0 if the signature is valid
+ * * -EBADMSG if the signature and/or public key is malformed
+ * * -EKEYREJECTED if the signature is invalid but otherwise well-formed
+ * * -ENOMEM if out of memory so the validity of the signature is unknown
+ */
+int mldsa_verify(enum mldsa_alg alg, const u8 *sig, size_t sig_len,
+		 const u8 *msg, size_t msg_len, const u8 *pk, size_t pk_len);
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST)
+/* Internal function, exposed only for unit testing */
+s32 mldsa_use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2);
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H */
diff --git a/lib/crypto/Kconfig b/lib/crypto/Kconfig
index a3647352bff6..6fcdbe46d590 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/crypto/Kconfig
@@ -98,10 +98,17 @@ config CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_ARCH
 	depends on CRYPTO_LIB_MD5 && !UML
 	default y if MIPS && CPU_CAVIUM_OCTEON
 	default y if PPC
 	default y if SPARC64
 
+config CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA
+	tristate
+	select CRYPTO_LIB_SHA3
+	help
+	  The ML-DSA library functions.  Select this if your module uses any of
+	  the functions from <crypto/mldsa.h>.
+
 config CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305
 	tristate
 	help
 	  The Poly1305 library functions.  Select this if your module uses any
 	  of the functions from <crypto/poly1305.h>.
diff --git a/lib/crypto/Makefile b/lib/crypto/Makefile
index b5346cebbb55..9911e7b3905a 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/Makefile
+++ b/lib/crypto/Makefile
@@ -125,10 +125,15 @@ libmd5-$(CONFIG_PPC) += powerpc/md5-asm.o
 libmd5-$(CONFIG_SPARC) += sparc/md5_asm.o
 endif # CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_ARCH
 
 ################################################################################
 
+obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA) += libmldsa.o
+libmldsa-y := mldsa.o
+
+################################################################################
+
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305) += libpoly1305.o
 libpoly1305-y := poly1305.o
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_INT128),y)
 libpoly1305-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_GENERIC) += poly1305-donna64.o
 else
diff --git a/lib/crypto/mldsa.c b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0699d753c055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/*
+ * Support for verifying ML-DSA signatures
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+
+#include <crypto/mldsa.h>
+#include <crypto/sha3.h>
+#include <kunit/visibility.h>
+#include <linux/export.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/string.h>
+#include <linux/unaligned.h>
+
+#define Q 8380417 /* The prime q = 2^23 - 2^13 + 1 */
+#define QINV_MOD_2_32 58728449 /* Multiplicative inverse of q mod 2^32 */
+#define N 256 /* Number of components per ring element */
+#define D 13 /* Number of bits dropped from the public key vector t */
+#define RHO_LEN 32 /* Length of the public random seed in bytes */
+#define MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN 192 /* Max encoded length of one element of w'_1 */
+
+/*
+ * The zetas array in Montgomery form, i.e. with extra factor of 2^32.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Section 7.5 "NTT and NTT^-1"
+ * Generated by the following Python code:
+ * q=8380417; [a%q - q*(a%q > q//2) for a in [1753**(int(f'{i:08b}'[::-1], 2)) << 32 for i in range(256)]]
+ */
+static const s32 zetas_times_2_32[N] = {
+	-4186625, 25847,    -2608894, -518909,	237124,	  -777960,  -876248,
+	466468,	  1826347,  2353451,  -359251,	-2091905, 3119733,  -2884855,
+	3111497,  2680103,  2725464,  1024112,	-1079900, 3585928,  -549488,
+	-1119584, 2619752,  -2108549, -2118186, -3859737, -1399561, -3277672,
+	1757237,  -19422,   4010497,  280005,	2706023,  95776,    3077325,
+	3530437,  -1661693, -3592148, -2537516, 3915439,  -3861115, -3043716,
+	3574422,  -2867647, 3539968,  -300467,	2348700,  -539299,  -1699267,
+	-1643818, 3505694,  -3821735, 3507263,	-2140649, -1600420, 3699596,
+	811944,	  531354,   954230,   3881043,	3900724,  -2556880, 2071892,
+	-2797779, -3930395, -1528703, -3677745, -3041255, -1452451, 3475950,
+	2176455,  -1585221, -1257611, 1939314,	-4083598, -1000202, -3190144,
+	-3157330, -3632928, 126922,   3412210,	-983419,  2147896,  2715295,
+	-2967645, -3693493, -411027,  -2477047, -671102,  -1228525, -22981,
+	-1308169, -381987,  1349076,  1852771,	-1430430, -3343383, 264944,
+	508951,	  3097992,  44288,    -1100098, 904516,	  3958618,  -3724342,
+	-8578,	  1653064,  -3249728, 2389356,	-210977,  759969,   -1316856,
+	189548,	  -3553272, 3159746,  -1851402, -2409325, -177440,  1315589,
+	1341330,  1285669,  -1584928, -812732,	-1439742, -3019102, -3881060,
+	-3628969, 3839961,  2091667,  3407706,	2316500,  3817976,  -3342478,
+	2244091,  -2446433, -3562462, 266997,	2434439,  -1235728, 3513181,
+	-3520352, -3759364, -1197226, -3193378, 900702,	  1859098,  909542,
+	819034,	  495491,   -1613174, -43260,	-522500,  -655327,  -3122442,
+	2031748,  3207046,  -3556995, -525098,	-768622,  -3595838, 342297,
+	286988,	  -2437823, 4108315,  3437287,	-3342277, 1735879,  203044,
+	2842341,  2691481,  -2590150, 1265009,	4055324,  1247620,  2486353,
+	1595974,  -3767016, 1250494,  2635921,	-3548272, -2994039, 1869119,
+	1903435,  -1050970, -1333058, 1237275,	-3318210, -1430225, -451100,
+	1312455,  3306115,  -1962642, -1279661, 1917081,  -2546312, -1374803,
+	1500165,  777191,   2235880,  3406031,	-542412,  -2831860, -1671176,
+	-1846953, -2584293, -3724270, 594136,	-3776993, -2013608, 2432395,
+	2454455,  -164721,  1957272,  3369112,	185531,	  -1207385, -3183426,
+	162844,	  1616392,  3014001,  810149,	1652634,  -3694233, -1799107,
+	-3038916, 3523897,  3866901,  269760,	2213111,  -975884,  1717735,
+	472078,	  -426683,  1723600,  -1803090, 1910376,  -1667432, -1104333,
+	-260646,  -3833893, -2939036, -2235985, -420899,  -2286327, 183443,
+	-976891,  1612842,  -3545687, -554416,	3919660,  -48306,   -1362209,
+	3937738,  1400424,  -846154,  1976782
+};
+
+/* Reference: FIPS 204 Section 4 "Parameter Sets" */
+static const struct mldsa_parameter_set {
+	u8 k; /* num rows in the matrix A */
+	u8 l; /* num columns in the matrix A */
+	u8 ctilde_len; /* length of commitment hash ctilde in bytes; lambda/4 */
+	u8 omega; /* max num of 1's in the hint vector h */
+	u8 tau; /* num of +-1's in challenge c */
+	u8 beta; /* tau times eta */
+	u16 pk_len; /* length of public keys in bytes */
+	u16 sig_len; /* length of signatures in bytes */
+	s32 gamma1; /* coefficient range of y */
+} mldsa_parameter_sets[] = {
+	[MLDSA44] = {
+		.k = 4,
+		.l = 4,
+		.ctilde_len = 32,
+		.omega = 80,
+		.tau = 39,
+		.beta = 78,
+		.pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+		.sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+		.gamma1 = 1 << 17,
+	},
+	[MLDSA65] = {
+		.k = 6,
+		.l = 5,
+		.ctilde_len = 48,
+		.omega = 55,
+		.tau = 49,
+		.beta = 196,
+		.pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+		.sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+		.gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+	},
+	[MLDSA87] = {
+		.k = 8,
+		.l = 7,
+		.ctilde_len = 64,
+		.omega = 75,
+		.tau = 60,
+		.beta = 120,
+		.pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+		.sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+		.gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+	},
+};
+
+/*
+ * An element of the ring R_q (normal form) or the ring T_q (NTT form).  It
+ * consists of N integers mod q: either the polynomial coefficients of the R_q
+ * element or the components of the T_q element.  In either case, whether they
+ * are fully reduced to [0, q - 1] varies in the different parts of the code.
+ */
+struct mldsa_ring_elem {
+	s32 x[N];
+};
+
+struct mldsa_verification_workspace {
+	/* SHAKE context for computing c, mu, and ctildeprime */
+	struct shake_ctx shake;
+	/* The fields in this union are used in their order of declaration. */
+	union {
+		/* The hash of the public key */
+		u8 tr[64];
+		/* The message representative mu */
+		u8 mu[64];
+		/* Temporary space for rej_ntt_poly() */
+		u8 block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE + 1];
+		/* Encoded element of w'_1 */
+		u8 w1_encoded[MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN];
+		/* The commitment hash.  Real length is params->ctilde_len */
+		u8 ctildeprime[64];
+	};
+	/* SHAKE context for generating elements of the matrix A */
+	struct shake_ctx a_shake;
+	/*
+	 * An element of the matrix A generated from the public seed, or an
+	 * element of the vector t_1 decoded from the public key and pre-scaled
+	 * by 2^d.  Both are in NTT form.  To reduce memory usage, we generate
+	 * or decode these elements only as needed.
+	 */
+	union {
+		struct mldsa_ring_elem a;
+		struct mldsa_ring_elem t1_scaled;
+	};
+	/* The challenge c, generated from ctilde */
+	struct mldsa_ring_elem c;
+	/* A temporary element used during calculations */
+	struct mldsa_ring_elem tmp;
+
+	/* The following fields are variable-length: */
+
+	/* The signer's response vector */
+	struct mldsa_ring_elem z[/* l */];
+
+	/* The signer's hint vector */
+	/* u8 h[k * N]; */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Compute a * b * 2^-32 mod q.  a * b must be in the range [-2^31 * q, 2^31 * q
+ * - 1] before reduction.  The return value is in the range [-q + 1, q - 1].
+ *
+ * To reduce mod q efficiently, this uses Montgomery reduction with R=2^32.
+ * That's where the factor of 2^-32 comes from.  The caller must include a
+ * factor of 2^32 at some point to compensate for that.
+ *
+ * To keep the input and output ranges very close to symmetric, this
+ * specifically does a "signed" Montgomery reduction.  That is, when doing the
+ * first step d = c * q^-1 mod 2^32, this uses representatives in [S32_MIN,
+ * S32_MAX] rather than [0, U32_MAX], i.e. s32 rather than u32.  This matters in
+ * the wider multiplication d * Q when d keeps its value via sign extension.
+ *
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Appendix A "Montgomery Multiplication".  But, it doesn't
+ * explain it properly: it has an off-by-one error in the upper end of the input
+ * range, it doesn't clarify that the signed version should be used, and it
+ * gives an unnecessarily large output range.  A better citation is perhaps the
+ * Dilithium reference code, which functionally matches the below code and
+ * merely has the (benign) off-by-one error in its documentation.
+ */
+static inline s32 Zq_mult(s32 a, s32 b)
+{
+	/* Compute the unreduced product c. */
+	s64 c = (s64)a * b;
+
+	/*
+	 * Compute d = c * q^-1 mod 2^32.  Generate a signed result, as
+	 * explained above, but do the actual multiplication using an unsigned
+	 * type to avoid signed integer overflow which is undefined behavior.
+	 */
+	s32 d = (u32)c * QINV_MOD_2_32;
+
+	/*
+	 * Compute e = c - d * q.  This makes the low 32 bits zero, since
+	 *   c - (c * q^-1) * q mod 2^32
+	 * = c - c * (q^-1 * q) mod 2^32
+	 * = c - c * 1 mod 2^32
+	 * = c - c mod 2^32
+	 * = 0 mod 2^32
+	 */
+	s64 e = c - (s64)d * Q;
+
+	/* Finally, return e * 2^-32. */
+	return e >> 32;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert @w to its number-theoretically-transformed representation in-place.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 41, NTT
+ *
+ * To prevent intermediate overflows, all input coefficients must have absolute
+ * value < q.  All output components have absolute value < 9*q.
+ */
+static void ntt(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w)
+{
+	int m = 0; /* index in zetas_times_2_32 */
+
+	for (int len = 128; len >= 1; len /= 2) {
+		for (int start = 0; start < 256; start += 2 * len) {
+			const s32 z = zetas_times_2_32[++m];
+
+			for (int j = start; j < start + len; j++) {
+				s32 t = Zq_mult(z, w->x[j + len]);
+
+				w->x[j + len] = w->x[j] - t;
+				w->x[j] += t;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert @w from its number-theoretically-transformed representation in-place.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 42, NTT^-1
+ *
+ * This also multiplies the coefficients by 2^32, undoing an extra factor of
+ * 2^-32 introduced earlier, and reduces the coefficients to [0, q - 1].
+ */
+static void invntt_and_mul_2_32(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w)
+{
+	int m = 256; /* index in zetas_times_2_32 */
+
+	/* Prevent intermediate overflows. */
+	for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++)
+		w->x[j] %= Q;
+
+	for (int len = 1; len < 256; len *= 2) {
+		for (int start = 0; start < 256; start += 2 * len) {
+			const s32 z = -zetas_times_2_32[--m];
+
+			for (int j = start; j < start + len; j++) {
+				s32 t = w->x[j];
+
+				w->x[j] = t + w->x[j + len];
+				w->x[j + len] = Zq_mult(z, t - w->x[j + len]);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Multiply by 2^32 * 256^-1.  2^32 cancels the factor of 2^-32 from
+	 * earlier Montgomery multiplications.  256^-1 is for NTT^-1.  This
+	 * itself uses Montgomery multiplication, so *another* 2^32 is needed.
+	 * Thus the actual multiplicand is 2^32 * 2^32 * 256^-1 mod q = 41978.
+	 *
+	 * Finally, also reduce from [-q + 1, q - 1] to [0, q - 1].
+	 */
+	for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
+		w->x[j] = Zq_mult(w->x[j], 41978);
+		w->x[j] += (w->x[j] >> 31) & Q;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode an element of t_1, i.e. the high d bits of t = A*s_1 + s_2.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 23, pkDecode.
+ * Also multiply it by 2^d and convert it to NTT form.
+ */
+static const u8 *decode_t1_elem(struct mldsa_ring_elem *out,
+				const u8 *t1_encoded)
+{
+	for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, t1_encoded += 5) {
+		u32 v = get_unaligned_le32(t1_encoded);
+
+		out->x[j + 0] = ((v >> 0) & 0x3ff) << D;
+		out->x[j + 1] = ((v >> 10) & 0x3ff) << D;
+		out->x[j + 2] = ((v >> 20) & 0x3ff) << D;
+		out->x[j + 3] = ((v >> 30) | (t1_encoded[4] << 2)) << D;
+		static_assert(0x3ff << D < Q); /* All coefficients < q. */
+	}
+	ntt(out);
+	return t1_encoded; /* Return updated pointer. */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the signer's response vector 'z' from the signature.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 27, sigDecode.
+ *
+ * This also validates that the coefficients of z are in range, corresponding
+ * the infinity norm check at the end of Algorithm 8, ML-DSA.Verify_internal.
+ *
+ * Finally, this also converts z to NTT form.
+ */
+static bool decode_z(struct mldsa_ring_elem z[/* l */], int l, s32 gamma1,
+		     int beta, const u8 **sig_ptr)
+{
+	const u8 *sig = *sig_ptr;
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+		if (l == 4) { /* ML-DSA-44? */
+			/* 18-bit coefficients: decode 4 from 9 bytes. */
+			for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, sig += 9) {
+				u64 v = get_unaligned_le64(sig);
+
+				z[i].x[j + 0] = (v >> 0) & 0x3ffff;
+				z[i].x[j + 1] = (v >> 18) & 0x3ffff;
+				z[i].x[j + 2] = (v >> 36) & 0x3ffff;
+				z[i].x[j + 3] = (v >> 54) | (sig[8] << 10);
+			}
+		} else {
+			/* 20-bit coefficients: decode 4 from 10 bytes. */
+			for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, sig += 10) {
+				u64 v = get_unaligned_le64(sig);
+
+				z[i].x[j + 0] = (v >> 0) & 0xfffff;
+				z[i].x[j + 1] = (v >> 20) & 0xfffff;
+				z[i].x[j + 2] = (v >> 40) & 0xfffff;
+				z[i].x[j + 3] =
+					(v >> 60) |
+					(get_unaligned_le16(&sig[8]) << 4);
+			}
+		}
+		for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
+			z[i].x[j] = gamma1 - z[i].x[j];
+			if (z[i].x[j] <= -(gamma1 - beta) ||
+			    z[i].x[j] >= gamma1 - beta)
+				return false;
+		}
+		ntt(&z[i]);
+	}
+	*sig_ptr = sig; /* Return updated pointer. */
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the signer's hint vector 'h' from the signature.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 21, HintBitUnpack
+ *
+ * Note that there are several ways in which the hint vector can be malformed.
+ */
+static bool decode_hint_vector(u8 h[/* k * N */], int k, int omega, const u8 *y)
+{
+	int index = 0;
+
+	memset(h, 0, k * N);
+	for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+		int count = y[omega + i]; /* num 1's in elems 0 through i */
+		int prev = -1;
+
+		/* Cumulative count mustn't decrease or exceed omega. */
+		if (count < index || count > omega)
+			return false;
+		for (; index < count; index++) {
+			if (prev >= y[index]) /* Coefficients out of order? */
+				return false;
+			prev = y[index];
+			h[i * N + y[index]] = 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return mem_is_zero(&y[index], omega - index);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand @seed into an element of R_q @c with coefficients in {-1, 0, 1},
+ * exactly @tau of them nonzero.  Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 29, SampleInBall
+ */
+static void sample_in_ball(struct mldsa_ring_elem *c, const u8 *seed,
+			   size_t seed_len, int tau, struct shake_ctx *shake)
+{
+	u64 signs;
+	u8 j;
+
+	shake256_init(shake);
+	shake_update(shake, seed, seed_len);
+	shake_squeeze(shake, (u8 *)&signs, sizeof(signs));
+	le64_to_cpus(&signs);
+	*c = (struct mldsa_ring_elem){};
+	for (int i = N - tau; i < N; i++, signs >>= 1) {
+		do {
+			shake_squeeze(shake, &j, 1);
+		} while (j > i);
+		c->x[i] = c->x[j];
+		c->x[j] = 1 - 2 * (s32)(signs & 1);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand the public seed @rho and @row_and_column into an element of T_q @out.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 30, RejNTTPoly
+ *
+ * @shake and @block are temporary space used by the expansion.  @block has
+ * space for one SHAKE128 block, plus an extra byte to allow reading a u32 from
+ * the final 3-byte group without reading out-of-bounds.
+ */
+static void rej_ntt_poly(struct mldsa_ring_elem *out, const u8 rho[RHO_LEN],
+			 __le16 row_and_column, struct shake_ctx *shake,
+			 u8 block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE + 1])
+{
+	shake128_init(shake);
+	shake_update(shake, rho, RHO_LEN);
+	shake_update(shake, (u8 *)&row_and_column, sizeof(row_and_column));
+	for (int i = 0; i < N;) {
+		shake_squeeze(shake, block, SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE);
+		block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE] = 0; /* for KMSAN */
+		static_assert(SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE % 3 == 0);
+		for (int j = 0; j < SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE && i < N; j += 3) {
+			u32 x = get_unaligned_le32(&block[j]) & 0x7fffff;
+
+			if (x < Q) /* Ignore values >= q. */
+				out->x[i++] = x;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the HighBits of r adjusted according to hint h
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 40, UseHint
+ *
+ * This is needed because of the public key compression in ML-DSA.
+ *
+ * h is either 0 or 1, r is in [0, q - 1], and gamma2 is either (q - 1) / 88 or
+ * (q - 1) / 32.  Except when invoked via the unit test interface, gamma2 is a
+ * compile-time constant, so compilers will optimize the code accordingly.
+ */
+static __always_inline s32 use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, const s32 gamma2)
+{
+	const s32 m = (Q - 1) / (2 * gamma2); /* 44 or 16, compile-time const */
+	s32 r1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Handle the special case where r - (r mod+- (2 * gamma2)) == q - 1,
+	 * i.e. r >= q - gamma2.  This is also exactly where the computation of
+	 * r1 below would produce 'm' and would need a correction.
+	 */
+	if (r >= Q - gamma2)
+		return h == 0 ? 0 : m - 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Compute the (non-hint-adjusted) HighBits r1 as:
+	 *
+	 *  r1 = (r - (r mod+- (2 * gamma2))) / (2 * gamma2)
+	 *     = floor((r + gamma2 - 1) / (2 * gamma2))
+	 *
+	 * Note that when '2 * gamma2' is a compile-time constant, compilers
+	 * optimize the division to a reciprocal multiplication and shift.
+	 */
+	r1 = (u32)(r + gamma2 - 1) / (2 * gamma2);
+
+	/*
+	 * Return the HighBits r1:
+	 *	+ 0 if the hint is 0;
+	 *	+ 1 (mod m) if the hint is 1 and the LowBits are positive;
+	 *	- 1 (mod m) if the hint is 1 and the LowBits are negative or 0.
+	 *
+	 * r1 is in (and remains in) [0, m - 1].  Note that when 'm' is a
+	 * compile-time constant, compilers optimize the '% m' accordingly.
+	 */
+	if (h == 0)
+		return r1;
+	if (r > r1 * (2 * gamma2))
+		return (u32)(r1 + 1) % m;
+	return (u32)(r1 + m - 1) % m;
+}
+
+static __always_inline void use_hint_elem(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w,
+					  const u8 h[N], const s32 gamma2)
+{
+	for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
+		w->x[j] = use_hint(h[j], w->x[j], gamma2);
+}
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST)
+/* Allow the __always_inline function use_hint() to be unit-tested. */
+s32 mldsa_use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2)
+{
+	return use_hint(h, r, gamma2);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT(mldsa_use_hint);
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Encode one element of the commitment vector w'_1 into a byte string.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 28, w1Encode.
+ * Return the number of bytes used: 192 for ML-DSA-44 and 128 for the others.
+ */
+static size_t encode_w1(u8 out[MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN],
+			const struct mldsa_ring_elem *w1, int k)
+{
+	size_t pos = 0;
+
+	static_assert(N * 6 / 8 == MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN);
+	if (k == 4) { /* ML-DSA-44? */
+		/* 6 bits per coefficient.  Pack 4 at a time. */
+		for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4) {
+			u32 v = (w1->x[j + 0] << 0) | (w1->x[j + 1] << 6) |
+				(w1->x[j + 2] << 12) | (w1->x[j + 3] << 18);
+			out[pos++] = v >> 0;
+			out[pos++] = v >> 8;
+			out[pos++] = v >> 16;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* 4 bits per coefficient.  Pack 2 at a time. */
+		for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 2)
+			out[pos++] = w1->x[j] | (w1->x[j + 1] << 4);
+	}
+	return pos;
+}
+
+/* Reference: FIPS 204 Section 6.3 "ML-DSA Verifying (Internal)" */
+int mldsa_verify(enum mldsa_alg alg, const u8 *sig, size_t sig_len,
+		 const u8 *msg, size_t msg_len, const u8 *pk, size_t pk_len)
+{
+	const struct mldsa_parameter_set *params = &mldsa_parameter_sets[alg];
+	const int k = params->k, l = params->l;
+	/* For now this just does pure ML-DSA with an empty context string. */
+	static const u8 msg_prefix[2] = { /* dom_sep= */ 0, /* ctx_len= */ 0 };
+	const u8 *ctilde; /* The signer's commitment hash */
+	const u8 *t1_encoded = &pk[RHO_LEN]; /* Next encoded element of t_1 */
+	u8 *h; /* The signer's hint vector, length k * N */
+	size_t w1_enc_len;
+
+	/* Validate the public key and signature lengths. */
+	if (pk_len != params->pk_len || sig_len != params->sig_len)
+		return -EBADMSG;
+
+	/*
+	 * Allocate the workspace, including variable-length fields.  Its size
+	 * depends only on the ML-DSA parameter set, not the other inputs.
+	 *
+	 * For freeing it, use kfree_sensitive() rather than kfree().  This is
+	 * mainly to comply with FIPS 204 Section 3.6.3 "Intermediate Values".
+	 * In reality it's a bit gratuitous, as this is a public key operation.
+	 */
+	struct mldsa_verification_workspace *ws __free(kfree_sensitive) =
+		kmalloc(sizeof(*ws) + (l * sizeof(ws->z[0])) + (k * N),
+			GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!ws)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	h = (u8 *)&ws->z[l];
+
+	/* Decode the signature.  Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 27, sigDecode */
+	ctilde = sig;
+	sig += params->ctilde_len;
+	if (!decode_z(ws->z, l, params->gamma1, params->beta, &sig))
+		return -EBADMSG;
+	if (!decode_hint_vector(h, k, params->omega, sig))
+		return -EBADMSG;
+
+	/* Recreate the challenge c from the signer's commitment hash. */
+	sample_in_ball(&ws->c, ctilde, params->ctilde_len, params->tau,
+		       &ws->shake);
+	ntt(&ws->c);
+
+	/* Compute the message representative mu. */
+	shake256(pk, pk_len, ws->tr, sizeof(ws->tr));
+	shake256_init(&ws->shake);
+	shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->tr, sizeof(ws->tr));
+	shake_update(&ws->shake, msg_prefix, sizeof(msg_prefix));
+	shake_update(&ws->shake, msg, msg_len);
+	shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->mu, sizeof(ws->mu));
+
+	/* Start computing ctildeprime = H(mu || w1Encode(w'_1)). */
+	shake256_init(&ws->shake);
+	shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->mu, sizeof(ws->mu));
+
+	/*
+	 * Compute the commitment w'_1 from A, z, c, t_1, and h.
+	 *
+	 * The computation is the same for each of the k rows.  Just do each row
+	 * before moving on to the next, resulting in only one loop over k.
+	 */
+	for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+		/*
+		 * tmp = NTT(A) * NTT(z) * 2^-32
+		 * To reduce memory use, generate each element of NTT(A)
+		 * on-demand.  Note that each element is used only once.
+		 */
+		ws->tmp = (struct mldsa_ring_elem){};
+		for (int j = 0; j < l; j++) {
+			rej_ntt_poly(&ws->a, pk /* rho is first field of pk */,
+				     cpu_to_le16((i << 8) | j), &ws->a_shake,
+				     ws->block);
+			for (int n = 0; n < N; n++)
+				ws->tmp.x[n] +=
+					Zq_mult(ws->a.x[n], ws->z[j].x[n]);
+		}
+		/* All components of tmp now have abs value < l*q. */
+
+		/* Decode the next element of t_1. */
+		t1_encoded = decode_t1_elem(&ws->t1_scaled, t1_encoded);
+
+		/*
+		 * tmp -= NTT(c) * NTT(t_1 * 2^d) * 2^-32
+		 *
+		 * Taking a conservative bound for the output of ntt(), the
+		 * multiplicands can have absolute value up to 9*q.  That
+		 * corresponds to a product with absolute value 81*q^2.  That is
+		 * within the limits of Zq_mult() which needs < ~256*q^2.
+		 */
+		for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
+			ws->tmp.x[j] -= Zq_mult(ws->c.x[j], ws->t1_scaled.x[j]);
+		/* All components of tmp now have abs value < (l+1)*q. */
+
+		/* tmp = w'_Approx = NTT^-1(tmp) * 2^32 */
+		invntt_and_mul_2_32(&ws->tmp);
+		/* All coefficients of tmp are now in [0, q - 1]. */
+
+		/*
+		 * tmp = w'_1 = UseHint(h, w'_Approx)
+		 * For efficiency, set gamma2 to a compile-time constant.
+		 */
+		if (k == 4)
+			use_hint_elem(&ws->tmp, &h[i * N], (Q - 1) / 88);
+		else
+			use_hint_elem(&ws->tmp, &h[i * N], (Q - 1) / 32);
+
+		/* Encode and hash the next element of w'_1. */
+		w1_enc_len = encode_w1(ws->w1_encoded, &ws->tmp, k);
+		shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->w1_encoded, w1_enc_len);
+	}
+
+	/* Finish computing ctildeprime. */
+	shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->ctildeprime, params->ctilde_len);
+
+	/* Verify that ctilde == ctildeprime. */
+	if (memcmp(ws->ctildeprime, ctilde, params->ctilde_len) != 0)
+		return -EKEYREJECTED;
+	/* ||z||_infinity < gamma1 - beta was already checked in decode_z(). */
+	return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mldsa_verify);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("ML-DSA signature verification");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-- 
2.52.0

