* Re: [PATCH v8 04/23] slab: add sheaf support for batching kfree_rcu() operations
From: Jon Hunter @ 2025-11-27 11:38 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Daniel Gomez, Vlastimil Babka, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Liam R. Howlett, Christoph Lameter, David Rientjes
Cc: Roman Gushchin, Harry Yoo, Uladzislau Rezki, Sidhartha Kumar,
linux-mm, linux-kernel, rcu, maple-tree, linux-modules,
Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin,
Lucas De Marchi, linux-tegra@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <0406562e-2066-4cf8-9902-b2b0616dd742@kernel.org>
On 31/10/2025 21:32, Daniel Gomez wrote:
>
>
> On 10/09/2025 10.01, Vlastimil Babka wrote:
>> Extend the sheaf infrastructure for more efficient kfree_rcu() handling.
>> For caches with sheaves, on each cpu maintain a rcu_free sheaf in
>> addition to main and spare sheaves.
>>
>> kfree_rcu() operations will try to put objects on this sheaf. Once full,
>> the sheaf is detached and submitted to call_rcu() with a handler that
>> will try to put it in the barn, or flush to slab pages using bulk free,
>> when the barn is full. Then a new empty sheaf must be obtained to put
>> more objects there.
>>
>> It's possible that no free sheaves are available to use for a new
>> rcu_free sheaf, and the allocation in kfree_rcu() context can only use
>> GFP_NOWAIT and thus may fail. In that case, fall back to the existing
>> kfree_rcu() implementation.
>>
>> Expected advantages:
>> - batching the kfree_rcu() operations, that could eventually replace the
>> existing batching
>> - sheaves can be reused for allocations via barn instead of being
>> flushed to slabs, which is more efficient
>> - this includes cases where only some cpus are allowed to process rcu
>> callbacks (Android)
>>
>> Possible disadvantage:
>> - objects might be waiting for more than their grace period (it is
>> determined by the last object freed into the sheaf), increasing memory
>> usage - but the existing batching does that too.
>>
>> Only implement this for CONFIG_KVFREE_RCU_BATCHED as the tiny
>> implementation favors smaller memory footprint over performance.
>>
>> Also for now skip the usage of rcu sheaf for CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT as the
>> contexts where kfree_rcu() is called might not be compatible with taking
>> a barn spinlock or a GFP_NOWAIT allocation of a new sheaf taking a
>> spinlock - the current kfree_rcu() implementation avoids doing that.
>>
>> Teach kvfree_rcu_barrier() to flush all rcu_free sheaves from all caches
>> that have them. This is not a cheap operation, but the barrier usage is
>> rare - currently kmem_cache_destroy() or on module unload.
>>
>> Add CONFIG_SLUB_STATS counters free_rcu_sheaf and free_rcu_sheaf_fail to
>> count how many kfree_rcu() used the rcu_free sheaf successfully and how
>> many had to fall back to the existing implementation.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
>
> Hi Vlastimil,
>
> This patch increases kmod selftest (stress module loader) runtime by about
> ~50-60%, from ~200s to ~300s total execution time. My tested kernel has
> CONFIG_KVFREE_RCU_BATCHED enabled. Any idea or suggestions on what might be
> causing this, or how to address it?
>
I have been looking into a regression for Linux v6.18-rc where time
taken to run some internal graphics tests on our Tegra234 device has
increased from around 35% causing the tests to timeout. Bisect is
pointing to this commit and I also see we have CONFIG_KVFREE_RCU_BATCHED=y.
I have not tried disabling CONFIG_KVFREE_RCU_BATCHED=y but I can. I am
not sure if there are any downsides to disabling this?
Thanks
Jon
--
nvpublic
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [linux-next:master 4806/10599] error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `get`
From: David Gow @ 2025-11-27 9:26 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Miguel Ojeda
Cc: Daniel Gomez, kernel test robot, Andreas Hindborg, llvm,
oe-kbuild-all, Benno Lossin, linux-modules, Richard Weinberger,
Anton Ivanov, Johannes Berg, linux-um
In-Reply-To: <CANiq72mCd7FVO0Btsvct5Dy67TkBJd=QJgnPvLMn9d43Vy0YnA@mail.gmail.com>
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 1356 bytes --]
On Wed, 26 Nov 2025 at 21:50, Miguel Ojeda
<miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> On Wed, Nov 26, 2025 at 2:41 PM Daniel Gomez <da.gomez@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > On 21/11/2025 01.24, kernel test robot wrote:
> > > tree: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git master
> > > head: 88cbd8ac379cf5ce68b7efcfd4d1484a6871ee0b
> > > commit: 0b08fc292842a13aa496413b48c1efb83573b8c6 [4806/10599] rust: introduce module_param module
> > > config: um-randconfig-001-20251121 (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/config)
> > > compiler: clang version 22.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project 9e9fe08b16ea2c4d9867fb4974edf2a3776d6ece)
> > > rustc: rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23)
> > > reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/reproduce)
> >
> > We can't reproduce this.
> >
> > If anyone cares, please let us know how to reproduce it.
> >
Thanks -- this does sit in the category of things I care about (at
least in theory), but also can't reproduce.
It looks like this affects random struct fields in bindings:: (I've
seen other 0day reports with other structs and fields). If anyone has
any idea what's going on, suggestions are welcome.
Cheers,
-- David
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^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v2 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-26 21:42 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Elliott, Robert (Servers)
Cc: linux-crypto@vger.kernel.org, David Howells, Herbert Xu,
Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen,
Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel, Stephan Mueller,
Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings@vger.kernel.org,
linux-modules@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <IA4PR84MB4011F4D5B7EF52901829AD94ABDEA@IA4PR84MB4011.NAMPRD84.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM>
On Wed, Nov 26, 2025 at 09:29:10PM +0000, Elliott, Robert (Servers) wrote:
>
>
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
> > Subject: [PATCH v2 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
> ...
>
> > +++ b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
>
> > +} mldsa_parameter_sets[] = {
> > + [MLDSA44] = {
> > + .ctilde_len = 32,
> > + .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
> > + .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
> > + },
> > + [MLDSA65] = {
> > + .ctilde_len = 48,
> > + .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
> > + .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
> > + },
> > + [MLDSA87] = {
> > + .ctilde_len = 64,
> > + .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
> > + .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
> > + },
> ...
> > + union {
> ...
> > + /* The commitment hash. Real length is params->ctilde_len */
> > + u8 ctildeprime[64];
> > + };
> ...
> > + /* Recreate the challenge c from the signer's commitment hash. */
> > + sample_in_ball(&ws->c, ctilde, params->ctilde_len, params->tau,
> > + &ws->shake);
> ...
> > + /* Finish computing ctildeprime. */
> > + shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->ctildeprime, params->ctilde_len);
> ...
> > + /* Verify that ctilde == ctildeprime. */
> > + if (memcmp(ws->ctildeprime, ctilde, params->ctilde_len) != 0)
> > + return -EKEYREJECTED;
>
> Is there any way to ensure that each ctilde_len value is <= 64
> and <= the corresponding .sig_size value at compile time so there's
> no risk of overflowing any buffers?
Not at compile time, unless we do some fancy validation of each of the
three ctilde_len values against the max3() of the signature lengths
using macros. It could be checked at runtime in a module_init function.
Seems pointless though, given that these parameters are fixed in the
ML-DSA specification. The specification uses parameters that make sense
and are consistent with each other.
- Eric
^ permalink raw reply
* RE: [PATCH v2 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
From: Elliott, Robert (Servers) @ 2025-11-26 21:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Eric Biggers, linux-crypto@vger.kernel.org, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin,
keyrings@vger.kernel.org, linux-modules@vger.kernel.org,
linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <20251126203517.167040-2-ebiggers@kernel.org>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
> Subject: [PATCH v2 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
...
> +++ b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
> +} mldsa_parameter_sets[] = {
> + [MLDSA44] = {
> + .ctilde_len = 32,
> + .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
> + .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
> + },
> + [MLDSA65] = {
> + .ctilde_len = 48,
> + .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
> + .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
> + },
> + [MLDSA87] = {
> + .ctilde_len = 64,
> + .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
> + .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
> + },
...
> + union {
...
> + /* The commitment hash. Real length is params->ctilde_len */
> + u8 ctildeprime[64];
> + };
...
> + /* Recreate the challenge c from the signer's commitment hash. */
> + sample_in_ball(&ws->c, ctilde, params->ctilde_len, params->tau,
> + &ws->shake);
...
> + /* Finish computing ctildeprime. */
> + shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->ctildeprime, params->ctilde_len);
...
> + /* Verify that ctilde == ctildeprime. */
> + if (memcmp(ws->ctildeprime, ctilde, params->ctilde_len) != 0)
> + return -EKEYREJECTED;
Is there any way to ensure that each ctilde_len value is <= 64
and <= the corresponding .sig_size value at compile time so there's
no risk of overflowing any buffers?
^ permalink raw reply
* [PATCH v2 2/2] lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-26 20:35 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-crypto, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251126203517.167040-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>
Add a KUnit test suite for ML-DSA verification, including the following
for each ML-DSA parameter set (ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87):
- Positive test (valid signature), using vector imported from leancrypto
- Various negative tests:
- Wrong length for signature, message, or public key
- Out-of-range coefficients in z vector
- Invalid encoded hint vector
- Any bit flipped in signature, message, or public key
- A benchmark
ML-DSA inputs and outputs are very large. To keep the size of the tests
down, use just one valid test vector per parameter set, and generate the
negative tests at runtime by mutating the valid test vector.
I also considered importing the test vectors from Wycheproof. I've
tested that mldsa_verify() indeed passes all of Wycheproof's ML-DSA test
vectors that use an empty context string. However, importing these
permanently would add over 6 MB of source. That's too much to be a
reasonable addition to the Linux kernel tree for one algorithm. It also
wouldn't actually provide much better test coverage than this commit.
Another potential issue is that Wycheproof uses the Apache license.
Similarly, this also differs from the earlier proposal to import a long
list of test vectors from leancrypto. I retained only one valid
signature for each algorithm, and I also added (runtime-generated)
negative tests which were missing. I think this is a better tradeoff.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
---
lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig | 9 +
lib/crypto/tests/Makefile | 1 +
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1877 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c | 381 ++++++
4 files changed, 2268 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig b/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
index 61d435c450bb..c9165c14fc46 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
@@ -36,10 +36,19 @@ config CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_KUNIT_TEST
select CRYPTO_LIB_MD5
help
KUnit tests for the MD5 cryptographic hash function and its
corresponding HMAC.
+config CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST
+ tristate "KUnit tests for ML-DSA" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+ depends on KUNIT
+ default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS || CRYPTO_SELFTESTS
+ select CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK_VISIBLE
+ select CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA
+ help
+ KUnit tests for the ML-DSA digital signature algorithm.
+
config CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_KUNIT_TEST
tristate "KUnit tests for Poly1305" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
depends on KUNIT
default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS || CRYPTO_SELFTESTS
select CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK_VISIBLE
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile b/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
index 5109a0651925..3dde0b40b2c5 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2B_KUNIT_TEST) += blake2b_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2S_KUNIT_TEST) += blake2s_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_CURVE25519_KUNIT_TEST) += curve25519_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_KUNIT_TEST) += md5_kunit.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST) += mldsa_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_KUNIT_TEST) += poly1305_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLYVAL_KUNIT_TEST) += polyval_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA1_KUNIT_TEST) += sha1_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA256_KUNIT_TEST) += sha224_kunit.o sha256_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA512_KUNIT_TEST) += sha384_kunit.o sha512_kunit.o
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5b66cf27aba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1877 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause */
+/* ML-DSA test vectors extracted from leancrypto */
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa44_testvector = {
+ .alg = MLDSA44,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .pk =
+ (const u8[MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]){
+ 0x8f, 0x61, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x7c, 0x61, 0xc2, 0xf2, 0x87,
+ 0xe2, 0x28, 0xf8, 0x44, 0x80, 0x6f, 0xb0, 0x10, 0xc1,
+ 0x14, 0xf6, 0x88, 0x42, 0x76, 0xbe, 0x05, 0xd2, 0x56,
+ 0xa0, 0xb7, 0x46, 0xcf, 0xc5, 0x76, 0x0a, 0x52, 0xfe,
+ 0xa3, 0x3c, 0x05, 0x6e, 0xd5, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x03,
+ 0x29, 0x25, 0x96, 0xdf, 0xa9, 0x5b, 0x12, 0x42, 0x89,
+ 0x6e, 0x03, 0x2c, 0x42, 0x64, 0xee, 0xc7, 0xf7, 0x55,
+ 0xfe, 0xfd, 0x15, 0x74, 0xee, 0x2d, 0xb3, 0xbf, 0xf2,
+ 0x24, 0xe7, 0x35, 0x45, 0x77, 0x67, 0x44, 0xd2, 0x0c,
+ 0x43, 0xfc, 0x7b, 0x47, 0x56, 0xad, 0xc5, 0xe7, 0x37,
+ 0x49, 0x21, 0x12, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xca, 0x7f, 0x5d, 0xac,
+ 0x62, 0x5b, 0x8d, 0xbf, 0xdb, 0x64, 0xac, 0x12, 0x1d,
+ 0x7f, 0x7a, 0x2f, 0xa0, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0x95, 0x4b, 0x78,
+ 0xdb, 0xf0, 0x98, 0x97, 0x70, 0x62, 0xfc, 0x64, 0x4a,
+ 0x1b, 0xbc, 0x30, 0x1b, 0x51, 0x13, 0x47, 0x6e, 0x83,
+ 0xd2, 0xa2, 0xcf, 0x39, 0xba, 0xd3, 0x00, 0x62, 0x7c,