[PATCH v3 2/2] lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification

[Eric Biggers]

Add a KUnit test suite for ML-DSA verification, including the following
for each ML-DSA parameter set (ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87):

- Positive test (valid signature), using vector imported from leancrypto
- Various negative tests:
    - Wrong length for signature, message, or public key
    - Out-of-range coefficients in z vector
    - Invalid encoded hint vector
    - Any bit flipped in signature, message, or public key
- Unit test for the internal function use_hint()
- A benchmark

ML-DSA inputs and outputs are very large.  To keep the size of the tests
down, use just one valid test vector per parameter set, and generate the
negative tests at runtime by mutating the valid test vector.

I also considered importing the test vectors from Wycheproof.  I've
tested that mldsa_verify() indeed passes all of Wycheproof's ML-DSA test
vectors that use an empty context string.  However, importing these
permanently would add over 6 MB of source.  That's too much to be a
reasonable addition to the Linux kernel tree for one algorithm.  It also
wouldn't actually provide much better test coverage than this commit.
Another potential issue is that Wycheproof uses the Apache license.

Similarly, this also differs from the earlier proposal to import a long
list of test vectors from leancrypto.  I retained only one valid
signature for each algorithm, and I also added (runtime-generated)
negative tests which were missing.  I think this is a better tradeoff.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
---
 lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig          |    9 +
 lib/crypto/tests/Makefile         |    1 +
 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1887 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c    |  437 +++++++
 4 files changed, 2334 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
 create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c

diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig b/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
index 61d435c450bb..c9165c14fc46 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
@@ -36,10 +36,19 @@ config CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_KUNIT_TEST
 	select CRYPTO_LIB_MD5
 	help
 	  KUnit tests for the MD5 cryptographic hash function and its
 	  corresponding HMAC.
 