+ 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x14, 0x55, 0xd5, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0x15, 0x65,
+ 0xd7, 0x1f, 0xbb, 0xf6, 0x2b, 0x46, 0x38, 0x1e, 0xf3,
+ 0x8f, 0x0d, 0x57, 0x8a, 0x41, 0xfb, 0x47, 0x19, 0xe1,
+ 0x79, 0xca, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x73, 0x4d, 0x8a, 0xc0, 0xa1,
+ 0xa7, 0x4a, 0x28, 0x4a, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x77, 0x4f, 0x18,
+ 0xe1, 0xce, 0x11, 0x14, 0xd5, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xa8, 0x1e,
+ 0x26, 0x25, 0xe4, 0x30, 0xb2, 0x6f, 0x89, 0x6e, 0xc6,
+ 0x44, 0x1a, 0xd3, 0xca, 0xe1, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x61, 0x80,
+ 0xd7, 0xbc, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x57, 0x9f, 0x16, 0x40, 0x84,
+ 0x1e, 0xc0, 0x5e, 0xcd, 0xb6, 0xc8, 0x5d, 0x87, 0xd6,
+ 0xee, 0xcb, 0x21, 0x2f, 0x22, 0x9a, 0x7e, 0xea, 0x2e,
+ 0xf5, 0x87, 0xf0, 0x44, 0x10, 0x3d, 0x42, 0x6d, 0x3f,
+ 0x4f, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x8e, 0x40, 0x75, 0x3b, 0xaa, 0xd4,
+ 0xd9, 0x37, 0x0a, 0x35, 0x5b, 0xba, 0xbd, 0x11, 0x17,
+ 0x7b, 0x7e, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x1c, 0x5c, 0x71, 0xce, 0xde,
+ 0xa5, 0xec, 0xd6, 0x8b, 0x50, 0x64, 0x02, 0xca, 0x84,
+ 0x26, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x9e, 0xaf, 0x13, 0x05, 0x1c, 0x85,
+ 0x32, 0x92, 0x85, 0x84, 0x83, 0xb6, 0x76, 0x27, 0xa7,
+ 0xd8, 0x0c, 0xa4, 0xb5, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xbf, 0x2e, 0x64,
+ 0xce, 0x82, 0x0d, 0x27, 0xd3, 0x2c, 0x9d, 0xb5, 0xa5,
+ 0x51, 0xe3, 0xab, 0xbd, 0xe2, 0xe0, 0x64, 0x71, 0x0f,
+ 0x99, 0x09, 0x6a, 0x40, 0x9d, 0x8c, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x70,
+ 0x42, 0xe2, 0xa8, 0x5c, 0x71, 0xd2, 0x88, 0x10, 0xbc,
+ 0x3b, 0x9d, 0xc8, 0x3a, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x81, 0x0a, 0x0e,
+ 0xd8, 0xf6, 0x13, 0x90, 0xc2, 0xda, 0x4c, 0x4f, 0x6f,
+ 0x1f, 0x61, 0x0d, 0x46, 0xac, 0x5c, 0x4a, 0xcc, 0x23,
+ 0xfb, 0xf2, 0xf8, 0x9f, 0x48, 0x1f, 0xaf, 0x24, 0xb4,
+ 0xc7, 0xcb, 0x6f, 0x80, 0x74, 0xa3, 0xdb, 0xa8, 0x61,
+ 0x12, 0x60, 0x08, 0x56, 0x85, 0x47, 0x05, 0x32, 0x93,
+ 0x43, 0x9b, 0xa6, 0xf6, 0x56, 0x3b, 0xab, 0x93, 0x28,
+ 0x19, 0xda, 0xad, 0xb5, 0xaa, 0x2e, 0x83, 0x3d, 0x37,
+ 0x0e, 0x83, 0xf2, 0xfe, 0xdd, 0xe8, 0xd9, 0x53, 0x36,
+ 0x3b, 0x5d, 0x8e, 0x24, 0xa9, 0x3a, 0x8f, 0x85, 0x4b,
+ 0x50, 0xf7, 0x61, 0x0f, 0x20, 0x92, 0x09, 0x1f, 0xe4,
+ 0x24, 0x98, 0x9f, 0xa4, 0x52, 0x12, 0x2a, 0xae, 0x6f,
+ 0xd6, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x72, 0x83, 0xfb, 0x4f, 0xef,
+ 0xa6, 0x55, 0x9a, 0x14, 0xab, 0x82, 0x89, 0x1f, 0xf2,
+ 0x0b, 0x14, 0x76, 0xb7, 0xf7, 0x14, 0xdd, 0xd6, 0xc1,
+ 0xe8, 0xb2, 0x99, 0x23, 0x28, 0xe8, 0xa4, 0x69, 0x18,
+ 0xf6, 0x3e, 0xb1, 0xff, 0xde, 0xf2, 0x2c, 0x7c, 0x73,
+ 0x93, 0x32, 0x52, 0x06, 0xeb, 0x59, 0xb2, 0x8f, 0x2f,
+ 0x1d, 0x6a, 0x85, 0x74, 0xd3, 0xe5, 0xa1, 0x95, 0xe4,
+ 0x96, 0x1e, 0x75, 0x16, 0xe4, 0x5c, 0x40, 0xf0, 0x20,
+ 0xb1, 0x10, 0xe7, 0x2a, 0x70, 0x41, 0xac, 0x49, 0x40,
+ 0x55, 0xef, 0xd1, 0x58, 0x24, 0x6a, 0xa6, 0x20, 0xdc,
+ 0x23, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x6a, 0x52, 0x3c, 0x61,
+ 0xc8, 0xfb, 0x28, 0x1e, 0x8c, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0xc7, 0x73,
+ 0x2f, 0xf1, 0xe2, 0x31, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x5f, 0x12, 0x3f,
+ 0x94, 0xe5, 0x26, 0xc0, 0x62, 0xcc, 0x67, 0x8f, 0x5d,
+ 0xfd, 0x3d, 0x8f, 0x16, 0xae, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x54, 0x5b,
+ 0x02, 0x66, 0x00, 0x70, 0xe5, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0x51, 0x8c,
+ 0x1a, 0x5d, 0xf0, 0xfe, 0x7d, 0x1b, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x48,
+ 0x94, 0xda, 0x4b, 0xb3, 0x05, 0x75, 0x3b, 0x25, 0xda,
+ 0xf2, 0x12, 0x47, 0xe2, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xe7, 0x05, 0xa2,
+ 0x4e, 0xaf, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x6c, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x82, 0xdf,
+ 0xbb, 0x4b, 0x9d, 0x29, 0x9b, 0xef, 0xff, 0x17, 0x2a,
+ 0xa7, 0x2f, 0x4a, 0x2e, 0xbf, 0x29, 0x38, 0xcb, 0x94,
+ 0x9c, 0x10, 0x87, 0x69, 0x57, 0x7d, 0xd7, 0xcf, 0xc1,
+ 0x57, 0x0f, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x3b, 0x1e, 0xbc, 0x55, 0x08,
+ 0xb1, 0x50, 0xb0, 0x28, 0x79, 0x1d, 0xd9, 0x2f, 0xa5,
+ 0x12, 0xcc, 0xa7, 0x5b, 0xcb, 0x67, 0x57, 0x13, 0x4a,
+ 0xb3, 0xd5, 0x34, 0xea, 0xd9, 0x6b, 0x15, 0x17, 0x1f,
+ 0xe7, 0x52, 0x2a, 0x11, 0xdf, 0xab, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0x1b,
+ 0xaa, 0xfa, 0x54, 0xf0, 0x20, 0x94, 0x40, 0x2d, 0x3e,
+ 0xf2, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0xbb, 0x86, 0xce, 0x29, 0x87, 0xb1,
+ 0xfa, 0x27, 0xf2, 0x5a, 0x79, 0xc2, 0xf8, 0xe9, 0xf2,
+ 0x7c, 0x5a, 0xcd, 0x45, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0xba, 0xad, 0x13,
+ 0x52, 0x79, 0xd5, 0x0f, 0x59, 0xfb, 0x07, 0x15, 0x1f,
+ 0xb3, 0xe6, 0xc8, 0x66, 0xf7, 0x37, 0x19, 0xd8, 0x33,
+ 0xdd, 0xc1, 0xb3, 0x96, 0x4b, 0x28, 0x43, 0xf8, 0x5e,
+ 0xc7, 0xe8, 0x81, 0x6e, 0xd0, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0x3d, 0xf1,
+ 0x68, 0x8f, 0xf0, 0xf5, 0x1a, 0x6d, 0xc3, 0xaa, 0x5b,
+ 0x72, 0x27, 0xbd, 0xd6, 0x7c, 0x9b, 0xbf, 0x89, 0x6a,
+ 0x09, 0xf0, 0x48, 0xf0, 0x8c, 0x27, 0x69, 0x28, 0xf3,
+ 0x5f, 0x53, 0xe3, 0x4d, 0x60, 0x4a, 0xb8, 0xc5, 0xf9,
+ 0x85, 0x07, 0x3e, 0xfb, 0xd7, 0x21, 0x69, 0xd5, 0xec,
+ 0x18, 0x68, 0xb6, 0x55, 0x15, 0xac, 0x2e, 0x0f, 0x5c,
+ 0x2e, 0x9e, 0x12, 0x10, 0x5e, 0xc6, 0xb3, 0xcd, 0xe6,
+ 0x3a, 0x2f, 0x43, 0xf6, 0x75, 0x31, 0x3c, 0x90, 0x34,
+ 0x1c, 0x3d, 0x45, 0xaa, 0x8e, 0x08, 0xcf, 0x58, 0x67,
+ 0x34, 0xd4, 0x24, 0xb8, 0x20, 0x69, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0x33,
+ 0xe9, 0x3e, 0xbd, 0xe5, 0x18, 0x9f, 0x66, 0xc9, 0x0d,
+ 0x6f, 0x47, 0x99, 0xf7, 0x0c, 0xdd, 0xad, 0x8c, 0x6b,
+ 0x80, 0xed, 0x19, 0x61, 0x8a, 0xba, 0x62, 0x2f, 0xcc,
+ 0x0e, 0x47, 0xe0, 0xc6, 0x1f, 0x2f, 0x44, 0x40, 0x17,
+ 0xb6, 0x89, 0xc6, 0xf5, 0xc2, 0x97, 0x89, 0x38, 0x6c,
+ 0x8e, 0x2c, 0x46, 0x0b, 0x6e, 0x01, 0x47, 0xd3, 0x2f,
+ 0x58, 0xf8, 0xc7, 0x3b, 0x49, 0xb2, 0x35, 0x9f, 0x67,
+ 0xc9, 0x6c, 0xde, 0x30, 0x3b, 0x50, 0x19, 0x65, 0xbb,
+ 0x73, 0xa1, 0x47, 0x01, 0x6a, 0x3d, 0xe3, 0x85, 0x4d,
+ 0xd0, 0x72, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x81, 0x52, 0xe8, 0x1a, 0x8b,
+ 0x85, 0x4c, 0x6f, 0x0e, 0xfc, 0x59, 0x84, 0x7a, 0xf2,
+ 0x28, 0x3e, 0x02, 0xcb, 0xe2, 0x4a, 0xbf, 0xac, 0x22,
+ 0x34, 0x86, 0xe4, 0x7d, 0x6b, 0xa3, 0x52, 0xac, 0xff,
+ 0xe5, 0xbe, 0x0c, 0x8d, 0xf5, 0xd8, 0xfd, 0x5a, 0x3d,
+ 0xad, 0x0d, 0xc0, 0x02, 0xd0, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x7c, 0x50,
+ 0x7c, 0x09, 0xc0, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0xdf, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x6f,
+ 0xb2, 0x79, 0x0d, 0xc1, 0xa0, 0xb1, 0x7e, 0xe3, 0x0d,
+ 0xfc, 0x93, 0x43, 0x8c, 0x86, 0x68, 0xa6, 0x51, 0x93,
+ 0x42, 0xb7, 0xcd, 0x13, 0x56, 0x6e, 0xdc, 0x63, 0x51,
+ 0x23, 0xcf, 0x29, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0x66, 0x43, 0x80, 0xfe,
+ 0x28, 0x15, 0x71, 0x52, 0x87, 0xe2, 0x18, 0x10, 0xad,
+ 0x94, 0x47, 0x2f, 0xe3, 0x5d, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x6d, 0x31,
+ 0x58, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x96, 0x53, 0x1b, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x25,
+ 0xea, 0x41, 0xd3, 0x29, 0x27, 0x22, 0x24, 0x8d, 0x1d,
+ 0x8e, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x76, 0x67, 0x7d, 0x9d, 0xd9, 0xa7,
+ 0x3e, 0x61, 0xd0, 0xad, 0x93, 0xb9, 0xdf, 0x87, 0x3a,
+ 0x7b, 0x89, 0xc7, 0x1d, 0x91, 0xec, 0x43, 0xa4, 0xdc,
+ 0x02, 0x88, 0x2e, 0xaa, 0xb2, 0x58, 0xa5, 0xd3, 0x68,
+ 0x9c, 0x9f, 0x60, 0x12, 0xc8, 0x7e, 0x7d, 0x40, 0x80,
+ 0xfd, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0x56, 0xf4, 0x01, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xa0,
+ 0x34, 0x48, 0x79, 0x75, 0xe2, 0x0f, 0x60, 0x09, 0x42,
+ 0x11, 0x6f, 0xa5, 0x31, 0x46, 0xb7, 0x03, 0xc8, 0x61,
+ 0x53, 0x39, 0x1e, 0xf4, 0x99, 0x36, 0x7d, 0xc0, 0x87,
+ 0xda, 0x63, 0x71, 0x9b, 0x29, 0x7b, 0x4e, 0x6f, 0x09,
+ 0xa2, 0x2c, 0xa5, 0xc2, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0xe0, 0x56, 0x8b,
+ 0x1d, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0x34, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0x0a, 0xc9,
+ 0xfa, 0x4a, 0x31, 0x63, 0x0d, 0x30, 0xff, 0x59, 0x3d,
+ 0x8c, 0x4d, 0x74, 0x28, 0xf4, 0xe9, 0x97, 0x43, 0x05,
+ 0x3a, 0x33, 0x51, 0x51, 0xe4, 0x0e, 0x33, 0xae, 0x2c,
+ 0xda, 0x28, 0x83, 0x93, 0x4e, 0xfe, 0x37, 0x1d, 0x6c,
+ 0x25, 0x1e, 0x24, 0xbc, 0x3a, 0x5c, 0x68, 0xac, 0x54,
+ 0x3a, 0x47, 0x74, 0x35, 0xff, 0x37, 0x80, 0x12, 0x30,
+ 0xd7, 0x31, 0x2a, 0x49, 0x51, 0x2d, 0x4f, 0xd2, 0x9c,
+ 0xca, 0x55, 0x87, 0xd0, 0x41, 0x86, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0xda,
+ 0xf8, 0x4b, 0x08, 0x23, 0xb3, 0x00, 0xb7, 0xb6, 0x4f,
+ 0x2e, 0xaf, 0xb8, 0x8e, 0xb1, 0x44, 0xe1, 0xed, 0x67,
+ 0xf8, 0x80, 0xa7, 0x04, 0xa0, 0x66, 0xe6, 0xb5, 0x69,
+ 0xca, 0x95, 0x71, 0xc8, 0x0d, 0x3d, 0xf6, 0x77, 0xfd,
+ 0x2c, 0x95, 0xed, 0xe5, 0x22, 0x43, 0xd9,
+ },
+ .msg_len = 64,
+ .msg =
+ (const u8[64]){
+ 0x6d, 0xb3, 0x8e, 0x80, 0xaf, 0x5f, 0x19, 0xd9,
+ 0xb0, 0xcf, 0xad, 0x58, 0xc7, 0x27, 0xae, 0x12,
+ 0x4e, 0x7d, 0xa3, 0x1a, 0xe3, 0x85, 0xc6, 0xaa,
+ 0xf6, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xb1, 0xe9, 0xe0, 0xfe, 0x89,
+ 0x1e, 0xc5, 0x6f, 0x10, 0x18, 0x24, 0xab, 0xa8,
+ 0x6d, 0x03, 0xd0, 0x3d, 0xc3, 0xff, 0x67, 0xe7,
+ 0x3a, 0x95, 0x94, 0xc8, 0x49, 0x51, 0x8f, 0xa0,
+ 0x65, 0xcb, 0x20, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0xf7, 0xf2,
+ },
+ .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .sig =
+ (const u8[MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE]){
+ 0x5e, 0x05, 0x37, 0xe2, 0xc1, 0x20, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x8a,
+ 0xdf, 0xf2, 0x22, 0x61, 0x17, 0x58, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xe4,
+ 0x82, 0x9c, 0x0e, 0xb6, 0x1f, 0xb4, 0x98, 0x0f, 0xba,
+ 0x8e, 0x51, 0x15, 0x67, 0x76, 0x0b, 0x98, 0x63, 0xda,
+ 0x17, 0xd3, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0x16, 0x29, 0x71, 0xab, 0xba,
+ 0x99, 0xed, 0x3f, 0xd4, 0xc2, 0x16, 0x71, 0xb6, 0x21,
+ 0x87, 0x48, 0xaa, 0xb5, 0x39, 0x5e, 0xfb, 0x5d, 0x68,
+ 0x3b, 0xd3, 0x60, 0xf4, 0x5b, 0x85, 0x2a, 0x5b, 0xb5,
+ 0xce, 0x6e, 0xf3, 0x39, 0xc3, 0xbe, 0x96, 0xa7, 0x61,
+ 0xc9, 0xbf, 0xdf, 0x33, 0x1d, 0xec, 0xb9, 0x2b, 0x7a,
+ 0x05, 0xce, 0x1e, 0xd9, 0x46, 0x70, 0xca, 0x54, 0xbf,
+ 0xdc, 0x46, 0x9e, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x18, 0x57, 0x96, 0x84,
+ 0xac, 0xe9, 0xd7, 0x74, 0xeb, 0x8e, 0x6b, 0xec, 0x46,
+ 0x9a, 0x2a, 0xfa, 0xde, 0x80, 0x09, 0x53, 0xd9, 0xeb,
+ 0x9d, 0xf7, 0xaa, 0xe2, 0xe5, 0xdc, 0xc3, 0xd9, 0x70,
+ 0xe5, 0x8b, 0xa8, 0xba, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x72, 0x92, 0x25,
+ 0xaf, 0xd9, 0xb4, 0x5a, 0x53, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x1d, 0x69,
+ 0xf1, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x52, 0x38, 0xbc, 0x47, 0x24, 0x8c,
+ 0x1d, 0x28, 0x5d, 0x5c, 0x1c, 0xc9, 0x9d, 0xea, 0x1c,
+ 0xb1, 0xb3, 0x49, 0x68, 0xd5, 0xad, 0xdc, 0x47, 0x58,
+ 0x6d, 0x38, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x9b, 0xaa, 0x89, 0xb1, 0x96,
+ 0x0b, 0xcb, 0xc4, 0x24, 0x73, 0xf2, 0xe7, 0xb6, 0xca,
+ 0x74, 0x55, 0x1b, 0xb5, 0xb7, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xe3, 0x3a,
+ 0x32, 0x5d, 0x1d, 0x6e, 0x15, 0xe6, 0xb8, 0xfb, 0xce,
+ 0x57, 0x81, 0x15, 0xb5, 0xcf, 0x67, 0x2b, 0x55, 0x4c,
+ 0x85, 0x6f, 0x28, 0xa6, 0xbb, 0xb4, 0x28, 0x76, 0x91,
+ 0xa4, 0x29, 0xa1, 0x50, 0x7c, 0xed, 0x9a, 0xfc, 0xe4,
+ 0xbc, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x62, 0x28, 0x61, 0x4d, 0x8d, 0x8c,
+ 0x5a, 0x5e, 0x4d, 0x1d, 0x5e, 0x73, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0x9d,
+ 0x56, 0x73, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0x26, 0xf7, 0x7e, 0x61, 0xa4,
+ 0x86, 0xf5, 0x1c, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xd0, 0x31, 0xc5, 0x03,
+ 0x17, 0x1c, 0xec, 0x04, 0xe5, 0xc7, 0x13, 0xb6, 0x81,
+ 0x78, 0x3d, 0x27, 0x87, 0x36, 0xf3, 0x2a, 0x59, 0x96,
+ 0xeb, 0x44, 0xfd, 0xb9, 0x95, 0xb7, 0x76, 0xb1, 0x08,
+ 0xc4, 0x98, 0xb1, 0x08, 0x36, 0x2a, 0x63, 0x72, 0x4f,
+ 0xef, 0x47, 0xfc, 0x84, 0x09, 0x18, 0x60, 0xb7, 0x8a,
+ 0xff, 0xae, 0x32, 0x3c, 0x79, 0xdf, 0xd6, 0x24, 0xbe,
+ 0x9c, 0x38, 0x68, 0x92, 0xde, 0x81, 0x80, 0x22, 0x06,
+ 0xf2, 0xe4, 0xde, 0x75, 0x4e, 0xd6, 0x36, 0x93, 0x44,
+ 0xd1, 0xa4, 0x2e, 0x2e, 0x05, 0x87, 0xbd, 0xf7, 0xc5,
+ 0xc8, 0x1c, 0x7b, 0x00, 0xe8, 0x11, 0x7f, 0xc2, 0x39,
+ 0x4b, 0x7b, 0x97, 0x11, 0x92, 0x6c, 0xff, 0x89, 0x7f,
+ 0x26, 0x89, 0x4f, 0x38, 0xfd, 0xdd, 0x08, 0xa7, 0xce,
+ 0x6f, 0xe8, 0x57, 0x9b, 0x46, 0xe5, 0xdb, 0x72, 0x03,
+ 0x1e, 0x7d, 0xb0, 0x77, 0xb9, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0x6c, 0xa7,
+ 0xd8, 0x30, 0x34, 0xad, 0xa7, 0xe4, 0x63, 0xf0, 0x19,
+ 0x0e, 0x5d, 0x3b, 0xe0, 0xff, 0x40, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0xb3,
+ 0xb9, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x2c, 0xf3, 0x5f, 0xcd, 0x54, 0x2a,
+ 0xc0, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0xd9, 0x2d, 0xcc, 0xd5, 0x68, 0x95,
+ 0x4a, 0x4a, 0x84, 0x60, 0x54, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x9e,
+ 0x8d, 0x20, 0xcb, 0xe8, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0xba, 0xe2, 0xaa,
+ 0x6e, 0x1c, 0xb1, 0xdf, 0x18, 0x9f, 0x94, 0xc7, 0x77,
+ 0x5a, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x05, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0x54, 0x58, 0x6c,
+ 0xb3, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xa4, 0x6e, 0x98, 0xbb, 0x6f, 0x41,
+ 0x6d, 0xbd, 0x71, 0x95, 0xe4, 0xbc, 0x13, 0x37, 0x99,
+ 0x0d, 0xac, 0x27, 0x69, 0xb9, 0x0b, 0x14, 0x5f, 0x6e,
+ 0xd2, 0x2b, 0xe2, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0xbc, 0x10, 0x11, 0x47,
+ 0xb7, 0x37, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x88, 0xcd, 0xbb, 0xf7, 0x28,
+ 0xd6, 0x4a, 0x9d, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x2f, 0x7d, 0x2b, 0xe8,
+ 0xe8, 0x9e, 0xae, 0x7b, 0xe6, 0x2a, 0xb3, 0x4e, 0x20,
+ 0xcc, 0xf1, 0x81, 0x8e, 0xed, 0x6d, 0xe2, 0x99, 0xf5,
+ 0xb5, 0x1a, 0x30, 0x95, 0x52, 0x34, 0xf5, 0x3f, 0xc3,
+ 0x31, 0xd6, 0xbe, 0xa2, 0xc8, 0xdc, 0xe4, 0x1c, 0xf6,
+ 0x0f, 0x4d, 0x0b, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x66, 0x93, 0x88, 0xb8,
+ 0xad, 0xbc, 0xdc, 0x96, 0x01, 0x9f, 0x16, 0x70, 0xf5,
+ 0x4f, 0xa4, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0xc3, 0xf6, 0x9c, 0xe1, 0xa1,
+ 0xe3, 0xec, 0x9d, 0x09, 0xcd, 0x90, 0x52, 0x26, 0x09,
+ 0xd9, 0x9c, 0xde, 0xbd, 0xdf, 0xbb, 0xf4, 0x50, 0xd1,
+ 0x89, 0x68, 0xf6, 0x86, 0x53, 0x33, 0x5a, 0xf6, 0x54,
+ 0xb5, 0x7c, 0xe1, 0xd7, 0x8d, 0xb8, 0x58, 0xf5, 0xda,
+ 0x14, 0xc8, 0x35, 0x1c, 0xcf, 0x44, 0x62, 0xbc, 0xd7,
+ 0xe3, 0xd8, 0x32, 0xcf, 0x16, 0xf5, 0x2f, 0x55, 0x23,
+ 0xc0, 0x1b, 0xc4, 0xe3, 0x28, 0xc8, 0xc8, 0x97, 0x70,
+ 0x8b, 0x06, 0x98, 0xfb, 0xf6, 0x33, 0x6b, 0x86, 0x1c,
+ 0xdb, 0x2a, 0x3c, 0x08, 0x08, 0x57, 0xd3, 0x4a, 0xf8,
+ 0x22, 0x26, 0x78, 0x65, 0x5f, 0xa6, 0xf8, 0x9f, 0x22,
+ 0x76, 0x62, 0xb0, 0x08, 0x68, 0x70, 0xea, 0x72, 0x57,
+ 0x6b, 0xe7, 0xf7, 0xc6, 0x12, 0x9a, 0x49, 0x50, 0xa9,
+ 0xa5, 0x6c, 0xe7, 0xda, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0xb6, 0xbf, 0x4f,
+ 0xdf, 0x9e, 0x9b, 0xb4, 0xb3, 0x8d, 0x1a, 0x12, 0x16,
+ 0x68, 0xd2, 0x63, 0xae, 0x92, 0x77, 0x1f, 0x03, 0xa5,
+ 0xed, 0x58, 0x3b, 0xe9, 0x0b, 0xfe, 0xfc, 0xae, 0x53,
+ 0x0b, 0x5f, 0x13, 0xf2, 0xd2, 0xe2, 0x0b, 0xec, 0x75,
+ 0x85, 0x68, 0x0c, 0x57, 0xde, 0x1b, 0x6d, 0x78, 0x0b,
+ 0x19, 0x66, 0xa8, 0xf5, 0x45, 0x72, 0x2b, 0x01, 0x06,
+ 0xf6, 0xd1, 0x47, 0x21, 0x24, 0x07, 0xf7, 0x71, 0x03,
+ 0xbc, 0xb0, 0x7c, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x24, 0xff, 0x74, 0x47,
+ 0x62, 0x81, 0xc3, 0x0b, 0x31, 0x76, 0x90, 0x5b, 0xef,
+ 0x95, 0xa8, 0xa7, 0x02, 0xa1, 0xbf, 0xe1, 0xf4, 0x16,
+ 0x06, 0x8a, 0x97, 0x39, 0x35, 0xcf, 0xf3, 0xa7, 0x4a,
+ 0x43, 0xba, 0x05, 0x95, 0x7d, 0x73, 0x76, 0x7a, 0x53,
+ 0xef, 0xf8, 0x4e, 0xcb, 0x04, 0x70, 0x4c, 0xee, 0xff,
+ 0x82, 0xbd, 0xcd, 0xc1, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x83, 0x71, 0x03,
+ 0xf0, 0xc0, 0x2b, 0x98, 0xf9, 0x60, 0x54, 0x02, 0x7d,
+ 0xa6, 0x41, 0xcc, 0xa3, 0xd7, 0x8d, 0xfd, 0xce, 0x28,
+ 0xae, 0x0f, 0x48, 0x17, 0x2a, 0xaf, 0xe9, 0xb9, 0x4a,
+ 0x8a, 0x22, 0xd2, 0x4d, 0xd3, 0x1b, 0xa3, 0x39, 0x88,
+ 0x8a, 0x8f, 0x5b, 0x44, 0x97, 0xb9, 0x04, 0x1b, 0x58,
+ 0x67, 0x74, 0x2f, 0x07, 0x7a, 0x52, 0xa9, 0x9d, 0xa4,
+ 0x41, 0x28, 0xf2, 0x35, 0xca, 0x68, 0x4e, 0x4a, 0x3a,
+ 0x66, 0xb9, 0x88, 0x2e, 0x65, 0x1d, 0x47, 0x04, 0xed,
+ 0xdb, 0xe1, 0x40, 0x12, 0x06, 0x13, 0x62, 0x28, 0x3d,
+ 0x0b, 0x35, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x2b, 0xb3, 0x71, 0x3c, 0xfa,
+ 0x77, 0xec, 0x47, 0x93, 0x78, 0x36, 0x25, 0x19, 0xd7,
+ 0x70, 0x30, 0x8a, 0x4c, 0x94, 0xdc, 0x3e, 0xeb, 0x61,
+ 0x25, 0xbc, 0xa0, 0x27, 0xd9, 0x17, 0xa5, 0x19, 0x4f,
+ 0xf4, 0x93, 0x32, 0x56, 0x9a, 0x0b, 0x77, 0xb4, 0x55,
+ 0x1b, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x69, 0x5b, 0xe2, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x15,
+ 0x79, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0xb6, 0x04, 0xa2, 0x01, 0x37, 0x74,
+ 0x20, 0xb8, 0x62, 0xf6, 0x37, 0x3c, 0xab, 0xca, 0x71,
+ 0xa5, 0x8a, 0x56, 0x5d, 0x6a, 0x4a, 0x61, 0x2e, 0xb8,
+ 0x62, 0x7d, 0x47, 0x34, 0x7d, 0xcd, 0x4d, 0x70, 0x23,
+ 0xf5, 0xaa, 0xd1, 0xa5, 0xf0, 0x4c, 0x38, 0xc3, 0x98,
+ 0x79, 0x4c, 0x0b, 0x6b, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0xd7, 0x09, 0xae,
+ 0x23, 0x9b, 0x2f, 0xde, 0x70, 0xc6, 0xad, 0x0f, 0x66,
+ 0xb5, 0x78, 0x6b, 0x0b, 0xb0, 0x2e, 0x94, 0xf2, 0xa8,
+ 0x8b, 0x74, 0xf0, 0x03, 0x47, 0xd8, 0xec, 0xe8, 0x1f,
+ 0xa3, 0x7b, 0x38, 0x9e, 0x0e, 0xc0, 0x47, 0xd2, 0x0f,
+ 0x8e, 0x7f, 0xb1, 0x83, 0xd3, 0x86, 0x79, 0x3c, 0xa1,
+ 0xae, 0xc4, 0xaf, 0xae, 0x9d, 0x83, 0xc0, 0xd1, 0x2b,
+ 0x2b, 0xda, 0x50, 0x8c, 0xea, 0x41, 0x97, 0x9b, 0x0f,
+ 0x15, 0xc2, 0xe2, 0x8f, 0x39, 0x0b, 0x92, 0xdd, 0xde,
+ 0x52, 0x62, 0x74, 0xdc, 0xda, 0x11, 0x87, 0x4d, 0xa9,
+ 0x4a, 0xc5, 0x2f, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xc1, 0xc3, 0x05, 0xfa,
+ 0x38, 0xcc, 0x5c, 0xb1, 0x9f, 0xe0, 0x82, 0x90, 0xb3,
+ 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xf4, 0x55, 0xdb, 0xea, 0x94, 0x06, 0x7c,
+ 0x2c, 0x82, 0x78, 0xeb, 0xa5, 0x01, 0xf0, 0x3d, 0x4b,
+ 0x87, 0xdd, 0xd5, 0x91, 0x4f, 0xf3, 0xa7, 0xdf, 0xa1,
+ 0xd8, 0x31, 0xde, 0x05, 0x99, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0x6b,
+ 0x19, 0xa3, 0xe8, 0x55, 0xb7, 0xf5, 0xc3, 0x63, 0x5e,
+ 0xd4, 0x38, 0xf9, 0x24, 0x64, 0x7d, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x07,
+ 0xbe, 0x39, 0x54, 0x1b, 0x44, 0xe5, 0xc6, 0x3c, 0x02,
+ 0xb1, 0x6f, 0xff, 0x8c, 0xcb, 0x79, 0xe2, 0xec, 0x4d,
+ 0x01, 0xfa, 0x7f, 0x88, 0x1d, 0xc3, 0x4c, 0x6a, 0xfb,
+ 0x0b, 0xc6, 0x57, 0xc3, 0xd8, 0x24, 0x47, 0x41, 0xbd,
+ 0x27, 0xc4, 0xd4, 0x49, 0xfb, 0x52, 0xe6, 0x77, 0x5f,
+ 0x0a, 0xdf, 0xea, 0xd5, 0xd3, 0x22, 0xc3, 0x53, 0x16,
+ 0xf3, 0x1b, 0x7b, 0x09, 0xd7, 0x10, 0x0e, 0x23, 0xae,
+ 0x16, 0x8a, 0x93, 0xcb, 0xc9, 0xb7, 0xb8, 0xff, 0xd2,
+ 0x50, 0x1f, 0x25, 0xa7, 0x71, 0x8f, 0x3f, 0xc0, 0xe1,
+ 0x37, 0x10, 0x0b, 0x43, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0x16, 0x59, 0x8f,
+ 0x77, 0x77, 0x6b, 0x77, 0xce, 0x76, 0x6b, 0x37, 0x81,
+ 0xaf, 0x83, 0x42, 0x92, 0x93, 0xe5, 0x39, 0xca, 0xd2,
+ 0x20, 0x2e, 0xcf, 0x24, 0x26, 0x4c, 0x51, 0x1c, 0x58,
+ 0xc5, 0x8d, 0x05, 0x11, 0xdf, 0xae, 0x51, 0x38, 0xde,
+ 0xab, 0x4e, 0x04, 0xc8, 0x24, 0x24, 0x0d, 0xd5, 0x9c,
+ 0x5b, 0x2b, 0xe6, 0x0d, 0x83, 0x95, 0xcd, 0x1c, 0x89,
+ 0xa1, 0xaf, 0x67, 0x47, 0xfb, 0x08, 0x02, 0xf8, 0x8b,
+ 0x63, 0x05, 0x73, 0x20, 0x64, 0xd7, 0x52, 0x15, 0xa4,
+ 0x5d, 0x63, 0x73, 0x73, 0x12, 0x0b, 0xdd, 0xfe, 0x9f,
+ 0xb7, 0xe8, 0xa8, 0x94, 0x3a, 0x86, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x7d,
+ 0x24, 0xbd, 0xb9, 0xea, 0x68, 0x23, 0xf4, 0x07, 0xc3,
+ 0xfe, 0x63, 0xd0, 0xab, 0x65, 0x8a, 0xf0, 0x6d, 0x81,
+ 0x8c, 0xc8, 0x0e, 0xc6, 0x6b, 0xdd, 0x2e, 0x65, 0x9b,
+ 0x17, 0xcf, 0x82, 0x69, 0x46, 0xba, 0x62, 0x5d, 0x31,
+ 0x33, 0x60, 0x18, 0x94, 0xa5, 0x77, 0x24, 0xc6, 0x45,
+ 0xe5, 0xb3, 0xd5, 0x12, 0x10, 0xc9, 0x22, 0x98, 0xf9,
+ 0xca, 0x20, 0x89, 0x79, 0x04, 0x08, 0xf5, 0x1c, 0xf8,
+ 0x50, 0x8c, 0x25, 0xaa, 0x90, 0x90, 0x44, 0xbc, 0xfb,
+ 0x5d, 0x3f, 0xf8, 0x38, 0x64, 0xca, 0x8d, 0xff, 0x17,
+ 0xce, 0x70, 0x51, 0x90, 0x75, 0x6b, 0x7d, 0x64, 0x43,
+ 0x56, 0xcd, 0xf8, 0x85, 0x93, 0x65, 0x09, 0x81, 0x30,
+ 0x76, 0x79, 0xcc, 0xdf, 0x9c, 0x6d, 0xff, 0x89, 0x38,
+ 0x60, 0xbf, 0x07, 0xcb, 0x2f, 0xc9, 0x87, 0xd7, 0xac,
+ 0x74, 0x19, 0x57, 0x90, 0x5e, 0x69, 0x61, 0xf6, 0xca,
+ 0xea, 0x45, 0x6b, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0x2c, 0xff, 0x1b, 0x23,
+ 0x15, 0x52, 0xdd, 0x57, 0xfe, 0x1d, 0x10, 0xea, 0x0f,
+ 0xce, 0x98, 0xe7, 0x47, 0x27, 0xec, 0x36, 0xe5, 0x68,
+ 0x17, 0xcf, 0xdc, 0xb9, 0xef, 0x6a, 0xbc, 0xec, 0x78,
+ 0x08, 0x64, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x1c, 0xc6, 0x87, 0xd6, 0x0a,
+ 0xb1, 0x81, 0xc6, 0xb6, 0xf8, 0x8b, 0xe3, 0x19, 0x8c,
+ 0xce, 0x46, 0x40, 0xc5, 0xc2, 0xae, 0x50, 0x26, 0x4a,
+ 0x90, 0x91, 0x8d, 0xfe, 0x6b, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x4a,
+ 0x4b, 0x48, 0x74, 0x4a, 0x37, 0x21, 0x7f, 0xdd, 0x87,
+ 0xa3, 0x1e, 0xac, 0xcd, 0xf5, 0x9e, 0x75, 0xa2, 0x52,
+ 0x63, 0x76, 0xca, 0x9e, 0x02, 0xeb, 0xe6, 0xa6, 0x73,
+ 0xad, 0xea, 0xe8, 0x3e, 0x6f, 0x44, 0xed, 0xe8, 0x01,
+ 0x29, 0x19, 0x6a, 0x20, 0x35, 0xa7, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0xaf,
+ 0xc0, 0x3b, 0xb1, 0xd5, 0xe4, 0xfb, 0xf7, 0xd7, 0x2f,
+ 0x33, 0x6c, 0x73, 0xfd, 0xe5, 0x5c, 0x63, 0xf6, 0x1c,
+ 0x06, 0x13, 0xaf, 0xc1, 0x80, 0x55, 0x07, 0xae, 0x8c,
+ 0x13, 0x74, 0xf6, 0xe0, 0x54, 0x15, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0xa5,
+ 0x03, 0xcf, 0x22, 0xbe, 0x18, 0xef, 0x26, 0xad, 0x9c,
+ 0x9d, 0x51, 0xb1, 0x3b, 0x37, 0x03, 0xbf, 0xf0, 0xc5,
+ 0xcb, 0x6c, 0x5d, 0x30, 0xa9, 0x5a, 0x10, 0x90, 0xfa,
+ 0xb4, 0xd4, 0x0e, 0x6b, 0x4a, 0x0a, 0x6c, 0x9d, 0x2e,
+ 0x69, 0xe8, 0xec, 0x69, 0xe2, 0x50, 0xab, 0x2f, 0xdc,
+ 0xff, 0xaf, 0xac, 0x65, 0xe7, 0xf0, 0xc1, 0x6f, 0x7c,
+ 0x2d, 0xa1, 0xeb, 0x97, 0x90, 0x7c, 0x1e, 0xa8, 0x53,
+ 0x1b, 0x87, 0xc5, 0xa9, 0xa1, 0xcf, 0x86, 0x7e, 0x11,
+ 0xf8, 0xd6, 0x14, 0xda, 0x19, 0x81, 0x19, 0xb4, 0x45,
+ 0x1c, 0x7c, 0xb9, 0x96, 0xa2, 0xac, 0x79, 0x24, 0x94,
+ 0x7c, 0xb2, 0x1e, 0x83, 0xea, 0xc4, 0xb9, 0xd2, 0x0d,
+ 0x4c, 0x55, 0x3d, 0x15, 0x7b, 0x65, 0xd8, 0xff, 0x03,
+ 0x5d, 0xed, 0x3c, 0x94, 0x76, 0x19, 0x40, 0x3b, 0xcc,
+ 0x45, 0xbe, 0x91, 0x19, 0x8c, 0x75, 0xe5, 0xd2, 0xbe,
+ 0x67, 0x40, 0xb1, 0x67, 0x8e, 0x2a, 0x34, 0xd5, 0x99,
+ 0xee, 0xd9, 0x4f, 0x89, 0x7c, 0xf0, 0xd6, 0x93, 0x59,
+ 0x4b, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0xe6, 0xbd, 0xde, 0xce, 0xef, 0x8b,
+ 0x3c, 0xe3, 0xf7, 0x06, 0x33, 0x27, 0x8d, 0xd9, 0x22,
+ 0x1a, 0x65, 0x40, 0xfc, 0x69, 0x1b, 0x7d, 0xf0, 0xed,
+ 0xe4, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0x6d, 0x23, 0xed, 0x11, 0xd1, 0x07,
+ 0xb0, 0x2f, 0x8a, 0xbf, 0x51, 0x37, 0x22, 0x04, 0xed,
+ 0x93, 0xea, 0x1d, 0x0b, 0x30, 0x15, 0x89, 0x22, 0x7a,
+ 0x45, 0x56, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xac, 0xd6, 0xce, 0x61, 0xea,
+ 0xb2, 0x59, 0xe8, 0xb5, 0xfc, 0x87, 0xa7, 0xfe, 0x09,
+ 0xa2, 0x0d, 0x5e, 0xbe, 0xb9, 0xd4, 0x9a, 0x1b, 0x60,
+ 0xda, 0xb9, 0x32, 0xf1, 0x30, 0x3e, 0xb2, 0x45, 0x6d,
+ 0x55, 0x0c, 0x2c, 0x4b, 0x9a, 0xc0, 0xbb, 0x8e, 0xac,
+ 0x9c, 0x95, 0x5f, 0x08, 0x88, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x05, 0x75,
+ 0x8d, 0x9e, 0x9d, 0x3f, 0x0f, 0xdd, 0x50, 0x0d, 0xf8,
+ 0x11, 0xbd, 0xf9, 0xfb, 0x22, 0x5c, 0x7b, 0x9e, 0x7c,
+ 0x8e, 0x2f, 0x0e, 0xdb, 0xb8, 0x1d, 0x0c, 0x5e, 0x82,
+ 0xf3, 0x8e, 0xec, 0x32, 0x1c, 0x59, 0x73, 0xa5, 0xf3,
+ 0x5b, 0x47, 0x00, 0x64, 0x89, 0x68, 0x3b, 0xaf, 0xe8,
+ 0xe2, 0x9b, 0xa6, 0xac, 0x2c, 0xf9, 0x2b, 0x92, 0xf3,
+ 0xf0, 0x5b, 0xcc, 0x75, 0x22, 0xd5, 0xf4, 0x2b, 0x06,
+ 0x96, 0xc8, 0x50, 0xee, 0xac, 0x62, 0x16, 0x45, 0x9e,
+ 0xbc, 0xcc, 0x8f, 0x5a, 0x66, 0xc6, 0x30, 0x7c, 0xe0,
+ 0x22, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0xda, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0xbd, 0x2a, 0x2e,
+ 0x46, 0x7d, 0xb6, 0x86, 0x70, 0xa3, 0x16, 0x49, 0x85,
+ 0x28, 0x7b, 0xe9, 0x00, 0x6b, 0xfa, 0x06, 0xb0, 0xeb,
+ 0xbd, 0x67, 0x28, 0x6f, 0x27, 0xd7, 0x9c, 0x7f, 0xda,
+ 0xec, 0xf4, 0x7e, 0x55, 0xe1, 0x0c, 0x29, 0x61, 0x7a,
+ 0xf5, 0xb6, 0xb8, 0xa5, 0xef, 0x36, 0x6a, 0xad, 0x59,
+ 0x22, 0xbd, 0x3d, 0xad, 0x86, 0xe7, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x26,
+ 0x0f, 0xbf, 0x67, 0xad, 0x65, 0x32, 0xbd, 0x21, 0xd6,
+ 0x59, 0x6b, 0xe3, 0xda, 0xc1, 0x6f, 0x82, 0x41, 0x2c,
+ 0xaa, 0xe4, 0x8c, 0xfc, 0x7c, 0x61, 0x28, 0x51, 0x52,
+ 0x3d, 0xf1, 0x84, 0xb5, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x1f, 0x2a, 0x06,
+ 0x2e, 0x30, 0xed, 0x63, 0x43, 0xc9, 0x83, 0x97, 0xb1,
+ 0xd4, 0x80, 0x6f, 0x2c, 0x50, 0xec, 0x20, 0x95, 0x42,
+ 0xa0, 0x34, 0x94, 0x1a, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x5b, 0x59, 0xe3,
+ 0x39, 0xac, 0xbd, 0x2f, 0x77, 0x36, 0x59, 0x9c, 0xc3,
+ 0x3c, 0x66, 0x87, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x4b, 0xb0, 0x10, 0x4a,
+ 0xe6, 0x46, 0xe7, 0xce, 0x93, 0x7b, 0x24, 0x6b, 0x2e,
+ 0xc1, 0xe5, 0xaf, 0x4b, 0x71, 0x22, 0xad, 0x88, 0xda,
+ 0x55, 0xcb, 0xe0, 0x73, 0xd1, 0x65, 0x7d, 0xa5, 0x7f,
+ 0x36, 0xbc, 0x42, 0xc2, 0x78, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xe8, 0xdb,
+ 0xff, 0x8a, 0x5a, 0x80, 0x34, 0x3a, 0x23, 0x4c, 0x8a,
+ 0x81, 0xff, 0xbd, 0xb7, 0x88, 0xd0, 0x73, 0x07, 0x8a,
+ 0x4e, 0xa7, 0x4a, 0x61, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x1c, 0xe7, 0x34,
+ 0x37, 0x1c, 0x53, 0x90, 0x3b, 0xa4, 0x32, 0x6c, 0x6d,
+ 0xe8, 0x00, 0xde, 0xe0, 0x0c, 0x5e, 0x06, 0xef, 0xb8,
+ 0x48, 0x2e, 0xb3, 0xda, 0xac, 0x92, 0x4d, 0x0d, 0x95,
+ 0x75, 0x44, 0x01, 0x6f, 0x97, 0xc3, 0x29, 0x76, 0x33,
+ 0x36, 0x9a, 0xae, 0xfb, 0x1b, 0x43, 0xe5, 0xb1, 0x54,
+ 0x3a, 0x9c, 0x76, 0x7f, 0x76, 0x83, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xd6,
+ 0x56, 0x59, 0x83, 0xa9, 0xde, 0xd7, 0xb0, 0xf3, 0x34,
+ 0x11, 0x31, 0x06, 0x8e, 0xe9, 0xd4, 0x79, 0xd5, 0x3d,
+ 0x31, 0x6b, 0x59, 0xe9, 0x54, 0x69, 0x12, 0xfd, 0x44,
+ 0x59, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0x3b, 0xb4, 0x12, 0xe9, 0xfb, 0xb0,
+ 0xb4, 0x84, 0xb9, 0x7d, 0xea, 0x4f, 0xd1, 0x5f, 0xd0,
+ 0x3e, 0xce, 0xef, 0x5c, 0xf7, 0xea, 0x55, 0xa0, 0x8f,
+ 0xa8, 0xa7, 0x98, 0xe7, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0x3f, 0xba, 0x5a,
+ 0x32, 0x4b, 0xfa, 0x31, 0xb6, 0x63, 0x86, 0x19, 0x00,
+ 0xa2, 0x6d, 0x7d, 0x15, 0x56, 0x05, 0x68, 0xa3, 0xe0,
+ 0xf3, 0xd4, 0x82, 0xcf, 0xeb, 0xd4, 0x1c, 0xd0, 0xb6,
+ 0x14, 0x5e, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0xed, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x1a, 0xcd,
+ 0x09, 0xdc, 0x26, 0x98, 0x50, 0x11, 0x34, 0x39, 0x50,
+ 0x5a, 0x70, 0x79, 0x85, 0xca, 0xd2, 0xf2, 0x0c, 0x0d,
+ 0x12, 0x1f, 0x2e, 0x41, 0x46, 0x51, 0x72, 0x75, 0x78,
+ 0x8c, 0xa4, 0xaf, 0xba, 0xca, 0xd3, 0xdf, 0xea, 0xf8,
+ 0x09, 0x0b, 0x36, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x77, 0x83, 0xae, 0xbc,
+ 0xc5, 0xce, 0xe1, 0xf6, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x56, 0x9c,
+ 0x9f, 0xb1, 0xbd, 0xda, 0xe7, 0xf0, 0xf4, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x1f, 0x2c, 0x38,
+ },
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa65_testvector = {
+ .alg = MLDSA65,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .pk =
+ (const u8[MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]){
+ 0x9f, 0x55, 0x1e, 0x7f, 0x9c, 0x08, 0xb2, 0x83, 0xfd,
+ 0x5b, 0xa2, 0xac, 0x4f, 0x26, 0xc2, 0xf5, 0x06, 0x05,
+ 0x96, 0x08, 0x24, 0xad, 0xec, 0xe4, 0x99, 0xcc, 0x6c,
+ 0xbd, 0x55, 0x37, 0x15, 0x94, 0xab, 0x31, 0x9e, 0x56,
+ 0xe5, 0xe4, 0x55, 0xec, 0x4d, 0x49, 0x5b, 0x5a, 0x7a,
+ 0xe8, 0xc3, 0x4a, 0x08, 0x44, 0x4a, 0xc2, 0x2d, 0xe4,
+ 0x61, 0x33, 0x90, 0x20, 0x71, 0x45, 0xa5, 0x45, 0xd0,
+ 0x83, 0x2b, 0x32, 0x6c, 0xa7, 0x9e, 0x76, 0xcd, 0xfb,
+ 0x58, 0x15, 0x9e, 0x74, 0x0d, 0x67, 0x57, 0xb1, 0x06,
+ 0x5b, 0x5d, 0xd5, 0x1c, 0xbb, 0x95, 0x40, 0x1c, 0x71,
+ 0x31, 0x03, 0xef, 0xff, 0x04, 0x6b, 0xdd, 0xa2, 0xf0,
+ 0x32, 0x00, 0x72, 0xbc, 0x87, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0x1f, 0x90,
+ 0x7f, 0x92, 0xa0, 0xb2, 0x04, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0xaf, 0x7f,
+ 0x01, 0x28, 0x4c, 0xb2, 0x57, 0x2d, 0x56, 0x93, 0xd0,
+ 0xc7, 0x54, 0x02, 0x90, 0x57, 0x70, 0x23, 0x57, 0xe8,
+ 0xe7, 0x33, 0x32, 0x98, 0xfc, 0x9b, 0x8e, 0x6e, 0x7b,
+ 0xaa, 0x5d, 0xb5, 0x4e, 0xe0, 0x5d, 0x97, 0xa3, 0xea,
+ 0x43, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0xa4, 0x8c, 0xcf, 0xdc, 0xc0, 0x51,
+ 0xa7, 0x99, 0x45, 0x3d, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0xba, 0xc5, 0xff,
+ 0xe1, 0x89, 0xb3, 0x7d, 0xc3, 0xdc, 0xe2, 0x23, 0x81,
+ 0xff, 0xa9, 0xc7, 0x93, 0xc6, 0x67, 0xad, 0x94, 0xcf,
+ 0xeb, 0x91, 0x78, 0x15, 0x25, 0xf7, 0xf5, 0x06, 0x08,
+ 0x2f, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x0b, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x59, 0xe0, 0x1f,
+ 0x2e, 0x5a, 0x12, 0x06, 0xf5, 0xf4, 0x8e, 0x75, 0x57,
+ 0xa9, 0x33, 0x23, 0x0f, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x02, 0xf8, 0x68,
+ 0x0f, 0x62, 0x02, 0x81, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x7c, 0xaf, 0xd7,
+ 0x42, 0x5b, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0x2b, 0xea, 0x49, 0xab, 0x03,
+ 0x6d, 0x0a, 0x02, 0xae, 0x47, 0x79, 0xce, 0xfd, 0x18,
+ 0x76, 0x07, 0x9e, 0xa6, 0xbf, 0x7e, 0x8d, 0x73, 0xf9,
+ 0x44, 0xeb, 0x8c, 0xc5, 0x59, 0xb7, 0x19, 0xf6, 0x73,
+ 0x53, 0x42, 0x2a, 0x55, 0x7b, 0xb4, 0x56, 0x49, 0x08,
+ 0x9e, 0x9a, 0x65, 0x60, 0x70, 0x1d, 0xbd, 0xc6, 0x85,
+ 0x29, 0xde, 0xfe, 0x44, 0xae, 0xdf, 0x25, 0xfd, 0x5b,
+ 0x74, 0x6c, 0x96, 0xe6, 0x81, 0x37, 0x80, 0xe0, 0x9e,
+ 0xf3, 0x75, 0x63, 0xb4, 0xc9, 0x2f, 0x71, 0xe6, 0xeb,
+ 0xdf, 0xaf, 0x7e, 0xff, 0x9e, 0xe0, 0xbf, 0xca, 0xca,
+ 0x11, 0xed, 0xc6, 0x04, 0xd8, 0x49, 0x13, 0x2c, 0x63,
+ 0xf1, 0xb3, 0x17, 0x74, 0xd9, 0x50, 0x3f, 0xb9, 0x29,
+ 0x0e, 0x48, 0xa7, 0xf0, 0xdc, 0x78, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x9f,
+ 0xb7, 0xde, 0x36, 0x79, 0x67, 0xa4, 0x23, 0x08, 0xe7,
+ 0x62, 0xe8, 0xa4, 0xe5, 0xcf, 0xff, 0x35, 0x55, 0x36,
+ 0x2e, 0x3a, 0xe4, 0x45, 0x6a, 0x80, 0xf2, 0xca, 0xe7,
+ 0x40, 0x79, 0x14, 0xc4, 0x62, 0x38, 0xbb, 0xd0, 0x4e,
+ 0x6c, 0xb5, 0x85, 0x42, 0x3f, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xd7, 0x54,
+ 0xb8, 0x2b, 0x8b, 0xd5, 0x6f, 0x16, 0x61, 0x27, 0x23,
+ 0xac, 0xdb, 0xea, 0x9b, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xcd, 0x79, 0xe6,
+ 0x12, 0x09, 0x99, 0x09, 0xa4, 0xe1, 0x88, 0x25, 0x00,
+ 0x9e, 0x60, 0x16, 0x63, 0xd7, 0x42, 0x9b, 0xcc, 0x36,
+ 0x9a, 0x8d, 0xa3, 0x75, 0x36, 0xa1, 0xa8, 0xfc, 0xa2,
+ 0xfe, 0x29, 0x26, 0x4c, 0x93, 0x21, 0x44, 0x6b, 0x1c,
+ 0xba, 0xbd, 0xef, 0xff, 0x6d, 0x1f, 0x2b, 0x6c, 0x66,
+ 0x81, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0x1d, 0x0b, 0xd7, 0x24, 0xd4, 0xb8,
+ 0x93, 0xb5, 0x22, 0xf9, 0xd2, 0xf4, 0xa5, 0x05, 0x78,
+ 0x38, 0xae, 0x58, 0xf6, 0x50, 0x8f, 0x47, 0x1d, 0xf3,
+ 0xfb, 0x0d, 0x04, 0x14, 0xd1, 0xd6, 0xd8, 0x2e, 0xf2,
+ 0xbd, 0xf5, 0x71, 0x86, 0x4c, 0xdd, 0x61, 0x24, 0x18,
+ 0x5b, 0x54, 0xf5, 0xcd, 0x99, 0x89, 0x01, 0x8e, 0xd1,
+ 0x19, 0x52, 0xbc, 0x45, 0xed, 0x0e, 0xec, 0x72, 0x2f,
+ 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xdf, 0x36, 0x1c, 0x57, 0x9f, 0xb2, 0x8b,
+ 0xf2, 0x78, 0x1b, 0x3e, 0xc5, 0x48, 0x1f, 0x27, 0x04,
+ 0x76, 0x10, 0x44, 0xee, 0x5c, 0x68, 0x8f, 0xca, 0xd7,
+ 0x31, 0xfc, 0x5c, 0x40, 0x03, 0x2e, 0xbd, 0x1d, 0x59,
+ 0x13, 0x57, 0xbc, 0x33, 0xc6, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xe5, 0x55,
+ 0x79, 0x9b, 0x7e, 0x49, 0xbb, 0x23, 0x96, 0xc3, 0x1c,
+ 0xfe, 0x66, 0xeb, 0x5b, 0x5f, 0xe5, 0x03, 0xc9, 0xa4,