+config CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST
+	tristate "KUnit tests for ML-DSA" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+	depends on KUNIT
+	default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS || CRYPTO_SELFTESTS
+	select CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK_VISIBLE
+	select CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA
+	help
+	  KUnit tests for the ML-DSA digital signature algorithm.
+
 config CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_KUNIT_TEST
 	tristate "KUnit tests for Poly1305" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
 	depends on KUNIT
 	default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS || CRYPTO_SELFTESTS
 	select CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK_VISIBLE
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile b/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
index 5109a0651925..3dde0b40b2c5 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2B_KUNIT_TEST) += blake2b_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2S_KUNIT_TEST) += blake2s_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_CURVE25519_KUNIT_TEST) += curve25519_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_KUNIT_TEST) += md5_kunit.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST) += mldsa_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_KUNIT_TEST) += poly1305_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLYVAL_KUNIT_TEST) += polyval_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA1_KUNIT_TEST) += sha1_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA256_KUNIT_TEST) += sha224_kunit.o sha256_kunit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA512_KUNIT_TEST) += sha384_kunit.o sha512_kunit.o
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d2d6a042a829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1887 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause */
+/* ML-DSA test vectors extracted from leancrypto */
+
+struct mldsa_testvector {
+	enum mldsa_alg alg;
+	int sig_len;
+	int msg_len;
+	int pk_len;
+	const u8 *sig;
+	const u8 *msg;
+	const u8 *pk;
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa44_testvector = {
+	.alg = MLDSA44,
+	.pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+	.pk =
+		(const u8[MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]) {
+			0x8f, 0x61, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x7c, 0x61, 0xc2, 0xf2, 0x87,
+			0xe2, 0x28, 0xf8, 0x44, 0x80, 0x6f, 0xb0, 0x10, 0xc1,
+			0x14, 0xf6, 0x88, 0x42, 0x76, 0xbe, 0x05, 0xd2, 0x56,
+			0xa0, 0xb7, 0x46, 0xcf, 0xc5, 0x76, 0x0a, 0x52, 0xfe,
+			0xa3, 0x3c, 0x05, 0x6e, 0xd5, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x03,
+			0x29, 0x25, 0x96, 0xdf, 0xa9, 0x5b, 0x12, 0x42, 0x89,
+			0x6e, 0x03, 0x2c, 0x42, 0x64, 0xee, 0xc7, 0xf7, 0x55,
+			0xfe, 0xfd, 0x15, 0x74, 0xee, 0x2d, 0xb3, 0xbf, 0xf2,
+			0x24, 0xe7, 0x35, 0x45, 0x77, 0x67, 0x44, 0xd2, 0x0c,
+			0x43, 0xfc, 0x7b, 0x47, 0x56, 0xad, 0xc5, 0xe7, 0x37,
+			0x49, 0x21, 0x12, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xca, 0x7f, 0x5d, 0xac,
+			0x62, 0x5b, 0x8d, 0xbf, 0xdb, 0x64, 0xac, 0x12, 0x1d,
+			0x7f, 0x7a, 0x2f, 0xa0, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0x95, 0x4b, 0x78,
+			0xdb, 0xf0, 0x98, 0x97, 0x70, 0x62, 0xfc, 0x64, 0x4a,
+			0x1b, 0xbc, 0x30, 0x1b, 0x51, 0x13, 0x47, 0x6e, 0x83,
+			0xd2, 0xa2, 0xcf, 0x39, 0xba, 0xd3, 0x00, 0x62, 0x7c,
+			0x5b, 0xe6, 0x14, 0x55, 0xd5, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0x15, 0x65,
+			0xd7, 0x1f, 0xbb, 0xf6, 0x2b, 0x46, 0x38, 0x1e, 0xf3,
+			0x8f, 0x0d, 0x57, 0x8a, 0x41, 0xfb, 0x47, 0x19, 0xe1,
+			0x79, 0xca, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x73, 0x4d, 0x8a, 0xc0, 0xa1,
+			0xa7, 0x4a, 0x28, 0x4a, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x77, 0x4f, 0x18,
+			0xe1, 0xce, 0x11, 0x14, 0xd5, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xa8, 0x1e,
+			0x26, 0x25, 0xe4, 0x30, 0xb2, 0x6f, 0x89, 0x6e, 0xc6,
+			0x44, 0x1a, 0xd3, 0xca, 0xe1, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x61, 0x80,
+			0xd7, 0xbc, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x57, 0x9f, 0x16, 0x40, 0x84,
+			0x1e, 0xc0, 0x5e, 0xcd, 0xb6, 0xc8, 0x5d, 0x87, 0xd6,
+			0xee, 0xcb, 0x21, 0x2f, 0x22, 0x9a, 0x7e, 0xea, 0x2e,
+			0xf5, 0x87, 0xf0, 0x44, 0x10, 0x3d, 0x42, 0x6d, 0x3f,
+			0x4f, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x8e, 0x40, 0x75, 0x3b, 0xaa, 0xd4,
+			0xd9, 0x37, 0x0a, 0x35, 0x5b, 0xba, 0xbd, 0x11, 0x17,
+			0x7b, 0x7e, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x1c, 0x5c, 0x71, 0xce, 0xde,
+			0xa5, 0xec, 0xd6, 0x8b, 0x50, 0x64, 0x02, 0xca, 0x84,
+			0x26, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x9e, 0xaf, 0x13, 0x05, 0x1c, 0x85,
+			0x32, 0x92, 0x85, 0x84, 0x83, 0xb6, 0x76, 0x27, 0xa7,
+			0xd8, 0x0c, 0xa4, 0xb5, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xbf, 0x2e, 0x64,
+			0xce, 0x82, 0x0d, 0x27, 0xd3, 0x2c, 0x9d, 0xb5, 0xa5,
+			0x51, 0xe3, 0xab, 0xbd, 0xe2, 0xe0, 0x64, 0x71, 0x0f,
+			0x99, 0x09, 0x6a, 0x40, 0x9d, 0x8c, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x70,
+			0x42, 0xe2, 0xa8, 0x5c, 0x71, 0xd2, 0x88, 0x10, 0xbc,
+			0x3b, 0x9d, 0xc8, 0x3a, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x81, 0x0a, 0x0e,
+			0xd8, 0xf6, 0x13, 0x90, 0xc2, 0xda, 0x4c, 0x4f, 0x6f,
+			0x1f, 0x61, 0x0d, 0x46, 0xac, 0x5c, 0x4a, 0xcc, 0x23,
+			0xfb, 0xf2, 0xf8, 0x9f, 0x48, 0x1f, 0xaf, 0x24, 0xb4,
+			0xc7, 0xcb, 0x6f, 0x80, 0x74, 0xa3, 0xdb, 0xa8, 0x61,
+			0x12, 0x60, 0x08, 0x56, 0x85, 0x47, 0x05, 0x32, 0x93,
+			0x43, 0x9b, 0xa6, 0xf6, 0x56, 0x3b, 0xab, 0x93, 0x28,
+			0x19, 0xda, 0xad, 0xb5, 0xaa, 0x2e, 0x83, 0x3d, 0x37,
+			0x0e, 0x83, 0xf2, 0xfe, 0xdd, 0xe8, 0xd9, 0x53, 0x36,
+			0x3b, 0x5d, 0x8e, 0x24, 0xa9, 0x3a, 0x8f, 0x85, 0x4b,
+			0x50, 0xf7, 0x61, 0x0f, 0x20, 0x92, 0x09, 0x1f, 0xe4,
+			0x24, 0x98, 0x9f, 0xa4, 0x52, 0x12, 0x2a, 0xae, 0x6f,
+			0xd6, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x72, 0x83, 0xfb, 0x4f, 0xef,
+			0xa6, 0x55, 0x9a, 0x14, 0xab, 0x82, 0x89, 0x1f, 0xf2,
+			0x0b, 0x14, 0x76, 0xb7, 0xf7, 0x14, 0xdd, 0xd6, 0xc1,
+			0xe8, 0xb2, 0x99, 0x23, 0x28, 0xe8, 0xa4, 0x69, 0x18,
+			0xf6, 0x3e, 0xb1, 0xff, 0xde, 0xf2, 0x2c, 0x7c, 0x73,
+			0x93, 0x32, 0x52, 0x06, 0xeb, 0x59, 0xb2, 0x8f, 0x2f,
+			0x1d, 0x6a, 0x85, 0x74, 0xd3, 0xe5, 0xa1, 0x95, 0xe4,
+			0x96, 0x1e, 0x75, 0x16, 0xe4, 0x5c, 0x40, 0xf0, 0x20,
+			0xb1, 0x10, 0xe7, 0x2a, 0x70, 0x41, 0xac, 0x49, 0x40,
+			0x55, 0xef, 0xd1, 0x58, 0x24, 0x6a, 0xa6, 0x20, 0xdc,
+			0x23, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x6a, 0x52, 0x3c, 0x61,
+			0xc8, 0xfb, 0x28, 0x1e, 0x8c, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0xc7, 0x73,
+			0x2f, 0xf1, 0xe2, 0x31, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x5f, 0x12, 0x3f,
+			0x94, 0xe5, 0x26, 0xc0, 0x62, 0xcc, 0x67, 0x8f, 0x5d,
+			0xfd, 0x3d, 0x8f, 0x16, 0xae, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x54, 0x5b,
+			0x02, 0x66, 0x00, 0x70, 0xe5, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0x51, 0x8c,
+			0x1a, 0x5d, 0xf0, 0xfe, 0x7d, 0x1b, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x48,
+			0x94, 0xda, 0x4b, 0xb3, 0x05, 0x75, 0x3b, 0x25, 0xda,
+			0xf2, 0x12, 0x47, 0xe2, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xe7, 0x05, 0xa2,
+			0x4e, 0xaf, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x6c, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x82, 0xdf,
+			0xbb, 0x4b, 0x9d, 0x29, 0x9b, 0xef, 0xff, 0x17, 0x2a,
+			0xa7, 0x2f, 0x4a, 0x2e, 0xbf, 0x29, 0x38, 0xcb, 0x94,
+			0x9c, 0x10, 0x87, 0x69, 0x57, 0x7d, 0xd7, 0xcf, 0xc1,
+			0x57, 0x0f, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x3b, 0x1e, 0xbc, 0x55, 0x08,
+			0xb1, 0x50, 0xb0, 0x28, 0x79, 0x1d, 0xd9, 0x2f, 0xa5,
+			0x12, 0xcc, 0xa7, 0x5b, 0xcb, 0x67, 0x57, 0x13, 0x4a,
+			0xb3, 0xd5, 0x34, 0xea, 0xd9, 0x6b, 0x15, 0x17, 0x1f,
+			0xe7, 0x52, 0x2a, 0x11, 0xdf, 0xab, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0x1b,
+			0xaa, 0xfa, 0x54, 0xf0, 0x20, 0x94, 0x40, 0x2d, 0x3e,
+			0xf2, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0xbb, 0x86, 0xce, 0x29, 0x87, 0xb1,
+			0xfa, 0x27, 0xf2, 0x5a, 0x79, 0xc2, 0xf8, 0xe9, 0xf2,
+			0x7c, 0x5a, 0xcd, 0x45, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0xba, 0xad, 0x13,
+			0x52, 0x79, 0xd5, 0x0f, 0x59, 0xfb, 0x07, 0x15, 0x1f,
+			0xb3, 0xe6, 0xc8, 0x66, 0xf7, 0x37, 0x19, 0xd8, 0x33,
+			0xdd, 0xc1, 0xb3, 0x96, 0x4b, 0x28, 0x43, 0xf8, 0x5e,
+			0xc7, 0xe8, 0x81, 0x6e, 0xd0, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0x3d, 0xf1,
+			0x68, 0x8f, 0xf0, 0xf5, 0x1a, 0x6d, 0xc3, 0xaa, 0x5b,
+			0x72, 0x27, 0xbd, 0xd6, 0x7c, 0x9b, 0xbf, 0x89, 0x6a,
+			0x09, 0xf0, 0x48, 0xf0, 0x8c, 0x27, 0x69, 0x28, 0xf3,
+			0x5f, 0x53, 0xe3, 0x4d, 0x60, 0x4a, 0xb8, 0xc5, 0xf9,
+			0x85, 0x07, 0x3e, 0xfb, 0xd7, 0x21, 0x69, 0xd5, 0xec,
+			0x18, 0x68, 0xb6, 0x55, 0x15, 0xac, 0x2e, 0x0f, 0x5c,
+			0x2e, 0x9e, 0x12, 0x10, 0x5e, 0xc6, 0xb3, 0xcd, 0xe6,
+			0x3a, 0x2f, 0x43, 0xf6, 0x75, 0x31, 0x3c, 0x90, 0x34,
+			0x1c, 0x3d, 0x45, 0xaa, 0x8e, 0x08, 0xcf, 0x58, 0x67,
+			0x34, 0xd4, 0x24, 0xb8, 0x20, 0x69, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0x33,
+			0xe9, 0x3e, 0xbd, 0xe5, 0x18, 0x9f, 0x66, 0xc9, 0x0d,
+			0x6f, 0x47, 0x99, 0xf7, 0x0c, 0xdd, 0xad, 0x8c, 0x6b,
+			0x80, 0xed, 0x19, 0x61, 0x8a, 0xba, 0x62, 0x2f, 0xcc,
+			0x0e, 0x47, 0xe0, 0xc6, 0x1f, 0x2f, 0x44, 0x40, 0x17,
+			0xb6, 0x89, 0xc6, 0xf5, 0xc2, 0x97, 0x89, 0x38, 0x6c,
+			0x8e, 0x2c, 0x46, 0x0b, 0x6e, 0x01, 0x47, 0xd3, 0x2f,
+			0x58, 0xf8, 0xc7, 0x3b, 0x49, 0xb2, 0x35, 0x9f, 0x67,
+			0xc9, 0x6c, 0xde, 0x30, 0x3b, 0x50, 0x19, 0x65, 0xbb,
+			0x73, 0xa1, 0x47, 0x01, 0x6a, 0x3d, 0xe3, 0x85, 0x4d,
+			0xd0, 0x72, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x81, 0x52, 0xe8, 0x1a, 0x8b,
+			0x85, 0x4c, 0x6f, 0x0e, 0xfc, 0x59, 0x84, 0x7a, 0xf2,
+			0x28, 0x3e, 0x02, 0xcb, 0xe2, 0x4a, 0xbf, 0xac, 0x22,
+			0x34, 0x86, 0xe4, 0x7d, 0x6b, 0xa3, 0x52, 0xac, 0xff,
+			0xe5, 0xbe, 0x0c, 0x8d, 0xf5, 0xd8, 0xfd, 0x5a, 0x3d,
+			0xad, 0x0d, 0xc0, 0x02, 0xd0, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x7c, 0x50,
+			0x7c, 0x09, 0xc0, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0xdf, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x6f,
+			0xb2, 0x79, 0x0d, 0xc1, 0xa0, 0xb1, 0x7e, 0xe3, 0x0d,
+			0xfc, 0x93, 0x43, 0x8c, 0x86, 0x68, 0xa6, 0x51, 0x93,
+			0x42, 0xb7, 0xcd, 0x13, 0x56, 0x6e, 0xdc, 0x63, 0x51,
+			0x23, 0xcf, 0x29, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0x66, 0x43, 0x80, 0xfe,
+			0x28, 0x15, 0x71, 0x52, 0x87, 0xe2, 0x18, 0x10, 0xad,
+			0x94, 0x47, 0x2f, 0xe3, 0x5d, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x6d, 0x31,
+			0x58, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x96, 0x53, 0x1b, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x25,
+			0xea, 0x41, 0xd3, 0x29, 0x27, 0x22, 0x24, 0x8d, 0x1d,
+			0x8e, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x76, 0x67, 0x7d, 0x9d, 0xd9, 0xa7,
+			0x3e, 0x61, 0xd0, 0xad, 0x93, 0xb9, 0xdf, 0x87, 0x3a,
+			0x7b, 0x89, 0xc7, 0x1d, 0x91, 0xec, 0x43, 0xa4, 0xdc,
+			0x02, 0x88, 0x2e, 0xaa, 0xb2, 0x58, 0xa5, 0xd3, 0x68,
+			0x9c, 0x9f, 0x60, 0x12, 0xc8, 0x7e, 0x7d, 0x40, 0x80,
+			0xfd, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0x56, 0xf4, 0x01, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xa0,
+			0x34, 0x48, 0x79, 0x75, 0xe2, 0x0f, 0x60, 0x09, 0x42,
+			0x11, 0x6f, 0xa5, 0x31, 0x46, 0xb7, 0x03, 0xc8, 0x61,
+			0x53, 0x39, 0x1e, 0xf4, 0x99, 0x36, 0x7d, 0xc0, 0x87,
+			0xda, 0x63, 0x71, 0x9b, 0x29, 0x7b, 0x4e, 0x6f, 0x09,
+			0xa2, 0x2c, 0xa5, 0xc2, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0xe0, 0x56, 0x8b,
+			0x1d, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0x34, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0x0a, 0xc9,
+			0xfa, 0x4a, 0x31, 0x63, 0x0d, 0x30, 0xff, 0x59, 0x3d,
+			0x8c, 0x4d, 0x74, 0x28, 0xf4, 0xe9, 0x97, 0x43, 0x05,
+			0x3a, 0x33, 0x51, 0x51, 0xe4, 0x0e, 0x33, 0xae, 0x2c,
+			0xda, 0x28, 0x83, 0x93, 0x4e, 0xfe, 0x37, 0x1d, 0x6c,
+			0x25, 0x1e, 0x24, 0xbc, 0x3a, 0x5c, 0x68, 0xac, 0x54,
+			0x3a, 0x47, 0x74, 0x35, 0xff, 0x37, 0x80, 0x12, 0x30,
+			0xd7, 0x31, 0x2a, 0x49, 0x51, 0x2d, 0x4f, 0xd2, 0x9c,
+			0xca, 0x55, 0x87, 0xd0, 0x41, 0x86, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0xda,
+			0xf8, 0x4b, 0x08, 0x23, 0xb3, 0x00, 0xb7, 0xb6, 0x4f,
+			0x2e, 0xaf, 0xb8, 0x8e, 0xb1, 0x44, 0xe1, 0xed, 0x67,
+			0xf8, 0x80, 0xa7, 0x04, 0xa0, 0x66, 0xe6, 0xb5, 0x69,
+			0xca, 0x95, 0x71, 0xc8, 0x0d, 0x3d, 0xf6, 0x77, 0xfd,
+			0x2c, 0x95, 0xed, 0xe5, 0x22, 0x43, 0xd9,
+		},
+	.msg_len = 64,
+	.msg =
+		(const u8[64]) {
+			0x6d, 0xb3, 0x8e, 0x80, 0xaf, 0x5f, 0x19, 0xd9,
+			0xb0, 0xcf, 0xad, 0x58, 0xc7, 0x27, 0xae, 0x12,
+			0x4e, 0x7d, 0xa3, 0x1a, 0xe3, 0x85, 0xc6, 0xaa,
+			0xf6, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xb1, 0xe9, 0xe0, 0xfe, 0x89,
+			0x1e, 0xc5, 0x6f, 0x10, 0x18, 0x24, 0xab, 0xa8,
+			0x6d, 0x03, 0xd0, 0x3d, 0xc3, 0xff, 0x67, 0xe7,
+			0x3a, 0x95, 0x94, 0xc8, 0x49, 0x51, 0x8f, 0xa0,
+			0x65, 0xcb, 0x20, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0xf7, 0xf2,
+		},
+	.sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+	.sig =
+		(const u8[MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE]) {
+			0x5e, 0x05, 0x37, 0xe2, 0xc1, 0x20, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x8a,
+			0xdf, 0xf2, 0x22, 0x61, 0x17, 0x58, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xe4,
+			0x82, 0x9c, 0x0e, 0xb6, 0x1f, 0xb4, 0x98, 0x0f, 0xba,
+			0x8e, 0x51, 0x15, 0x67, 0x76, 0x0b, 0x98, 0x63, 0xda,
+			0x17, 0xd3, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0x16, 0x29, 0x71, 0xab, 0xba,
+			0x99, 0xed, 0x3f, 0xd4, 0xc2, 0x16, 0x71, 0xb6, 0x21,
+			0x87, 0x48, 0xaa, 0xb5, 0x39, 0x5e, 0xfb, 0x5d, 0x68,
+			0x3b, 0xd3, 0x60, 0xf4, 0x5b, 0x85, 0x2a, 0x5b, 0xb5,
+			0xce, 0x6e, 0xf3, 0x39, 0xc3, 0xbe, 0x96, 0xa7, 0x61,
+			0xc9, 0xbf, 0xdf, 0x33, 0x1d, 0xec, 0xb9, 0x2b, 0x7a,
+			0x05, 0xce, 0x1e, 0xd9, 0x46, 0x70, 0xca, 0x54, 0xbf,
+			0xdc, 0x46, 0x9e, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x18, 0x57, 0x96, 0x84,
+			0xac, 0xe9, 0xd7, 0x74, 0xeb, 0x8e, 0x6b, 0xec, 0x46,
+			0x9a, 0x2a, 0xfa, 0xde, 0x80, 0x09, 0x53, 0xd9, 0xeb,
+			0x9d, 0xf7, 0xaa, 0xe2, 0xe5, 0xdc, 0xc3, 0xd9, 0x70,
+			0xe5, 0x8b, 0xa8, 0xba, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x72, 0x92, 0x25,
+			0xaf, 0xd9, 0xb4, 0x5a, 0x53, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x1d, 0x69,
+			0xf1, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x52, 0x38, 0xbc, 0x47, 0x24, 0x8c,
+			0x1d, 0x28, 0x5d, 0x5c, 0x1c, 0xc9, 0x9d, 0xea, 0x1c,
+			0xb1, 0xb3, 0x49, 0x68, 0xd5, 0xad, 0xdc, 0x47, 0x58,
+			0x6d, 0x38, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x9b, 0xaa, 0x89, 0xb1, 0x96,
+			0x0b, 0xcb, 0xc4, 0x24, 0x73, 0xf2, 0xe7, 0xb6, 0xca,
+			0x74, 0x55, 0x1b, 0xb5, 0xb7, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xe3, 0x3a,
+			0x32, 0x5d, 0x1d, 0x6e, 0x15, 0xe6, 0xb8, 0xfb, 0xce,
+			0x57, 0x81, 0x15, 0xb5, 0xcf, 0x67, 0x2b, 0x55, 0x4c,
+			0x85, 0x6f, 0x28, 0xa6, 0xbb, 0xb4, 0x28, 0x76, 0x91,
+			0xa4, 0x29, 0xa1, 0x50, 0x7c, 0xed, 0x9a, 0xfc, 0xe4,
+			0xbc, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x62, 0x28, 0x61, 0x4d, 0x8d, 0x8c,
+			0x5a, 0x5e, 0x4d, 0x1d, 0x5e, 0x73, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0x9d,
+			0x56, 0x73, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0x26, 0xf7, 0x7e, 0x61, 0xa4,
+			0x86, 0xf5, 0x1c, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xd0, 0x31, 0xc5, 0x03,
+			0x17, 0x1c, 0xec, 0x04, 0xe5, 0xc7, 0x13, 0xb6, 0x81,
+			0x78, 0x3d, 0x27, 0x87, 0x36, 0xf3, 0x2a, 0x59, 0x96,
+			0xeb, 0x44, 0xfd, 0xb9, 0x95, 0xb7, 0x76, 0xb1, 0x08,
+			0xc4, 0x98, 0xb1, 0x08, 0x36, 0x2a, 0x63, 0x72, 0x4f,
+			0xef, 0x47, 0xfc, 0x84, 0x09, 0x18, 0x60, 0xb7, 0x8a,
+			0xff, 0xae, 0x32, 0x3c, 0x79, 0xdf, 0xd6, 0x24, 0xbe,
+			0x9c, 0x38, 0x68, 0x92, 0xde, 0x81, 0x80, 0x22, 0x06,
+			0xf2, 0xe4, 0xde, 0x75, 0x4e, 0xd6, 0x36, 0x93, 0x44,
+			0xd1, 0xa4, 0x2e, 0x2e, 0x05, 0x87, 0xbd, 0xf7, 0xc5,
+			0xc8, 0x1c, 0x7b, 0x00, 0xe8, 0x11, 0x7f, 0xc2, 0x39,
+			0x4b, 0x7b, 0x97, 0x11, 0x92, 0x6c, 0xff, 0x89, 0x7f,
+			0x26, 0x89, 0x4f, 0x38, 0xfd, 0xdd, 0x08, 0xa7, 0xce,
+			0x6f, 0xe8, 0x57, 0x9b, 0x46, 0xe5, 0xdb, 0x72, 0x03,
+			0x1e, 0x7d, 0xb0, 0x77, 0xb9, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0x6c, 0xa7,
+			0xd8, 0x30, 0x34, 0xad, 0xa7, 0xe4, 0x63, 0xf0, 0x19,
+			0x0e, 0x5d, 0x3b, 0xe0, 0xff, 0x40, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0xb3,
+			0xb9, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x2c, 0xf3, 0x5f, 0xcd, 0x54, 0x2a,
+			0xc0, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0xd9, 0x2d, 0xcc, 0xd5, 0x68, 0x95,
+			0x4a, 0x4a, 0x84, 0x60, 0x54, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x9e,
+			0x8d, 0x20, 0xcb, 0xe8, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0xba, 0xe2, 0xaa,
+			0x6e, 0x1c, 0xb1, 0xdf, 0x18, 0x9f, 0x94, 0xc7, 0x77,
+			0x5a, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x05, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0x54, 0x58, 0x6c,
+			0xb3, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xa4, 0x6e, 0x98, 0xbb, 0x6f, 0x41,
+			0x6d, 0xbd, 0x71, 0x95, 0xe4, 0xbc, 0x13, 0x37, 0x99,
+			0x0d, 0xac, 0x27, 0x69, 0xb9, 0x0b, 0x14, 0x5f, 0x6e,
+			0xd2, 0x2b, 0xe2, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0xbc, 0x10, 0x11, 0x47,
+			0xb7, 0x37, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x88, 0xcd, 0xbb, 0xf7, 0x28,
+			0xd6, 0x4a, 0x9d, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x2f, 0x7d, 0x2b, 0xe8,
+			0xe8, 0x9e, 0xae, 0x7b, 0xe6, 0x2a, 0xb3, 0x4e, 0x20,
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+			0x75, 0x44, 0x01, 0x6f, 0x97, 0xc3, 0x29, 0x76, 0x33,
+			0x36, 0x9a, 0xae, 0xfb, 0x1b, 0x43, 0xe5, 0xb1, 0x54,
+			0x3a, 0x9c, 0x76, 0x7f, 0x76, 0x83, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xd6,
+			0x56, 0x59, 0x83, 0xa9, 0xde, 0xd7, 0xb0, 0xf3, 0x34,
+			0x11, 0x31, 0x06, 0x8e, 0xe9, 0xd4, 0x79, 0xd5, 0x3d,
+			0x31, 0x6b, 0x59, 0xe9, 0x54, 0x69, 0x12, 0xfd, 0x44,
+			0x59, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0x3b, 0xb4, 0x12, 0xe9, 0xfb, 0xb0,
+			0xb4, 0x84, 0xb9, 0x7d, 0xea, 0x4f, 0xd1, 0x5f, 0xd0,
+			0x3e, 0xce, 0xef, 0x5c, 0xf7, 0xea, 0x55, 0xa0, 0x8f,