+ 0xac, 0x4d, 0xc4, 0x50, 0xbb, 0xd3, 0xc1, 0x91, 0x48,
+ 0xe0, 0x93, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xdb, 0x41, 0x37, 0x98, 0xbc,
+ 0xa2, 0x7a, 0x09, 0x92, 0x0b, 0x1c, 0xe6, 0x4b, 0x1e,
+ 0x8e, 0x78, 0x81, 0x74, 0x7d, 0x6b, 0x71, 0xd5, 0xe7,
+ 0x0e, 0x7b, 0xc2, 0x74, 0x5d, 0x89, 0xf1, 0xfa, 0x59,
+ 0xaa, 0xf7, 0x86, 0x66, 0x7e, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0xf4, 0xd5,
+ 0x8d, 0xc0, 0xb7, 0xb7, 0xa2, 0xd5, 0xcd, 0x51, 0xc3,
+ 0x7d, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x46, 0xba, 0x06, 0xa3, 0x4d, 0x60,
+ 0xd6, 0x68, 0xc6, 0xf9, 0x63, 0x88, 0x17, 0x5c, 0x20,
+ 0xe1, 0xc4, 0x0f, 0x3f, 0xc1, 0xa9, 0xa7, 0x3e, 0x39,
+ 0xef, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xc4, 0x69, 0x29, 0xe3, 0xd4, 0x8d,
+ 0xe0, 0x0e, 0x88, 0xc2, 0x93, 0x43, 0xfb, 0x28, 0xcf,
+ 0x5d, 0x85, 0x50, 0xf7, 0xeb, 0x42, 0xf5, 0x87, 0xde,
+ 0xa5, 0x65, 0xef, 0x43, 0x0c, 0x57, 0x76, 0x09, 0xf4,
+ 0x5f, 0xde, 0x81, 0x0a, 0xd9, 0x59, 0x41, 0xa4, 0x6a,
+ 0xb7, 0x05, 0xc7, 0xa5, 0xfe, 0x49, 0xd5, 0x9b, 0x57,
+ 0x13, 0x14, 0x66, 0xe2, 0xb9, 0xcc, 0x09, 0x35, 0xd4,
+ 0xb0, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0x50, 0x48, 0x45, 0x21,
+ 0x00, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xad, 0xa7, 0x46, 0xe2, 0x6f, 0x70,
+ 0xe5, 0x3c, 0x88, 0x04, 0xaa, 0x21, 0xde, 0x03, 0xb6,
+ 0x6f, 0xfe, 0x43, 0x51, 0xdc, 0x2e, 0x5c, 0x6c, 0x77,
+ 0x8f, 0x8e, 0x9d, 0x1a, 0x5b, 0x35, 0xc5, 0xe4, 0x48,
+ 0x82, 0x17, 0x4b, 0xf0, 0xea, 0xc9, 0x0e, 0xd2, 0x8f,
+ 0xcd, 0xd5, 0x01, 0xbd, 0x7f, 0x0f, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x92,
+ 0x28, 0x1e, 0x2c, 0xf4, 0xe9, 0x03, 0xf7, 0x0a, 0xeb,
+ 0x84, 0x18, 0xa1, 0x37, 0x38, 0x8a, 0x11, 0xa2, 0x5d,
+ 0x8c, 0xf6, 0xe4, 0x3f, 0x5b, 0x87, 0x07, 0x6b, 0xb4,
+ 0x07, 0xe0, 0x8f, 0x30, 0xc4, 0xfa, 0x27, 0xae, 0xfc,
+ 0x02, 0xd1, 0x21, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x0b, 0x93, 0x6e, 0x7e,
+ 0xf9, 0x6b, 0x80, 0x7a, 0x25, 0x84, 0x20, 0xf1, 0x6a,
+ 0xfa, 0x75, 0xed, 0x57, 0x61, 0x62, 0xa7, 0xf6, 0x5b,
+ 0xe1, 0xb0, 0x38, 0xc8, 0xe9, 0x6d, 0x3f, 0xef, 0x1e,
+ 0x99, 0x0b, 0xb7, 0xc8, 0x9f, 0x76, 0x5c, 0x04, 0x1f,
+ 0x02, 0x92, 0x00, 0xa7, 0x38, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x3b, 0xa7,
+ 0xbc, 0x39, 0x6e, 0xab, 0xf5, 0x10, 0xa8, 0xba, 0xd6,
+ 0x28, 0x6b, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x48, 0xf9, 0x3b, 0x5c, 0xde,
+ 0x59, 0x93, 0x46, 0xd6, 0x61, 0x52, 0x81, 0x71, 0x0f,
+ 0x0e, 0x61, 0xac, 0xc6, 0x7f, 0x15, 0x93, 0xa7, 0xc1,
+ 0x16, 0xb5, 0xef, 0x85, 0xd1, 0xa7, 0x61, 0xc2, 0x85,
+ 0x1d, 0x61, 0xc6, 0xae, 0xb3, 0x9e, 0x8d, 0x23, 0xa3,
+ 0xc8, 0xd5, 0xf2, 0xc7, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xef, 0xd2, 0xdf,
+ 0x25, 0xaf, 0x4e, 0x81, 0x15, 0x59, 0xe5, 0x36, 0xb1,
+ 0xf1, 0xd5, 0xda, 0x58, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0xc9,
+ 0x25, 0xb5, 0xe8, 0x1d, 0x3b, 0xca, 0x2d, 0xab, 0xf2,
+ 0xe2, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xd7, 0xf4, 0xc7, 0xd0, 0x57, 0x7a,
+ 0x86, 0x15, 0x0a, 0x5a, 0x8b, 0xd7, 0x3f, 0x66, 0x0f,
+ 0x80, 0xb4, 0xe0, 0x5c, 0x33, 0xed, 0xaf, 0x1b, 0x3b,
+ 0x6d, 0x1c, 0xd9, 0x8c, 0xb5, 0x96, 0xa3, 0xfb, 0xcf,
+ 0xcc, 0x97, 0x1c, 0xae, 0x06, 0x19, 0x41, 0x61, 0xf8,
+ 0x97, 0x6b, 0x82, 0x5e, 0x1c, 0xbf, 0x6f, 0x43, 0x3d,
+ 0xe5, 0x00, 0xf5, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x48, 0x26, 0x31, 0xa1,
+ 0x72, 0x67, 0x6e, 0xd4, 0x5b, 0x6f, 0x66, 0xde, 0x70,
+ 0x8b, 0x2b, 0xc3, 0xa2, 0x30, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xc8, 0xff,
+ 0xf8, 0xd0, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0x21, 0x85, 0x6e, 0x6c, 0x82,
+ 0x66, 0xcc, 0x52, 0xf0, 0x9e, 0x1e, 0xb5, 0x3a, 0xff,
+ 0x4c, 0xf3, 0xae, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x4b, 0x76, 0x25, 0xbd,
+ 0xb0, 0x21, 0x54, 0x61, 0xda, 0x16, 0xd3, 0x23, 0x86,
+ 0x41, 0xa1, 0x4c, 0x59, 0x15, 0x95, 0x65, 0x85, 0xb6,
+ 0x8e, 0xa6, 0x37, 0xc0, 0xa2, 0x71, 0x1d, 0x67, 0x44,
+ 0x7b, 0xe5, 0x4c, 0x4f, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0x46, 0xf7, 0x29,
+ 0xa5, 0xf2, 0xd3, 0x51, 0x19, 0x91, 0x4d, 0xa7, 0xb5,
+ 0x05, 0xb9, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0xf8, 0xc0, 0x01, 0xe5,
+ 0x41, 0x0a, 0x89, 0x64, 0x77, 0xf2, 0xc8, 0x63, 0x2d,
+ 0x9d, 0x27, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x30, 0x39, 0xdf, 0xb6, 0x6e,
+ 0x4f, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x15, 0xc6, 0xaf, 0x62, 0xdf, 0x3f,
+ 0x47, 0xe8, 0x42, 0x90, 0x77, 0x23, 0x7a, 0xaa, 0x99,
+ 0x53, 0x03, 0x63, 0x60, 0x59, 0x07, 0x52, 0x3c, 0xb5,
+ 0x67, 0x59, 0xfe, 0x08, 0xe6, 0x43, 0x0f, 0x3b, 0x08,
+ 0x7c, 0xc7, 0x07, 0x3c, 0xfa, 0x65, 0xea, 0x69, 0x51,
+ 0x41, 0x31, 0xb3, 0x05, 0x69, 0xba, 0x2c, 0xbf, 0x89,
+ 0x25, 0x9e, 0xfe, 0x07, 0x13, 0x78, 0x0e, 0x16, 0x54,
+ 0xdf, 0x23, 0xdf, 0x10, 0x69, 0x79, 0xd0, 0x33, 0xd7,
+ 0x21, 0x8b, 0xc8, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x74, 0x0a, 0xfa, 0xb1,
+ 0x6f, 0xa3, 0xcb, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x4f, 0x00, 0x46, 0x6c,
+ 0x42, 0x09, 0xe0, 0x30, 0x89, 0x08, 0x33, 0x9b, 0x7b,
+ 0x7b, 0x0f, 0x69, 0x5c, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x91, 0xfc, 0xfe,
+ 0x22, 0x82, 0x02, 0xcd, 0xfa, 0x97, 0xe8, 0x28, 0x1d,
+ 0xbc, 0x13, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x47, 0xa1, 0x7e, 0xa2, 0x86,
+ 0x4d, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x51, 0x35, 0x7d, 0x76, 0x8a, 0x58,
+ 0x05, 0xb6, 0x39, 0xa1, 0x2f, 0xd7, 0xda, 0xaf, 0x00,
+ 0xa0, 0x1a, 0x94, 0xd8, 0x23, 0x34, 0x99, 0x5c, 0xaf,
+ 0xcc, 0x15, 0x4b, 0x56, 0xb2, 0xd2, 0x81, 0x07, 0xd3,
+ 0xf3, 0x47, 0xa2, 0x45, 0x93, 0xcb, 0xae, 0xa7, 0x6b,
+ 0x3f, 0xf9, 0xea, 0xfc, 0x0e, 0x64, 0xf2, 0x93, 0x7f,
+ 0x24, 0x22, 0x73, 0x86, 0xc7, 0x2d, 0x75, 0x9b, 0x41,
+ 0x8b, 0xfb, 0x3b, 0x26, 0x2a, 0xe5, 0x0b, 0xd4, 0x00,
+ 0xe3, 0x2c, 0x69, 0x49, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x13, 0x58, 0x6e,
+ 0xac, 0x43, 0xe5, 0x2b, 0x3b, 0x88, 0xdc, 0xd4, 0x41,
+ 0xe8, 0xee, 0x4e, 0xc3, 0x28, 0x91, 0x17, 0x9a, 0x5a,
+ 0xdb, 0x80, 0x8b, 0x4d, 0x64, 0xcc, 0xbe, 0x66, 0xa4,
+ 0x62, 0xfb, 0x13, 0x44, 0x10, 0xd9, 0xe4, 0xd5, 0xa5,
+ 0xae, 0x9e, 0x42, 0x50, 0xfc, 0x78, 0xad, 0xfa, 0xc4,
+ 0xd0, 0x5a, 0x60, 0x9b, 0x45, 0x2b, 0x61, 0x5c, 0x57,
+ 0xb5, 0x92, 0x28, 0xe9, 0xf5, 0x35, 0x67, 0xc1, 0x5e,
+ 0xa8, 0x1c, 0x99, 0x36, 0x38, 0xb8, 0x5c, 0xff, 0x3d,
+ 0xa0, 0xfc, 0xb0, 0xbc, 0x3d, 0x2c, 0xb4, 0x36, 0x17,
+ 0xb4, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x39, 0x45, 0xa9, 0x2a, 0x6b, 0xa2,
+ 0x24, 0x44, 0x30, 0xab, 0x2c, 0x82, 0x36, 0xdc, 0xd6,
+ 0x36, 0x5d, 0x0a, 0xdc, 0xee, 0x0f, 0x2b, 0x28, 0x99,
+ 0xdc, 0x67, 0x0d, 0xea, 0x6e, 0x42, 0xb9, 0x45, 0x7f,
+ 0xd2, 0x96, 0x1e, 0x60, 0x42, 0xeb, 0x1e, 0x5f, 0x8e,
+ 0xa9, 0xdc, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xd6, 0xbd, 0x4e, 0x1f, 0x42,
+ 0x75, 0x1d, 0xe2, 0xc6, 0x11, 0xc9, 0x80, 0x1f, 0xfe,
+ 0x99, 0x52, 0x4d, 0x7b, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xb7, 0xc3, 0xee,
+ 0xd6, 0x94, 0xf5, 0x74, 0xa0, 0x69, 0xcd, 0x1f, 0x2b,
+ 0xd0, 0x87, 0xf7, 0x8c, 0x69, 0xc5, 0x96, 0x70, 0x91,
+ 0xe8, 0x3d, 0xd2, 0xcc, 0xf1, 0x4c, 0xcd, 0xe2, 0x14,
+ 0x00, 0x10, 0x4a, 0xd9, 0x6a, 0x5d, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x4b,
+ 0x79, 0x0c, 0xc4, 0x78, 0x5e, 0xc8, 0xc5, 0x37, 0x74,
+ 0x6d, 0x50, 0x5c, 0x34, 0x1f, 0xe0, 0xf4, 0xe3, 0xe1,
+ 0x86, 0x68, 0xb1, 0xea, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xae, 0xe4, 0x59,
+ 0xa1, 0x08, 0x7e, 0x35, 0xa3, 0x16, 0xd2, 0xb0, 0xa3,
+ 0xd4, 0xb0, 0x74, 0x8c, 0x05, 0x79, 0x73, 0xfb, 0xe6,
+ 0x65, 0x96, 0x15, 0x07, 0xd5, 0xaf, 0x88, 0x9e, 0x6b,
+ 0xf0, 0xbb, 0x3f, 0xe6, 0xd1, 0x6a, 0xe7, 0xc9, 0xae,
+ 0xd9, 0xb0, 0x16, 0x1c, 0x40, 0xeb, 0xdb, 0xc1, 0xbf,
+ 0x83, 0xdb, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0x96, 0xca, 0xd7, 0x22, 0x06,
+ 0x87, 0x08, 0x9d, 0x65, 0x2f, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x95, 0x6c,
+ 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x76, 0x2a, 0xea, 0x5c, 0x8e, 0x5b, 0x17,
+ 0x0f, 0x75, 0x7b, 0xfa, 0xf9, 0xfb, 0xaa, 0x92, 0xc7,
+ 0x7e, 0x63, 0x63, 0x54, 0xa4, 0xff, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xc0,
+ 0xf5, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xe3, 0xa4, 0x79, 0x16, 0xf0, 0x6f,
+ 0x90, 0x5e, 0xb7, 0xab, 0x6f, 0xab, 0x75, 0x3b, 0xe1,
+ 0x4c, 0xa8, 0x0b, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x5f, 0x11, 0x22, 0x36,
+ 0x71, 0x20, 0xd3, 0x5b, 0x5e, 0x07, 0x06, 0x76, 0x1a,
+ 0xcc, 0x5e, 0x7c, 0x97, 0x7d, 0xb2, 0x6b, 0xf8, 0x39,
+ 0x89, 0x37, 0xb6, 0x6d, 0xea, 0x74, 0x57, 0x28, 0xd7,
+ 0x0e, 0x9b, 0xeb, 0x28, 0x88, 0x90, 0xfd, 0x2d, 0x16,
+ 0x21, 0x74, 0x26, 0xc5, 0xb8, 0x44, 0xad, 0x9f, 0x97,
+ 0xf9, 0x65, 0x36, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x59, 0x17, 0x49, 0xf9,
+ 0xc7, 0xb3, 0x84, 0xb9, 0xe2, 0x95, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0x7f,
+ 0x5f, 0xaa, 0xd7, 0xfd, 0x6a, 0x6a, 0x83, 0x14, 0x46,
+ 0x1d, 0x12, 0x8d, 0x09, 0xc3, 0xa5, 0xca, 0x72, 0xa3,
+ 0x25, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x25, 0x04, 0x51, 0xab, 0x22,
+ 0xeb, 0xd7, 0x69, 0xc9, 0x22, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0x19, 0x5c,
+ 0x1a, 0xfd, 0x41, 0x8f, 0x98, 0xc5, 0x71, 0xb8, 0x6f,
+ 0x76, 0xae, 0xfa, 0x9b, 0x03, 0xab, 0x43, 0x81, 0x3b,
+ 0x66, 0xae, 0xf0, 0xd2, 0xb7, 0xee, 0x9a, 0xe3, 0xae,
+ 0x45, 0xc1, 0x86, 0xb0, 0xce, 0x9e, 0x2b, 0xec, 0xb8,
+ 0xcf, 0xca, 0x0e, 0x8c, 0x33, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xef, 0xf7,
+ 0xfc, 0xa1, 0x41, 0x49, 0xd3, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xe4,
+ 0x0e, 0x24, 0xd2, 0x8a, 0x74, 0xc9, 0x56, 0x2e, 0x53,
+ 0xc7, 0x7a, 0x38, 0x0f, 0x4b, 0xd9, 0xf9, 0x2f, 0xfa,
+ 0x7d, 0xee, 0x14, 0x18, 0xce, 0x75, 0x42, 0x6c, 0x03,
+ 0x34, 0xce, 0x80, 0xec, 0xf2, 0x05, 0xf0, 0xdf, 0xcd,
+ 0xf8, 0xdb, 0x26, 0x7d, 0xb6, 0x3d, 0x28, 0x24, 0x7e,
+ 0x7e, 0x39, 0x9f, 0xa6, 0xc6, 0xeb, 0x2a, 0xc8, 0x17,
+ 0x94, 0xa9, 0x89, 0xf5, 0xdf, 0xcb, 0x77, 0xfd, 0xc9,
+ 0x9e, 0x68, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x04, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x64, 0x1d,
+ 0x66, 0xb0, 0x97, 0x06, 0xb6, 0x08, 0x5b, 0xe4, 0x17,
+ 0x44, 0xd6, 0x94, 0x39, 0x6b, 0x03, 0x2c, 0xcb, 0x5a,
+ 0x8d, 0x86, 0x08, 0x23, 0x4f, 0x95, 0xa8, 0x1a,
+ },
+ .msg_len = 64,
+ .msg =
+ (const u8[64]){
+ 0x1a, 0x84, 0x21, 0x0d, 0x35, 0x7a, 0x88, 0xc8,
+ 0x6a, 0x11, 0xe3, 0x15, 0x24, 0xec, 0x0d, 0x2e,
+ 0x76, 0xb9, 0xcf, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x25, 0x16, 0xae,
+ 0x62, 0x42, 0xa0, 0x20, 0x68, 0x25, 0x3e, 0xb4,
+ 0x75, 0xa7, 0x1d, 0x64, 0xc3, 0xd1, 0x08, 0x07,
+ 0x67, 0xb6, 0xf7, 0x76, 0x76, 0xf6, 0xd6, 0x62,
+ 0x66, 0x04, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x8f, 0x07, 0xac, 0xc8,
+ 0x51, 0x77, 0xd9, 0x47, 0x5e, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x20,
+ },
+ .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .sig =
+ (const u8[MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE]){
+ 0xda, 0xcf, 0x8d, 0x67, 0x59, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x39, 0x2d,
+ 0x89, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0xf3, 0x8c, 0x70, 0xcf, 0x25, 0x86,
+ 0x21, 0xa1, 0x9f, 0x20, 0x9e, 0xf5, 0xd2, 0xdd, 0xbd,
+ 0x99, 0xfa, 0xe4, 0xab, 0x77, 0x31, 0x65, 0x18, 0xa1,
+ 0xd1, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x70, 0x36, 0xe1, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0x28,
+ 0xb6, 0x7d, 0x34, 0xae, 0x66, 0xc9, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0xc6,
+ 0xf9, 0x45, 0x8c, 0xa9, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0xb8,
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+ 0x86, 0xfb, 0x77, 0x60, 0xcd, 0xc5, 0x68, 0x96, 0xd7,
+ 0x4c, 0x3c, 0xf2, 0x51, 0x71, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x2e, 0x57,
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+ 0x88, 0x53, 0x74, 0x1e, 0xb0, 0xca, 0x65, 0x48, 0x8e,
+ 0xdb, 0x59, 0x3a, 0xcb, 0x80, 0xeb, 0xfd, 0xd2, 0xc9,
+ 0x38, 0x43, 0xae, 0x76, 0xf2, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xb2, 0xcb,
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+ 0xf1, 0x40, 0x5b, 0x16, 0x83, 0x5e, 0xa5, 0x9c, 0x6b,
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+ 0xf3, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0xb8, 0xcd, 0xb3, 0xf8, 0x8d, 0xaa,
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+ 0x39, 0xa6, 0xf2, 0x36, 0x04, 0xde, 0x3c, 0x4a, 0x4e,
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+ 0x05, 0xda, 0xde, 0xba, 0xf6, 0x37, 0x13, 0x8d, 0xe4,
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+ 0xaa, 0xf9, 0x70, 0xfb, 0xed, 0xbd, 0xa6, 0x25, 0x14,
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+ 0xd3, 0x25, 0x5d, 0x0e, 0xe6, 0x20, 0x14, 0x71, 0x24,
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+ 0x9e, 0xdd, 0x88, 0x31, 0x13, 0x96, 0xbf, 0xca, 0x0a,
+ 0xd7, 0xbc, 0xc4, 0x00, 0xa1, 0x10, 0x2d, 0x92, 0x79,
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+ 0x40, 0x14, 0xc2, 0x56, 0x3c, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x07, 0x60,
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+ 0xa4, 0x87, 0x75, 0xcc, 0x6c, 0x72, 0xb7, 0x68, 0x23,
+ 0xb7, 0x3d, 0x76, 0xaf, 0x96, 0x9b, 0x4a, 0xe5, 0x12,
+ 0x28, 0x4a, 0x8f, 0x79, 0x34, 0xff, 0xec, 0x92, 0xeb,
+ 0x6b, 0xaf, 0xc9, 0xbd, 0xc1, 0x77, 0x07, 0xd0, 0xfa,
+ 0x55, 0x57, 0x10, 0x0c, 0xad, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x79, 0xd6,
+ 0x09, 0x9e, 0x7d, 0x18, 0xd4, 0xd6, 0xdd, 0x72, 0x1a,
+ 0x8f, 0x24, 0x11, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x52, 0x36, 0x0f, 0x38,
+ 0x79, 0x38, 0x4a, 0x02, 0x4f, 0x73, 0x2a, 0xaa, 0x6a,
+ 0xb5, 0x0c, 0x72, 0x32, 0x85, 0x21, 0x76, 0x1a, 0x8a,
+ 0x7d, 0x51, 0x0e, 0xf1, 0xf9, 0x19, 0xfa, 0x6b, 0x9b,
+ 0x22, 0x71, 0x8c, 0x13, 0xcc, 0xba, 0x7d, 0xee, 0xd8,
+ 0x34, 0xf6, 0x85, 0x60, 0xe1, 0xe4, 0x59, 0x6e, 0x32,
+ 0x60, 0xd9, 0xfa, 0xb7, 0x56, 0x54, 0x25, 0xd1, 0x73,
+ 0x6a, 0xf2, 0xa0, 0xc7, 0xa0, 0x67, 0x10, 0x89, 0x9c,
+ 0x27, 0x5f, 0x7f, 0x2e, 0x5a, 0x29, 0x70, 0x7a, 0x7b,
+ 0xaf, 0x21, 0xd0, 0xf4, 0x06, 0xb9, 0x2d, 0xf1, 0xb8,
+ 0x32, 0xed, 0xc5, 0xc9, 0xac, 0x2f, 0x54, 0x0a, 0xf9,
+ 0x08, 0x39, 0x39, 0x7d, 0x1d, 0xaf, 0xb4, 0x5f, 0x4d,
+ 0x75, 0xc3, 0xe8, 0x52, 0x3a, 0x47, 0x72, 0x2c, 0xa9,
+ 0x2d, 0xcb, 0x74, 0x06, 0xfe, 0x69, 0xd3, 0xf3, 0x1a,
+ 0xb2, 0xd3, 0x01, 0xed, 0x6c, 0xc1, 0xca, 0x4f, 0xaf,
+ 0x11, 0x9b, 0xa2, 0x27, 0x2a, 0x59, 0x56, 0x58, 0xdf,
+ 0x79, 0x8b, 0xc9, 0x87, 0xe9, 0x58, 0x81, 0x48, 0xc6,
+ 0xb6, 0x7d, 0x60, 0x54, 0x87, 0x9c, 0x61, 0xbb, 0x4b,
+ 0xbb, 0x61, 0xac, 0x0a, 0x5a, 0x66, 0x7e, 0x70, 0x8b,
+ 0xfd, 0x92, 0x76, 0x4a, 0xa9, 0xa5, 0xc3, 0xf4, 0xf2,
+ 0x93, 0x48, 0xc4, 0xf3, 0x91, 0x2b, 0x60, 0x04, 0x0e,
+ 0xb0, 0x6b, 0x60, 0x5e, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0x54, 0x41, 0x56,
+ 0xdc, 0x25, 0x57, 0xc3, 0xb6, 0x0b, 0x5e, 0x15, 0xb5,
+ 0x2a, 0x36, 0x4f, 0xe7, 0x1d, 0x70, 0xa8, 0xa7, 0xec,
+ 0xd6, 0x74, 0xba, 0xa4, 0x79, 0x83, 0x7c, 0x9e, 0x1a,
+ 0x5d, 0x32, 0xc8, 0xcb, 0x41, 0xca, 0x04, 0xec, 0x0b,
+ 0x18, 0x54, 0xe1, 0x67, 0xbf, 0xa8, 0x7a, 0xc3, 0x0f,
+ 0x27, 0x2a, 0xaf, 0x2a, 0x41, 0x19, 0x1f, 0xe8, 0xa2,
+ 0xe8, 0xfa, 0xfc, 0x88, 0x41, 0x46, 0xc3, 0x1c, 0x44,
+ 0xe5, 0xee, 0x47, 0xec, 0xfe, 0xbf, 0xb8, 0x29, 0x2e,
+ 0xae, 0x47, 0x0a, 0x42, 0x69, 0x8a, 0x9a, 0x94, 0x97,
+ 0x9e, 0xf5, 0xb6, 0x37, 0x1c, 0x10, 0xc2, 0x99, 0xa8,
+ 0xe9, 0x9e, 0x0e, 0x6e, 0xb5, 0xbe, 0xba, 0x1f, 0x77,
+ 0xa6, 0x35, 0x02, 0x1e, 0x8c, 0xe6, 0x02, 0x53, 0xe2,
+ 0x9a, 0xdd, 0x09, 0x6e, 0x9b, 0x7a, 0x36, 0x4f, 0x38,
+ 0x8d, 0x4c, 0xa4, 0xb4, 0xff, 0x90, 0x76, 0x0d, 0x11,
+ 0x7d, 0xe1, 0xe9, 0x7f, 0x2a, 0x4a, 0x80, 0xe0, 0xd8,
+ 0x3c, 0x23, 0xd2, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0x39, 0x77, 0xbf, 0x3d,
+ 0x71, 0x0d, 0x45, 0xbb, 0x39, 0x66, 0x1a, 0x4d, 0x59,