+			0xa8, 0xa7, 0x98, 0xe7, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0x3f, 0xba, 0x5a,
+			0x32, 0x4b, 0xfa, 0x31, 0xb6, 0x63, 0x86, 0x19, 0x00,
+			0xa2, 0x6d, 0x7d, 0x15, 0x56, 0x05, 0x68, 0xa3, 0xe0,
+			0xf3, 0xd4, 0x82, 0xcf, 0xeb, 0xd4, 0x1c, 0xd0, 0xb6,
+			0x14, 0x5e, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0xed, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x1a, 0xcd,
+			0x09, 0xdc, 0x26, 0x98, 0x50, 0x11, 0x34, 0x39, 0x50,
+			0x5a, 0x70, 0x79, 0x85, 0xca, 0xd2, 0xf2, 0x0c, 0x0d,
+			0x12, 0x1f, 0x2e, 0x41, 0x46, 0x51, 0x72, 0x75, 0x78,
+			0x8c, 0xa4, 0xaf, 0xba, 0xca, 0xd3, 0xdf, 0xea, 0xf8,
+			0x09, 0x0b, 0x36, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x77, 0x83, 0xae, 0xbc,
+			0xc5, 0xce, 0xe1, 0xf6, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x56, 0x9c,
+			0x9f, 0xb1, 0xbd, 0xda, 0xe7, 0xf0, 0xf4, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x1f, 0x2c, 0x38,
+		},
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa65_testvector = {
+	.alg = MLDSA65,
+	.pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+	.pk =
+		(const u8[MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]) {
+			0x9f, 0x55, 0x1e, 0x7f, 0x9c, 0x08, 0xb2, 0x83, 0xfd,
+			0x5b, 0xa2, 0xac, 0x4f, 0x26, 0xc2, 0xf5, 0x06, 0x05,
+			0x96, 0x08, 0x24, 0xad, 0xec, 0xe4, 0x99, 0xcc, 0x6c,
+			0xbd, 0x55, 0x37, 0x15, 0x94, 0xab, 0x31, 0x9e, 0x56,
+			0xe5, 0xe4, 0x55, 0xec, 0x4d, 0x49, 0x5b, 0x5a, 0x7a,
+			0xe8, 0xc3, 0x4a, 0x08, 0x44, 0x4a, 0xc2, 0x2d, 0xe4,
+			0x61, 0x33, 0x90, 0x20, 0x71, 0x45, 0xa5, 0x45, 0xd0,
+			0x83, 0x2b, 0x32, 0x6c, 0xa7, 0x9e, 0x76, 0xcd, 0xfb,
+			0x58, 0x15, 0x9e, 0x74, 0x0d, 0x67, 0x57, 0xb1, 0x06,
+			0x5b, 0x5d, 0xd5, 0x1c, 0xbb, 0x95, 0x40, 0x1c, 0x71,
+			0x31, 0x03, 0xef, 0xff, 0x04, 0x6b, 0xdd, 0xa2, 0xf0,
+			0x32, 0x00, 0x72, 0xbc, 0x87, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0x1f, 0x90,
+			0x7f, 0x92, 0xa0, 0xb2, 0x04, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0xaf, 0x7f,
+			0x01, 0x28, 0x4c, 0xb2, 0x57, 0x2d, 0x56, 0x93, 0xd0,
+			0xc7, 0x54, 0x02, 0x90, 0x57, 0x70, 0x23, 0x57, 0xe8,
+			0xe7, 0x33, 0x32, 0x98, 0xfc, 0x9b, 0x8e, 0x6e, 0x7b,
+			0xaa, 0x5d, 0xb5, 0x4e, 0xe0, 0x5d, 0x97, 0xa3, 0xea,
+			0x43, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0xa4, 0x8c, 0xcf, 0xdc, 0xc0, 0x51,
+			0xa7, 0x99, 0x45, 0x3d, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0xba, 0xc5, 0xff,
+			0xe1, 0x89, 0xb3, 0x7d, 0xc3, 0xdc, 0xe2, 0x23, 0x81,
+			0xff, 0xa9, 0xc7, 0x93, 0xc6, 0x67, 0xad, 0x94, 0xcf,
+			0xeb, 0x91, 0x78, 0x15, 0x25, 0xf7, 0xf5, 0x06, 0x08,
+			0x2f, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x0b, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x59, 0xe0, 0x1f,
+			0x2e, 0x5a, 0x12, 0x06, 0xf5, 0xf4, 0x8e, 0x75, 0x57,
+			0xa9, 0x33, 0x23, 0x0f, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x02, 0xf8, 0x68,
+			0x0f, 0x62, 0x02, 0x81, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x7c, 0xaf, 0xd7,
+			0x42, 0x5b, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0x2b, 0xea, 0x49, 0xab, 0x03,
+			0x6d, 0x0a, 0x02, 0xae, 0x47, 0x79, 0xce, 0xfd, 0x18,
+			0x76, 0x07, 0x9e, 0xa6, 0xbf, 0x7e, 0x8d, 0x73, 0xf9,
+			0x44, 0xeb, 0x8c, 0xc5, 0x59, 0xb7, 0x19, 0xf6, 0x73,
+			0x53, 0x42, 0x2a, 0x55, 0x7b, 0xb4, 0x56, 0x49, 0x08,
+			0x9e, 0x9a, 0x65, 0x60, 0x70, 0x1d, 0xbd, 0xc6, 0x85,
+			0x29, 0xde, 0xfe, 0x44, 0xae, 0xdf, 0x25, 0xfd, 0x5b,
+			0x74, 0x6c, 0x96, 0xe6, 0x81, 0x37, 0x80, 0xe0, 0x9e,
+			0xf3, 0x75, 0x63, 0xb4, 0xc9, 0x2f, 0x71, 0xe6, 0xeb,
+			0xdf, 0xaf, 0x7e, 0xff, 0x9e, 0xe0, 0xbf, 0xca, 0xca,
+			0x11, 0xed, 0xc6, 0x04, 0xd8, 0x49, 0x13, 0x2c, 0x63,
+			0xf1, 0xb3, 0x17, 0x74, 0xd9, 0x50, 0x3f, 0xb9, 0x29,
+			0x0e, 0x48, 0xa7, 0xf0, 0xdc, 0x78, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x9f,
+			0xb7, 0xde, 0x36, 0x79, 0x67, 0xa4, 0x23, 0x08, 0xe7,
+			0x62, 0xe8, 0xa4, 0xe5, 0xcf, 0xff, 0x35, 0x55, 0x36,
+			0x2e, 0x3a, 0xe4, 0x45, 0x6a, 0x80, 0xf2, 0xca, 0xe7,
+			0x40, 0x79, 0x14, 0xc4, 0x62, 0x38, 0xbb, 0xd0, 0x4e,
+			0x6c, 0xb5, 0x85, 0x42, 0x3f, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xd7, 0x54,
+			0xb8, 0x2b, 0x8b, 0xd5, 0x6f, 0x16, 0x61, 0x27, 0x23,
+			0xac, 0xdb, 0xea, 0x9b, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xcd, 0x79, 0xe6,
+			0x12, 0x09, 0x99, 0x09, 0xa4, 0xe1, 0x88, 0x25, 0x00,
+			0x9e, 0x60, 0x16, 0x63, 0xd7, 0x42, 0x9b, 0xcc, 0x36,
+			0x9a, 0x8d, 0xa3, 0x75, 0x36, 0xa1, 0xa8, 0xfc, 0xa2,
+			0xfe, 0x29, 0x26, 0x4c, 0x93, 0x21, 0x44, 0x6b, 0x1c,
+			0xba, 0xbd, 0xef, 0xff, 0x6d, 0x1f, 0x2b, 0x6c, 0x66,
+			0x81, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0x1d, 0x0b, 0xd7, 0x24, 0xd4, 0xb8,
+			0x93, 0xb5, 0x22, 0xf9, 0xd2, 0xf4, 0xa5, 0x05, 0x78,
+			0x38, 0xae, 0x58, 0xf6, 0x50, 0x8f, 0x47, 0x1d, 0xf3,
+			0xfb, 0x0d, 0x04, 0x14, 0xd1, 0xd6, 0xd8, 0x2e, 0xf2,
+			0xbd, 0xf5, 0x71, 0x86, 0x4c, 0xdd, 0x61, 0x24, 0x18,
+			0x5b, 0x54, 0xf5, 0xcd, 0x99, 0x89, 0x01, 0x8e, 0xd1,
+			0x19, 0x52, 0xbc, 0x45, 0xed, 0x0e, 0xec, 0x72, 0x2f,
+			0x5a, 0xe7, 0xdf, 0x36, 0x1c, 0x57, 0x9f, 0xb2, 0x8b,
+			0xf2, 0x78, 0x1b, 0x3e, 0xc5, 0x48, 0x1f, 0x27, 0x04,
+			0x76, 0x10, 0x44, 0xee, 0x5c, 0x68, 0x8f, 0xca, 0xd7,
+			0x31, 0xfc, 0x5c, 0x40, 0x03, 0x2e, 0xbd, 0x1d, 0x59,
+			0x13, 0x57, 0xbc, 0x33, 0xc6, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xe5, 0x55,
+			0x79, 0x9b, 0x7e, 0x49, 0xbb, 0x23, 0x96, 0xc3, 0x1c,
+			0xfe, 0x66, 0xeb, 0x5b, 0x5f, 0xe5, 0x03, 0xc9, 0xa4,
+			0xac, 0x4d, 0xc4, 0x50, 0xbb, 0xd3, 0xc1, 0x91, 0x48,
+			0xe0, 0x93, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xdb, 0x41, 0x37, 0x98, 0xbc,
+			0xa2, 0x7a, 0x09, 0x92, 0x0b, 0x1c, 0xe6, 0x4b, 0x1e,
+			0x8e, 0x78, 0x81, 0x74, 0x7d, 0x6b, 0x71, 0xd5, 0xe7,
+			0x0e, 0x7b, 0xc2, 0x74, 0x5d, 0x89, 0xf1, 0xfa, 0x59,
+			0xaa, 0xf7, 0x86, 0x66, 0x7e, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0xf4, 0xd5,
+			0x8d, 0xc0, 0xb7, 0xb7, 0xa2, 0xd5, 0xcd, 0x51, 0xc3,
+			0x7d, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x46, 0xba, 0x06, 0xa3, 0x4d, 0x60,
+			0xd6, 0x68, 0xc6, 0xf9, 0x63, 0x88, 0x17, 0x5c, 0x20,
+			0xe1, 0xc4, 0x0f, 0x3f, 0xc1, 0xa9, 0xa7, 0x3e, 0x39,
+			0xef, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xc4, 0x69, 0x29, 0xe3, 0xd4, 0x8d,
+			0xe0, 0x0e, 0x88, 0xc2, 0x93, 0x43, 0xfb, 0x28, 0xcf,
+			0x5d, 0x85, 0x50, 0xf7, 0xeb, 0x42, 0xf5, 0x87, 0xde,
+			0xa5, 0x65, 0xef, 0x43, 0x0c, 0x57, 0x76, 0x09, 0xf4,
+			0x5f, 0xde, 0x81, 0x0a, 0xd9, 0x59, 0x41, 0xa4, 0x6a,
+			0xb7, 0x05, 0xc7, 0xa5, 0xfe, 0x49, 0xd5, 0x9b, 0x57,
+			0x13, 0x14, 0x66, 0xe2, 0xb9, 0xcc, 0x09, 0x35, 0xd4,
+			0xb0, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0x50, 0x48, 0x45, 0x21,
+			0x00, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xad, 0xa7, 0x46, 0xe2, 0x6f, 0x70,
+			0xe5, 0x3c, 0x88, 0x04, 0xaa, 0x21, 0xde, 0x03, 0xb6,
+			0x6f, 0xfe, 0x43, 0x51, 0xdc, 0x2e, 0x5c, 0x6c, 0x77,
+			0x8f, 0x8e, 0x9d, 0x1a, 0x5b, 0x35, 0xc5, 0xe4, 0x48,
+			0x82, 0x17, 0x4b, 0xf0, 0xea, 0xc9, 0x0e, 0xd2, 0x8f,
+			0xcd, 0xd5, 0x01, 0xbd, 0x7f, 0x0f, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x92,
+			0x28, 0x1e, 0x2c, 0xf4, 0xe9, 0x03, 0xf7, 0x0a, 0xeb,
+			0x84, 0x18, 0xa1, 0x37, 0x38, 0x8a, 0x11, 0xa2, 0x5d,
+			0x8c, 0xf6, 0xe4, 0x3f, 0x5b, 0x87, 0x07, 0x6b, 0xb4,
+			0x07, 0xe0, 0x8f, 0x30, 0xc4, 0xfa, 0x27, 0xae, 0xfc,
+			0x02, 0xd1, 0x21, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x0b, 0x93, 0x6e, 0x7e,
+			0xf9, 0x6b, 0x80, 0x7a, 0x25, 0x84, 0x20, 0xf1, 0x6a,
+			0xfa, 0x75, 0xed, 0x57, 0x61, 0x62, 0xa7, 0xf6, 0x5b,
+			0xe1, 0xb0, 0x38, 0xc8, 0xe9, 0x6d, 0x3f, 0xef, 0x1e,
+			0x99, 0x0b, 0xb7, 0xc8, 0x9f, 0x76, 0x5c, 0x04, 0x1f,
+			0x02, 0x92, 0x00, 0xa7, 0x38, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x3b, 0xa7,
+			0xbc, 0x39, 0x6e, 0xab, 0xf5, 0x10, 0xa8, 0xba, 0xd6,
+			0x28, 0x6b, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x48, 0xf9, 0x3b, 0x5c, 0xde,
+			0x59, 0x93, 0x46, 0xd6, 0x61, 0x52, 0x81, 0x71, 0x0f,
+			0x0e, 0x61, 0xac, 0xc6, 0x7f, 0x15, 0x93, 0xa7, 0xc1,
+			0x16, 0xb5, 0xef, 0x85, 0xd1, 0xa7, 0x61, 0xc2, 0x85,
+			0x1d, 0x61, 0xc6, 0xae, 0xb3, 0x9e, 0x8d, 0x23, 0xa3,
+			0xc8, 0xd5, 0xf2, 0xc7, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xef, 0xd2, 0xdf,
+			0x25, 0xaf, 0x4e, 0x81, 0x15, 0x59, 0xe5, 0x36, 0xb1,
+			0xf1, 0xd5, 0xda, 0x58, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0xc9,
+			0x25, 0xb5, 0xe8, 0x1d, 0x3b, 0xca, 0x2d, 0xab, 0xf2,
+			0xe2, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xd7, 0xf4, 0xc7, 0xd0, 0x57, 0x7a,
+			0x86, 0x15, 0x0a, 0x5a, 0x8b, 0xd7, 0x3f, 0x66, 0x0f,
+			0x80, 0xb4, 0xe0, 0x5c, 0x33, 0xed, 0xaf, 0x1b, 0x3b,
+			0x6d, 0x1c, 0xd9, 0x8c, 0xb5, 0x96, 0xa3, 0xfb, 0xcf,
+			0xcc, 0x97, 0x1c, 0xae, 0x06, 0x19, 0x41, 0x61, 0xf8,
+			0x97, 0x6b, 0x82, 0x5e, 0x1c, 0xbf, 0x6f, 0x43, 0x3d,
+			0xe5, 0x00, 0xf5, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x48, 0x26, 0x31, 0xa1,
+			0x72, 0x67, 0x6e, 0xd4, 0x5b, 0x6f, 0x66, 0xde, 0x70,
+			0x8b, 0x2b, 0xc3, 0xa2, 0x30, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xc8, 0xff,
+			0xf8, 0xd0, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0x21, 0x85, 0x6e, 0x6c, 0x82,
+			0x66, 0xcc, 0x52, 0xf0, 0x9e, 0x1e, 0xb5, 0x3a, 0xff,
+			0x4c, 0xf3, 0xae, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x4b, 0x76, 0x25, 0xbd,
+			0xb0, 0x21, 0x54, 0x61, 0xda, 0x16, 0xd3, 0x23, 0x86,
+			0x41, 0xa1, 0x4c, 0x59, 0x15, 0x95, 0x65, 0x85, 0xb6,
+			0x8e, 0xa6, 0x37, 0xc0, 0xa2, 0x71, 0x1d, 0x67, 0x44,
+			0x7b, 0xe5, 0x4c, 0x4f, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0x46, 0xf7, 0x29,
+			0xa5, 0xf2, 0xd3, 0x51, 0x19, 0x91, 0x4d, 0xa7, 0xb5,
+			0x05, 0xb9, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0xf8, 0xc0, 0x01, 0xe5,
+			0x41, 0x0a, 0x89, 0x64, 0x77, 0xf2, 0xc8, 0x63, 0x2d,
+			0x9d, 0x27, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x30, 0x39, 0xdf, 0xb6, 0x6e,
+			0x4f, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x15, 0xc6, 0xaf, 0x62, 0xdf, 0x3f,
+			0x47, 0xe8, 0x42, 0x90, 0x77, 0x23, 0x7a, 0xaa, 0x99,
+			0x53, 0x03, 0x63, 0x60, 0x59, 0x07, 0x52, 0x3c, 0xb5,
+			0x67, 0x59, 0xfe, 0x08, 0xe6, 0x43, 0x0f, 0x3b, 0x08,
+			0x7c, 0xc7, 0x07, 0x3c, 0xfa, 0x65, 0xea, 0x69, 0x51,
+			0x41, 0x31, 0xb3, 0x05, 0x69, 0xba, 0x2c, 0xbf, 0x89,
+			0x25, 0x9e, 0xfe, 0x07, 0x13, 0x78, 0x0e, 0x16, 0x54,
+			0xdf, 0x23, 0xdf, 0x10, 0x69, 0x79, 0xd0, 0x33, 0xd7,
+			0x21, 0x8b, 0xc8, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x74, 0x0a, 0xfa, 0xb1,
+			0x6f, 0xa3, 0xcb, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x4f, 0x00, 0x46, 0x6c,
+			0x42, 0x09, 0xe0, 0x30, 0x89, 0x08, 0x33, 0x9b, 0x7b,
+			0x7b, 0x0f, 0x69, 0x5c, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x91, 0xfc, 0xfe,
+			0x22, 0x82, 0x02, 0xcd, 0xfa, 0x97, 0xe8, 0x28, 0x1d,
+			0xbc, 0x13, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x47, 0xa1, 0x7e, 0xa2, 0x86,
+			0x4d, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x51, 0x35, 0x7d, 0x76, 0x8a, 0x58,
+			0x05, 0xb6, 0x39, 0xa1, 0x2f, 0xd7, 0xda, 0xaf, 0x00,
+			0xa0, 0x1a, 0x94, 0xd8, 0x23, 0x34, 0x99, 0x5c, 0xaf,
+			0xcc, 0x15, 0x4b, 0x56, 0xb2, 0xd2, 0x81, 0x07, 0xd3,
+			0xf3, 0x47, 0xa2, 0x45, 0x93, 0xcb, 0xae, 0xa7, 0x6b,
+			0x3f, 0xf9, 0xea, 0xfc, 0x0e, 0x64, 0xf2, 0x93, 0x7f,
+			0x24, 0x22, 0x73, 0x86, 0xc7, 0x2d, 0x75, 0x9b, 0x41,
+			0x8b, 0xfb, 0x3b, 0x26, 0x2a, 0xe5, 0x0b, 0xd4, 0x00,
+			0xe3, 0x2c, 0x69, 0x49, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x13, 0x58, 0x6e,
+			0xac, 0x43, 0xe5, 0x2b, 0x3b, 0x88, 0xdc, 0xd4, 0x41,
+			0xe8, 0xee, 0x4e, 0xc3, 0x28, 0x91, 0x17, 0x9a, 0x5a,
+			0xdb, 0x80, 0x8b, 0x4d, 0x64, 0xcc, 0xbe, 0x66, 0xa4,
+			0x62, 0xfb, 0x13, 0x44, 0x10, 0xd9, 0xe4, 0xd5, 0xa5,
+			0xae, 0x9e, 0x42, 0x50, 0xfc, 0x78, 0xad, 0xfa, 0xc4,
+			0xd0, 0x5a, 0x60, 0x9b, 0x45, 0x2b, 0x61, 0x5c, 0x57,
+			0xb5, 0x92, 0x28, 0xe9, 0xf5, 0x35, 0x67, 0xc1, 0x5e,
+			0xa8, 0x1c, 0x99, 0x36, 0x38, 0xb8, 0x5c, 0xff, 0x3d,
+			0xa0, 0xfc, 0xb0, 0xbc, 0x3d, 0x2c, 0xb4, 0x36, 0x17,
+			0xb4, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x39, 0x45, 0xa9, 0x2a, 0x6b, 0xa2,
+			0x24, 0x44, 0x30, 0xab, 0x2c, 0x82, 0x36, 0xdc, 0xd6,
+			0x36, 0x5d, 0x0a, 0xdc, 0xee, 0x0f, 0x2b, 0x28, 0x99,
+			0xdc, 0x67, 0x0d, 0xea, 0x6e, 0x42, 0xb9, 0x45, 0x7f,
+			0xd2, 0x96, 0x1e, 0x60, 0x42, 0xeb, 0x1e, 0x5f, 0x8e,
+			0xa9, 0xdc, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xd6, 0xbd, 0x4e, 0x1f, 0x42,
+			0x75, 0x1d, 0xe2, 0xc6, 0x11, 0xc9, 0x80, 0x1f, 0xfe,
+			0x99, 0x52, 0x4d, 0x7b, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xb7, 0xc3, 0xee,
+			0xd6, 0x94, 0xf5, 0x74, 0xa0, 0x69, 0xcd, 0x1f, 0x2b,
+			0xd0, 0x87, 0xf7, 0x8c, 0x69, 0xc5, 0x96, 0x70, 0x91,
+			0xe8, 0x3d, 0xd2, 0xcc, 0xf1, 0x4c, 0xcd, 0xe2, 0x14,
+			0x00, 0x10, 0x4a, 0xd9, 0x6a, 0x5d, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x4b,
+			0x79, 0x0c, 0xc4, 0x78, 0x5e, 0xc8, 0xc5, 0x37, 0x74,
+			0x6d, 0x50, 0x5c, 0x34, 0x1f, 0xe0, 0xf4, 0xe3, 0xe1,
+			0x86, 0x68, 0xb1, 0xea, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xae, 0xe4, 0x59,
+			0xa1, 0x08, 0x7e, 0x35, 0xa3, 0x16, 0xd2, 0xb0, 0xa3,
+			0xd4, 0xb0, 0x74, 0x8c, 0x05, 0x79, 0x73, 0xfb, 0xe6,
+			0x65, 0x96, 0x15, 0x07, 0xd5, 0xaf, 0x88, 0x9e, 0x6b,
+			0xf0, 0xbb, 0x3f, 0xe6, 0xd1, 0x6a, 0xe7, 0xc9, 0xae,
+			0xd9, 0xb0, 0x16, 0x1c, 0x40, 0xeb, 0xdb, 0xc1, 0xbf,
+			0x83, 0xdb, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0x96, 0xca, 0xd7, 0x22, 0x06,
+			0x87, 0x08, 0x9d, 0x65, 0x2f, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x95, 0x6c,
+			0xcc, 0xbf, 0x76, 0x2a, 0xea, 0x5c, 0x8e, 0x5b, 0x17,
+			0x0f, 0x75, 0x7b, 0xfa, 0xf9, 0xfb, 0xaa, 0x92, 0xc7,
+			0x7e, 0x63, 0x63, 0x54, 0xa4, 0xff, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xc0,
+			0xf5, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xe3, 0xa4, 0x79, 0x16, 0xf0, 0x6f,
+			0x90, 0x5e, 0xb7, 0xab, 0x6f, 0xab, 0x75, 0x3b, 0xe1,
+			0x4c, 0xa8, 0x0b, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x5f, 0x11, 0x22, 0x36,
+			0x71, 0x20, 0xd3, 0x5b, 0x5e, 0x07, 0x06, 0x76, 0x1a,
+			0xcc, 0x5e, 0x7c, 0x97, 0x7d, 0xb2, 0x6b, 0xf8, 0x39,
+			0x89, 0x37, 0xb6, 0x6d, 0xea, 0x74, 0x57, 0x28, 0xd7,
+			0x0e, 0x9b, 0xeb, 0x28, 0x88, 0x90, 0xfd, 0x2d, 0x16,
+			0x21, 0x74, 0x26, 0xc5, 0xb8, 0x44, 0xad, 0x9f, 0x97,
+			0xf9, 0x65, 0x36, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x59, 0x17, 0x49, 0xf9,
+			0xc7, 0xb3, 0x84, 0xb9, 0xe2, 0x95, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0x7f,
+			0x5f, 0xaa, 0xd7, 0xfd, 0x6a, 0x6a, 0x83, 0x14, 0x46,
+			0x1d, 0x12, 0x8d, 0x09, 0xc3, 0xa5, 0xca, 0x72, 0xa3,
+			0x25, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x25, 0x04, 0x51, 0xab, 0x22,
+			0xeb, 0xd7, 0x69, 0xc9, 0x22, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0x19, 0x5c,
+			0x1a, 0xfd, 0x41, 0x8f, 0x98, 0xc5, 0x71, 0xb8, 0x6f,
+			0x76, 0xae, 0xfa, 0x9b, 0x03, 0xab, 0x43, 0x81, 0x3b,
+			0x66, 0xae, 0xf0, 0xd2, 0xb7, 0xee, 0x9a, 0xe3, 0xae,
+			0x45, 0xc1, 0x86, 0xb0, 0xce, 0x9e, 0x2b, 0xec, 0xb8,
+			0xcf, 0xca, 0x0e, 0x8c, 0x33, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xef, 0xf7,
+			0xfc, 0xa1, 0x41, 0x49, 0xd3, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xe4,
+			0x0e, 0x24, 0xd2, 0x8a, 0x74, 0xc9, 0x56, 0x2e, 0x53,
+			0xc7, 0x7a, 0x38, 0x0f, 0x4b, 0xd9, 0xf9, 0x2f, 0xfa,
+			0x7d, 0xee, 0x14, 0x18, 0xce, 0x75, 0x42, 0x6c, 0x03,
+			0x34, 0xce, 0x80, 0xec, 0xf2, 0x05, 0xf0, 0xdf, 0xcd,
+			0xf8, 0xdb, 0x26, 0x7d, 0xb6, 0x3d, 0x28, 0x24, 0x7e,
+			0x7e, 0x39, 0x9f, 0xa6, 0xc6, 0xeb, 0x2a, 0xc8, 0x17,
+			0x94, 0xa9, 0x89, 0xf5, 0xdf, 0xcb, 0x77, 0xfd, 0xc9,
+			0x9e, 0x68, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x04, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x64, 0x1d,
+			0x66, 0xb0, 0x97, 0x06, 0xb6, 0x08, 0x5b, 0xe4, 0x17,
+			0x44, 0xd6, 0x94, 0x39, 0x6b, 0x03, 0x2c, 0xcb, 0x5a,
+			0x8d, 0x86, 0x08, 0x23, 0x4f, 0x95, 0xa8, 0x1a,
+		},
+	.msg_len = 64,
+	.msg =
+		(const u8[64]) {
+			0x1a, 0x84, 0x21, 0x0d, 0x35, 0x7a, 0x88, 0xc8,
+			0x6a, 0x11, 0xe3, 0x15, 0x24, 0xec, 0x0d, 0x2e,
+			0x76, 0xb9, 0xcf, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x25, 0x16, 0xae,
+			0x62, 0x42, 0xa0, 0x20, 0x68, 0x25, 0x3e, 0xb4,
+			0x75, 0xa7, 0x1d, 0x64, 0xc3, 0xd1, 0x08, 0x07,
+			0x67, 0xb6, 0xf7, 0x76, 0x76, 0xf6, 0xd6, 0x62,
+			0x66, 0x04, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x8f, 0x07, 0xac, 0xc8,
+			0x51, 0x77, 0xd9, 0x47, 0x5e, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x20,
+		},
+	.sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+	.sig =
+		(const u8[MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE]) {
+			0xda, 0xcf, 0x8d, 0x67, 0x59, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x39, 0x2d,
+			0x89, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0xf3, 0x8c, 0x70, 0xcf, 0x25, 0x86,
+			0x21, 0xa1, 0x9f, 0x20, 0x9e, 0xf5, 0xd2, 0xdd, 0xbd,
+			0x99, 0xfa, 0xe4, 0xab, 0x77, 0x31, 0x65, 0x18, 0xa1,
+			0xd1, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x70, 0x36, 0xe1, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0x28,
+			0xb6, 0x7d, 0x34, 0xae, 0x66, 0xc9, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0xc6,
+			0xf9, 0x45, 0x8c, 0xa9, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0xb8,
+			0xf9, 0xf5, 0xe2, 0x37, 0x79, 0x12, 0xda, 0xa7, 0x72,
+			0x9e, 0x0d, 0xf8, 0x88, 0x5b, 0x34, 0x49, 0x6c, 0xed,
+			0xa3, 0x7f, 0x86, 0xd3, 0xd9, 0x2f, 0x44, 0x08, 0x0d,
+			0xb7, 0xdb, 0x4a, 0xce, 0x02, 0x14, 0x02, 0xd6, 0x40,
+			0x75, 0xe3, 0xc0, 0x97, 0xfc, 0x6c, 0x6a, 0x88, 0x29,
+			0x0c, 0xe2, 0x3a, 0x2b, 0x28, 0x82, 0x8f, 0x27, 0x09,
+			0x69, 0x91, 0xc6, 0xc3, 0xb7, 0x07, 0x61, 0x86, 0x8d,
+			0x89, 0x8a, 0xd5, 0x00, 0x3b, 0x4b, 0xfc, 0x6f, 0xb3,
+			0x3f, 0x4c, 0x93, 0x31, 0xfc, 0x88, 0x53, 0x26, 0xea,
+			0xe5, 0x3a, 0xfc, 0xc1, 0x59, 0x16, 0xf0, 0xb7, 0xac,
+			0xde, 0x1e, 0xd8, 0x74, 0x85, 0x72, 0xd9, 0xbb, 0xbe,
+			0x76, 0x32, 0x25, 0x9d, 0x21, 0xbc, 0xfd, 0x8d, 0x32,
+			0xfe, 0xae, 0x24, 0xe5, 0x4a, 0xcc, 0x5d, 0x15, 0x23,
+			0xd3, 0x57, 0xe7, 0xa9, 0x2c, 0x31, 0xd7, 0xc5, 0x6b,
+			0x70, 0x6c, 0x22, 0x5a, 0x13, 0x1f, 0x76, 0x13, 0x78,
+			0x6f, 0xac, 0x42, 0x4c, 0x46, 0x81, 0xa2, 0x20, 0x91,
+			0x30, 0xed, 0xcb, 0x90, 0xfe, 0x3c, 0xa3, 0xc7, 0xb4,
+			0x1f, 0x21, 0x1d, 0x98, 0x74, 0x6a, 0x3e, 0xc8, 0xcc,
+			0xd2, 0x68, 0x87, 0x69, 0xa9, 0xdf, 0x50, 0xd5, 0x0a,