+ 0xb7, 0xd0, 0x0a, 0xee, 0x87, 0xee, 0x1f, 0xcf, 0x6f,
+ 0xc2, 0x50, 0xb1, 0xa5, 0x4c, 0xee, 0x40, 0x69, 0xd7,
+ 0x36, 0x38, 0x14, 0xcd, 0x6a, 0x9a, 0x90, 0x40, 0xad,
+ 0x76, 0xf1, 0xa6, 0xd4, 0x3c, 0x75, 0x10, 0xba, 0xcb,
+ 0xab, 0x22, 0x28, 0x5f, 0x0c, 0xe0, 0xee, 0xf4, 0xfd,
+ 0x61, 0x52, 0x0a, 0x59, 0xfe, 0x61, 0xc5, 0x40, 0xf9,
+ 0x91, 0x8e, 0x36, 0x29, 0x63, 0x6c, 0x6e, 0x45, 0xa5,
+ 0x42, 0xe3, 0x36, 0x90, 0xe7, 0x90, 0x9f, 0x58, 0xbb,
+ 0xf9, 0x1b, 0xee, 0x2c, 0xbb, 0x3a, 0xfd, 0x3d, 0xbe,
+ 0x3d, 0x45, 0xf0, 0xc2, 0x18, 0xaa, 0x46, 0x10, 0x23,
+ 0xe9, 0x63, 0xba, 0x7f, 0xc2, 0xe1, 0xf4, 0x05, 0xdd,
+ 0x4a, 0x7c, 0xa8, 0xab, 0xa9, 0xbd, 0x6f, 0xdf, 0x48,
+ 0x59, 0x11, 0xd4, 0xba, 0x75, 0xb6, 0x22, 0xd4, 0xd7,
+ 0x35, 0x6f, 0x27, 0x70, 0xc7, 0x3d, 0x90, 0x06, 0x39,
+ 0x2a, 0x16, 0xd0, 0x8b, 0xd7, 0xfb, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x2e,
+ 0xb0, 0xd8, 0xc7, 0xdb, 0xe5, 0x24, 0x3a, 0x6e, 0xc4,
+ 0x5e, 0xd4, 0x22, 0x25, 0x14, 0xee, 0xa5, 0x30, 0x8b,
+ 0xd6, 0x27, 0x61, 0x33, 0x13, 0x46, 0x0b, 0x26, 0x45,
+ 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xfa, 0x8d, 0xa3, 0xf2, 0x27, 0xd2, 0xc5,
+ 0x04, 0xaa, 0x96, 0xa4, 0x55, 0xfa, 0x40, 0xf1, 0xfc,
+ 0x66, 0x33, 0x9e, 0x4b, 0x39, 0x75, 0xae, 0x7f, 0x52,
+ 0x87, 0x7b, 0x8a, 0xf9, 0x7d, 0x5f, 0x8a, 0x7e, 0xf7,
+ 0xfe, 0xc4, 0x7f, 0xf4, 0xf6, 0x9a, 0x86, 0x78, 0x21,
+ 0x02, 0x94, 0x9e, 0x50, 0x2d, 0xdc, 0xd6, 0xa5, 0x53,
+ 0xf1, 0xef, 0x06, 0xe8, 0xb5, 0x46, 0x81, 0xcc, 0x91,
+ 0x4f, 0x37, 0xee, 0x27, 0xcb, 0x91, 0xad, 0xff, 0x1d,
+ 0xd1, 0x00, 0xa8, 0x96, 0x22, 0xaa, 0x63, 0x23, 0x2a,
+ 0x7a, 0x75, 0x6f, 0xe9, 0x2d, 0x26, 0xde, 0x11, 0x97,
+ 0x4b, 0x17, 0x3f, 0xde, 0x51, 0x1a, 0x22, 0xed, 0x38,
+ 0x6f, 0x3e, 0x7a, 0xd0, 0xd6, 0x60, 0x06, 0x7e, 0x3f,
+ 0xa4, 0x29, 0xfa, 0x18, 0x91, 0xda, 0x73, 0x38, 0xe3,
+ 0xe3, 0xb5, 0xc0, 0x5b, 0x4e, 0xe8, 0x94, 0xea, 0x45,
+ 0x6e, 0x5b, 0x50, 0xaa, 0x38, 0xb6, 0x6f, 0xdb, 0x90,
+ 0x1b, 0x3b, 0x82, 0xbb, 0x0d, 0x38, 0xe3, 0xca, 0xd9,
+ 0xf1, 0x2e, 0x27, 0x4c, 0x2c, 0x5a, 0x42, 0xdf, 0x44,
+ 0xc8, 0x07, 0xe4, 0x95, 0xb5, 0xec, 0x91, 0x34, 0x1c,
+ 0x9a, 0x0c, 0x50, 0x1a, 0xce, 0x67, 0xe4, 0x4b, 0x87,
+ 0x61, 0x43, 0x95, 0x95, 0xb8, 0x8a, 0xf4, 0xc9, 0x92,
+ 0x33, 0x33, 0xe3, 0xfe, 0x98, 0x2a, 0xae, 0x8e, 0xf2,
+ 0x6b, 0x13, 0x7c, 0xe4, 0x44, 0x40, 0x66, 0xea, 0x0c,
+ 0xe4, 0xdb, 0x16, 0x65, 0xa8, 0x8b, 0x37, 0x08, 0xec,
+ 0x1e, 0xfc, 0xa6, 0xd0, 0x9b, 0x9e, 0x0a, 0xd2, 0xe3,
+ 0xcf, 0x5d, 0xb2, 0xaf, 0x8e, 0x05, 0x7d, 0x8d, 0x84,
+ 0xbc, 0x9f, 0xb1, 0xe6, 0x6a, 0x2e, 0x4b, 0x6d, 0x64,
+ 0x91, 0x17, 0x9d, 0xb5, 0x35, 0x15, 0x02, 0xe9, 0x1b,
+ 0x85, 0xc1, 0x89, 0xc2, 0x5a, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x80, 0x78,
+ 0x5e, 0xcc, 0x50, 0x26, 0xf5, 0x11, 0x01, 0x79, 0xf3,
+ 0xaf, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x00, 0x73, 0x8f, 0xeb, 0x5a, 0xd1,
+ 0x26, 0x00, 0xe2, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0xfd, 0xaa, 0x15, 0x5b,
+ 0x98, 0x2a, 0x76, 0x41, 0x07, 0xc2, 0xde, 0xb6, 0x71,
+ 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xe9, 0x92, 0xb3, 0xd8, 0xfe, 0xaf, 0x12,
+ 0x61, 0x86, 0x5b, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x45, 0x7b, 0x9b, 0x6f,
+ 0x1a, 0x13, 0x84, 0xf6, 0x31, 0x5f, 0x5b, 0x6c, 0xde,
+ 0x47, 0xb8, 0x73, 0x32, 0xc7, 0x94, 0x92, 0xa5, 0xc3,
+ 0x65, 0xdf, 0x96, 0x6c, 0xfd, 0xb7, 0x80, 0xfb, 0x47,
+ 0xba, 0x6e, 0x43, 0xb3, 0x7e, 0x86, 0xc9, 0x97, 0x45,
+ 0xde, 0x3f, 0x3a, 0xf6, 0xb0, 0x9e, 0x9a, 0xcb, 0xfd,
+ 0xf2, 0x5c, 0xba, 0x6e, 0x3f, 0xed, 0xfa, 0x74, 0x84,
+ 0xe2, 0xb1, 0xae, 0x66, 0x57, 0x0b, 0x96, 0x6c, 0x77,
+ 0xe4, 0x8a, 0x67, 0x97, 0xc7, 0xe0, 0x44, 0xb2, 0x83,
+ 0x2d, 0x3c, 0x2e, 0x01, 0x19, 0x2e, 0x4c, 0x74, 0xe1,
+ 0x35, 0x73, 0xeb, 0x85, 0x63, 0x8c, 0x3a, 0xb8, 0xbc,
+ 0x25, 0x6a, 0x8d, 0xaf, 0xd2, 0xfb, 0xef, 0xd3, 0x12,
+ 0x93, 0x0b, 0x39, 0xfa, 0x66, 0xbe, 0x3b, 0xfd, 0x6c,
+ 0x0b, 0xbb, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0x78, 0xa1, 0xcf, 0x8c, 0x7d,
+ 0x60, 0x55, 0xeb, 0x33, 0x4e, 0x8e, 0xf9, 0x19, 0x4d,
+ 0x42, 0xd4, 0xf8, 0xd8, 0xba, 0xad, 0x0a, 0x6e, 0x62,
+ 0xd4, 0xe1, 0x6a, 0xcc, 0xea, 0x09, 0x91, 0x8e, 0x62,
+ 0xc9, 0x1e, 0x9e, 0x48, 0xaa, 0xde, 0xf7, 0xa2, 0x5a,
+ 0xcb, 0x83, 0x20, 0xe8, 0xf5, 0xd1, 0xfe, 0x9d, 0x18,
+ 0x2f, 0xd6, 0xf8, 0x97, 0x17, 0xce, 0xc2, 0x05, 0x08,
+ 0xef, 0x61, 0x70, 0x9d, 0x95, 0x79, 0x59, 0x4c, 0x06,
+ 0x24, 0x3d, 0x24, 0x69, 0xff, 0x46, 0xda, 0xbc, 0x71,
+ 0x7a, 0x74, 0x93, 0x58, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x91, 0xfb, 0x66,
+ 0xed, 0x78, 0x8f, 0xf8, 0x28, 0xa8, 0x1d, 0xa5, 0x3a,
+ 0x13, 0x76, 0xc2, 0xcc, 0xba, 0xb9, 0x56, 0x29, 0x74,
+ 0xd6, 0x14, 0x75, 0x58, 0xe6, 0x2e, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x9d,
+ 0x41, 0x94, 0x8a, 0xcf, 0xf1, 0xb1, 0xe0, 0x36, 0xe5,
+ 0x89, 0x9a, 0x95, 0xa1, 0x11, 0xd1, 0xbe, 0x45, 0xe4,
+ 0xb3, 0xb0, 0x62, 0x32, 0x1d, 0xba, 0xe0, 0xde, 0x57,
+ 0x81, 0x0e, 0x01, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x3d, 0xd5, 0xde, 0x3b,
+ 0x3a, 0xdd, 0x8f, 0xe3, 0x2e, 0xce, 0x1e, 0x89, 0x4d,
+ 0x81, 0xf0, 0xf6, 0x20, 0x63, 0x7a, 0x4c, 0xbb, 0x66,
+ 0xe0, 0xbe, 0x2b, 0xee, 0xd0, 0x3b, 0x60, 0x1e, 0x65,
+ 0xd1, 0x2c, 0x7c, 0x5c, 0x6c, 0x16, 0x5b, 0x90, 0xc8,
+ 0x05, 0x10, 0xf2, 0xde, 0x33, 0x90, 0x35, 0x69, 0x24,
+ 0x3f, 0xc1, 0x8f, 0x1e, 0x4a, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x03, 0x65,
+ 0x46, 0x40, 0x76, 0xe9, 0x83, 0x97, 0xda, 0x0b, 0xb8,
+ 0x22, 0xfa, 0x55, 0x99, 0xfd, 0x18, 0x24, 0xd2, 0x66,
+ 0xb0, 0x7b, 0x70, 0x56, 0x93, 0xad, 0x09, 0x95, 0x8e,
+ 0x1f, 0x2f, 0xe8, 0x12, 0x55, 0xd4, 0x1f, 0xde, 0x09,
+ 0x85, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xd5, 0x10, 0x2c, 0x8c, 0x6b, 0x53,
+ 0x28, 0xce, 0x06, 0xc5, 0x52, 0x0f, 0xfa, 0x09, 0x09,
+ 0x23, 0x1b, 0xe3, 0xbf, 0xb1, 0x89, 0x72, 0x26, 0x0d,
+ 0xa6, 0xbb, 0x7d, 0x9e, 0xdc, 0xf8, 0xf5, 0x0b, 0x8c,
+ 0xe0, 0xbc, 0x97, 0x3b, 0x72, 0xdd, 0xf5, 0x9d, 0xc5,
+ 0xb6, 0x37, 0x2c, 0x76, 0x5b, 0x58, 0x67, 0xdb, 0xed,
+ 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xe5, 0xe5, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0xff,
+ 0xa9, 0x57, 0x4a, 0x84, 0x85, 0x82, 0xac, 0x00, 0x50,
+ 0xa3, 0x4f, 0x87, 0xfe, 0x2a, 0x40, 0x52, 0x54, 0x81,
+ 0x69, 0x42, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0xd7, 0x18, 0x98, 0x01, 0x8c,
+ 0x5a, 0xa2, 0xf4, 0xe8, 0x61, 0xd1, 0x38, 0xfd, 0x0f,
+ 0x63, 0x75, 0xd3, 0x4b, 0x1d, 0xdc, 0xdf, 0xb2, 0xeb,
+ 0x94, 0x97, 0x5c, 0x2a, 0xb4, 0x12, 0x5c, 0x49, 0x2b,
+ 0xfc, 0xd0, 0x8d, 0xfb, 0xe7, 0xb3, 0xcb, 0x0f, 0x3c,
+ 0x2e, 0x04, 0x36, 0xa8, 0x03, 0xc9, 0xd7, 0x11, 0x2d,
+ 0x2a, 0x93, 0xff, 0xda, 0x26, 0xb0, 0x54, 0x7e, 0xaf,
+ 0x30, 0x7d, 0xce, 0x46, 0x8a, 0x3d, 0x7c, 0xa4, 0x7a,
+ 0x2c, 0xfa, 0xba, 0xa1, 0xc9, 0x41, 0xd3, 0xb8, 0x84,
+ 0x03, 0x78, 0xdd, 0xe9, 0x57, 0x19, 0x62, 0x62, 0xff,
+ 0x5b, 0x3b, 0x48, 0x62, 0x0e, 0xee, 0x19, 0xb0, 0x32,
+ 0x6e, 0x6a, 0x07, 0xd8, 0x4e, 0x25, 0x76, 0xa7, 0xe3,
+ 0x98, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0xb6, 0x99, 0x32, 0x67, 0x7d, 0x46,
+ 0x42, 0x4a, 0x82, 0xd1, 0x29, 0x1b, 0x87, 0xeb, 0x4b,
+ 0x9e, 0xdf, 0x69, 0x75, 0xbd, 0x4f, 0xd3, 0xde, 0xc9,
+ 0x83, 0xe6, 0xd6, 0xea, 0x03, 0x81, 0x12, 0xf3, 0x5d,
+ 0x99, 0xf1, 0xb1, 0xd9, 0x3e, 0xbe, 0xf3, 0xa8, 0xdc,
+ 0xb6, 0xf8, 0x4b, 0x9e, 0x26, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x7c, 0xb3,
+ 0xf4, 0xca, 0x00, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xe5, 0x43, 0xa1, 0xfd,
+ 0x3a, 0xf8, 0x8e, 0xe3, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xc5, 0x44, 0xfd,
+ 0x24, 0x69, 0x76, 0xd5, 0xcb, 0xdc, 0x9d, 0x12, 0xf3,
+ 0x13, 0x7e, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xa8, 0x6a, 0xb2, 0xe0, 0xb3,
+ 0x1d, 0xab, 0x3b, 0xc9, 0x77, 0x3d, 0x0f, 0xc3, 0xbe,
+ 0x4b, 0x8b, 0x28, 0xbd, 0x7c, 0xe6, 0xb2, 0x06, 0x1f,
+ 0xf9, 0x8f, 0x16, 0x62, 0xbf, 0xc7, 0x55, 0x73, 0xd4,
+ 0xf1, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x80, 0xa3, 0x4e, 0xaa, 0x60, 0x17,
+ 0x3c, 0xc9, 0x5e, 0xd4, 0x0c, 0x56, 0x7a, 0x77, 0x8e,
+ 0x7f, 0x67, 0x08, 0x2f, 0xd9, 0x21, 0x19, 0xfd, 0x86,
+ 0x8c, 0x23, 0x8d, 0xf6, 0x92, 0x1f, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x7c,
+ 0x83, 0xbd, 0x2f, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x7c, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x74,
+ 0x1b, 0xc2, 0x95, 0x34, 0x26, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x87, 0x3a,
+ 0xb6, 0xe2, 0x39, 0x71, 0x9b, 0x20, 0xcd, 0x63, 0xf0,
+ 0xbf, 0x48, 0xb5, 0x0e, 0x49, 0x86, 0x50, 0x80, 0xbd,
+ 0xd6, 0x0e, 0xab, 0xd5, 0x69, 0x1b, 0xa4, 0xb3, 0x63,
+ 0x3c, 0x8f, 0xcb, 0x42, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0x1a, 0xf4, 0xdf,
+ 0x9e, 0x25, 0xfc, 0xd4, 0x00, 0xcb, 0xec, 0x57, 0x69,
+ 0x30, 0x15, 0x4d, 0x7a, 0x69, 0x28, 0x2f, 0x2b, 0x34,
+ 0x26, 0xd1, 0xe7, 0x01, 0x42, 0x5e, 0x02, 0xe2, 0x75,
+ 0xe8, 0x52, 0x8a, 0xb4, 0x71, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0x3d, 0xe6,
+ 0xac, 0xeb, 0xf3, 0x93, 0xe0, 0x37, 0xcd, 0x66, 0x92,
+ 0x66, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0x4b, 0xd6, 0x3c, 0xf1, 0x57, 0xe5,
+ 0xcf, 0xf5, 0xd0, 0xdb, 0x0e, 0x1f, 0x82, 0x65, 0x3b,
+ 0xab, 0x69, 0x42, 0x53, 0x7d, 0xa4, 0x7c, 0xb7, 0x86,
+ 0xeb, 0x23, 0x45, 0xa8, 0x4a, 0x73, 0xfc, 0x38, 0xc6,
+ 0xe5, 0x2c, 0xab, 0x80, 0xfb, 0x23, 0xb2, 0x0c, 0x53,
+ 0x28, 0x21, 0x37, 0x54, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x51, 0x0f, 0x44,
+ 0x50, 0xd3, 0xe1, 0xd5, 0xb2, 0x27, 0x83, 0xb6, 0xe9,
+ 0x4d, 0x64, 0x5c, 0x17, 0x0f, 0xe0, 0x13, 0xe4, 0x26,
+ 0x6b, 0xd0, 0xd8, 0x25, 0xe3, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x95, 0x3f,
+ 0x4a, 0x4e, 0xa0, 0x58, 0xbc, 0x28, 0x47, 0x8b, 0x68,
+ 0xe4, 0x41, 0x90, 0x46, 0x1b, 0x84, 0xa0, 0x7b, 0x46,
+ 0x46, 0x03, 0xee, 0x21, 0x0d, 0x34, 0xed, 0xff, 0x15,
+ 0x57, 0x06, 0xdf, 0x71, 0x09, 0xb2, 0x66, 0x0d, 0x6e,
+ 0xcc, 0xa5, 0x0c, 0xaf, 0x3f, 0x24, 0x8f, 0xd1, 0xc8,
+ 0x44, 0x86, 0xaf, 0xbf, 0xeb, 0x2f, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xa7,
+ 0xcf, 0xe4, 0xe8, 0xec, 0x47, 0x09, 0xd8, 0x95, 0x9e,
+ 0x3c, 0xda, 0x92, 0x41, 0x61, 0xf5, 0xc3, 0xec, 0x00,
+ 0xe4, 0xa3, 0x0d, 0x4a, 0xb3, 0xf6, 0x82, 0x05, 0x38,
+ 0x70, 0x6a, 0xd1, 0x28, 0x2c, 0xb3, 0xc6, 0xbb, 0x38,
+ 0xb3, 0x06, 0x7f, 0xd6, 0x4c, 0xe7, 0xfb, 0xef, 0x0d,
+ 0x52, 0x66, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0xa6, 0x6f, 0xe8, 0xd9, 0x42,
+ 0x4f, 0xad, 0xe8, 0xe8, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x42, 0xd9,
+ 0x66, 0x6e, 0xec, 0xfe, 0xf5, 0x91, 0xbf, 0x0a, 0x98,
+ 0xd8, 0x7b, 0x23, 0x12, 0xa6, 0x04, 0xa8, 0xb3, 0x61,
+ 0x13, 0x65, 0xc0, 0xe2, 0x82, 0xb9, 0xb2, 0x38, 0x07,
+ 0x06, 0xca, 0x64, 0x6c, 0x23, 0x93, 0x60, 0x1d, 0x4d,
+ 0x38, 0x5e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0x16, 0x4a, 0xfd, 0xb3, 0xcd,
+ 0x84, 0x9c, 0xa5, 0xfa, 0x73, 0x2d, 0xcb, 0x87, 0x31,
+ 0x3d, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0xeb, 0xa7, 0x56, 0x2f, 0x5b, 0x95,
+ 0x9a, 0xc6, 0x82, 0x29, 0x86, 0x47, 0xe2, 0xc2, 0x84,
+ 0x01, 0xaf, 0xc8, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xfb, 0x34, 0xba, 0x5d,
+ 0x9d, 0xd1, 0x85, 0xd5, 0x1e, 0x63, 0xcb, 0x3c, 0xa8,
+ 0xfa, 0x79, 0xef, 0x12, 0xa6, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xc5, 0x1d,
+ 0x6a, 0xa7, 0x54, 0x58, 0x0c, 0xbe, 0x61, 0xe5, 0x96,
+ 0x7f, 0x4a, 0x3b, 0x59, 0x32, 0x2d, 0x06, 0x44, 0x83,
+ 0x5c, 0xad, 0xe9, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0xd7, 0x5b, 0x34, 0xa1,
+ 0xa3, 0xad, 0x9a, 0xbf, 0xd5, 0x30, 0xf0, 0x22, 0xfc,
+ 0x94, 0x7f, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0xca, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe7, 0xf2,
+ 0x89, 0x2d, 0xda, 0xe6, 0x91, 0xa6, 0x27, 0x22, 0x74,
+ 0x9f, 0xc6, 0x72, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0xa9, 0xfe, 0x7a, 0xf0,
+ 0xa8, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x9f, 0xe9, 0x2a, 0x9b, 0x23, 0x9e,
+ 0xb8, 0x2b, 0x29, 0x65, 0xa7, 0x5d, 0xbd, 0x10, 0xe4,
+ 0x56, 0x02, 0x94, 0xdd, 0xd1, 0xab, 0x9b, 0x82, 0x2d,
+ 0x8d, 0xf6, 0xd3, 0x65, 0x63, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x86, 0x61,
+ 0x37, 0x9f, 0xdb, 0x4b, 0x34, 0x20, 0x0a, 0xca, 0x45,
+ 0x6c, 0x06, 0xc4, 0x9c, 0x74, 0x4d, 0x83, 0x6a, 0x8d,
+ 0xad, 0xc6, 0x61, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0xde, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0x8e,
+ 0x33, 0xa2, 0xee, 0x99, 0xc7, 0xe4, 0x52, 0xb2, 0x44,
+ 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x0f, 0x41, 0xa9, 0x1a, 0xd3, 0x96, 0x42,
+ 0xc6, 0x49, 0x12, 0x6a, 0xf0, 0x29, 0xa9, 0x0c, 0x9c,
+ 0x50, 0x5d, 0x1d, 0xd1, 0x42, 0x7e, 0x6f, 0x36, 0x48,
+ 0x0f, 0x58, 0x14, 0x94, 0xc0, 0x10, 0x1e, 0xe0, 0xb2,
+ 0xdd, 0xba, 0x57, 0x91, 0x4d, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xa6, 0x4c,
+ 0x68, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xb3, 0x5d, 0x32, 0x13, 0xbe, 0xa8,
+ 0xc3, 0xfb, 0xd4, 0x19, 0x40, 0xf5, 0x6f, 0x63, 0xa1,
+ 0x07, 0xbf, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0xfc, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xa1, 0x33,
+ 0x70, 0x07, 0x6d, 0xc5, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x39, 0xd6, 0xd7,
+ 0x76, 0x6c, 0xfa, 0x1f, 0x04, 0xd6, 0x23, 0xbf, 0x66,
+ 0x78, 0x92, 0x00, 0x11, 0x8a, 0x75, 0x67, 0x44, 0xa6,
+ 0x7c, 0xd0, 0x14, 0xe6, 0xd0, 0x31, 0x6d, 0xdb, 0xc5,
+ 0xb1, 0xa7, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xaf, 0x18, 0x7a, 0x26, 0x46,
+ 0xad, 0x6d, 0x0c, 0xb6, 0xb5, 0xad, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0x60,
+ 0x99, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xaf, 0x0e, 0x37, 0x15, 0xf9,
+ 0x2b, 0x1a, 0x5f, 0xfb, 0xc9, 0xf8, 0xd4, 0xf0, 0x97,
+ 0xd2, 0x91, 0xf4, 0x94, 0xa2, 0xd3, 0x3b, 0x8b, 0x0c,
+ 0x22, 0xa0, 0xac, 0xb3, 0xb5, 0xdf, 0xf2, 0x27, 0x38,
+ 0x47, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x6e, 0x8f, 0x98, 0x9e, 0xad, 0xb6,
+ 0xf5, 0x0e, 0x17, 0x20, 0x35, 0x54, 0x6b, 0x73, 0xa6,
+ 0x64, 0x65, 0xac, 0xb8, 0xc1, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0x07, 0x82,
+ 0x93, 0x9d, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xe9, 0x0c, 0x51, 0x52, 0x85,
+ 0x8b, 0x95, 0xa6, 0xb1, 0xce, 0xdc, 0xfa, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x08, 0x14, 0x1c, 0x23, 0x2a, 0x35,
+ },
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa87_testvector = {
+ .alg = MLDSA87,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .pk =
+ (const u8[MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]){
+ 0xd4, 0x9d, 0xdc, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0x87, 0xa5, 0x54,
+ 0x61, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xe0, 0x11, 0xc9, 0x1c, 0x78, 0x0a,
+ 0xf1, 0x8a, 0xa8, 0xb2, 0xff, 0xb2, 0x9a, 0x2c, 0xe0,
+ 0x86, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x86, 0xe0, 0xd9, 0x42, 0x54, 0x18,
+ 0x3e, 0x4c, 0x96, 0x1a, 0xb4, 0xc7, 0x18, 0xcf, 0x7d,
+ 0xca, 0xe2, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x81, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0xf8, 0x7b,
+ 0xc4, 0x90, 0x50, 0xd5, 0xe8, 0xd3, 0xbc, 0x8b, 0xa8,
+ 0x3e, 0xb0, 0x96, 0x65, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xa9, 0xab, 0x9c,
+ 0x82, 0x5e, 0x6e, 0x8d, 0xf8, 0xc3, 0x6d, 0xe9, 0xbf,
+ 0xbd, 0x30, 0xc9, 0xca, 0x47, 0x85, 0xae, 0x6f, 0x5d,
+ 0x09, 0x4d, 0xd7, 0xdd, 0x05, 0x51, 0xe0, 0x9e, 0x94,
+ 0x3b, 0x1d, 0xfa, 0x30, 0x57, 0xdc, 0x58, 0x48, 0xe5,
+ 0x45, 0xf3, 0x34, 0x8a, 0x73, 0x66, 0x8a, 0xe0, 0x62,
+ 0x3d, 0x0d, 0xfb, 0x13, 0x52, 0x25, 0xf5, 0xd3, 0x94,
+ 0x15, 0x9d, 0xac, 0x6a, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x64, 0x91, 0x5b,
+ 0xa3, 0xe2, 0xd0, 0x5c, 0xd2, 0xee, 0x52, 0xc0, 0x0c,
+ 0x6c, 0x81, 0x34, 0x94, 0xfb, 0x87, 0xf6, 0x6b, 0x0f,
+ 0x7e, 0x99, 0xa7, 0xaf, 0xb3, 0x74, 0xa7, 0xb6, 0x64,
+ 0xd7, 0x36, 0x39, 0x3f, 0x7d, 0x0e, 0xc3, 0x76, 0xb3,
+ 0x3a, 0xc9, 0x94, 0x6f, 0xc0, 0xaa, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xf1,
+ 0x38, 0x8c, 0x62, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xbe, 0x8d, 0x32, 0xec,
+ 0x05, 0xb9, 0x8d, 0xb0, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x8d, 0x61, 0xfa,
+ 0x79, 0x55, 0x1d, 0xf2, 0xc3, 0x19, 0x15, 0x3b, 0x26,
+ 0xef, 0xe5, 0xf3, 0x29, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x60, 0x68, 0xd3,
+ 0x22, 0x57, 0xcd, 0x99, 0xe6, 0x22, 0x54, 0xdf, 0x02,
+ 0xe4, 0xd5, 0xd2, 0x66, 0xce, 0x5a, 0x90, 0x13, 0x7e,
+ 0x7c, 0xad, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0xb6, 0x93, 0x65, 0xda, 0x4b,
+ 0xb6, 0x13, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x36, 0xaa, 0x2c, 0xbd, 0x60,
+ 0x57, 0x98, 0x35, 0xa9, 0xe9, 0xad, 0xc5, 0x8e, 0x33,
+ 0x47, 0x00, 0xe9, 0xf2, 0x1b, 0xe7, 0x5a, 0xd0, 0x55,
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+ 0x6d, 0x57, 0xe9, 0xbd, 0xe0, 0xdd, 0x23, 0x22, 0x9c,
+ 0x70, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0x46, 0x08, 0xc5, 0xa6, 0x85, 0x34,
+ 0x5f, 0x9c, 0x96, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0xb4, 0x2f, 0xbb, 0x47,
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+ 0x7f, 0xe6, 0x64, 0xa5, 0xb3, 0x9e, 0xdd, 0xdb, 0x99,
+ 0x8e, 0xca, 0x82, 0x4f, 0x77, 0xf7, 0xff, 0x92, 0xd3,
+ 0x48, 0xe0, 0x80, 0x71, 0x14, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x77, 0x1b,
+ 0x58, 0xbd, 0xb6, 0xb6, 0xe5, 0xb0, 0xa8, 0x16, 0xe7,
+ 0x4c, 0xc2, 0x5e, 0x40, 0xbc, 0x9f, 0x77, 0x76, 0x98,
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+ 0x9f, 0x4f, 0xff, 0xfd, 0x2a, 0xb9, 0x4e, 0x4b, 0xe0,
+ 0x39, 0x60, 0xd5, 0x7c, 0xaa, 0x28, 0x7e, 0x7e, 0x27,
+ 0xd8, 0x09, 0x85, 0x6d, 0xfa, 0x57, 0x8a, 0xee, 0x84,
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+ 0x2f, 0x6f, 0xc9, 0xa7, 0xb5, 0x56, 0xbb, 0x58, 0xc2,
+ 0xb9, 0xd0, 0xfe, 0x8d, 0x68, 0x86, 0x2b, 0x7b, 0xf0,
+ 0x01, 0x57, 0xff, 0xaf, 0x88, 0xad, 0x53, 0xf9, 0x63,
+ 0xfe, 0xf4, 0x5a, 0x97, 0xb7, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x0f, 0x90,
+ 0x63, 0xcf, 0xfe, 0x08, 0xbc, 0x8c, 0x5a, 0x9c, 0xac,
+ 0x8b, 0x0a, 0x94, 0x17, 0x25, 0xae, 0x87, 0xa7, 0x1d,
+ 0x3f, 0x28, 0xfe, 0x45, 0x3e, 0x48, 0xef, 0x19, 0x4a,
+ 0xbe, 0xc6, 0xd5, 0x64, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0xf5, 0xd2, 0x3a,
+ 0x03, 0xe0, 0x50, 0x31, 0x7e, 0xdf, 0xd5, 0x15, 0xc6,
+ 0xb6, 0xb2, 0x1e, 0x44, 0x6a, 0x0f, 0x67, 0xf2, 0x34,
+ 0x69, 0xb9, 0xd2, 0x51, 0xeb, 0x86, 0xab, 0x7e, 0x60,
+ 0x68, 0xe4, 0xc2, 0x4b, 0x8b, 0xa2, 0xc6, 0x78, 0xb2,
+ 0x61, 0xa1, 0xe5, 0xb6, 0x33, 0x47, 0x3f, 0xfa, 0xde,
+ 0x5b, 0x6b, 0x95, 0x89, 0x51, 0xbb, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0x00,
+ 0x1d, 0xad, 0xfc, 0x7a, 0x47, 0xc8, 0xa0, 0x69, 0xa6,
+ 0xa3, 0x3f, 0xa9, 0xdb, 0xd8, 0xe4, 0x0d, 0x2c, 0xba,
+ 0x26, 0x2c, 0xa6, 0x82, 0x62, 0x5a, 0x1e, 0x9f, 0xa8,
+ 0x24, 0x9d, 0xe5, 0xc7, 0xcf, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x68, 0xe1,
+ 0xc0, 0x04, 0xad, 0xde, 0x00, 0x5b, 0x57, 0x35, 0x2b,
+ 0x9a, 0x9b, 0xe5, 0x90, 0x31, 0x8a, 0x5b, 0xea, 0xe5,
+ 0xf6, 0x73, 0x02, 0xc1, 0x33, 0xaf, 0xe7, 0x61, 0x6c,
+ 0x04, 0x8c, 0x08, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0xa2, 0x18, 0x51, 0x39,
+ 0x1a, 0x61, 0x2c, 0x8c, 0x7d, 0x11, 0xb8, 0x2e, 0x38,
+ 0xb7, 0xe0, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0xf4, 0x31, 0x72,
+ 0xcb, 0xd6, 0xec, 0xbc, 0xe9, 0x36, 0x2e, 0x2b, 0x63,
+ 0xea, 0xa1, 0xab, 0xf8, 0x11, 0xe7, 0x31, 0xad, 0xe4,
+ 0xcb, 0x23, 0xe4, 0x64, 0x54, 0x50, 0x4f, 0x15, 0x8b,
+ 0x58, 0xa4, 0xa1, 0x35, 0xea, 0x73, 0x3e, 0xc3, 0x3e,
+ 0x31, 0x81, 0x80, 0x53, 0x6a, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xd8,
+ 0x8f, 0xe7, 0x50, 0x2d, 0x99, 0x69, 0x32, 0xfa, 0x4e,
+ 0xb4, 0xf9, 0x89, 0x18, 0xbe, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x7a, 0x0f,
+ 0x34, 0xc5, 0xd9, 0x28, 0xff, 0x93, 0x3a, 0x13, 0x22,
+ 0xe6, 0xdb, 0x5c, 0xfe, 0x51, 0x05, 0xaf, 0xa3, 0xcd,
+ 0x17, 0x01, 0xd1, 0x84, 0x76, 0x23, 0xff, 0x91, 0xc4,
+ 0x6b, 0xc7, 0xa8, 0x77, 0xe0, 0xda, 0x45, 0xef, 0xd7,
+ 0x13, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x7c, 0x74, 0x7e, 0x66, 0xbb, 0x9f,
+ 0x48, 0x35, 0x56, 0xa8, 0x08, 0x41, 0xf7, 0xa7, 0xe3,
+ 0x60, 0xa6, 0xce, 0x73, 0xdf, 0x73, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xbd,
+ 0x7b, 0xb4, 0xde, 0x31, 0xe6, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x3e, 0x93,
+ 0xd2, 0x69, 0xb5, 0xb9, 0xbe, 0x9f, 0xf4, 0x0d, 0xd8,
+ 0x82, 0xc1, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0xf3, 0x23, 0x1c, 0xe7, 0xff,
+ 0xac, 0xb2, 0x79, 0xe3, 0x62, 0x6a, 0xb7, 0x85, 0x08,
+ 0xda, 0x4a, 0x3f, 0x22, 0x62, 0x2b, 0xcd, 0xb7, 0x59,
+ 0xf5, 0x82, 0xef, 0x08, 0x7f, 0xb5, 0xa0, 0x6c, 0xba,
+ 0x61, 0x45, 0x8f, 0xf4, 0xa2, 0x66, 0x83, 0x72, 0x65,
+ 0x34, 0x34, 0x68, 0x99, 0xf5, 0x99, 0xc9, 0x52, 0x6a,
+ 0xc2, 0x7f, 0xde, 0x25, 0xa3, 0x7b, 0xce, 0xa3, 0xde,
+ 0x6d, 0x62, 0x98, 0x84, 0xe4, 0x2a, 0xe1, 0x1c, 0xa9,
+ 0x0b, 0x7e, 0x45, 0xd3, 0x78, 0x40, 0x85, 0x61, 0x9d,
+ 0xce, 0xcd, 0xfd, 0x7b, 0x66, 0x92, 0x5f, 0xb9, 0x37,
+ 0x04, 0xea, 0xec, 0x37, 0x32, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0x3e, 0x5e,
+ 0x37, 0xcd, 0xe3, 0x81, 0x92, 0x69, 0xdf, 0xa1, 0xb9,
+ 0x8c, 0x44, 0x43, 0xae, 0xcd, 0xe5, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xb9,
+ 0x2f, 0x1e, 0xbc, 0xf2, 0xd1, 0x88, 0x93, 0xde, 0x6a,
+ 0x8a, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0xdc, 0x5b, 0xd2, 0xdd, 0xe8,
+ 0xca, 0x0a, 0x95, 0x45, 0x9f, 0xd8, 0x8c, 0xfd, 0xe0,
+ 0xc3, 0xbd, 0x0e, 0xa0, 0xbd, 0x72, 0xa7, 0x77, 0x9a,
+ 0x79, 0xd9, 0x15, 0xad, 0x50, 0x13, 0xa7, 0x41, 0xc7,
+ 0xd1, 0xec, 0x2f, 0x45, 0x14, 0x02, 0xb7, 0x8e, 0x51,
+ 0x76, 0xd4, 0x2f, 0x1c, 0xea, 0x9c, 0x6d, 0x35, 0x1c,
+ 0xa7, 0xeb, 0xd7, 0x79, 0xe4, 0x35, 0xbc, 0x02, 0xa6,
+ 0xd0, 0x58, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0xea, 0x90, 0x16, 0x53, 0x3c,
+ 0xc5, 0xda, 0x36, 0x4f, 0x61, 0x4a, 0x1b, 0xfa, 0x15,
+ 0x52, 0x0d, 0x3d, 0x73, 0xc5, 0xfe, 0x2a, 0xa2, 0x4a,
+ 0x6e, 0x95, 0x99, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0xb2, 0xfc, 0x22, 0xbe,
+ 0x45, 0x10, 0x5a, 0xc5, 0x38, 0xa0, 0xc1, 0xba, 0x46,
+ 0x6d, 0x8e, 0xbe, 0x0b, 0x5f, 0xf6, 0x6f, 0xbb, 0x4d,
+ 0x22, 0xf5, 0x95, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x8d, 0xde,
+ 0x86, 0xaf, 0x3f, 0x08, 0x24, 0x56, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0xfc,
+ 0xeb, 0xa1, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x66, 0x45, 0x03, 0x8b, 0x04,
+ 0x12, 0x80, 0x34, 0xf9, 0xf4, 0x64, 0xbf, 0xb9, 0x3d,
+ 0xd7, 0x34, 0xe4, 0xc8, 0x8e, 0x86, 0xc9, 0x73, 0x21,
+ 0x7f, 0x30, 0x01, 0xc8, 0xd2, 0x91, 0x8d, 0xc4, 0xca,
+ 0xd5, 0x59, 0xac, 0xd7, 0xb4, 0xfb, 0x98, 0xfb, 0xc4,
+ 0x48, 0x82, 0x93, 0xc6, 0x58, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0xdf, 0x3f,
+ 0x07, 0x5a, 0x94, 0x89, 0xc6, 0xbe, 0x1a, 0x19, 0x63,
+ 0x8b, 0xa8, 0x0c, 0x20, 0xae, 0x9a, 0x1b, 0xd3, 0x45,
+ 0xa0, 0xd9, 0x8c, 0xbb, 0x67, 0xa0, 0x54, 0x86, 0x9b,
+ 0x7b, 0xa8, 0x16, 0x6f, 0xa4, 0x59, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x34,
+ 0xb5, 0xa7, 0x1b, 0x3f, 0xda, 0xc6, 0x80, 0x19, 0xdc,
+ 0xc2, 0xee, 0xeb, 0xd9, 0x96, 0xdc, 0x4f, 0xec, 0x02,
+ 0xde, 0x34, 0x43, 0x5a, 0x37, 0xc8, 0xdf, 0x3b, 0x53,
+ 0x82, 0xfa, 0xf8, 0x8a, 0x32, 0x97, 0x1e, 0xf6, 0x0e,
+ 0x7d, 0x39, 0xe0, 0xdb, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0x56,
+ 0x13, 0xbc, 0xe9, 0x38, 0x92, 0x76, 0xff, 0x2b, 0xc2,
+ 0xa0, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x8c, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x7f, 0x6d, 0x80,
+ 0x06, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0xb7, 0x1b, 0xac, 0xc4, 0x68,
+ 0x61, 0x11, 0x15, 0xb7, 0xee, 0x8d, 0x66, 0x34, 0x9f,
+ 0x18, 0x03, 0x88, 0xd1, 0x04, 0xd0, 0x86, 0xc0, 0xca,
+ 0x2a, 0xe1, 0x1b, 0x47, 0x18, 0xc9, 0x97, 0xed, 0x1f,
+ 0x99, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x20, 0x3f, 0xf6, 0x43, 0x96, 0x30,
+ 0x8b, 0xa5, 0xcb, 0x2e, 0xc5, 0xdb, 0x26, 0xc0, 0xf6,
+ 0x48, 0x07, 0x3a, 0x28, 0x3e, 0x35, 0x38, 0x50, 0x80,
+ 0xdf, 0x80, 0xfa, 0x12, 0x92, 0x83, 0x55, 0xde, 0x31,
+ },
+ .msg_len = 64,
+ .msg =
+ (const u8[64]){
+ 0x48, 0x11, 0x92, 0xb3, 0xaa, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0x14,
+ 0xdc, 0x46, 0xd6, 0xbf, 0x26, 0xb2, 0x66, 0xc5,
+ 0xd8, 0xc4, 0x69, 0x9f, 0x67, 0x50, 0x67, 0xc0,
+ 0x3b, 0x8d, 0xc5, 0xb5, 0x68, 0x59, 0x6f, 0x9c,
+ 0xd4, 0xf2, 0x49, 0xfb, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0xbf, 0xc5,
+ 0x3c, 0xee, 0x3b, 0x03, 0x25, 0x6c, 0x51, 0x94,
+ 0xb3, 0xd4, 0xdb, 0x2a, 0xbd, 0x26, 0xef, 0x58,
+ 0xb3, 0x91, 0x62, 0x81, 0x1b, 0x29, 0x9c, 0x12,
+ },
+ .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .sig =
+ (const u8[MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE]){
+ 0xba, 0x08, 0xf3, 0x0c, 0xa1, 0x48, 0xad, 0x67, 0x12,
+ 0x68, 0x51, 0x9b, 0xa4, 0x21, 0x66, 0x8d, 0xea, 0x0a,
+ 0x71, 0x4f, 0x4c, 0xab, 0x1b, 0x42, 0x84, 0xb7, 0x9c,
+ 0x78, 0xa9, 0x18, 0xd9, 0xe8, 0x08, 0x8f, 0xee, 0xf7,
+ 0x4b, 0xcf, 0x0e, 0xcd, 0xf6, 0x36, 0xcf, 0xd5, 0xa1,
+ 0x5e, 0x59, 0xc6, 0x8c, 0x6c, 0x4d, 0xfe, 0xfa, 0xfa,
+ 0xbc, 0x52, 0x3a, 0x35, 0xba, 0xd9, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0x26,
+ 0x73, 0xbd, 0x64, 0x93, 0xe7, 0x83, 0x76, 0xc4, 0xf8,
+ 0x4b, 0xa9, 0x91, 0x8c, 0xd2, 0xf5, 0x08, 0xe6, 0x58,
+ 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x90, 0xc1, 0x84, 0x72, 0x77, 0x72, 0x47,
+ 0x5f, 0xcb, 0x7f, 0x74, 0x85, 0x56, 0xba, 0x73, 0x86,
+ 0xc1, 0x32, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xc5, 0x60, 0x2c, 0x91, 0x99,
+ 0x09, 0x03, 0xcb, 0xe6, 0xa4, 0xae, 0x0b, 0xdc, 0x15,
+ 0x70, 0x4c, 0x91, 0xa9, 0x9e, 0x5e, 0x63, 0x5c, 0x24,
+ 0xc9, 0x26, 0x39, 0x56, 0xe4, 0x6c, 0x2c, 0x65, 0xf8,
+ 0x0b, 0x4f, 0x56, 0x8f, 0x1e, 0x74, 0xda, 0x31, 0xad,
+ 0x8f, 0x1b, 0xa7, 0xb1, 0xb3, 0x9b, 0x48, 0x09, 0x08,
+ 0xdd, 0xe1, 0x25, 0x20, 0xa4, 0xc7, 0x12, 0xd4, 0xb0,
+ 0xa0, 0xcb, 0x90, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0xc1, 0x8b, 0xbc, 0x9d,
+ 0xcf, 0x78, 0xfc, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x0b, 0x7e, 0x82,
+ 0x94, 0x80, 0x0e, 0x70, 0x77, 0xce, 0x63, 0x1c, 0x43,
+ 0x41, 0x3f, 0x5d, 0x61, 0x1a, 0x44, 0xaa, 0xd0, 0xb7,
+ 0x18, 0xd8, 0x91, 0x83, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xa1, 0x86, 0x13,
+ 0x54, 0xaf, 0xa8, 0xdb, 0x1a, 0xd7, 0xa9, 0x54, 0xca,
+ 0x67, 0xb5, 0xb6, 0xb4, 0x22, 0x1a, 0x24, 0x8e, 0x65,
+ 0x01, 0xa8, 0xd2, 0x15, 0x9d, 0x98, 0x59, 0x70, 0x94,
+ 0xb4, 0x96, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0x95, 0x41, 0x9a, 0x89, 0x02,
+ 0xb7, 0x6a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x64, 0xf1, 0x1c, 0x1e, 0x3d,
+ 0xd8, 0xdb, 0x6d, 0xef, 0xf2, 0x1a, 0x24, 0xa4, 0xd0,
+ 0xb9, 0x98, 0xd3, 0xe5, 0xbd, 0x7a, 0xa3, 0xc3, 0x19,
+ 0x97, 0x54, 0x77, 0x97, 0xb5, 0x57, 0x93, 0x71, 0x24,
+ 0x91, 0x81, 0xcf, 0x5f, 0x38, 0xb9, 0xd5, 0x7e, 0x8b,
+ 0x0f, 0xea, 0x56, 0x49, 0xac, 0x25, 0xc4, 0x6c, 0x5e,
+ 0x4e, 0x08, 0x31, 0xc8, 0xdf, 0x0b, 0x19, 0xb9, 0xbc,
+ 0xec, 0x3b, 0x89, 0xf8, 0x98, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0xf6, 0x0f,
+ 0x5b, 0x7e, 0x03, 0x10, 0x68, 0x78, 0x2c, 0xfa, 0x39,
+ 0x5c, 0x64, 0x5b, 0xa1, 0xfc, 0x8d, 0x14, 0x87, 0x62,
+ 0x04, 0x57, 0xc0, 0x5b, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x3c, 0xea, 0xe6,
+ 0x23, 0xde, 0x9b, 0x1d, 0x89, 0x69, 0x38, 0xfb, 0x10,
+ 0xab, 0xb9, 0xda, 0xee, 0xa8, 0x8d, 0x96, 0xc0, 0xa5,
+ 0x40, 0xce, 0x16, 0x1e, 0xf5, 0xf4, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x0e,
+ 0x38, 0xe5, 0x1d, 0xe6, 0x6c, 0x19, 0xa5, 0x71, 0x48,
+ 0xda, 0x3e, 0xe9, 0x10, 0x57, 0x16, 0x89, 0xd3, 0x5b,
+ 0x4a, 0x5b, 0xa9, 0xb1, 0x13, 0xad, 0x77, 0xaf, 0x1f,
+ 0x8b, 0x71, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x7c, 0xc4, 0x31, 0xb2, 0xa7,
+ 0x18, 0x2f, 0x4b, 0x99, 0xe2, 0x14, 0xbf, 0x1e, 0x69,
+ 0x8f, 0x56, 0xe2, 0x2c, 0x84, 0x34, 0xd6, 0x76, 0x27,
+ 0x06, 0x7f, 0x2e, 0x9d, 0xbe, 0x90, 0x95, 0xda, 0x5a,
+ 0xfb, 0xaa, 0x8a, 0x51, 0x3d, 0x97, 0xb8, 0x75, 0xe9,
+ 0xba, 0x2a, 0x03, 0x7e, 0xb0, 0xe3, 0xdc, 0xe3, 0x3b,
+ 0x2a, 0xd8, 0x77, 0xa5, 0xf3, 0x76, 0x69, 0xf1, 0xd2,
+ 0xd5, 0xb3, 0xba, 0xfa, 0x97, 0x55, 0x5f, 0xd1, 0xc3,
+ 0x10, 0x55, 0x9a, 0xb6, 0xce, 0x32, 0x80, 0x7f, 0x48,
+ 0xb7, 0x15, 0x85, 0x3f, 0x22, 0x58, 0x00, 0x51, 0x12,
+ 0x5c, 0xcc, 0xd0, 0x77, 0x26, 0x57, 0x4b, 0xbb, 0x67,
+ 0x21, 0x0d, 0x92, 0x80, 0xe0, 0xec, 0x2f, 0x58, 0x44,
+ 0x8b, 0x98, 0x70, 0x16, 0x13, 0x91, 0x38, 0xee, 0x9e,
+ 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x6f, 0x95, 0x49, 0xe8, 0xcc, 0xc5, 0x6d,
+ 0x20, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x1b, 0x08, 0xf4, 0xa5, 0x8b, 0xf3,
+ 0xf6, 0x89, 0x2c, 0x17, 0xa6, 0xa8, 0xa8, 0xfb, 0xab,
+ 0x6f, 0xa0, 0xe3, 0xcd, 0xc5, 0xfb, 0xac, 0x91, 0x42,
+ 0x8c, 0xf2, 0x28, 0xd1, 0x13, 0xdb, 0x63, 0x59, 0x69,
+ 0xab, 0x16, 0x5a, 0xaf, 0x0a, 0xfa, 0x43, 0x6d, 0x53,
+ 0x7f, 0x14, 0x88, 0xc8, 0xa1, 0x71, 0x45, 0x54, 0x30,
+ 0xa7, 0x91, 0x55, 0x44, 0x07, 0x03, 0x78, 0xf3, 0xf6,
+ 0x23, 0xc0, 0x21, 0x4b, 0x39, 0xc4, 0x9a, 0x5a, 0xe8,
+ 0xad, 0x28, 0x6b, 0xd2, 0xd7, 0xc9, 0xed, 0xf4, 0x30,
+ 0xff, 0xf8, 0xc4, 0x7a, 0xfe, 0x49, 0x1c, 0x28, 0xbb,
+ 0x89, 0xfa, 0x9d, 0x64, 0xcc, 0x37, 0x76, 0x6a, 0xf3,
+ 0x8b, 0x94, 0x60, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x29, 0xf8, 0x5a, 0xc6,
+ 0x3e, 0xcc, 0x6f, 0x13, 0x85, 0x7c, 0xaa, 0xc4, 0x35,
+ 0x56, 0x9a, 0xb6, 0x96, 0x76, 0x41, 0xe2, 0x11, 0xbe,
+ 0x07, 0xba, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x32, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xf3, 0x96,
+ 0x49, 0xa2, 0xc4, 0x49, 0x48, 0xfe, 0x17, 0xef, 0xdf,
+ 0x1e, 0xf3, 0xde, 0x5f, 0xa0, 0x49, 0xfc, 0xa5, 0xb5,
+ 0xf3, 0x4c, 0x99, 0x5f, 0xcb, 0x33, 0xc6, 0x54, 0x52,
+ 0xa0, 0x85, 0x16, 0x75, 0x2c, 0x5f, 0x87, 0x61, 0x58,
+ 0xc9, 0x23, 0x0a, 0x36, 0x66, 0x3b, 0x78, 0x65, 0xcc,
+ 0xd4, 0x8e, 0xe1, 0x27, 0x9a, 0x74, 0x37, 0x79, 0x4c,
+ 0x5c, 0x35, 0xf9, 0xa5, 0x7f, 0x79, 0x35, 0xa8, 0x7d,
+ 0xcf, 0x64, 0xa3, 0x44, 0xb9, 0xee, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x5c,
+ 0xda, 0xcd, 0x93, 0xfc, 0x33, 0x77, 0x68, 0xfc, 0xd6,
+ 0xea, 0xf4, 0xcd, 0x0a, 0x3a, 0xe3, 0xb3, 0xef, 0xf9,
+ 0xb5, 0x1a, 0x4b, 0x50, 0x2e, 0xcb, 0x88, 0x48, 0x60,
+ 0xc3, 0x5c, 0x1b, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x7a, 0x49, 0x2e, 0xf0,
+ 0x9e, 0x96, 0x47, 0x7d, 0x82, 0x85, 0xcb, 0x37, 0x85,
+ 0x26, 0xfd, 0xe1, 0x13, 0x57, 0xad, 0x51, 0xdc, 0x02,
+ 0x8d, 0x3c, 0x4e, 0xdd, 0xf3, 0xdf, 0xbe, 0xab, 0x0d,
+ 0x99, 0xf8, 0x13, 0x37, 0x0b, 0x1b, 0xaf, 0x08, 0x9b,
+ 0x38, 0x5b, 0x3a, 0x91, 0x71, 0x9a, 0xe6, 0xc1, 0x7d,
+ 0xd4, 0xd8, 0xf2, 0x66, 0x57, 0x99, 0x29, 0x58, 0xb5,
+ 0x9d, 0x8f, 0x86, 0x7f, 0xe9, 0x17, 0xff, 0x3c, 0xfd,
+ 0x0a, 0xfd, 0x15, 0x5c, 0x2f, 0x77, 0x6c, 0x2b, 0x86,
+ 0x72, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x4d, 0x31, 0x98, 0xfe, 0x28, 0xc5,
+ 0x54, 0x36, 0x97, 0x8c, 0xc9, 0x31, 0xae, 0xff, 0xfc,
+ 0xa6, 0x15, 0xf9, 0x9d, 0x49, 0x83, 0x47, 0xb4, 0xe5,
+ 0x8c, 0x55, 0x2f, 0x35, 0x6d, 0x7c, 0x47, 0xb9, 0xeb,
+ 0x0a, 0x64, 0xea, 0x22, 0xae, 0xe3, 0x6b, 0xae, 0x0e,
+ 0xf8, 0xc4, 0x64, 0x18, 0x56, 0xa7, 0x78, 0x92, 0x20,
+ 0xe0, 0x03, 0x93, 0x42, 0x1f, 0x1a, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x11,
+ 0xdd, 0x83, 0x99, 0x67, 0xc5, 0xf2, 0x0a, 0x9e, 0xfa,
+ 0xab, 0x68, 0x54, 0x1d, 0xa7, 0xe8, 0x44, 0x5f, 0x46,
+ 0x23, 0xea, 0xdd, 0xb2, 0xf5, 0x83, 0x76, 0x84, 0x13,
+ 0xd6, 0xe4, 0xb2, 0x59, 0x92, 0x92, 0xf4, 0xb5, 0x56,
+ 0xd7, 0x29, 0xc7, 0x05, 0x00, 0x79, 0x17, 0x59, 0x20,
+ 0xc6, 0x6a, 0xdc, 0x45, 0x93, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x29, 0x37,
+ 0xa7, 0x7e, 0xbc, 0x21, 0xe7, 0xe1, 0xff, 0x18, 0x54,
+ 0xf9, 0xd3, 0x0c, 0x78, 0xe1, 0xc9, 0x40, 0x36, 0x36,
+ 0x68, 0x46, 0x3c, 0x9a, 0x4d, 0xa6, 0xbc, 0xc3, 0xc7,
+ 0xc9, 0x8c, 0x7e, 0xc6, 0x07, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x4d, 0x45,
+ 0x3d, 0x65, 0xef, 0x56, 0x7f, 0xf1, 0xcd, 0x6d, 0x97,