+			0x8e, 0x10, 0x54, 0xab, 0xea, 0x65, 0x2a, 0x52, 0xd7,
+			0x22, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x1e, 0xc3, 0x16, 0x58, 0x20, 0x18,
+			0x6d, 0x35, 0x46, 0x31, 0x43, 0x5d, 0x62, 0xfb, 0xb1,
+			0x47, 0x32, 0xfa, 0x14, 0xcc, 0x51, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0x99,
+			0x4f, 0x97, 0x0f, 0xca, 0x24, 0x93, 0x17, 0xea, 0xa3,
+			0xf3, 0x1f, 0xbe, 0xb5, 0xa3, 0xac, 0x80, 0xcc, 0x20,
+			0x3b, 0xa6, 0xd3, 0x32, 0x72, 0x4e, 0xd9, 0x25, 0xf9,
+			0xc2, 0x24, 0x15, 0xbd, 0x1e, 0x1e, 0x41, 0x8c, 0x18,
+			0x8c, 0x58, 0xe8, 0x75, 0x20, 0xff, 0xa3, 0xf4, 0xd4,
+			0xab, 0x75, 0x78, 0x4e, 0xbb, 0x7c, 0x94, 0x93, 0x28,
+			0x5b, 0x07, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0xc9, 0xf1, 0x55, 0x3e, 0x33,
+			0xed, 0xf8, 0x72, 0x55, 0xab, 0x5a, 0xea, 0xbe, 0x65,
+			0xfa, 0x81, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x9d, 0x2d, 0xfb, 0x04, 0x25,
+			0x7c, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xe2, 0xa3, 0x00, 0x44, 0xd3, 0x9d,
+			0xee, 0x4f, 0x80, 0x77, 0xfb, 0x26, 0x6b, 0x07, 0xd0,
+			0xff, 0x82, 0x39, 0x0e, 0x2b, 0x47, 0xa3, 0xe7, 0x3e,
+			0xc5, 0x4e, 0x15, 0x8a, 0x48, 0x28, 0xfb, 0xf7, 0xa4,
+			0x86, 0xfb, 0x77, 0x60, 0xcd, 0xc5, 0x68, 0x96, 0xd7,
+			0x4c, 0x3c, 0xf2, 0x51, 0x71, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x2e, 0x57,
+			0x10, 0xa7, 0xfc, 0xd1, 0xd4, 0x61, 0x71, 0x81, 0x85,
+			0x74, 0x09, 0x7d, 0x80, 0xd0, 0xc2, 0xe9, 0xff, 0xb7,
+			0x88, 0x53, 0x74, 0x1e, 0xb0, 0xca, 0x65, 0x48, 0x8e,
+			0xdb, 0x59, 0x3a, 0xcb, 0x80, 0xeb, 0xfd, 0xd2, 0xc9,
+			0x38, 0x43, 0xae, 0x76, 0xf2, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xb2, 0xcb,
+			0xe6, 0x85, 0x31, 0xb5, 0x62, 0xd4, 0x5e, 0x48, 0x08,
+			0xf1, 0x40, 0x5b, 0x16, 0x83, 0x5e, 0xa5, 0x9c, 0x6b,
+			0x91, 0x49, 0x44, 0xff, 0x3b, 0xa9, 0x2b, 0xf3, 0x06,
+			0x33, 0x9e, 0x6e, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x7e, 0x27, 0xa2, 0x59,
+			0x7b, 0xe3, 0xb6, 0xb4, 0x28, 0xeb, 0x93, 0x35, 0x87,
+			0xac, 0x0e, 0x0b, 0x7e, 0xbc, 0x35, 0x28, 0x72, 0x1f,
+			0x26, 0x59, 0xd0, 0x1f, 0x63, 0xe4, 0x86, 0x5d, 0x70,
+			0xf3, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0xb8, 0xcd, 0xb3, 0xf8, 0x8d, 0xaa,
+			0x41, 0xd2, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0x15, 0x66, 0x22, 0x83, 0x92,
+			0xe3, 0x0b, 0xf9, 0xea, 0xa0, 0x33, 0xa1, 0x4e, 0x92,
+			0xae, 0x81, 0x95, 0xa4, 0x58, 0x3f, 0xa9, 0x15, 0x52,
+			0xf9, 0xda, 0xb7, 0x10, 0x8d, 0xc6, 0xab, 0x77, 0xe9,
+			0xbe, 0xad, 0xc9, 0x3a, 0x6a, 0x8d, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x69,
+			0xff, 0x31, 0x49, 0x25, 0x04, 0xc8, 0x93, 0x6f, 0xc8,
+			0xe7, 0x60, 0x7a, 0x76, 0xb5, 0xc1, 0x07, 0xef, 0xa3,
+			0x39, 0xa6, 0xf2, 0x36, 0x04, 0xde, 0x3c, 0x4a, 0x4e,
+			0x96, 0xbd, 0x64, 0x26, 0x80, 0x01, 0x88, 0x47, 0xd2,
+			0xa4, 0x46, 0xcd, 0xe1, 0x30, 0x7f, 0xa3, 0x00, 0x11,
+			0x38, 0x55, 0xfa, 0xeb, 0x10, 0xeb, 0xa0, 0x65, 0x04,
+			0x09, 0xc8, 0xde, 0x9c, 0x73, 0xba, 0x0c, 0xbd, 0xd3,
+			0xa5, 0x84, 0x5e, 0xb9, 0x3b, 0xd4, 0x94, 0xbd, 0xa6,
+			0x53, 0xbe, 0x93, 0x69, 0x3e, 0xaa, 0x32, 0x31, 0x06,
+			0xc8, 0x1b, 0x4a, 0x48, 0xb5, 0x17, 0x85, 0xbf, 0x72,
+			0xec, 0xf5, 0x29, 0x8a, 0xd8, 0xeb, 0x99, 0x8b, 0x74,
+			0x84, 0x57, 0x8c, 0xe1, 0x85, 0x94, 0xa0, 0xbc, 0x7a,
+			0x14, 0xf0, 0xf4, 0x8b, 0x25, 0x37, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x34,
+			0x09, 0x71, 0xca, 0x5c, 0x9f, 0x08, 0x38, 0xd9, 0x9c,
+			0x0c, 0x0e, 0xcb, 0xe4, 0xad, 0x4b, 0x2a, 0x89, 0x67,
+			0xf8, 0x29, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x0e, 0x5d, 0xca, 0xfa, 0xa6,
+			0x6b, 0x0e, 0xb5, 0x94, 0x17, 0x71, 0xf0, 0xc9, 0xcd,
+			0x02, 0x1d, 0xa5, 0xd5, 0xc6, 0xa7, 0xbc, 0x5f, 0x6e,
+			0x67, 0x43, 0x68, 0xce, 0xac, 0x54, 0x81, 0x2a, 0x25,
+			0x22, 0x52, 0x35, 0xad, 0x7b, 0xd5, 0x06, 0x8c, 0x00,
+			0xfb, 0xca, 0xc4, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x1e, 0xc8, 0xeb, 0x77,
+			0xc1, 0x63, 0x23, 0x96, 0xbd, 0x35, 0xfa, 0x13, 0xae,
+			0xbf, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x69, 0x8d, 0xb3, 0xe3, 0x07, 0xde,
+			0x4e, 0xd0, 0x12, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0x36, 0x30, 0x46, 0xef,
+			0x92, 0x76, 0x17, 0x8f, 0x10, 0xe7, 0xba, 0x99, 0x4b,
+			0xdf, 0xad, 0xb8, 0x11, 0x80, 0xdf, 0xe7, 0xfd, 0x80,
+			0x64, 0xf7, 0x2a, 0xac, 0x60, 0x2a, 0x54, 0x8f, 0x4f,
+			0xaf, 0xaf, 0x60, 0xf9, 0x67, 0x20, 0x80, 0x53, 0x5c,
+			0xb6, 0x81, 0xa6, 0x2a, 0x74, 0x2d, 0xc5, 0x74, 0x2a,
+			0x95, 0x26, 0x13, 0x17, 0x01, 0xdd, 0x31, 0xac, 0x5a,
+			0x05, 0xda, 0xde, 0xba, 0xf6, 0x37, 0x13, 0x8d, 0xe4,
+			0xa8, 0x93, 0x46, 0x9e, 0xa9, 0x82, 0x24, 0x7e, 0xc8,
+			0xda, 0x63, 0x89, 0xcd, 0x33, 0xc9, 0xf7, 0xf9, 0x71,
+			0x35, 0xe6, 0xa5, 0x5f, 0x6b, 0x3b, 0xbb, 0x0c, 0xe0,
+			0xa4, 0x0b, 0xe3, 0x29, 0xc0, 0xae, 0x8e, 0xce, 0x03,
+			0x09, 0x73, 0x0e, 0x1e, 0x9c, 0xe9, 0x59, 0xb6, 0x8b,
+			0x78, 0x67, 0x32, 0x8b, 0xf1, 0x93, 0xcc, 0x72, 0x1b,
+			0x6f, 0xa2, 0xf1, 0x04, 0x9c, 0xfa, 0x98, 0x02, 0xca,
+			0xdf, 0x35, 0x3c, 0x38, 0xac, 0xa8, 0xdb, 0x90, 0xae,
+			0xaa, 0xf9, 0x70, 0xfb, 0xed, 0xbd, 0xa6, 0x25, 0x14,
+			0x58, 0x09, 0x8a, 0x36, 0xaf, 0x41, 0x09, 0x19, 0xcb,
+			0xd3, 0x25, 0x5d, 0x0e, 0xe6, 0x20, 0x14, 0x71, 0x24,
+			0x79, 0x19, 0x55, 0xaf, 0x51, 0x5b, 0xa4, 0xc0, 0x93,
+			0x9e, 0xdd, 0x88, 0x31, 0x13, 0x96, 0xbf, 0xca, 0x0a,
+			0xd7, 0xbc, 0xc4, 0x00, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x2d, 0x92, 0x79,
+			0xf9, 0x14, 0xdb, 0xd2, 0xba, 0x74, 0xfa, 0xa8, 0xe5,
+			0x40, 0x14, 0xc2, 0x56, 0x3c, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x07, 0x60,
+			0x86, 0x93, 0x51, 0x2e, 0xf9, 0x70, 0x61, 0x70, 0x0e,
+			0xa4, 0x87, 0x75, 0xcc, 0x6c, 0x72, 0xb7, 0x68, 0x23,
+			0xb7, 0x3d, 0x76, 0xaf, 0x96, 0x9b, 0x4a, 0xe5, 0x12,
+			0x28, 0x4a, 0x8f, 0x79, 0x34, 0xff, 0xec, 0x92, 0xeb,
+			0x6b, 0xaf, 0xc9, 0xbd, 0xc1, 0x77, 0x07, 0xd0, 0xfa,
+			0x55, 0x57, 0x10, 0x0c, 0xad, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x79, 0xd6,
+			0x09, 0x9e, 0x7d, 0x18, 0xd4, 0xd6, 0xdd, 0x72, 0x1a,
+			0x8f, 0x24, 0x11, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x52, 0x36, 0x0f, 0x38,
+			0x79, 0x38, 0x4a, 0x02, 0x4f, 0x73, 0x2a, 0xaa, 0x6a,
+			0xb5, 0x0c, 0x72, 0x32, 0x85, 0x21, 0x76, 0x1a, 0x8a,
+			0x7d, 0x51, 0x0e, 0xf1, 0xf9, 0x19, 0xfa, 0x6b, 0x9b,
+			0x22, 0x71, 0x8c, 0x13, 0xcc, 0xba, 0x7d, 0xee, 0xd8,
+			0x34, 0xf6, 0x85, 0x60, 0xe1, 0xe4, 0x59, 0x6e, 0x32,
+			0x60, 0xd9, 0xfa, 0xb7, 0x56, 0x54, 0x25, 0xd1, 0x73,
+			0x6a, 0xf2, 0xa0, 0xc7, 0xa0, 0x67, 0x10, 0x89, 0x9c,
+			0x27, 0x5f, 0x7f, 0x2e, 0x5a, 0x29, 0x70, 0x7a, 0x7b,
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+			0xcf, 0xe4, 0xe8, 0xec, 0x47, 0x09, 0xd8, 0x95, 0x9e,
+			0x3c, 0xda, 0x92, 0x41, 0x61, 0xf5, 0xc3, 0xec, 0x00,
+			0xe4, 0xa3, 0x0d, 0x4a, 0xb3, 0xf6, 0x82, 0x05, 0x38,
+			0x70, 0x6a, 0xd1, 0x28, 0x2c, 0xb3, 0xc6, 0xbb, 0x38,
+			0xb3, 0x06, 0x7f, 0xd6, 0x4c, 0xe7, 0xfb, 0xef, 0x0d,
+			0x52, 0x66, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0xa6, 0x6f, 0xe8, 0xd9, 0x42,
+			0x4f, 0xad, 0xe8, 0xe8, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x42, 0xd9,
+			0x66, 0x6e, 0xec, 0xfe, 0xf5, 0x91, 0xbf, 0x0a, 0x98,
+			0xd8, 0x7b, 0x23, 0x12, 0xa6, 0x04, 0xa8, 0xb3, 0x61,
+			0x13, 0x65, 0xc0, 0xe2, 0x82, 0xb9, 0xb2, 0x38, 0x07,
+			0x06, 0xca, 0x64, 0x6c, 0x23, 0x93, 0x60, 0x1d, 0x4d,
+			0x38, 0x5e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0x16, 0x4a, 0xfd, 0xb3, 0xcd,
+			0x84, 0x9c, 0xa5, 0xfa, 0x73, 0x2d, 0xcb, 0x87, 0x31,
+			0x3d, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0xeb, 0xa7, 0x56, 0x2f, 0x5b, 0x95,
+			0x9a, 0xc6, 0x82, 0x29, 0x86, 0x47, 0xe2, 0xc2, 0x84,
+			0x01, 0xaf, 0xc8, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xfb, 0x34, 0xba, 0x5d,
+			0x9d, 0xd1, 0x85, 0xd5, 0x1e, 0x63, 0xcb, 0x3c, 0xa8,
+			0xfa, 0x79, 0xef, 0x12, 0xa6, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xc5, 0x1d,
+			0x6a, 0xa7, 0x54, 0x58, 0x0c, 0xbe, 0x61, 0xe5, 0x96,
+			0x7f, 0x4a, 0x3b, 0x59, 0x32, 0x2d, 0x06, 0x44, 0x83,
+			0x5c, 0xad, 0xe9, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0xd7, 0x5b, 0x34, 0xa1,
+			0xa3, 0xad, 0x9a, 0xbf, 0xd5, 0x30, 0xf0, 0x22, 0xfc,
+			0x94, 0x7f, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0xca, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe7, 0xf2,
+			0x89, 0x2d, 0xda, 0xe6, 0x91, 0xa6, 0x27, 0x22, 0x74,
+			0x9f, 0xc6, 0x72, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0xa9, 0xfe, 0x7a, 0xf0,
+			0xa8, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x9f, 0xe9, 0x2a, 0x9b, 0x23, 0x9e,
+			0xb8, 0x2b, 0x29, 0x65, 0xa7, 0x5d, 0xbd, 0x10, 0xe4,
+			0x56, 0x02, 0x94, 0xdd, 0xd1, 0xab, 0x9b, 0x82, 0x2d,
+			0x8d, 0xf6, 0xd3, 0x65, 0x63, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x86, 0x61,
+			0x37, 0x9f, 0xdb, 0x4b, 0x34, 0x20, 0x0a, 0xca, 0x45,
+			0x6c, 0x06, 0xc4, 0x9c, 0x74, 0x4d, 0x83, 0x6a, 0x8d,
+			0xad, 0xc6, 0x61, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0xde, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0x8e,
+			0x33, 0xa2, 0xee, 0x99, 0xc7, 0xe4, 0x52, 0xb2, 0x44,
+			0x6f, 0x2f, 0x0f, 0x41, 0xa9, 0x1a, 0xd3, 0x96, 0x42,
+			0xc6, 0x49, 0x12, 0x6a, 0xf0, 0x29, 0xa9, 0x0c, 0x9c,
+			0x50, 0x5d, 0x1d, 0xd1, 0x42, 0x7e, 0x6f, 0x36, 0x48,
+			0x0f, 0x58, 0x14, 0x94, 0xc0, 0x10, 0x1e, 0xe0, 0xb2,
+			0xdd, 0xba, 0x57, 0x91, 0x4d, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xa6, 0x4c,
+			0x68, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xb3, 0x5d, 0x32, 0x13, 0xbe, 0xa8,
+			0xc3, 0xfb, 0xd4, 0x19, 0x40, 0xf5, 0x6f, 0x63, 0xa1,
+			0x07, 0xbf, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0xfc, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xa1, 0x33,
+			0x70, 0x07, 0x6d, 0xc5, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x39, 0xd6, 0xd7,
+			0x76, 0x6c, 0xfa, 0x1f, 0x04, 0xd6, 0x23, 0xbf, 0x66,
+			0x78, 0x92, 0x00, 0x11, 0x8a, 0x75, 0x67, 0x44, 0xa6,
+			0x7c, 0xd0, 0x14, 0xe6, 0xd0, 0x31, 0x6d, 0xdb, 0xc5,
+			0xb1, 0xa7, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xaf, 0x18, 0x7a, 0x26, 0x46,
+			0xad, 0x6d, 0x0c, 0xb6, 0xb5, 0xad, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0x60,
+			0x99, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xaf, 0x0e, 0x37, 0x15, 0xf9,
+			0x2b, 0x1a, 0x5f, 0xfb, 0xc9, 0xf8, 0xd4, 0xf0, 0x97,
+			0xd2, 0x91, 0xf4, 0x94, 0xa2, 0xd3, 0x3b, 0x8b, 0x0c,
+			0x22, 0xa0, 0xac, 0xb3, 0xb5, 0xdf, 0xf2, 0x27, 0x38,
+			0x47, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x6e, 0x8f, 0x98, 0x9e, 0xad, 0xb6,
+			0xf5, 0x0e, 0x17, 0x20, 0x35, 0x54, 0x6b, 0x73, 0xa6,
+			0x64, 0x65, 0xac, 0xb8, 0xc1, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0x07, 0x82,
+			0x93, 0x9d, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xe9, 0x0c, 0x51, 0x52, 0x85,
+			0x8b, 0x95, 0xa6, 0xb1, 0xce, 0xdc, 0xfa, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x08, 0x14, 0x1c, 0x23, 0x2a, 0x35,
+		},
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa87_testvector = {
+	.alg = MLDSA87,
+	.pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+	.pk =
+		(const u8[MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]) {
+			0xd4, 0x9d, 0xdc, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0x87, 0xa5, 0x54,
+			0x61, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xe0, 0x11, 0xc9, 0x1c, 0x78, 0x0a,
+			0xf1, 0x8a, 0xa8, 0xb2, 0xff, 0xb2, 0x9a, 0x2c, 0xe0,
+			0x86, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x86, 0xe0, 0xd9, 0x42, 0x54, 0x18,
+			0x3e, 0x4c, 0x96, 0x1a, 0xb4, 0xc7, 0x18, 0xcf, 0x7d,
+			0xca, 0xe2, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x81, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0xf8, 0x7b,
+			0xc4, 0x90, 0x50, 0xd5, 0xe8, 0xd3, 0xbc, 0x8b, 0xa8,
+			0x3e, 0xb0, 0x96, 0x65, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xa9, 0xab, 0x9c,
+			0x82, 0x5e, 0x6e, 0x8d, 0xf8, 0xc3, 0x6d, 0xe9, 0xbf,
+			0xbd, 0x30, 0xc9, 0xca, 0x47, 0x85, 0xae, 0x6f, 0x5d,
+			0x09, 0x4d, 0xd7, 0xdd, 0x05, 0x51, 0xe0, 0x9e, 0x94,
+			0x3b, 0x1d, 0xfa, 0x30, 0x57, 0xdc, 0x58, 0x48, 0xe5,
+			0x45, 0xf3, 0x34, 0x8a, 0x73, 0x66, 0x8a, 0xe0, 0x62,
+			0x3d, 0x0d, 0xfb, 0x13, 0x52, 0x25, 0xf5, 0xd3, 0x94,
+			0x15, 0x9d, 0xac, 0x6a, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x64, 0x91, 0x5b,
+			0xa3, 0xe2, 0xd0, 0x5c, 0xd2, 0xee, 0x52, 0xc0, 0x0c,
+			0x6c, 0x81, 0x34, 0x94, 0xfb, 0x87, 0xf6, 0x6b, 0x0f,
+			0x7e, 0x99, 0xa7, 0xaf, 0xb3, 0x74, 0xa7, 0xb6, 0x64,
+			0xd7, 0x36, 0x39, 0x3f, 0x7d, 0x0e, 0xc3, 0x76, 0xb3,
+			0x3a, 0xc9, 0x94, 0x6f, 0xc0, 0xaa, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xf1,
+			0x38, 0x8c, 0x62, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xbe, 0x8d, 0x32, 0xec,
+			0x05, 0xb9, 0x8d, 0xb0, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x8d, 0x61, 0xfa,
+			0x79, 0x55, 0x1d, 0xf2, 0xc3, 0x19, 0x15, 0x3b, 0x26,
+			0xef, 0xe5, 0xf3, 0x29, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x60, 0x68, 0xd3,
+			0x22, 0x57, 0xcd, 0x99, 0xe6, 0x22, 0x54, 0xdf, 0x02,
+			0xe4, 0xd5, 0xd2, 0x66, 0xce, 0x5a, 0x90, 0x13, 0x7e,
+			0x7c, 0xad, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0xb6, 0x93, 0x65, 0xda, 0x4b,
+			0xb6, 0x13, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x36, 0xaa, 0x2c, 0xbd, 0x60,
+			0x57, 0x98, 0x35, 0xa9, 0xe9, 0xad, 0xc5, 0x8e, 0x33,
+			0x47, 0x00, 0xe9, 0xf2, 0x1b, 0xe7, 0x5a, 0xd0, 0x55,
+			0x3b, 0x0e, 0x77, 0x09, 0x7e, 0x1f, 0x11, 0x0b, 0xf0,
+			0xe4, 0x07, 0x27, 0xe7, 0x72, 0xe9, 0x50, 0x9c, 0x9c,
+			0x84, 0xb0, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0x13, 0x79, 0xfa, 0x3f, 0x80,
+			0x96, 0xe2, 0x04, 0xde, 0x35, 0x5f, 0xa4, 0x4e, 0x8a,
+			0x12, 0x7a, 0xba, 0x53, 0x20, 0x36, 0x3d, 0xf0, 0x63,
+			0xb6, 0x14, 0xab, 0xce, 0x6b, 0x24, 0xfd, 0xc9, 0xd2,
+			0x52, 0xd9, 0xc0, 0x40, 0xdf, 0xdd, 0xd5, 0xc2, 0xa0,
+			0xf5, 0x74, 0x46, 0x17, 0xdc, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x68, 0xbd,
+			0x1a, 0x01, 0x33, 0xd0, 0x2f, 0xdc, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x4a,
+			0x08, 0x07, 0x98, 0x9f, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x70, 0x15, 0x1d,
+			0x58, 0x7f, 0x26, 0x30, 0x28, 0xe1, 0x17, 0x6d, 0x14,
+			0x0f, 0x01, 0x4a, 0x88, 0x3b, 0xf5, 0x70, 0x1d, 0x97,
+			0xd5, 0xda, 0x18, 0xa8, 0xb3, 0xa4, 0x0e, 0x04, 0x3f,
+			0xe8, 0x50, 0xf4, 0x87, 0x65, 0x75, 0x5a, 0x5d, 0x2f,
+			0x94, 0x63, 0x7a, 0xd0, 0x06, 0xce, 0xfb, 0xeb, 0x41,
+			0x65, 0xc9, 0x55, 0x38, 0x54, 0xd3, 0xc4, 0xac, 0x24,
+			0x46, 0x06, 0x2a, 0x87, 0xb1, 0x0f, 0x06, 0xd8, 0x1e,
+			0xa7, 0x35, 0xc4, 0xa3, 0xdc, 0x60, 0x80, 0x83, 0xe7,
+			0xf0, 0x74, 0xf6, 0xd6, 0xa7, 0x1d, 0x50, 0xff, 0xba,
+			0x82, 0xc0, 0xca, 0x72, 0x6b, 0xda, 0x4a, 0xcb, 0x3b,
+			0xe8, 0xa3, 0xaa, 0x32, 0x86, 0xc0, 0x94, 0x75, 0x2b,
+			0x2f, 0x44, 0xad, 0x5b, 0x8d, 0xab, 0xc2, 0x03, 0x55,
+			0xb1, 0x7e, 0x67, 0x07, 0x39, 0x33, 0x83, 0x67, 0xec,
+			0xbf, 0x52, 0xad, 0x55, 0x37, 0x3e, 0xa1, 0x41, 0xed,
+			0xa0, 0x91, 0xbf, 0x28, 0x1b, 0x04, 0x32, 0xbf, 0xf1,
+			0xb0, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x99, 0x98, 0x77, 0xee, 0x14, 0x13,
+			0x15, 0x13, 0xad, 0x1f, 0xb6, 0x6b, 0xcd, 0x3b, 0xb8,
+			0x75, 0x9a, 0x55, 0x9b, 0x0c, 0x6c, 0xf7, 0x7c, 0x21,
+			0x06, 0xb7, 0xf0, 0x43, 0x41, 0x96, 0xc1, 0x73, 0x44,
+			0x53, 0xd8, 0x18, 0x3e, 0x09, 0x4e, 0xc2, 0x5f, 0xa0,
+			0xd5, 0x18, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0xf4, 0xa0, 0xf8, 0x4d, 0xa7,
+			0x72, 0x7e, 0x85, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x7b, 0x51, 0xb0,
+			0xf1, 0x5e, 0x03, 0xcd, 0xe8, 0x5b, 0x83, 0x3f, 0x95,
+			0xe2, 0x0b, 0xa1, 0xc7, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x98, 0xcd, 0x95,
+			0xf4, 0xd4, 0xb8, 0x40, 0xff, 0x75, 0x54, 0x83, 0x3a,
+			0x2c, 0x64, 0x38, 0x10, 0xcb, 0x6d, 0xad, 0xf9, 0x91,
+			0xcb, 0xcf, 0xbe, 0xf6, 0xf7, 0x94, 0x15, 0xea, 0xaf,
+			0x37, 0x65, 0x7c, 0xd2, 0xff, 0x99, 0x79, 0xf8, 0x95,
+			0x27, 0x75, 0x09, 0x60, 0xa4, 0x6f, 0x06, 0x0f, 0x6c,
+			0x13, 0xdd, 0x32, 0x79, 0xa7, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xdd, 0x2c,
+			0x22, 0xc1, 0xee, 0xc3, 0x31, 0x59, 0xb1, 0x3d, 0xa1,
+			0x77, 0x69, 0xb5, 0xd6, 0xae, 0xd7, 0x86, 0xab, 0xa4,
+			0xdf, 0x9f, 0x36, 0xb4, 0xb2, 0xe6, 0x88, 0xd6, 0x45,
+			0x9b, 0x8b, 0x87, 0xbd, 0x27, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xd5, 0xac,
+			0xe9, 0x33, 0x80, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x21, 0x74, 0xe2,
+			0x0a, 0x5b, 0xd2, 0x37, 0xab, 0x6f, 0x48, 0x5e, 0x14,
+			0x76, 0x3a, 0x84, 0xf9, 0x34, 0x03, 0x74, 0x8d, 0x6c,
+			0xd8, 0xd4, 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xc8, 0x0c, 0xb5, 0x18, 0x12,
+			0xa5, 0x5a, 0x76, 0x4b, 0x5d, 0x1e, 0x75, 0x89, 0x3a,
+			0x01, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x1e, 0x5b, 0x98, 0x71, 0x7a, 0x15,
+			0x79, 0xff, 0x3d, 0x37, 0x5e, 0xc9, 0x56, 0xa5, 0x43,
+			0xe7, 0xd0, 0x2b, 0x63, 0xfb, 0x2f, 0x1a, 0x55, 0x37,
+			0x15, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x9a, 0x84, 0xf0, 0x07, 0x45, 0x2b,
+			0xa0, 0x9a, 0xb4, 0x60, 0x4d, 0x48, 0xd5, 0xee, 0x64,
+			0xf9, 0xe7, 0x4b, 0x1c, 0xb9, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xd1, 0x47,
+			0x4f, 0xca, 0x26, 0x32, 0xad, 0x7b, 0x2e, 0x7e, 0x54,
+			0x05, 0x96, 0x12, 0x29, 0xbc, 0xd3, 0x45, 0x4e, 0x05,
+			0x83, 0x6d, 0x30, 0x38, 0xd0, 0x3c, 0x46, 0xcd, 0xb6,
+			0x21, 0xb6, 0x5c, 0x2a, 0x40, 0x7a, 0x2e, 0x97, 0xd7,
+			0xbf, 0xa6, 0x55, 0x2a, 0xa6, 0x28, 0x54, 0xc4, 0x66,
+			0xbe, 0xf6, 0xea, 0xc1, 0x19, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0x52, 0x07,
+			0xcd, 0x90, 0x3f, 0x09, 0x23, 0x77, 0xf7, 0xc6, 0x03,
+			0xcc, 0x8b, 0x18, 0xac, 0x63, 0x6d, 0x2a, 0x01, 0x82,
+			0xad, 0x20, 0x11, 0x82, 0xf3, 0xfe, 0x2d, 0x53, 0x3f,
+			0x18, 0xb5, 0xbc, 0xf7, 0x0c, 0xa7, 0xca, 0x63, 0xfa,
+			0x77, 0x8a, 0x3c, 0xc1, 0xc4, 0xb0, 0x15, 0x4b, 0x08,
+			0xdd, 0xb3, 0xd2, 0x33, 0xc8, 0xc2, 0xaa, 0x1a, 0xe4,
+			0x9b, 0x1b, 0x18, 0x78, 0x07, 0x6c, 0x08, 0x28, 0x3f,
+			0xc6, 0xb7, 0x46, 0x8f, 0x8e, 0xc6, 0xff, 0xb1, 0x2d,
+			0x63, 0x12, 0x7c, 0xe5, 0xd8, 0xa5, 0xf8, 0x64, 0x76,
+			0xf7, 0x1b, 0xbc, 0x41, 0xad, 0xee, 0xe8, 0x6f, 0xd4,
+			0x13, 0xea, 0x59, 0x72, 0xfa, 0x04, 0xb4, 0x6e, 0x52,
+			0x3a, 0xff, 0x60, 0xa0, 0xd8, 0xdf, 0x41, 0x1a, 0x4e,
+			0xc8, 0x80, 0x2d, 0x29, 0x13, 0xd3, 0xd0, 0x55, 0x20,
+			0xb5, 0x33, 0x4f, 0x02, 0xd2, 0xea, 0xca, 0x94, 0x99,
+			0xdf, 0x3c, 0xfd, 0xe5, 0x2b, 0x45, 0x04, 0x85, 0xfe,
+			0x87, 0x42, 0x53, 0x11, 0x62, 0x2f, 0xcf, 0x05, 0x35,
+			0x29, 0x6a, 0xa5, 0x37, 0x80, 0x9b, 0x4a, 0x44, 0x3c,
+			0x6d, 0xe1, 0xd3, 0x88, 0x6a, 0xe7, 0x6f, 0x45, 0xfc,
+			0x99, 0x33, 0xe4, 0x18, 0x62, 0x19, 0x36, 0x37, 0x6f,
+			0xe9, 0x37, 0xbb, 0x86, 0xa2, 0x07, 0xec, 0xbc, 0x33,
+			0x0d, 0x0a, 0x18, 0x30, 0x13, 0xcf, 0x36, 0x31, 0x2f,
+			0xd2, 0xf6, 0x7e, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0x95, 0x71, 0xc8, 0x40,
+			0x1f, 0x34, 0xf1, 0x95, 0xde, 0x3e, 0xe1, 0xb7, 0xef,
+			0x26, 0x1e, 0x20, 0x78, 0xf8, 0x9a, 0x24, 0xbc, 0x7f,
+			0x64, 0x30, 0x42, 0x63, 0x77, 0x89, 0x96, 0xf8, 0x9b,
+			0x60, 0x51, 0xb3, 0x02, 0x7a, 0x64, 0x19, 0xd3, 0x13,
+			0x98, 0xcd, 0xb6, 0x1e, 0x68, 0x82, 0x9b, 0x23, 0x44,
+			0x3e, 0xa8, 0x57, 0xf5, 0x4d, 0xd8, 0xea, 0x93, 0x84,
+			0x4e, 0x56, 0x18, 0xb7, 0x94, 0x02, 0xfa, 0x6e, 0x8e,
+			0xa0, 0x75, 0xd2, 0xb4, 0xbb, 0x50, 0x6f, 0x3f, 0x58,
+			0xe2, 0x28, 0xb6, 0x87, 0xd6, 0xc5, 0xe0, 0x76, 0xa6,
+			0xc6, 0x5b, 0xed, 0x6b, 0x48, 0xd4, 0x25, 0xd3, 0x5f,
+			0x64, 0xab, 0xe3, 0x5a, 0xae, 0x69, 0xe8, 0x06, 0xff,
+			0xef, 0x67, 0x0b, 0x49, 0xe4, 0xe8, 0x31, 0xee, 0x1a,
+			0x35, 0x86, 0x0c, 0x81, 0x8a, 0x1f, 0x7f, 0x06, 0x20,
+			0x66, 0x81, 0x8b, 0xfb, 0xdc, 0x99, 0x78, 0x7b, 0x43,
+			0x84, 0x35, 0xa7, 0x4f, 0x27, 0xb5, 0xc9, 0x44, 0xbf,
+			0x05, 0x59, 0xce, 0x4c, 0xe5, 0xaa, 0x18, 0x37, 0x32,
+			0x5b, 0x41, 0x62, 0x89, 0x0a, 0xec, 0x0a, 0xae, 0x67,
+			0xcf, 0x0b, 0xef, 0xf6, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x13, 0x1d, 0xf8,
+			0x8b, 0x20, 0x5f, 0x2c, 0x55, 0x75, 0xec, 0xf4, 0x9d,
+			0x2d, 0x0d, 0x0d, 0xb7, 0x88, 0x71, 0xf7, 0xc6, 0xf8,
+			0x65, 0x1a, 0xba, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0x53, 0xd2, 0x80, 0x92,
+			0x72, 0x14, 0xce, 0x68, 0xb8, 0xf4, 0x78, 0x4b, 0x92,
+			0xee, 0x15, 0xfc, 0xd4, 0xe0, 0x89, 0x49, 0x82, 0xf8,
+			0x7f, 0xce, 0xf6, 0xce, 0x86, 0xfa, 0xa5, 0xd9, 0x3a,
+			0xfb, 0xef, 0xa8, 0xd9, 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xb5, 0xe2, 0x29,
+			0x31, 0x6f, 0x5f, 0xa7, 0x34, 0x58, 0x49, 0x07, 0x9c,
+			0x4d, 0x74, 0x46, 0xb6, 0xd5, 0x0c, 0x3c, 0x26, 0x4b,
+			0xee, 0x37, 0x9c, 0x92, 0xa2, 0x37, 0x95, 0x35, 0x71,
+			0xee, 0x46, 0xdd, 0xef, 0xd0, 0xf2, 0xd4, 0xef, 0xe0,
+			0xdb, 0x28, 0xf4, 0x5d, 0x12, 0xe0, 0x85, 0x4a, 0x3c,
+			0x5b, 0x2f, 0xd8, 0x9c, 0x9a, 0xcf, 0x6f, 0x01, 0xe7,
+			0x1b, 0x2e, 0x41, 0x5d, 0x5d, 0xdd, 0xdd, 0xb6, 0x6d,
+			0xb3, 0x7d, 0xbc, 0x33, 0x50, 0xc5, 0xaf, 0x1b, 0xee,
+			0x33, 0xc4, 0x42, 0x46, 0xca, 0xe2, 0x00, 0xe9, 0xc9,
+			0xec, 0x9e, 0x9b, 0x67, 0xba, 0x39, 0x3c, 0xc5, 0xa1,
+			0x7d, 0xac, 0x9e, 0xbe, 0x67, 0x92, 0x20, 0x5b, 0x36,
+			0x85, 0xde, 0xdd, 0xd3, 0xec, 0x4e, 0x82, 0x03, 0x4a,
+			0x44, 0x6e, 0xee, 0x9c, 0xd0, 0x13, 0x9e, 0x98, 0x6f,
+			0x77, 0xd8, 0xfe, 0xb7, 0x54, 0x01, 0x15, 0xcd, 0xd3,
+			0x31, 0xf5, 0xd7, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x4d, 0x4f, 0x18, 0xd2,
+			0x8f, 0x80, 0xb6, 0x46, 0x80, 0xa7, 0xa8, 0x8c, 0xf2,
+			0x64, 0x4f, 0x40, 0x8a, 0x64, 0x96, 0x2c, 0x1e, 0xd2,
+			0x3c, 0xe9, 0x50, 0xc4, 0x86, 0xd9, 0x19, 0x93, 0x7a,
+			0xba, 0x95, 0x35, 0x35, 0xe3, 0x4d, 0x83, 0xda, 0x15,
+			0x09, 0x87, 0xb8, 0x1a, 0x54, 0x6f, 0x61, 0xdd, 0x55,
+			0x01, 0xe1, 0x39, 0x1c, 0xb2, 0xac, 0x8c, 0x15, 0x82,
+			0x7c, 0xa6, 0x69, 0x54, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x5c, 0x0c, 0x79,
+			0xaf, 0x85, 0x71, 0x2d, 0xff, 0xc0, 0xf2, 0x40, 0xbb,
+			0x05, 0x31, 0x31, 0x00, 0x8d, 0x0c, 0x40, 0x11, 0x88,
+			0xf2, 0x91, 0x9f, 0x7a, 0x8e, 0x99, 0x82, 0x72, 0xd8,
+			0x45, 0x08, 0x83, 0x5c, 0x2b, 0x73, 0x46, 0xd6, 0x54,
+			0x9a, 0x3d, 0x42, 0x48, 0x67, 0x19, 0x2b, 0x19, 0xae,
+			0x0c, 0x16, 0x08, 0xa4, 0xec, 0x7e, 0x15, 0xad, 0x4f,
+			0xa9, 0xbd, 0x4f, 0x09, 0xf0, 0xc2, 0x9f, 0xb5, 0xb7,
+			0xff, 0x96, 0xf9, 0xf9, 0xc6, 0x5d, 0x57, 0x07, 0xe8,
+			0xf2, 0x7c, 0x95, 0xa0, 0x8a, 0x15, 0x8b, 0x34, 0x84,
+			0xb5, 0x28, 0x7a, 0xf5, 0x04, 0xb8, 0xcb, 0x5e, 0x77,
+			0x4d, 0xdd, 0x14, 0x8d, 0xa6, 0xe2, 0x45, 0x44, 0xfd,
+			0xd0, 0x9c, 0x41, 0x10, 0xfc, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0x2c, 0xda,
+			0x6b, 0xfe, 0xf9, 0xff, 0x65, 0xe7, 0x66, 0x40, 0x69,
+			0x0c, 0x09, 0x99, 0xaf, 0x02, 0xd0, 0x85, 0x55, 0xcc,
+			0x0d, 0x59, 0xaa, 0xb6, 0x37, 0x9b, 0x58, 0xfa, 0xb5,
+			0xc5, 0xcd, 0xd5, 0x1c, 0xf9, 0x9f, 0x31, 0x4c, 0x8a,
+			0x78, 0xca, 0x1e, 0x22, 0xdc, 0x33, 0x64, 0xce, 0x56,
+			0x6d, 0x57, 0xe9, 0xbd, 0xe0, 0xdd, 0x23, 0x22, 0x9c,
+			0x70, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0x46, 0x08, 0xc5, 0xa6, 0x85, 0x34,
+			0x5f, 0x9c, 0x96, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0xb4, 0x2f, 0xbb, 0x47,
+			0xdc, 0x38, 0xad, 0xb7, 0x92, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x93, 0xf4,
+			0x7f, 0xe6, 0x64, 0xa5, 0xb3, 0x9e, 0xdd, 0xdb, 0x99,
+			0x8e, 0xca, 0x82, 0x4f, 0x77, 0xf7, 0xff, 0x92, 0xd3,
+			0x48, 0xe0, 0x80, 0x71, 0x14, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x77, 0x1b,
+			0x58, 0xbd, 0xb6, 0xb6, 0xe5, 0xb0, 0xa8, 0x16, 0xe7,
+			0x4c, 0xc2, 0x5e, 0x40, 0xbc, 0x9f, 0x77, 0x76, 0x98,
+			0xf7, 0x00, 0xd1, 0xdf, 0x3c, 0x2e, 0x16, 0x4f, 0xe7,
+			0x91, 0xec, 0xeb, 0xfb, 0xa1, 0x9f, 0x66, 0x6d, 0xef,
+			0xaf, 0x36, 0xd8, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x7e, 0x2f, 0x51, 0x3b,
+			0x75, 0x56, 0x1d, 0x33, 0xee, 0x4b, 0xcf, 0x98, 0xb3,
+			0x9f, 0x4f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0x2a, 0xb9, 0x4e, 0x4b, 0xe0,
+			0x39, 0x60, 0xd5, 0x7c, 0xaa, 0x28, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x27,
+			0xd8, 0x09, 0x85, 0x6d, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x8a, 0xee, 0x84,
+			0xbe, 0x48, 0xf9, 0x62, 0x78, 0x8a, 0x4d, 0x2a, 0x80,
+			0x2f, 0x6f, 0xc9, 0xa7, 0xb5, 0x56, 0xbb, 0x58, 0xc2,
+			0xb9, 0xd0, 0xfe, 0x8d, 0x68, 0x86, 0x2b, 0x7b, 0xf0,
+			0x01, 0x57, 0xff, 0xaf, 0x88, 0xad, 0x53, 0xf9, 0x63,
+			0xfe, 0xf4, 0x5a, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x0f, 0x90,
+			0x63, 0xcf, 0xfe, 0x08, 0xbc, 0x8c, 0x5a, 0x9c, 0xac,
+			0x8b, 0x0a, 0x94, 0x17, 0x25, 0xae, 0x87, 0xa7, 0x1d,
+			0x3f, 0x28, 0xfe, 0x45, 0x3e, 0x48, 0xef, 0x19, 0x4a,
+			0xbe, 0xc6, 0xd5, 0x64, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0xf5, 0xd2, 0x3a,
+			0x03, 0xe0, 0x50, 0x31, 0x7e, 0xdf, 0xd5, 0x15, 0xc6,
+			0xb6, 0xb2, 0x1e, 0x44, 0x6a, 0x0f, 0x67, 0xf2, 0x34,
+			0x69, 0xb9, 0xd2, 0x51, 0xeb, 0x86, 0xab, 0x7e, 0x60,
+			0x68, 0xe4, 0xc2, 0x4b, 0x8b, 0xa2, 0xc6, 0x78, 0xb2,
+			0x61, 0xa1, 0xe5, 0xb6, 0x33, 0x47, 0x3f, 0xfa, 0xde,
+			0x5b, 0x6b, 0x95, 0x89, 0x51, 0xbb, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0x00,
+			0x1d, 0xad, 0xfc, 0x7a, 0x47, 0xc8, 0xa0, 0x69, 0xa6,
+			0xa3, 0x3f, 0xa9, 0xdb, 0xd8, 0xe4, 0x0d, 0x2c, 0xba,
+			0x26, 0x2c, 0xa6, 0x82, 0x62, 0x5a, 0x1e, 0x9f, 0xa8,
+			0x24, 0x9d, 0xe5, 0xc7, 0xcf, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x68, 0xe1,
+			0xc0, 0x04, 0xad, 0xde, 0x00, 0x5b, 0x57, 0x35, 0x2b,
+			0x9a, 0x9b, 0xe5, 0x90, 0x31, 0x8a, 0x5b, 0xea, 0xe5,
+			0xf6, 0x73, 0x02, 0xc1, 0x33, 0xaf, 0xe7, 0x61, 0x6c,
+			0x04, 0x8c, 0x08, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0xa2, 0x18, 0x51, 0x39,
+			0x1a, 0x61, 0x2c, 0x8c, 0x7d, 0x11, 0xb8, 0x2e, 0x38,
+			0xb7, 0xe0, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0xf4, 0x31, 0x72,
+			0xcb, 0xd6, 0xec, 0xbc, 0xe9, 0x36, 0x2e, 0x2b, 0x63,
+			0xea, 0xa1, 0xab, 0xf8, 0x11, 0xe7, 0x31, 0xad, 0xe4,
+			0xcb, 0x23, 0xe4, 0x64, 0x54, 0x50, 0x4f, 0x15, 0x8b,
+			0x58, 0xa4, 0xa1, 0x35, 0xea, 0x73, 0x3e, 0xc3, 0x3e,
+			0x31, 0x81, 0x80, 0x53, 0x6a, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xd8,
+			0x8f, 0xe7, 0x50, 0x2d, 0x99, 0x69, 0x32, 0xfa, 0x4e,
+			0xb4, 0xf9, 0x89, 0x18, 0xbe, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x7a, 0x0f,
+			0x34, 0xc5, 0xd9, 0x28, 0xff, 0x93, 0x3a, 0x13, 0x22,
+			0xe6, 0xdb, 0x5c, 0xfe, 0x51, 0x05, 0xaf, 0xa3, 0xcd,
+			0x17, 0x01, 0xd1, 0x84, 0x76, 0x23, 0xff, 0x91, 0xc4,
+			0x6b, 0xc7, 0xa8, 0x77, 0xe0, 0xda, 0x45, 0xef, 0xd7,
+			0x13, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x7c, 0x74, 0x7e, 0x66, 0xbb, 0x9f,
+			0x48, 0x35, 0x56, 0xa8, 0x08, 0x41, 0xf7, 0xa7, 0xe3,
+			0x60, 0xa6, 0xce, 0x73, 0xdf, 0x73, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xbd,
+			0x7b, 0xb4, 0xde, 0x31, 0xe6, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x3e, 0x93,
+			0xd2, 0x69, 0xb5, 0xb9, 0xbe, 0x9f, 0xf4, 0x0d, 0xd8,
+			0x82, 0xc1, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0xf3, 0x23, 0x1c, 0xe7, 0xff,
+			0xac, 0xb2, 0x79, 0xe3, 0x62, 0x6a, 0xb7, 0x85, 0x08,
+			0xda, 0x4a, 0x3f, 0x22, 0x62, 0x2b, 0xcd, 0xb7, 0x59,
+			0xf5, 0x82, 0xef, 0x08, 0x7f, 0xb5, 0xa0, 0x6c, 0xba,
+			0x61, 0x45, 0x8f, 0xf4, 0xa2, 0x66, 0x83, 0x72, 0x65,
+			0x34, 0x34, 0x68, 0x99, 0xf5, 0x99, 0xc9, 0x52, 0x6a,
+			0xc2, 0x7f, 0xde, 0x25, 0xa3, 0x7b, 0xce, 0xa3, 0xde,
+			0x6d, 0x62, 0x98, 0x84, 0xe4, 0x2a, 0xe1, 0x1c, 0xa9,
+			0x0b, 0x7e, 0x45, 0xd3, 0x78, 0x40, 0x85, 0x61, 0x9d,
+			0xce, 0xcd, 0xfd, 0x7b, 0x66, 0x92, 0x5f, 0xb9, 0x37,
+			0x04, 0xea, 0xec, 0x37, 0x32, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0x3e, 0x5e,
+			0x37, 0xcd, 0xe3, 0x81, 0x92, 0x69, 0xdf, 0xa1, 0xb9,
+			0x8c, 0x44, 0x43, 0xae, 0xcd, 0xe5, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xb9,
+			0x2f, 0x1e, 0xbc, 0xf2, 0xd1, 0x88, 0x93, 0xde, 0x6a,
+			0x8a, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0xdc, 0x5b, 0xd2, 0xdd, 0xe8,
+			0xca, 0x0a, 0x95, 0x45, 0x9f, 0xd8, 0x8c, 0xfd, 0xe0,
+			0xc3, 0xbd, 0x0e, 0xa0, 0xbd, 0x72, 0xa7, 0x77, 0x9a,
+			0x79, 0xd9, 0x15, 0xad, 0x50, 0x13, 0xa7, 0x41, 0xc7,
+			0xd1, 0xec, 0x2f, 0x45, 0x14, 0x02, 0xb7, 0x8e, 0x51,
+			0x76, 0xd4, 0x2f, 0x1c, 0xea, 0x9c, 0x6d, 0x35, 0x1c,
+			0xa7, 0xeb, 0xd7, 0x79, 0xe4, 0x35, 0xbc, 0x02, 0xa6,
+			0xd0, 0x58, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0xea, 0x90, 0x16, 0x53, 0x3c,
+			0xc5, 0xda, 0x36, 0x4f, 0x61, 0x4a, 0x1b, 0xfa, 0x15,
+			0x52, 0x0d, 0x3d, 0x73, 0xc5, 0xfe, 0x2a, 0xa2, 0x4a,
+			0x6e, 0x95, 0x99, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0xb2, 0xfc, 0x22, 0xbe,
+			0x45, 0x10, 0x5a, 0xc5, 0x38, 0xa0, 0xc1, 0xba, 0x46,
+			0x6d, 0x8e, 0xbe, 0x0b, 0x5f, 0xf6, 0x6f, 0xbb, 0x4d,
+			0x22, 0xf5, 0x95, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x8d, 0xde,
+			0x86, 0xaf, 0x3f, 0x08, 0x24, 0x56, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0xfc,
+			0xeb, 0xa1, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x66, 0x45, 0x03, 0x8b, 0x04,
+			0x12, 0x80, 0x34, 0xf9, 0xf4, 0x64, 0xbf, 0xb9, 0x3d,
+			0xd7, 0x34, 0xe4, 0xc8, 0x8e, 0x86, 0xc9, 0x73, 0x21,
+			0x7f, 0x30, 0x01, 0xc8, 0xd2, 0x91, 0x8d, 0xc4, 0xca,
+			0xd5, 0x59, 0xac, 0xd7, 0xb4, 0xfb, 0x98, 0xfb, 0xc4,
+			0x48, 0x82, 0x93, 0xc6, 0x58, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0xdf, 0x3f,
+			0x07, 0x5a, 0x94, 0x89, 0xc6, 0xbe, 0x1a, 0x19, 0x63,
+			0x8b, 0xa8, 0x0c, 0x20, 0xae, 0x9a, 0x1b, 0xd3, 0x45,
+			0xa0, 0xd9, 0x8c, 0xbb, 0x67, 0xa0, 0x54, 0x86, 0x9b,
+			0x7b, 0xa8, 0x16, 0x6f, 0xa4, 0x59, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x34,
+			0xb5, 0xa7, 0x1b, 0x3f, 0xda, 0xc6, 0x80, 0x19, 0xdc,
+			0xc2, 0xee, 0xeb, 0xd9, 0x96, 0xdc, 0x4f, 0xec, 0x02,
+			0xde, 0x34, 0x43, 0x5a, 0x37, 0xc8, 0xdf, 0x3b, 0x53,
+			0x82, 0xfa, 0xf8, 0x8a, 0x32, 0x97, 0x1e, 0xf6, 0x0e,
+			0x7d, 0x39, 0xe0, 0xdb, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0x56,
+			0x13, 0xbc, 0xe9, 0x38, 0x92, 0x76, 0xff, 0x2b, 0xc2,
+			0xa0, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x8c, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x7f, 0x6d, 0x80,
+			0x06, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0xb7, 0x1b, 0xac, 0xc4, 0x68,
+			0x61, 0x11, 0x15, 0xb7, 0xee, 0x8d, 0x66, 0x34, 0x9f,
+			0x18, 0x03, 0x88, 0xd1, 0x04, 0xd0, 0x86, 0xc0, 0xca,
+			0x2a, 0xe1, 0x1b, 0x47, 0x18, 0xc9, 0x97, 0xed, 0x1f,
+			0x99, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x20, 0x3f, 0xf6, 0x43, 0x96, 0x30,
+			0x8b, 0xa5, 0xcb, 0x2e, 0xc5, 0xdb, 0x26, 0xc0, 0xf6,
+			0x48, 0x07, 0x3a, 0x28, 0x3e, 0x35, 0x38, 0x50, 0x80,
+			0xdf, 0x80, 0xfa, 0x12, 0x92, 0x83, 0x55, 0xde, 0x31,
+		},
+	.msg_len = 64,
+	.msg =
+		(const u8[64]) {
+			0x48, 0x11, 0x92, 0xb3, 0xaa, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0x14,
+			0xdc, 0x46, 0xd6, 0xbf, 0x26, 0xb2, 0x66, 0xc5,
+			0xd8, 0xc4, 0x69, 0x9f, 0x67, 0x50, 0x67, 0xc0,
+			0x3b, 0x8d, 0xc5, 0xb5, 0x68, 0x59, 0x6f, 0x9c,
+			0xd4, 0xf2, 0x49, 0xfb, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0xbf, 0xc5,
+			0x3c, 0xee, 0x3b, 0x03, 0x25, 0x6c, 0x51, 0x94,
+			0xb3, 0xd4, 0xdb, 0x2a, 0xbd, 0x26, 0xef, 0x58,
+			0xb3, 0x91, 0x62, 0x81, 0x1b, 0x29, 0x9c, 0x12,
+		},
+	.sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+	.sig =
+		(const u8[MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE]) {
+			0xba, 0x08, 0xf3, 0x0c, 0xa1, 0x48, 0xad, 0x67, 0x12,
+			0x68, 0x51, 0x9b, 0xa4, 0x21, 0x66, 0x8d, 0xea, 0x0a,
+			0x71, 0x4f, 0x4c, 0xab, 0x1b, 0x42, 0x84, 0xb7, 0x9c,
+			0x78, 0xa9, 0x18, 0xd9, 0xe8, 0x08, 0x8f, 0xee, 0xf7,
+			0x4b, 0xcf, 0x0e, 0xcd, 0xf6, 0x36, 0xcf, 0xd5, 0xa1,
+			0x5e, 0x59, 0xc6, 0x8c, 0x6c, 0x4d, 0xfe, 0xfa, 0xfa,
+			0xbc, 0x52, 0x3a, 0x35, 0xba, 0xd9, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0x26,
+			0x73, 0xbd, 0x64, 0x93, 0xe7, 0x83, 0x76, 0xc4, 0xf8,
+			0x4b, 0xa9, 0x91, 0x8c, 0xd2, 0xf5, 0x08, 0xe6, 0x58,
+			0xcd, 0xfb, 0x90, 0xc1, 0x84, 0x72, 0x77, 0x72, 0x47,
+			0x5f, 0xcb, 0x7f, 0x74, 0x85, 0x56, 0xba, 0x73, 0x86,
+			0xc1, 0x32, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xc5, 0x60, 0x2c, 0x91, 0x99,
+			0x09, 0x03, 0xcb, 0xe6, 0xa4, 0xae, 0x0b, 0xdc, 0x15,
+			0x70, 0x4c, 0x91, 0xa9, 0x9e, 0x5e, 0x63, 0x5c, 0x24,
+			0xc9, 0x26, 0x39, 0x56, 0xe4, 0x6c, 0x2c, 0x65, 0xf8,
+			0x0b, 0x4f, 0x56, 0x8f, 0x1e, 0x74, 0xda, 0x31, 0xad,
+			0x8f, 0x1b, 0xa7, 0xb1, 0xb3, 0x9b, 0x48, 0x09, 0x08,
+			0xdd, 0xe1, 0x25, 0x20, 0xa4, 0xc7, 0x12, 0xd4, 0xb0,
+			0xa0, 0xcb, 0x90, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0xc1, 0x8b, 0xbc, 0x9d,
+			0xcf, 0x78, 0xfc, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x0b, 0x7e, 0x82,
+			0x94, 0x80, 0x0e, 0x70, 0x77, 0xce, 0x63, 0x1c, 0x43,
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+			0x27, 0xd4, 0x99, 0x50, 0x6b, 0xde, 0x6d, 0x02, 0x65,
+			0x12, 0x88, 0xe6, 0x80, 0x13, 0x5e, 0xad, 0xb1, 0xef,
+			0xe7, 0x77, 0x19, 0xc9, 0x63, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x41, 0x40,
+			0x76, 0xc8, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0x08, 0x88, 0xdb, 0x44, 0x6c,
+			0x10, 0x74, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0x86, 0x8c, 0x61, 0x95, 0x19,
+			0x76, 0x1f, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0x6e, 0x08, 0x9f, 0x43,
+			0xb9, 0x66, 0x2b, 0x88, 0x27, 0x48, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x9e,
+			0x83, 0x72, 0x9a, 0x43, 0x06, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0x9e, 0xba,
+			0xd5, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x1b, 0xe4, 0x4e, 0x39, 0x0a, 0x37,
+			0x5b, 0x2f, 0x8c, 0xa8, 0xbd, 0x3c, 0xfe, 0xb2, 0x59,
+			0x5b, 0x5f, 0x5a, 0x05, 0x67, 0xc8, 0xec, 0x71, 0x5d,
+			0xb5, 0x77, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0x1c, 0xb7, 0xac, 0x90, 0xf6,
+			0xd3, 0xb7, 0x61, 0x65, 0xbe, 0x29, 0x8f, 0x27, 0x65,
+			0x9a, 0x9a, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x82, 0xee, 0x10, 0xb9, 0x60,
+			0xff, 0x9f, 0x5a, 0xbe, 0x09, 0x72, 0x63, 0x79, 0x60,
+			0x50, 0x84, 0x18, 0xc9, 0xc5, 0x0d, 0x43, 0xce, 0x29,
+			0x80, 0x72, 0x83, 0x12, 0x73, 0x13, 0x44, 0xec, 0x25,
+			0xe5, 0x15, 0x70, 0xe2, 0x7f, 0x6b, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x58,
+			0x57, 0x06, 0xdc, 0xae, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x38, 0x4c, 0xbf,
+			0x1c, 0x42, 0xb2, 0x63, 0x9c, 0xfb, 0xae, 0xc0, 0xdf,
+			0xd3, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0x9b, 0xe9, 0x66, 0x77, 0x70,
+			0x47, 0x6c, 0x8b, 0x5b, 0xc1, 0x87, 0x7a, 0x63, 0xa3,
+			0x13, 0xfc, 0x2d, 0x16, 0xd3, 0xe2, 0x00, 0xe9, 0x94,
+			0x11, 0xf2, 0x28, 0xda, 0x0b, 0x58, 0x09, 0x2d, 0x59,
+			0x2d, 0xb5, 0x25, 0x99, 0xca, 0x63, 0xc9, 0x96, 0xa3,
+			0x17, 0x2a, 0x0e, 0x22, 0x2c, 0x5f, 0x8d, 0x53, 0xc4,
+			0xd1, 0x3d, 0x4e, 0x20, 0xdc, 0x44, 0x18, 0xd2, 0xd8,
+			0x5c, 0x9a, 0x78, 0x0a, 0x53, 0xa8, 0x73, 0x7d, 0x98,
+			0xc0, 0xba, 0xfb, 0xfe, 0x27, 0xd4, 0x82, 0x87, 0xd4,
+			0x4d, 0xc0, 0xe3, 0xd1, 0xd0, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xd3, 0x04,
+			0xfd, 0x11, 0xf4, 0x57, 0xc2, 0xcc, 0xcf, 0xa9, 0xe6,
+			0xc5, 0x09, 0x4d, 0xcc, 0x36, 0x69, 0x26, 0x35, 0x8c,
+			0xe8, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xdd, 0x5a, 0x5f, 0xaf, 0xda, 0x38,
+			0x07, 0x33, 0xfb, 0xf8, 0xfb, 0xf9, 0x62, 0x4a, 0x75,
+			0xad, 0xc3, 0x95, 0xd3, 0x6e, 0x5b, 0xe3, 0x10, 0x2f,
+			0x31, 0xaf, 0xcd, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x84, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0x66,
+			0x3f, 0x10, 0xeb, 0xa2, 0xe2, 0xfa, 0xc7, 0xd3, 0x91,
+			0x83, 0x48, 0xbb, 0x3a, 0x6c, 0xe4, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x36,
+			0x44, 0xc5, 0x07, 0x07, 0x9b, 0x9d, 0x51, 0x3e, 0x74,
+			0xc5, 0x35, 0x8a, 0x10, 0x9c, 0x0d, 0x81, 0xf3, 0x10,
+			0x0f, 0x29, 0xaf, 0x01, 0x5d, 0x6f, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x9a,
+			0xf8, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0x57, 0xfc, 0x25, 0x5c, 0x02, 0x15,
+			0x43, 0x0b, 0x60, 0x21, 0xf3, 0xb1, 0x43, 0x9a, 0x41,
+			0xa0, 0xc1, 0x1b, 0x7a, 0x88, 0x97, 0xfd, 0x27, 0x56,
+			0xf7, 0x48, 0x1f, 0xb6, 0x9a, 0xa2, 0xb1, 0xc5, 0xab,
+			0x30, 0xa1, 0x14, 0x91, 0xef, 0x14, 0xe3, 0x01, 0x73,
+			0xf3, 0x8d, 0xfa, 0xd7, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x13, 0x5d, 0x66,
+			0xfb, 0x1c, 0x4b, 0x2e, 0x94, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0x10, 0x5b,
+			0x2a, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x98, 0x73, 0x9d, 0xcd, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+			0x79, 0xb6, 0xef, 0x8e, 0xf8, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x32, 0x0d,
+			0xec, 0x6a, 0x04, 0xea, 0x81, 0xd7, 0x63, 0xbd, 0x01,
+			0x77, 0x3e, 0x52, 0x30, 0x88, 0x3a, 0x9e, 0x04, 0xdf,
+			0x42, 0x8b, 0x40, 0x23, 0xa9, 0x5a, 0x97, 0x21, 0x55,
+			0xce, 0x72, 0x21, 0x45, 0x40, 0x01, 0x66, 0x63, 0x1d,
+			0xab, 0x37, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x75, 0x56, 0xc2, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+			0x9e, 0xa5, 0x85, 0xc2, 0x0b, 0x51, 0x80, 0xae, 0x0c,