+ 0x0c, 0x11, 0x66, 0xf4, 0x27, 0xfc, 0xe3, 0xf3, 0x93,
+ 0x0d, 0xa1, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x86, 0xcc, 0x0f, 0xf4, 0x97,
+ 0xbc, 0x7c, 0x62, 0x78, 0xe5, 0x01, 0xe0, 0xc7, 0x0c,
+ 0xe7, 0xa9, 0x84, 0xa6, 0x17, 0xaa, 0x36, 0x06, 0x2a,
+ 0x0f, 0x2f, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0xe8, 0x70, 0x8d, 0x36, 0x73,
+ 0x9a, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x95, 0xc5, 0x5d, 0xc5, 0xfa, 0x9c,
+ 0x64, 0x52, 0xcb, 0x52, 0x74, 0xda, 0xb0, 0x1f, 0x82,
+ 0x01, 0x43, 0x98, 0xa6, 0xe7, 0xf2, 0x89, 0x51, 0x92,
+ 0xf8, 0x37, 0x82, 0x8e, 0x91, 0x58, 0x40, 0x2c, 0xac,
+ 0xcf, 0xde, 0x92, 0x63, 0x5a, 0x64, 0xf9, 0x9c, 0xa4,
+ 0x47, 0x6d, 0x13, 0x43, 0xd3, 0xa6, 0x89, 0xbb, 0x7b,
+ 0x32, 0x45, 0x2d, 0x0e, 0x52, 0x25, 0x67, 0xda, 0x1d,
+ 0x9e, 0x42, 0x38, 0xfc, 0x92, 0x84, 0x4d, 0x13, 0x53,
+ 0xef, 0x46, 0x81, 0xdd, 0xf6, 0x79, 0x9f, 0xba, 0x45,
+ 0x49, 0x4b, 0x93, 0x4a, 0x54, 0x1c, 0x72, 0xa0, 0xfd,
+ 0xa1, 0x13, 0x1c, 0x5e, 0xa5, 0x4e, 0xd5, 0xdf, 0xd1,
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+ 0x50, 0x95, 0x31, 0x7e, 0x75, 0x33, 0x69, 0x3e, 0x82,
+ 0xad, 0x51, 0x1a, 0x4d, 0xa4, 0xe7, 0xbb, 0x7c, 0x9e,
+ 0x3c, 0xbc, 0x1a, 0xf7, 0x7d, 0x0f, 0xdd, 0x93, 0xb5,
+ 0x91, 0x61, 0x28, 0x28, 0x3b, 0x8f, 0xdd, 0xfa, 0xe6,
+ 0xf4, 0xcc, 0x21, 0x82, 0x0c, 0xe2, 0xe4, 0xc7, 0x39,
+ 0x69, 0x8e, 0xd6, 0xc0, 0x45, 0x94, 0x26, 0x27, 0x1b,
+ 0xca, 0x02, 0x39, 0x00, 0x12, 0xef, 0xad, 0x0f, 0xf2,
+ 0xdb, 0x19, 0x39, 0x6e, 0x4e, 0xfd, 0x14, 0x56, 0x3c,
+ 0xd3, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x2d, 0x14, 0xb1, 0x62, 0xd2, 0xc8,
+ 0x09, 0xe3, 0xb4, 0xf3, 0x24, 0x4e, 0xeb, 0xe5, 0xd6,
+ 0x42, 0x48, 0xa5, 0xf8, 0xd8, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0xd6, 0x23,
+ 0x59, 0x46, 0xaf, 0x15, 0xb2, 0x36, 0x2d, 0x52, 0xbe,
+ 0x4a, 0x5f, 0xc6, 0xb2, 0x3d, 0xc5, 0x53, 0x57, 0x35,
+ 0x2a, 0xa1, 0x06, 0xc8, 0x93, 0xa8, 0x3e, 0xc6, 0xcb,
+ 0xa4, 0xd9, 0xe4, 0x53, 0xa9, 0xe8, 0x6d, 0xe1, 0x73,
+ 0x97, 0xb9, 0x6f, 0xb3, 0xf8, 0x1d, 0xb4, 0xae, 0xd8,
+ 0x77, 0xa7, 0xef, 0xe1, 0xeb, 0x83, 0x3d, 0xc3, 0x35,
+ 0xf0, 0xc6, 0xd8, 0x66, 0xb5, 0x29, 0x7f, 0x74, 0xdb,
+ 0xa1, 0xf2, 0x16, 0xc9, 0x07, 0x0f, 0x5c, 0x3e, 0x18,
+ 0x64, 0x82, 0xfd, 0xae, 0x80, 0xca, 0xcf, 0xf9, 0x7e,
+ 0x7f, 0x36, 0x58, 0xd5, 0x4d, 0x2d, 0x5a, 0x27, 0x27,
+ 0xcc, 0x7e, 0x45, 0x0d, 0xf8, 0xd6, 0x5f, 0xee, 0x83,
+ 0x42, 0x83, 0x48, 0x0b, 0x64, 0xc6, 0x03, 0x4d, 0x1e,
+ 0x24, 0x90, 0xba, 0x2a, 0x92, 0x7d, 0x43, 0x77, 0x17,
+ 0xc8, 0xcc, 0x9f, 0x31, 0x80, 0x4e, 0x19, 0x7f, 0x8f,
+ 0xcf, 0xd7, 0x27, 0x48, 0x10, 0xea, 0x3d, 0xd6, 0x0f,
+ 0x70, 0x7a, 0xb9, 0xed, 0x53, 0x67, 0x1c, 0x56, 0xb1,
+ 0x78, 0xfc, 0x0c, 0xcc, 0x1f, 0xf8, 0x89, 0x45, 0x57,
+ 0x4a, 0x72, 0xd2, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x53, 0x73, 0x3d, 0x0e,
+ 0x45, 0x5a, 0x31, 0x94, 0x8f, 0x5f, 0x11, 0xe4, 0x36,
+ 0xe2, 0x19, 0xc4, 0x84, 0x94, 0xb9, 0xc0, 0xe6, 0x5d,
+ 0x66, 0x7e, 0x4c, 0x05, 0xc6, 0xcd, 0x9c, 0x6c, 0x8f,
+ 0x32, 0x68, 0xfb, 0x66, 0x86, 0x22, 0xf5, 0xfa, 0x9a,
+ 0x46, 0x26, 0xb5, 0xd5, 0xc1, 0x7d, 0xeb, 0x7b, 0x82,
+ 0x3e, 0x62, 0x8c, 0x76, 0x0b, 0x08, 0x1d, 0xe0, 0x75,
+ 0x34, 0x30, 0x4b, 0xc2, 0x4b, 0xcb, 0x49, 0xa3, 0x65,
+ 0x0e, 0x90, 0xd3, 0x57, 0xe5, 0xf5, 0x83, 0x1b, 0xa2,
+ 0xbb, 0x4a, 0x23, 0x63, 0x25, 0x64, 0xd7, 0xf1, 0x85,
+ 0x9b, 0xbe, 0x2e, 0xda, 0xad, 0xc8, 0x60, 0x37, 0x3c,
+ 0x78, 0x33, 0xb5, 0x76, 0x7c, 0xc6, 0xe5, 0x97, 0x86,
+ 0x6d, 0x70, 0xdc, 0x4f, 0x79, 0x39, 0xe6, 0x27, 0x78,
+ 0x57, 0x98, 0x69, 0x79, 0xaf, 0x0a, 0xc0, 0x64, 0x0c,
+ 0x1a, 0x09, 0xa0, 0x98, 0x06, 0x41, 0x5c, 0x29, 0x27,
+ 0xbd, 0x2e, 0xbe, 0xe8, 0x08, 0x5f, 0xdf, 0xed, 0xd9,
+ 0x31, 0x97, 0xdb, 0x0a, 0x1f, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0x67, 0x32,
+ 0xef, 0x84, 0xa2, 0x14, 0xa7, 0x83, 0x33, 0xdc, 0x40,
+ 0x55, 0x76, 0x27, 0x01, 0x9f, 0x98, 0x90, 0xa9, 0xfa,
+ 0xfb, 0x73, 0x86, 0x38, 0x6b, 0xa8, 0x57, 0xc9, 0xaa,
+ 0x06, 0xbf, 0x84, 0x97, 0xfa, 0xc8, 0xde, 0x67, 0x6b,
+ 0xa6, 0x2c, 0xa1, 0x90, 0x6c, 0x6d, 0xcd, 0xb5, 0x73,
+ 0x3c, 0x16, 0x68, 0xb4, 0x00, 0x55, 0xf6, 0xd8, 0x35,
+ 0xb0, 0xf9, 0x8e, 0x2e, 0xfb, 0x54, 0xc1, 0x8e, 0x51,
+ 0x90, 0x2d, 0x28, 0x83, 0x5d, 0x81, 0xd6, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x41, 0xf2, 0x97, 0xdf, 0x2f, 0x8d, 0xa8, 0xc2, 0x1d,
+ 0xe3, 0xbd, 0x1d, 0x2a, 0x6f, 0x4a, 0xfd, 0xd3, 0xcd,
+ 0x0b, 0xac, 0x28, 0x93, 0x87, 0x3e, 0xd9, 0x7b, 0x17,
+ 0xe2, 0x66, 0x0a, 0x6e, 0xcb, 0xa8, 0x3e, 0x3d, 0x9b,
+ 0x3c, 0xbe, 0x78, 0xe1, 0x2a, 0xa5, 0x42, 0x5f, 0xdc,
+ 0xe0, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x10, 0x59, 0xac, 0x4a, 0xd3, 0x63,
+ 0x95, 0x92, 0x31, 0x1c, 0x7d, 0xb1, 0x5e, 0x48, 0x01,
+ 0x23, 0x16, 0x61, 0xb3, 0xfc, 0xe6, 0x9a, 0x5d, 0x39,
+ 0xf9, 0x2f, 0xb5, 0xc6, 0x6d, 0xeb, 0xb2, 0x6e, 0x93,
+ 0x9d, 0x8b, 0x19, 0x74, 0xa9, 0xc4, 0x57, 0x96, 0xbc,
+ 0x1c, 0xbb, 0x88, 0x5a, 0xd6, 0xf7, 0xc0, 0xe2, 0xb6,
+ 0xf2, 0xb3, 0xf0, 0x56, 0x5b, 0x2c, 0x9e, 0xdf, 0x96,
+ 0x6d, 0xcc, 0x41, 0x06, 0xce, 0x1e, 0x1b, 0x3a, 0x39,
+ 0x67, 0xe1, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xfc, 0xff, 0x0a, 0xc0, 0xf1,
+ 0x76, 0x82, 0x49, 0x76, 0x88, 0x38, 0x10, 0x5c, 0x90,
+ 0x83, 0x4b, 0x3e, 0x8d, 0xb9, 0x35, 0x77, 0xf5, 0x4c,
+ 0x7e, 0x3e, 0x12, 0x54, 0xf0, 0x33, 0x56, 0xbc, 0x9b,
+ 0x0e, 0x10, 0x7d, 0x4a, 0xb6, 0x2d, 0x02, 0x35, 0x79,
+ 0xe8, 0x0c, 0x15, 0xc1, 0xde, 0xc7, 0x2a, 0x7d, 0xe1,
+ 0x27, 0xd4, 0x99, 0x50, 0x6b, 0xde, 0x6d, 0x02, 0x65,
+ 0x12, 0x88, 0xe6, 0x80, 0x13, 0x5e, 0xad, 0xb1, 0xef,
+ 0xe7, 0x77, 0x19, 0xc9, 0x63, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x41, 0x40,
+ 0x76, 0xc8, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0x08, 0x88, 0xdb, 0x44, 0x6c,
+ 0x10, 0x74, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0x86, 0x8c, 0x61, 0x95, 0x19,
+ 0x76, 0x1f, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0x6e, 0x08, 0x9f, 0x43,
+ 0xb9, 0x66, 0x2b, 0x88, 0x27, 0x48, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x9e,
+ 0x83, 0x72, 0x9a, 0x43, 0x06, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0x9e, 0xba,
+ 0xd5, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x1b, 0xe4, 0x4e, 0x39, 0x0a, 0x37,
+ 0x5b, 0x2f, 0x8c, 0xa8, 0xbd, 0x3c, 0xfe, 0xb2, 0x59,
+ 0x5b, 0x5f, 0x5a, 0x05, 0x67, 0xc8, 0xec, 0x71, 0x5d,
+ 0xb5, 0x77, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0x1c, 0xb7, 0xac, 0x90, 0xf6,
+ 0xd3, 0xb7, 0x61, 0x65, 0xbe, 0x29, 0x8f, 0x27, 0x65,
+ 0x9a, 0x9a, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x82, 0xee, 0x10, 0xb9, 0x60,
+ 0xff, 0x9f, 0x5a, 0xbe, 0x09, 0x72, 0x63, 0x79, 0x60,
+ 0x50, 0x84, 0x18, 0xc9, 0xc5, 0x0d, 0x43, 0xce, 0x29,
+ 0x80, 0x72, 0x83, 0x12, 0x73, 0x13, 0x44, 0xec, 0x25,
+ 0xe5, 0x15, 0x70, 0xe2, 0x7f, 0x6b, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x58,
+ 0x57, 0x06, 0xdc, 0xae, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x38, 0x4c, 0xbf,
+ 0x1c, 0x42, 0xb2, 0x63, 0x9c, 0xfb, 0xae, 0xc0, 0xdf,
+ 0xd3, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0x9b, 0xe9, 0x66, 0x77, 0x70,
+ 0x47, 0x6c, 0x8b, 0x5b, 0xc1, 0x87, 0x7a, 0x63, 0xa3,
+ 0x13, 0xfc, 0x2d, 0x16, 0xd3, 0xe2, 0x00, 0xe9, 0x94,
+ 0x11, 0xf2, 0x28, 0xda, 0x0b, 0x58, 0x09, 0x2d, 0x59,
+ 0x2d, 0xb5, 0x25, 0x99, 0xca, 0x63, 0xc9, 0x96, 0xa3,
+ 0x17, 0x2a, 0x0e, 0x22, 0x2c, 0x5f, 0x8d, 0x53, 0xc4,
+ 0xd1, 0x3d, 0x4e, 0x20, 0xdc, 0x44, 0x18, 0xd2, 0xd8,
+ 0x5c, 0x9a, 0x78, 0x0a, 0x53, 0xa8, 0x73, 0x7d, 0x98,
+ 0xc0, 0xba, 0xfb, 0xfe, 0x27, 0xd4, 0x82, 0x87, 0xd4,
+ 0x4d, 0xc0, 0xe3, 0xd1, 0xd0, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xd3, 0x04,
+ 0xfd, 0x11, 0xf4, 0x57, 0xc2, 0xcc, 0xcf, 0xa9, 0xe6,
+ 0xc5, 0x09, 0x4d, 0xcc, 0x36, 0x69, 0x26, 0x35, 0x8c,
+ 0xe8, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xdd, 0x5a, 0x5f, 0xaf, 0xda, 0x38,
+ 0x07, 0x33, 0xfb, 0xf8, 0xfb, 0xf9, 0x62, 0x4a, 0x75,
+ 0xad, 0xc3, 0x95, 0xd3, 0x6e, 0x5b, 0xe3, 0x10, 0x2f,
+ 0x31, 0xaf, 0xcd, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x84, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0x66,
+ 0x3f, 0x10, 0xeb, 0xa2, 0xe2, 0xfa, 0xc7, 0xd3, 0x91,
+ 0x83, 0x48, 0xbb, 0x3a, 0x6c, 0xe4, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x36,
+ 0x44, 0xc5, 0x07, 0x07, 0x9b, 0x9d, 0x51, 0x3e, 0x74,
+ 0xc5, 0x35, 0x8a, 0x10, 0x9c, 0x0d, 0x81, 0xf3, 0x10,
+ 0x0f, 0x29, 0xaf, 0x01, 0x5d, 0x6f, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x9a,
+ 0xf8, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0x57, 0xfc, 0x25, 0x5c, 0x02, 0x15,
+ 0x43, 0x0b, 0x60, 0x21, 0xf3, 0xb1, 0x43, 0x9a, 0x41,
+ 0xa0, 0xc1, 0x1b, 0x7a, 0x88, 0x97, 0xfd, 0x27, 0x56,
+ 0xf7, 0x48, 0x1f, 0xb6, 0x9a, 0xa2, 0xb1, 0xc5, 0xab,
+ 0x30, 0xa1, 0x14, 0x91, 0xef, 0x14, 0xe3, 0x01, 0x73,
+ 0xf3, 0x8d, 0xfa, 0xd7, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x13, 0x5d, 0x66,
+ 0xfb, 0x1c, 0x4b, 0x2e, 0x94, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0x10, 0x5b,
+ 0x2a, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x98, 0x73, 0x9d, 0xcd, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+ 0x79, 0xb6, 0xef, 0x8e, 0xf8, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x32, 0x0d,
+ 0xec, 0x6a, 0x04, 0xea, 0x81, 0xd7, 0x63, 0xbd, 0x01,
+ 0x77, 0x3e, 0x52, 0x30, 0x88, 0x3a, 0x9e, 0x04, 0xdf,
+ 0x42, 0x8b, 0x40, 0x23, 0xa9, 0x5a, 0x97, 0x21, 0x55,
+ 0xce, 0x72, 0x21, 0x45, 0x40, 0x01, 0x66, 0x63, 0x1d,
+ 0xab, 0x37, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x75, 0x56, 0xc2, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+ 0x9e, 0xa5, 0x85, 0xc2, 0x0b, 0x51, 0x80, 0xae, 0x0c,
+ 0xb3, 0xde, 0xa4, 0xb5, 0xa3, 0xa3, 0x00, 0xe1, 0xc9,
+ 0x09, 0xee, 0xab, 0xbb, 0x36, 0x78, 0x5b, 0x3f, 0x45,
+ 0x3d, 0xf6, 0xe8, 0x7e, 0xa3, 0xd7, 0x24, 0x78, 0xdf,
+ 0xbc, 0x9f, 0xe4, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x22, 0xb8, 0x76, 0xb0,
+ 0x6a, 0xc1, 0x35, 0x66, 0xfe, 0xaf, 0xf1, 0xb4, 0x44,
+ 0x5e, 0xe0, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x80, 0xf8, 0xa8, 0x5f, 0x59,
+ 0x91, 0xa4, 0x4f, 0xc0, 0x58, 0xb1, 0x2d, 0xc9, 0x6a,
+ 0xcd, 0x62, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x89, 0x9d, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x48,
+ 0x5f, 0x23, 0x46, 0x21, 0x8a, 0x49, 0xc0, 0x16, 0x07,
+ 0x4d, 0xd9, 0x26, 0xbe, 0x86, 0xfb, 0x06, 0xbd, 0x41,
+ 0xc5, 0xd8, 0x87, 0xf6, 0x94, 0xb1, 0xef, 0xed, 0xab,
+ 0xfb, 0x93, 0x48, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0x22, 0xbc, 0x2b, 0x24,
+ 0xb4, 0x86, 0x33, 0x9b, 0xd6, 0x09, 0x46, 0x85, 0x81,
+ 0x89, 0xa9, 0x30, 0x13, 0xfa, 0x08, 0x55, 0xfc, 0xe5,
+ 0xfb, 0xc8, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x31, 0x4c, 0x9e, 0x1c, 0xff,
+ 0x80, 0x10, 0x77, 0x5f, 0xf1, 0x07, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x88,
+ 0xb9, 0xeb, 0x48, 0xfe, 0x18, 0x48, 0xf3, 0xaf, 0xfd,
+ 0x7d, 0x0c, 0x9f, 0x30, 0x11, 0xcb, 0xed, 0xfc, 0x31,
+ 0xf5, 0x6e, 0x72, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0xa5, 0x1d, 0x89,
+ 0x89, 0x8b, 0xc6, 0x2c, 0xaf, 0xa6, 0xef, 0xbd, 0xb4,
+ 0xc2, 0xa0, 0x97, 0x74, 0xd0, 0x4d, 0x72, 0xb7, 0xe8,
+ 0x24, 0xba, 0x5e, 0x53, 0x4b, 0x91, 0xc1, 0xe4, 0x14,
+ 0x22, 0x50, 0xb2, 0xc3, 0x84, 0xf4, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xa4,
+ 0x99, 0xda, 0x82, 0x55, 0x8e, 0x38, 0xb4, 0x0c, 0x21,
+ 0xe5, 0x91, 0x30, 0xc7, 0x80, 0x55, 0xf1, 0x69, 0xde,
+ 0xd7, 0x82, 0xf3, 0x08, 0xd3, 0x16, 0x69, 0xe7, 0xd4,
+ 0xeb, 0xfc, 0x9b, 0x8f, 0xd6, 0xfc, 0xf9, 0x9f, 0x95,
+ 0xb3, 0x90, 0xa6, 0x12, 0x21, 0x53, 0x50, 0xd5, 0x3e,
+ 0x2b, 0x46, 0x14, 0x52, 0x20, 0x1c, 0x33, 0xed, 0xdd,
+ 0x58, 0x81, 0x92, 0x37, 0xe5, 0x99, 0x77, 0xfa, 0x29,
+ 0x28, 0x49, 0x07, 0xc8, 0xe2, 0x41, 0x8f, 0x77, 0x3b,
+ 0xb4, 0x8c, 0x34, 0x3e, 0x80, 0xcb, 0xcf, 0x73, 0x4d,
+ 0xfc, 0x78, 0x60, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x86, 0xc3, 0x4d, 0xa7,
+ 0x40, 0x9c, 0x03, 0x72, 0x46, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0x74, 0xdf,
+ 0x5a, 0x47, 0x8d, 0xbc, 0xc1, 0x5b, 0x10, 0x3e, 0x7e,
+ 0x09, 0x3d, 0xdb, 0x0c, 0xc4, 0x3b, 0x12, 0xbf, 0x66,
+ 0xe2, 0xb7, 0x4c, 0x1a, 0x81, 0x58, 0x63, 0x39, 0x72,
+ 0xde, 0xfa, 0x5d, 0xcc, 0x2c, 0x69, 0x11, 0x0a, 0x5f,
+ 0xb9, 0xbc, 0xda, 0x80, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xa2, 0x02, 0x6c,
+ 0xc1, 0x15, 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x14, 0xd0, 0x36, 0xad,
+ 0xdb, 0xb7, 0x77, 0xd6, 0x99, 0x94, 0xf5, 0xa5, 0xac,
+ 0xce, 0x9a, 0x23, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0xa4, 0x97, 0x7e, 0x41,
+ 0xc1, 0x65, 0xc7, 0x94, 0xfa, 0x07, 0x1d, 0x9a, 0x87,
+ 0xba, 0xee, 0xef, 0x99, 0x92, 0xaa, 0x41, 0x29, 0x03,
+ 0xe3, 0x01, 0x17, 0x42, 0xed, 0x11, 0x68, 0x44, 0x02,
+ 0xca, 0x81, 0x4b, 0x33, 0x81, 0x64, 0x30, 0x95, 0x7f,
+ 0x81, 0x17, 0xe6, 0x59, 0x0b, 0x4e, 0xf3, 0x4a, 0x72,
+ 0x0c, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x44, 0xe2, 0x9e, 0x45, 0x29,
+ 0x88, 0xb4, 0xda, 0x9b, 0x9f, 0x3e, 0x92, 0x9a, 0x0b,
+ 0x21, 0x2a, 0xd4, 0xa0, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xbd, 0x06, 0x6d,
+ 0x71, 0x3c, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xdc, 0x19, 0xd7, 0x8f, 0x21,
+ 0x01, 0x25, 0xa5, 0x15, 0x62, 0x43, 0xfa, 0xdf, 0xb9,
+ 0x33, 0x23, 0xd3, 0xa2, 0xab, 0xb1, 0x7e, 0x4e, 0x5e,
+ 0x46, 0xbd, 0x76, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x88, 0x5f, 0x85, 0x03,
+ 0x43, 0x57, 0xd6, 0x3a, 0xf2, 0xcc, 0x9d, 0xbc, 0x2c,
+ 0x67, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0xda, 0xe8, 0x39, 0x61, 0x68, 0x6d,
+ 0xcf, 0xeb, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x58, 0x61, 0x68, 0x6d, 0x78,
+ 0xa6, 0xad, 0xb6, 0x16, 0x70, 0x89, 0x49, 0x59, 0x62,
+ 0x76, 0xc1, 0xc3, 0xc8, 0xce, 0xe2, 0xfc, 0x42, 0x51,
+ 0x8d, 0xc8, 0xf1, 0x03, 0x17, 0x36, 0x55, 0x8c, 0x8e,
+ 0x98, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x3c, 0x4c, 0x63, 0x81, 0x97, 0xc5,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x16, 0x19, 0x23, 0x28, 0x30,
+ 0x37,
+ },
+};
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..48fb7b2acc2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/*
+ * KUnit tests and benchmark for ML-DSA
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+#include <crypto/mldsa.h>
+#include <kunit/test.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
+#include <linux/unaligned.h>
+
+/* ML-DSA parameters that the tests use */
+static const struct {
+ int sig_len;
+ int pk_len;
+ int k;
+ int lambda;
+ int gamma1;
+ int beta;
+ int omega;
+} params[] = {
+ [MLDSA44] = {
+ .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .k = 4,
+ .lambda = 128,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 17,
+ .beta = 78,
+ .omega = 80,
+ },
+ [MLDSA65] = {
+ .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .k = 6,
+ .lambda = 192,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ .beta = 196,
+ .omega = 55,
+ },
+ [MLDSA87] = {
+ .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .k = 8,
+ .lambda = 256,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ .beta = 120,
+ .omega = 75,
+ },
+};
+
+struct mldsa_testvector {
+ enum mldsa_alg alg;
+ int sig_len;
+ int msg_len;
+ int pk_len;
+ const u8 *sig;
+ const u8 *msg;
+ const u8 *pk;
+};
+
+#include "mldsa-testvecs.h"
+
+static void do_mldsa_and_assert_success(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ int err = mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, err, 0);
+}
+
+static u8 *kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(struct kunit *test, const u8 *src, size_t len)
+{
+ u8 *dst = kunit_kmalloc(test, len, GFP_KERNEL);
+
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, dst);
+ return memcpy(dst, src, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test that changing coefficients in a valid signature's z vector results in
+ * the following behavior from mldsa_verify():
+ *
+ * * -EBADMSG if a coefficient is changed to have an out-of-range value, i.e.