+			0xb3, 0xde, 0xa4, 0xb5, 0xa3, 0xa3, 0x00, 0xe1, 0xc9,
+			0x09, 0xee, 0xab, 0xbb, 0x36, 0x78, 0x5b, 0x3f, 0x45,
+			0x3d, 0xf6, 0xe8, 0x7e, 0xa3, 0xd7, 0x24, 0x78, 0xdf,
+			0xbc, 0x9f, 0xe4, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x22, 0xb8, 0x76, 0xb0,
+			0x6a, 0xc1, 0x35, 0x66, 0xfe, 0xaf, 0xf1, 0xb4, 0x44,
+			0x5e, 0xe0, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x80, 0xf8, 0xa8, 0x5f, 0x59,
+			0x91, 0xa4, 0x4f, 0xc0, 0x58, 0xb1, 0x2d, 0xc9, 0x6a,
+			0xcd, 0x62, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x89, 0x9d, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x48,
+			0x5f, 0x23, 0x46, 0x21, 0x8a, 0x49, 0xc0, 0x16, 0x07,
+			0x4d, 0xd9, 0x26, 0xbe, 0x86, 0xfb, 0x06, 0xbd, 0x41,
+			0xc5, 0xd8, 0x87, 0xf6, 0x94, 0xb1, 0xef, 0xed, 0xab,
+			0xfb, 0x93, 0x48, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0x22, 0xbc, 0x2b, 0x24,
+			0xb4, 0x86, 0x33, 0x9b, 0xd6, 0x09, 0x46, 0x85, 0x81,
+			0x89, 0xa9, 0x30, 0x13, 0xfa, 0x08, 0x55, 0xfc, 0xe5,
+			0xfb, 0xc8, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x31, 0x4c, 0x9e, 0x1c, 0xff,
+			0x80, 0x10, 0x77, 0x5f, 0xf1, 0x07, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x88,
+			0xb9, 0xeb, 0x48, 0xfe, 0x18, 0x48, 0xf3, 0xaf, 0xfd,
+			0x7d, 0x0c, 0x9f, 0x30, 0x11, 0xcb, 0xed, 0xfc, 0x31,
+			0xf5, 0x6e, 0x72, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0xa5, 0x1d, 0x89,
+			0x89, 0x8b, 0xc6, 0x2c, 0xaf, 0xa6, 0xef, 0xbd, 0xb4,
+			0xc2, 0xa0, 0x97, 0x74, 0xd0, 0x4d, 0x72, 0xb7, 0xe8,
+			0x24, 0xba, 0x5e, 0x53, 0x4b, 0x91, 0xc1, 0xe4, 0x14,
+			0x22, 0x50, 0xb2, 0xc3, 0x84, 0xf4, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xa4,
+			0x99, 0xda, 0x82, 0x55, 0x8e, 0x38, 0xb4, 0x0c, 0x21,
+			0xe5, 0x91, 0x30, 0xc7, 0x80, 0x55, 0xf1, 0x69, 0xde,
+			0xd7, 0x82, 0xf3, 0x08, 0xd3, 0x16, 0x69, 0xe7, 0xd4,
+			0xeb, 0xfc, 0x9b, 0x8f, 0xd6, 0xfc, 0xf9, 0x9f, 0x95,
+			0xb3, 0x90, 0xa6, 0x12, 0x21, 0x53, 0x50, 0xd5, 0x3e,
+			0x2b, 0x46, 0x14, 0x52, 0x20, 0x1c, 0x33, 0xed, 0xdd,
+			0x58, 0x81, 0x92, 0x37, 0xe5, 0x99, 0x77, 0xfa, 0x29,
+			0x28, 0x49, 0x07, 0xc8, 0xe2, 0x41, 0x8f, 0x77, 0x3b,
+			0xb4, 0x8c, 0x34, 0x3e, 0x80, 0xcb, 0xcf, 0x73, 0x4d,
+			0xfc, 0x78, 0x60, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x86, 0xc3, 0x4d, 0xa7,
+			0x40, 0x9c, 0x03, 0x72, 0x46, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0x74, 0xdf,
+			0x5a, 0x47, 0x8d, 0xbc, 0xc1, 0x5b, 0x10, 0x3e, 0x7e,
+			0x09, 0x3d, 0xdb, 0x0c, 0xc4, 0x3b, 0x12, 0xbf, 0x66,
+			0xe2, 0xb7, 0x4c, 0x1a, 0x81, 0x58, 0x63, 0x39, 0x72,
+			0xde, 0xfa, 0x5d, 0xcc, 0x2c, 0x69, 0x11, 0x0a, 0x5f,
+			0xb9, 0xbc, 0xda, 0x80, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xa2, 0x02, 0x6c,
+			0xc1, 0x15, 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x14, 0xd0, 0x36, 0xad,
+			0xdb, 0xb7, 0x77, 0xd6, 0x99, 0x94, 0xf5, 0xa5, 0xac,
+			0xce, 0x9a, 0x23, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0xa4, 0x97, 0x7e, 0x41,
+			0xc1, 0x65, 0xc7, 0x94, 0xfa, 0x07, 0x1d, 0x9a, 0x87,
+			0xba, 0xee, 0xef, 0x99, 0x92, 0xaa, 0x41, 0x29, 0x03,
+			0xe3, 0x01, 0x17, 0x42, 0xed, 0x11, 0x68, 0x44, 0x02,
+			0xca, 0x81, 0x4b, 0x33, 0x81, 0x64, 0x30, 0x95, 0x7f,
+			0x81, 0x17, 0xe6, 0x59, 0x0b, 0x4e, 0xf3, 0x4a, 0x72,
+			0x0c, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x44, 0xe2, 0x9e, 0x45, 0x29,
+			0x88, 0xb4, 0xda, 0x9b, 0x9f, 0x3e, 0x92, 0x9a, 0x0b,
+			0x21, 0x2a, 0xd4, 0xa0, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xbd, 0x06, 0x6d,
+			0x71, 0x3c, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xdc, 0x19, 0xd7, 0x8f, 0x21,
+			0x01, 0x25, 0xa5, 0x15, 0x62, 0x43, 0xfa, 0xdf, 0xb9,
+			0x33, 0x23, 0xd3, 0xa2, 0xab, 0xb1, 0x7e, 0x4e, 0x5e,
+			0x46, 0xbd, 0x76, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x88, 0x5f, 0x85, 0x03,
+			0x43, 0x57, 0xd6, 0x3a, 0xf2, 0xcc, 0x9d, 0xbc, 0x2c,
+			0x67, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0xda, 0xe8, 0x39, 0x61, 0x68, 0x6d,
+			0xcf, 0xeb, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x58, 0x61, 0x68, 0x6d, 0x78,
+			0xa6, 0xad, 0xb6, 0x16, 0x70, 0x89, 0x49, 0x59, 0x62,
+			0x76, 0xc1, 0xc3, 0xc8, 0xce, 0xe2, 0xfc, 0x42, 0x51,
+			0x8d, 0xc8, 0xf1, 0x03, 0x17, 0x36, 0x55, 0x8c, 0x8e,
+			0x98, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x3c, 0x4c, 0x63, 0x81, 0x97, 0xc5,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+			0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x16, 0x19, 0x23, 0x28, 0x30,
+			0x37,
+		},
+};
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a8a88d04f2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/*
+ * KUnit tests and benchmark for ML-DSA
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+#include <crypto/mldsa.h>
+#include <kunit/test.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
+#include <linux/unaligned.h>
+
+#define Q 8380417 /* The prime q = 2^23 - 2^13 + 1 */
+
+/* ML-DSA parameters that the tests use */
+static const struct {
+	int sig_len;
+	int pk_len;
+	int k;
+	int lambda;
+	int gamma1;
+	int beta;
+	int omega;
+} params[] = {
+	[MLDSA44] = {
+		.sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+		.pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+		.k = 4,
+		.lambda = 128,
+		.gamma1 = 1 << 17,
+		.beta = 78,
+		.omega = 80,
+	},
+	[MLDSA65] = {
+		.sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+		.pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+		.k = 6,
+		.lambda = 192,
+		.gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+		.beta = 196,
+		.omega = 55,
+	},
+	[MLDSA87] = {
+		.sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+		.pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+		.k = 8,
+		.lambda = 256,
+		.gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+		.beta = 120,
+		.omega = 75,
+	},
+};
+
+#include "mldsa-testvecs.h"
+
+static void do_mldsa_and_assert_success(struct kunit *test,
+					const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+	int err = mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+			       tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, err, 0);
+}
+
+static u8 *kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(struct kunit *test, const u8 *src, size_t len)
+{
+	u8 *dst = kunit_kmalloc(test, len, GFP_KERNEL);
+
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, dst);
+	return memcpy(dst, src, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test that changing coefficients in a valid signature's z vector results in
+ * the following behavior from mldsa_verify():
+ *
+ *  * -EBADMSG if a coefficient is changed to have an out-of-range value, i.e.
+ *    absolute value >= gamma1 - beta, corresponding to the verifier detecting
+ *    the out-of-range coefficient and rejecting the signature as malformed
+ *
+ *  * -EKEYREJECTED if a coefficient is changed to a different in-range value,
+ *    i.e. absolute value < gamma1 - beta, corresponding to the verifier
+ *    continuing to the "real" signature check and that check failing
+ */
+static void test_mldsa_z_range(struct kunit *test,
+			       const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+	u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+	const int lambda = params[tv->alg].lambda;
+	const s32 gamma1 = params[tv->alg].gamma1;
+	const int beta = params[tv->alg].beta;
+	/*
+	 * We just modify the first coefficient.  The coefficient is gamma1
+	 * minus either the first 18 or 20 bits of the u32, depending on gamma1.
+	 *
+	 * The layout of ML-DSA signatures is ctilde || z || h.  ctilde is
+	 * lambda / 4 bytes, so z starts at &sig[lambda / 4].
+	 */
+	u8 *z_ptr = &sig[lambda / 4];
+	const u32 z_data = get_unaligned_le32(z_ptr);
+	const u32 mask = (gamma1 << 1) - 1;
+	/* These are the four boundaries of the out-of-range values. */
+	const s32 out_of_range_coeffs[] = {
+		-gamma1 + 1,
+		-(gamma1 - beta),
+		gamma1,
+		gamma1 - beta,
+	};
+	/*
+	 * These are the two boundaries of the valid range, along with 0.  We
+	 * assume that none of these matches the original coefficient.
+	 */
+	const s32 in_range_coeffs[] = {
+		-(gamma1 - beta - 1),
+		0,
+		gamma1 - beta - 1,
+	};
+
+	/* Initially the signature is valid. */
+	do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+	/* Test some out-of-range coefficients. */
+	for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(out_of_range_coeffs); i++) {
+		const s32 c = out_of_range_coeffs[i];
+
+		put_unaligned_le32((z_data & ~mask) | (mask & (gamma1 - c)),
+				   z_ptr);
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+				mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+					     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+	}
+
+	/* Test some in-range coefficients. */
+	for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(in_range_coeffs); i++) {
+		const s32 c = in_range_coeffs[i];
+
+		put_unaligned_le32((z_data & ~mask) | (mask & (gamma1 - c)),
+				   z_ptr);
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EKEYREJECTED,
+				mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+					     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+	}
+}
+
+/* Test that mldsa_verify() rejects malformed hint vectors with -EBADMSG. */
+static void test_mldsa_bad_hints(struct kunit *test,
+				 const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+	const int omega = params[tv->alg].omega;
+	const int k = params[tv->alg].k;
+	u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+	/* Pointer to the encoded hint vector in the signature */
+	u8 *hintvec = &sig[tv->sig_len - omega - k];
+	u8 h;
+
+	/* Initially the signature is valid. */
+	do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+	/* Cumulative hint count exceeds omega */
+	memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+	hintvec[omega + k - 1] = omega + 1;
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+	/* Cumulative hint count decreases */
+	memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_GE(test, hintvec[omega + k - 2], 1);
+	hintvec[omega + k - 1] = hintvec[omega + k - 2] - 1;
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+	/*
+	 * Hint indices out of order.  To test this, swap hintvec[0] and
+	 * hintvec[1].  This assumes that the original valid signature had at
+	 * least two nonzero hints in the first element (asserted below).
+	 */
+	memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_GE(test, hintvec[omega], 2);
+	h = hintvec[0];
+	hintvec[0] = hintvec[1];
+	hintvec[1] = h;
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+	/*
+	 * Extra hint indices given.  For this test to work, the original valid
+	 * signature must have fewer than omega nonzero hints (asserted below).
+	 */
+	memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_LT(test, hintvec[omega + k - 1], omega);
+	hintvec[omega - 1] = 0xff;
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa_mutation(struct kunit *test,
+				const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+	const int sig_len = tv->sig_len;
+	const int msg_len = tv->msg_len;
+	const int pk_len = tv->pk_len;
+	const int num_iter = 200;
+	u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, sig_len);
+	u8 *msg = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->msg, msg_len);
+	u8 *pk = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->pk, pk_len);
+
+	/* Initially the signature is valid. */
+	do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+	/* Changing any bit in the signature should invalidate the signature */
+	for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+		size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(sig_len);
+		u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+		sig[pos] ^= b;
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+				mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+					     msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+		sig[pos] ^= b;
+	}
+
+	/* Changing any bit in the message should invalidate the signature */
+	for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+		size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(msg_len);
+		u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+		msg[pos] ^= b;
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+				mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+					     msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+		msg[pos] ^= b;
+	}
+
+	/* Changing any bit in the public key should invalidate the signature */
+	for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+		size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(pk_len);
+		u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+		pk[pos] ^= b;
+		KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+				mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+					     msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+		pk[pos] ^= b;
+	}
+
+	/* All changes should have been undone. */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, 0,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg, msg_len, pk,
+				     pk_len));
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa(struct kunit *test, const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+	/* Valid signature */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, tv->sig_len, params[tv->alg].sig_len);
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, tv->pk_len, params[tv->alg].pk_len);
+	do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+	/* Signature too short */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len - 1, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+	/* Signature too long */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len + 1, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+	/* Public key too short */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len - 1));
+
+	/* Public key too long */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len + 1));
+
+	/*
+	 * Message too short.  Error is EKEYREJECTED because it gets rejected by
+	 * the "real" signature check rather than the well-formedness checks.
+	 */
+	KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EKEYREJECTED,
+			mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+				     tv->msg_len - 1, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+	/*
+	 * Can't simply try (tv->msg, tv->msg_len + 1) too, as tv->msg would be
+	 * accessed out of bounds.  However, ML-DSA just hashes the message and
+	 * doesn't handle different message lengths differently anyway.
+	 */
+
+	/* Test the validity checks on the z vector. */
+	test_mldsa_z_range(test, tv);
+
+	/* Test the validity checks on the hint vector. */
+	test_mldsa_bad_hints(test, tv);
+
+	/* Test randomly mutating the inputs. */
+	test_mldsa_mutation(test, tv);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa44(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	test_mldsa(test, &mldsa44_testvector);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa65(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	test_mldsa(test, &mldsa65_testvector);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa87(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	test_mldsa(test, &mldsa87_testvector);
+}
+
+static s32 mod(s32 a, s32 m)
+{
+	a %= m;
+	if (a < 0)
+		a += m;
+	return a;
+}
+
+static s32 symmetric_mod(s32 a, s32 m)
+{
+	a = mod(a, m);
+	if (a > m / 2)
+		a -= m;
+	return a;
+}
+
+/* Mechanical, inefficient translation of FIPS 204 Algorithm 36, Decompose */
+static void decompose_ref(s32 r, s32 gamma2, s32 *r0, s32 *r1)
+{
+	s32 rplus = mod(r, Q);
+
+	*r0 = symmetric_mod(rplus, 2 * gamma2);
+	if (rplus - *r0 == Q - 1) {
+		*r1 = 0;
+		*r0 = *r0 - 1;
+	} else {
+		*r1 = (rplus - *r0) / (2 * gamma2);
+	}
+}
+
+/* Mechanical, inefficient translation of FIPS 204 Algorithm 40, UseHint */
+static s32 use_hint_ref(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2)
+{
+	s32 m = (Q - 1) / (2 * gamma2);
+	s32 r0, r1;
+
+	decompose_ref(r, gamma2, &r0, &r1);
+	if (h == 1 && r0 > 0)
+		return mod(r1 + 1, m);
+	if (h == 1 && r0 <= 0)
+		return mod(r1 - 1, m);
+	return r1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test that for all possible inputs, mldsa_use_hint() gives the same output as
+ * a mechanical translation of the pseudocode from FIPS 204.
+ */
+static void test_mldsa_use_hint(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+		const s32 gamma2 = (Q - 1) / (i == 0 ? 88 : 32);
+
+		for (u8 h = 0; h < 2; h++) {
+			for (s32 r = 0; r < Q; r++) {
+				KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+						mldsa_use_hint(h, r, gamma2),
+						use_hint_ref(h, r, gamma2));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa(struct kunit *test,
+			    const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+	const int warmup_niter = 200;
+	const int benchmark_niter = 200;
+	u64 t0, t1;
+
+	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK))
+		kunit_skip(test, "not enabled");
+
+	for (int i = 0; i < warmup_niter; i++)
+		do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+	t0 = ktime_get_ns();
+	for (int i = 0; i < benchmark_niter; i++)
+		do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+	t1 = ktime_get_ns();
+	kunit_info(test, "%llu ops/s",
+		   div64_u64((u64)benchmark_niter * NSEC_PER_SEC,
+			     t1 - t0 ?: 1));
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa44(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa44_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa65(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa65_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa87(struct kunit *test)
+{
+	benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa87_testvector);
+}
+
+static struct kunit_case mldsa_kunit_cases[] = {
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa44),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa65),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa87),
+	KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa_use_hint),
+	KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa44),
+	KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa65),
+	KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa87),
+	{},
+};
+
+static struct kunit_suite mldsa_kunit_suite = {
+	.name = "mldsa",
+	.test_cases = mldsa_kunit_cases,
+};
+kunit_test_suite(mldsa_kunit_suite);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("KUnit tests and benchmark for ML-DSA");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
-- 
2.52.0

Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification

[David Howells]

I'm seeing:

	ERROR: modpost: module mldsa_kunit uses symbol mldsa_use_hint from namespace EXPORTED_FOR_KUNIT_TESTING, but does not import it.

I have this in my .config:

	CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA=m
	CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST=m

The problem appears to be here:

	#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST)
	/* Allow the __always_inline function use_hint() to be unit-tested. */
	s32 mldsa_use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2)
	{
		return use_hint(h, r, gamma2);
	}
	EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT(mldsa_use_hint);
	#endif

It works if EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT() is changed to EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL().

David

Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification

[Eric Biggers]

On Wed, Dec 03, 2025 at 09:01:15AM +0000, David Howells wrote:
> I'm seeing:
> 
> 	ERROR: modpost: module mldsa_kunit uses symbol mldsa_use_hint from namespace EXPORTED_FOR_KUNIT_TESTING, but does not import it.
> 

Yep, sorry for the trouble.  mldsa_kunit.c needs:

    MODULE_IMPORT_NS("EXPORTED_FOR_KUNIT_TESTING");

Would be nice if the kunit_test_suite() macro did that so that test
authors don't have to remember to add the namespace import separately.
But maybe there's a reason why they need to be separate.

- Eric

Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support

[David Howells]

Give or take fixing the symbol export build failure:

Reviewed-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Tested-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>

Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support

[Harald Freudenberger]

On 2025-12-03 08:28, Eric Biggers wrote:
> This series can also be retrieved from:
> 
>     git fetch
> https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiggers/linux.git
> mldsa-v3
> 
> This series adds support for verifying ML-DSA signatures to 
> lib/crypto/.
> Patch 1 is the ML-DSA implementation itself.  See that for full 
> details.
> Patch 2 adds the KUnit test suite.
> 
> The initial use case for this will be kernel module signature
> verification.  For more details, see David Howells' patchset
> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-crypto/20251120104439.2620205-1-dhowells@redhat.com/
> 
> Changed in v3:
> - Moved SHAKE128 block buffer off the stack
> - Reworked use_hint() again, simplifying it further
> - Added unit test for use_hint()
> - Moved some of the reduction logic into invntt_and_mul_2_32() and
>   simplified it slightly
> - Updated Zq_mult() to not rely on signed integer overflow having
>   defined behavior, though this is unnecessary in the kernel
> - Formatted the documented return values into a list
> - Other minor tweaks
> 
> Changed in v2:
> - Reworked the KUnit test suite
> - Improved commit messages and comments
> - Added missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION() and MODULE_LICENSE()
> - Made the return values of mldsa_verify() differentiate between an
>   input being malformed and the "real" signature check failing
> - Refactored w1 encoding into a helper function
> - Used kfree() instead of kfree_sensitive()
> - Avoided unusal C syntax by accessing the hint vector via 'u8 *'
> - Reworked use_hint() to be better optimized and documented
> 
> Eric Biggers (2):
>   lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
>   lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification
> 
>  include/crypto/mldsa.h            |   60 +
>  lib/crypto/Kconfig                |    7 +
>  lib/crypto/Makefile               |    5 +
>  lib/crypto/mldsa.c                |  652 ++++++++++
>  lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig          |    9 +
>  lib/crypto/tests/Makefile         |    1 +
>  lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1887 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c    |  437 +++++++
>  8 files changed, 3058 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
>  create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c
>  create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
>  create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
> 
> 
> base-commit: 3f9f0252130e7dd60d41be0802bf58f6471c691d

Hi Eric, I pulled your branch but it does not build (on s390):

[root@b83lp71 ebiggers-linux]# make
   CALL    scripts/checksyscalls.sh
   MODPOST Module.symvers
ERROR: modpost: module mldsa_kunit uses symbol mldsa_use_hint from 
namespace EXPORTED_FOR_KUNIT_TESTING, but does not import it.
make[2]: *** [scripts/Makefile.modpost:147: Module.symvers] Error 1
make[1]: *** [/ext/ebiggers-linux/Makefile:1963: modpost] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:248: __sub-make] Error 2
[root@b83lp71 ebiggers-linux]#

any ideas?

Harald Freudenberger

Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support

[David Howells]

Harald Freudenberger <freude@linux.ibm.com> wrote:

> ERROR: modpost: module mldsa_kunit uses symbol mldsa_use_hint from namespace
> EXPORTED_FOR_KUNIT_TESTING, but does not import it.

Change EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_KUNIT() in patch 1 to EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL().

David