+ * absolute value >= gamma1 - beta, corresponding to the verifier detecting
+ * the out-of-range coefficient and rejecting the signature as malformed
+ *
+ * * -EKEYREJECTED if a coefficient is changed to a different in-range value,
+ * i.e. absolute value < gamma1 - beta, corresponding to the verifier
+ * continuing to the "real" signature check and that check failing
+ */
+static void test_mldsa_z_range(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ const int lambda = params[tv->alg].lambda;
+ const s32 gamma1 = params[tv->alg].gamma1;
+ const int beta = params[tv->alg].beta;
+ /*
+ * We just modify the first coefficient. The coefficient is gamma1
+ * minus either the first 18 or 20 bits of the u32, depending on gamma1.
+ *
+ * The layout of ML-DSA signatures is ctilde || z || h. ctilde is
+ * lambda / 4 bytes, so z starts at &sig[lambda / 4].
+ */
+ u8 *z_ptr = &sig[lambda / 4];
+ const u32 z_data = get_unaligned_le32(z_ptr);
+ const u32 mask = gamma1 | (gamma1 - 1); /* gamma1 is a power of 2 */
+ /* These are the four boundaries of the out-of-range values. */
+ const s32 out_of_range_coeffs[] = {
+ -gamma1 + 1,
+ -(gamma1 - beta),
+ gamma1,
+ gamma1 - beta,
+ };
+ /*
+ * These are the two boundaries of the valid range, along with 0. We
+ * assume that none of these matches the original coefficient.
+ */
+ const s32 in_range_coeffs[] = {
+ -(gamma1 - beta - 1),
+ 0,
+ gamma1 - beta - 1,
+ };
+
+ /* Initially the signature is valid. */
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Test some out-of-range coefficients. */
+ for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(out_of_range_coeffs); i++) {
+ const s32 c = out_of_range_coeffs[i];
+
+ put_unaligned_le32((z_data & ~mask) | (mask & (gamma1 - c)),
+ z_ptr);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+ }
+
+ /* Test some in-range coefficients. */
+ for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(in_range_coeffs); i++) {
+ const s32 c = in_range_coeffs[i];
+
+ put_unaligned_le32((z_data & ~mask) | (mask & (gamma1 - c)),
+ z_ptr);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EKEYREJECTED,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+ }
+}
+
+/* Test that mldsa_verify() rejects malformed hint vectors with -EBADMSG. */
+static void test_mldsa_bad_hints(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ const int omega = params[tv->alg].omega;
+ const int k = params[tv->alg].k;
+ u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ /* Pointer to the encoded hint vector in the signature */
+ u8 *hintvec = &sig[tv->sig_len - omega - k];
+ u8 h;
+
+ /* Initially the signature is valid. */
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Cumulative hint count exceeds omega */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ hintvec[omega + k - 1] = omega + 1;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /* Cumulative hint count decreases */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_GE(test, hintvec[omega + k - 2], 1);
+ hintvec[omega + k - 1] = hintvec[omega + k - 2] - 1;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /*
+ * Hint indices out of order. To test this, swap hintvec[0] and
+ * hintvec[1]. This assumes that the original valid signature had at
+ * least two nonzero hints in the first element (asserted below).
+ */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_GE(test, hintvec[omega], 2);
+ h = hintvec[0];
+ hintvec[0] = hintvec[1];
+ hintvec[1] = h;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /*
+ * Extra hint indices given. For this test to work, the original valid
+ * signature must have fewer than omega nonzero hints (asserted below).
+ */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_LT(test, hintvec[omega + k - 1], omega);
+ hintvec[omega - 1] = 0xff;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa_mutation(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ const int sig_len = tv->sig_len;
+ const int msg_len = tv->msg_len;
+ const int pk_len = tv->pk_len;
+ const int num_iter = 200;
+ u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, sig_len);
+ u8 *msg = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->msg, msg_len);
+ u8 *pk = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->pk, pk_len);
+
+ /* Initially the signature is valid. */
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Changing any bit in the signature should invalidate the signature */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+ size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(sig_len);
+ u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+ sig[pos] ^= b;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+ msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+ sig[pos] ^= b;
+ }
+
+ /* Changing any bit in the message should invalidate the signature */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+ size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(msg_len);
+ u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+ msg[pos] ^= b;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+ msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+ msg[pos] ^= b;
+ }
+
+ /* Changing any bit in the public key should invalidate the signature */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+ size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(pk_len);
+ u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+ pk[pos] ^= b;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+ msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+ pk[pos] ^= b;
+ }
+
+ /* All changes should have been undone. */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg, msg_len, pk,
+ pk_len));
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa(struct kunit *test, const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ /* Valid signature */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, tv->sig_len, params[tv->alg].sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, tv->pk_len, params[tv->alg].pk_len);
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Signature too short */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len - 1, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /* Signature too long */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len + 1, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /* Public key too short */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len - 1));
+
+ /* Public key too long */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len + 1));
+
+ /*
+ * Message too short. Error is EKEYREJECTED because it gets rejected by
+ * the "real" signature check rather than the well-formedness checks.
+ */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EKEYREJECTED,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len - 1, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+ /*
+ * Can't simply try (tv->msg, tv->msg_len + 1) too, as tv->msg would be
+ * accessed out of bounds. However, ML-DSA just hashes the message and
+ * doesn't handle different message lengths differently anyway.
+ */
+
+ /* Test the validity checks on the z vector. */
+ test_mldsa_z_range(test, tv);
+
+ /* Test the validity checks on the hint vector. */
+ test_mldsa_bad_hints(test, tv);
+
+ /* Test randomly mutating the inputs. */
+ test_mldsa_mutation(test, tv);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa44(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ test_mldsa(test, &mldsa44_testvector);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa65(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ test_mldsa(test, &mldsa65_testvector);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa87(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ test_mldsa(test, &mldsa87_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ const int warmup_niter = 200;
+ const int benchmark_niter = 200;
+ u64 t0, t1;
+
+ if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK))
+ kunit_skip(test, "not enabled");
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < warmup_niter; i++)
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ t0 = ktime_get_ns();
+ for (int i = 0; i < benchmark_niter; i++)
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+ t1 = ktime_get_ns();
+ kunit_info(test, "%llu ops/s",
+ div64_u64((u64)benchmark_niter * NSEC_PER_SEC,
+ t1 - t0 ?: 1));
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa44(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa44_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa65(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa65_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa87(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa87_testvector);
+}
+
+static struct kunit_case mldsa_kunit_cases[] = {
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa44),
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa65),
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa87),
+ KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa44),
+ KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa65),
+ KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa87),
+ {},
+};
+
+static struct kunit_suite mldsa_kunit_suite = {
+ .name = "mldsa",
+ .test_cases = mldsa_kunit_cases,
+};
+kunit_test_suite(mldsa_kunit_suite);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("KUnit tests and benchmark for ML-DSA");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v2 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-26 20:35 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-crypto, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251126203517.167040-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>
Add support for verifying ML-DSA signatures.
ML-DSA (Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm) is specified
in FIPS 204 and is the standard version of Dilithium. Unlike RSA and
elliptic-curve cryptography, ML-DSA is believed to be secure even
against adversaries in possession of a large-scale quantum computer.
Compared to the earlier patch
(https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251117145606.2155773-3-dhowells@redhat.com/)
that was based on "leancrypto", this implementation:
- Is about 700 lines of source code instead of 4800.
- Generates about 4 KB of object code instead of 28 KB.
- Uses 9-13 KB of memory to verify a signature instead of 31-84 KB.
- Is at least about the same speed, with a microbenchmark showing 3-5%
improvements on one x86_64 CPU and -1% to 1% changes on another.
When memory is a bottleneck, it's likely much faster.
- Correctly implements the RejNTTPoly step of the algorithm.
The API just consists of a single function mldsa_verify(), supporting
pure ML-DSA with any standard parameter set (ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, or
ML-DSA-87) as selected by an enum. That's all that's actually needed.
Note that mldsa_verify() allocates memory, so it can sleep and can fail
with ENOMEM. Unfortunately we don't have much choice about that, since
ML-DSA needs a lot of memory. At least callers have to check for errors
anyway, since the signature could be invalid.
The following four potential features are unneeded and aren't included.
However, any that ever become needed could fairly easily be added later,
as they only affect how the message representative mu is calculated:
- Nonempty context strings
- Incremental message hashing
- HashML-DSA
- External mu
Signing support would, of course, be a larger and more complex addition.
However, the kernel doesn't, and shouldn't, need ML-DSA signing support.
Note that verification doesn't require constant-time code, and in fact
some steps are inherently variable-time. I've used constant-time
patterns in some places anyway, but technically they're not needed.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
---
include/crypto/mldsa.h | 53 ++++
lib/crypto/Kconfig | 7 +
lib/crypto/Makefile | 5 +
lib/crypto/mldsa.c | 651 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4 files changed, 716 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c
diff --git a/include/crypto/mldsa.h b/include/crypto/mldsa.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..950f3b771dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/crypto/mldsa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Support for verifying ML-DSA signatures
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+#ifndef _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H
+#define _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+/* Identifier for an ML-DSA parameter set */
+enum mldsa_alg {
+ MLDSA44, /* ML-DSA-44 */
+ MLDSA65, /* ML-DSA-65 */
+ MLDSA87, /* ML-DSA-87 */
+};
+
+/* Lengths of ML-DSA public keys and signatures in bytes */
+#define MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 1312
+#define MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 1952
+#define MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 2592
+#define MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE 2420
+#define MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE 3309
+#define MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE 4627
+
+/**
+ * mldsa_verify() - Verify an ML-DSA signature
+ * @alg: The ML-DSA parameter set to use
+ * @sig: The signature
+ * @sig_len: Length of the signature in bytes. Should match the
+ * MLDSA*_SIGNATURE_SIZE constant associated with @alg,
+ * otherwise -EBADMSG will be returned right away.
+ * @msg: The message
+ * @msg_len: Length of the message in bytes
+ * @pk: The public key
+ * @pk_len: Length of the public key in bytes. Should match the
+ * MLDSA*_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE constant associated with @alg,
+ * otherwise -EBADMSG will be returned right away.
+ *
+ * This verifies a signature using pure ML-DSA with the specified parameter set.
+ * The context string is assumed to be empty.
+ *
+ * Context: Might sleep
+ * Return: 0 if the signature is valid, -EBADMSG if the signature and/or public
+ * key is malformed, -EKEYREJECTED if the signature and public key are
+ * well-formed but the signature is invalid, or -ENOMEM if out of memory
+ * so the validity of the signature is unknown.
+ */
+int mldsa_verify(enum mldsa_alg alg, const u8 *sig, size_t sig_len,
+ const u8 *msg, size_t msg_len, const u8 *pk, size_t pk_len);
+
+#endif /* _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H */
diff --git a/lib/crypto/Kconfig b/lib/crypto/Kconfig
index 9d04b3771ce2..51ac3186ebc2 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/crypto/Kconfig
@@ -98,10 +98,17 @@ config CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_ARCH
depends on CRYPTO_LIB_MD5 && !UML
default y if MIPS && CPU_CAVIUM_OCTEON
default y if PPC
default y if SPARC64
+config CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA
+ tristate
+ select CRYPTO_LIB_SHA3
+ help
+ The ML-DSA library functions. Select this if your module uses any of
+ the functions from <crypto/mldsa.h>.
+
config CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305
tristate
help
The Poly1305 library functions. Select this if your module uses any
of the functions from <crypto/poly1305.h>.
diff --git a/lib/crypto/Makefile b/lib/crypto/Makefile
index 6580991f8e12..fb83ec480ec0 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/Makefile
+++ b/lib/crypto/Makefile
@@ -125,10 +125,15 @@ libmd5-$(CONFIG_PPC) += powerpc/md5-asm.o
libmd5-$(CONFIG_SPARC) += sparc/md5_asm.o
endif # CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_ARCH
################################################################################
+obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA) += libmldsa.o
+libmldsa-y := mldsa.o
+
+################################################################################
+
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305) += libpoly1305.o
libpoly1305-y := poly1305.o
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_INT128),y)
libpoly1305-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_GENERIC) += poly1305-donna64.o
else
diff --git a/lib/crypto/mldsa.c b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..911be1668a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,651 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/*
+ * Support for verifying ML-DSA signatures
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+
+#include <crypto/mldsa.h>
+#include <crypto/sha3.h>
+#include <linux/export.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/unaligned.h>
+
+#define Q 8380417 /* The prime q = 2^23 - 2^13 + 1 */
+#define QINV_MOD_R 58728449 /* Multiplicative inverse of q mod 2^32 */
+#define R_MOD_Q 4193792 /* 2^32 mod q */
+#define N 256 /* Number of components per ring element */
+#define D 13 /* Number of bits dropped from the public key vector t */
+#define RHO_LEN 32 /* Length of the public random seed in bytes */
+#define MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN 192 /* Max encoded length of one element of w'_1 */
+
+/*
+ * The zetas array in Montgomery form, i.e. with extra factor of 2^32.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Section 7.5 "NTT and NTT^-1"
+ * Generated by the following Python code:
+ * q=8380417; [a%q - q*(a%q > q//2) for a in [1753**(int(f'{i:08b}'[::-1], 2)) << 32 for i in range(256)]]
+ */
+static const s32 zetas_times_2_32[N] = {
+ -4186625, 25847, -2608894, -518909, 237124, -777960, -876248,
+ 466468, 1826347, 2353451, -359251, -2091905, 3119733, -2884855,
+ 3111497, 2680103, 2725464, 1024112, -1079900, 3585928, -549488,
+ -1119584, 2619752, -2108549, -2118186, -3859737, -1399561, -3277672,
+ 1757237, -19422, 4010497, 280005, 2706023, 95776, 3077325,
+ 3530437, -1661693, -3592148, -2537516, 3915439, -3861115, -3043716,
+ 3574422, -2867647, 3539968, -300467, 2348700, -539299, -1699267,
+ -1643818, 3505694, -3821735, 3507263, -2140649, -1600420, 3699596,
+ 811944, 531354, 954230, 3881043, 3900724, -2556880, 2071892,
+ -2797779, -3930395, -1528703, -3677745, -3041255, -1452451, 3475950,
+ 2176455, -1585221, -1257611, 1939314, -4083598, -1000202, -3190144,
+ -3157330, -3632928, 126922, 3412210, -983419, 2147896, 2715295,
+ -2967645, -3693493, -411027, -2477047, -671102, -1228525, -22981,
+ -1308169, -381987, 1349076, 1852771, -1430430, -3343383, 264944,
+ 508951, 3097992, 44288, -1100098, 904516, 3958618, -3724342,
+ -8578, 1653064, -3249728, 2389356, -210977, 759969, -1316856,
+ 189548, -3553272, 3159746, -1851402, -2409325, -177440, 1315589,
+ 1341330, 1285669, -1584928, -812732, -1439742, -3019102, -3881060,
+ -3628969, 3839961, 2091667, 3407706, 2316500, 3817976, -3342478,
+ 2244091, -2446433, -3562462, 266997, 2434439, -1235728, 3513181,
+ -3520352, -3759364, -1197226, -3193378, 900702, 1859098, 909542,
+ 819034, 495491, -1613174, -43260, -522500, -655327, -3122442,
+ 2031748, 3207046, -3556995, -525098, -768622, -3595838, 342297,
+ 286988, -2437823, 4108315, 3437287, -3342277, 1735879, 203044,
+ 2842341, 2691481, -2590150, 1265009, 4055324, 1247620, 2486353,
+ 1595974, -3767016, 1250494, 2635921, -3548272, -2994039, 1869119,
+ 1903435, -1050970, -1333058, 1237275, -3318210, -1430225, -451100,
+ 1312455, 3306115, -1962642, -1279661, 1917081, -2546312, -1374803,
+ 1500165, 777191, 2235880, 3406031, -542412, -2831860, -1671176,
+ -1846953, -2584293, -3724270, 594136, -3776993, -2013608, 2432395,
+ 2454455, -164721, 1957272, 3369112, 185531, -1207385, -3183426,
+ 162844, 1616392, 3014001, 810149, 1652634, -3694233, -1799107,
+ -3038916, 3523897, 3866901, 269760, 2213111, -975884, 1717735,
+ 472078, -426683, 1723600, -1803090, 1910376, -1667432, -1104333,
+ -260646, -3833893, -2939036, -2235985, -420899, -2286327, 183443,
+ -976891, 1612842, -3545687, -554416, 3919660, -48306, -1362209,
+ 3937738, 1400424, -846154, 1976782
+};
+
+/* Reference: FIPS 204 Section 4 "Parameter Sets" */
+static const struct mldsa_parameter_set {
+ u8 k; /* num rows in the matrix A */
+ u8 l; /* num columns in the matrix A */
+ u8 ctilde_len; /* length of commitment hash ctilde in bytes; lambda/4 */
+ u8 omega; /* max num of 1's in the hint vector h */
+ u8 tau; /* num of +-1's in challenge c */
+ u8 beta; /* tau times eta */
+ u16 pk_len; /* length of public keys in bytes */
+ u16 sig_len; /* length of signatures in bytes */
+ s32 gamma1; /* coefficient range of y */
+} mldsa_parameter_sets[] = {
+ [MLDSA44] = {
+ .k = 4,
+ .l = 4,
+ .ctilde_len = 32,
+ .omega = 80,
+ .tau = 39,
+ .beta = 78,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 17,
+ },
+ [MLDSA65] = {
+ .k = 6,
+ .l = 5,
+ .ctilde_len = 48,
+ .omega = 55,
+ .tau = 49,
+ .beta = 196,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ },
+ [MLDSA87] = {
+ .k = 8,
+ .l = 7,
+ .ctilde_len = 64,
+ .omega = 75,
+ .tau = 60,
+ .beta = 120,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ },
+};
+
+/*
+ * An element of the ring R_q (normal form) or the ring T_q (NTT form). It
+ * consists of N integers mod q: either the polynomial coefficients of the R_q
+ * element or the components of the T_q element. In either case, whether they
+ * are fully reduced to [0, q - 1] varies in the different parts of the code.
+ */
+struct mldsa_ring_elem {
+ s32 x[N];
+};
+
+struct mldsa_verification_workspace {
+ /* SHAKE context for computing c, mu, and ctildeprime */
+ struct shake_ctx shake;
+ /* The fields in this union are used in their order of declaration. */
+ union {
+ /* The hash of the public key */
+ u8 tr[64];
+ /* The message representative mu */
+ u8 mu[64];
+ /* Encoded element of w'_1 */
+ u8 w1_encoded[MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN];
+ /* The commitment hash. Real length is params->ctilde_len */
+ u8 ctildeprime[64];
+ };
+ /* SHAKE context for generating elements of the matrix A */
+ struct shake_ctx a_shake;
+ /*
+ * An element of the matrix A generated from the public seed, or an
+ * element of the vector t_1 decoded from the public key and pre-scaled
+ * by 2^d. Both are in NTT form. To reduce memory usage, we generate
+ * or decode these elements only as needed.
+ */
+ union {
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem a;
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem t1_scaled;
+ };
+ /* The challenge c, generated from ctilde */
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem c;
+ /* A temporary element used during calculations */
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem tmp;
+
+ /* The following fields are variable-length: */
+
+ /* The signer's response vector */
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem z[/* l */];
+
+ /* The signer's hint vector */
+ /* u8 h[k * N]; */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Compute a * b * 2^-32 mod q. a * b must be in the range [-2^31 * q, 2^31 * q
+ * - 1] before reduction. The return value is in the range [-q + 1, q - 1].
+ *
+ * To reduce mod q efficiently, this uses Montgomery reduction with R=2^32.
+ * That's where the factor of 2^-32 comes from. The caller must include a
+ * factor of 2^32 at some point to compensate for that.
+ *
+ * To keep the input and output ranges very close to symmetric, this
+ * specifically does a "signed" Montgomery reduction. That is, when doing the
+ * first step d = c * q^-1 mod 2^32, this uses representatives in [S32_MIN,
+ * S32_MAX] rather than [0, U32_MAX], i.e. s32 rather than u32. This matters in
+ * the wider multiplication d * Q when d keeps its value via sign extension.
+ *
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Appendix A "Montgomery Multiplication". But, it doesn't
+ * explain it properly: it has an off-by-one error in the upper end of the input
+ * range, it doesn't clarify that the signed version should be used, and it
+ * gives an unnecessarily large output range. A better citation is perhaps the
+ * Dilithium reference code, which functionally matches the below code and
+ * merely has the (benign) off-by-one error in its documentation.
+ */
+static inline s32 Zq_mult(s32 a, s32 b)
+{
+ /* Compute the unreduced product c. */
+ s64 c = (s64)a * b;
+
+ /* Compute d = c * q^-1 mod 2^32. Signed, as explained above. */
+ s32 d = (s32)c * QINV_MOD_R;
+
+ /*
+ * Compute e = c - d * q. This makes the low 32 bits zero, since
+ * c - (c * q^-1) * q mod 2^32
+ * = c - c * (q^-1 * q) mod 2^32
+ * = c - c * 1 mod 2^32
+ * = c - c mod 2^32
+ * = 0 mod 2^32
+ */
+ s64 e = c - (s64)d * Q;
+
+ /* Finally, return e * 2^-32. */
+ return e >> 32;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert @w to its number-theoretically-transformed representation in-place.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 41, NTT
+ *
+ * To prevent intermediate overflows, all input coefficients must have absolute
+ * value < q. All output components have absolute value < 9*q.
+ */
+static void ntt(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w)
+{
+ int m = 0; /* index in zetas_times_2_32 */
+
+ for (int len = 128; len >= 1; len /= 2) {
+ for (int start = 0; start < 256; start += 2 * len) {
+ const s32 z = zetas_times_2_32[++m];
+
+ for (int j = start; j < start + len; j++) {
+ s32 t = Zq_mult(z, w->x[j + len]);
+
+ w->x[j + len] = w->x[j] - t;
+ w->x[j] += t;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert @w from its number-theoretically-transformed representation in-place.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 42, NTT^-1
+ *
+ * This also multiplies the coefficients by 2^32, undoing an extra factor of
+ * 2^-32 introduced earlier.
+ *
+ * To prevent intermediate overflows, all input components must have absolute
+ * value < q. The output coefficients have absolute value < q as well.
+ */
+static void invntt_and_mul_2_32(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w)
+{
+ int m = 256; /* index in zetas_times_2_32 */
+
+ for (int len = 1; len < 256; len *= 2) {
+ for (int start = 0; start < 256; start += 2 * len) {
+ const s32 z = -zetas_times_2_32[--m];
+
+ for (int j = start; j < start + len; j++) {
+ s32 t = w->x[j];
+
+ w->x[j] = t + w->x[j + len];
+ w->x[j + len] = Zq_mult(z, t - w->x[j + len]);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ /*
+ * Multiply by 2^32 * 256^-1. 2^32 cancels the factor of 2^-32 from
+ * earlier Montgomery multiplications. 256^-1 is for NTT^-1. This
+ * itself uses Montgomery multiplication, so *another* 2^32 is needed.
+ * Thus the actual multiplicand is 2^32 * 2^32 * 256^-1 mod q = 41978.
+ */
+ for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++)
+ w->x[j] = Zq_mult(w->x[j], 41978);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode an element of t_1, i.e. the high d bits of t = A*s_1 + s_2.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 23, pkDecode.
+ * Also multiply it by 2^d and convert it to NTT form.
+ */
+static const u8 *decode_t1_elem(struct mldsa_ring_elem *out,
+ const u8 *t1_encoded)
+{
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, t1_encoded += 5) {
+ u32 v = get_unaligned_le32(t1_encoded);
+
+ out->x[j + 0] = ((v >> 0) & 0x3ff) << D;
+ out->x[j + 1] = ((v >> 10) & 0x3ff) << D;
+ out->x[j + 2] = ((v >> 20) & 0x3ff) << D;
+ out->x[j + 3] = ((v >> 30) | (t1_encoded[4] << 2)) << D;
+ static_assert(0x3ff << D < Q); /* All coefficients < q. */
+ }
+ ntt(out);
+ return t1_encoded; /* Return updated pointer. */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the signer's response vector 'z' from the signature.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 27, sigDecode.
+ *
+ * This also validates that the coefficients of z are in range, corresponding
+ * the infinity norm check at the end of Algorithm 8, ML-DSA.Verify_internal.
+ *
+ * Finally, this also converts z to NTT form.
+ */
+static bool decode_z(struct mldsa_ring_elem z[/* l */], int l, s32 gamma1,
+ int beta, const u8 **sig_ptr)
+{
+ const u8 *sig = *sig_ptr;
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+ if (l == 4) { /* ML-DSA-44? */
+ /* 18-bit coefficients: decode 4 from 9 bytes. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, sig += 9) {
+ u64 v = get_unaligned_le64(sig);
+
+ z[i].x[j + 0] = (v >> 0) & 0x3ffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 1] = (v >> 18) & 0x3ffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 2] = (v >> 36) & 0x3ffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 3] = (v >> 54) | (sig[8] << 10);
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* 20-bit coefficients: decode 4 from 10 bytes. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, sig += 10) {
+ u64 v = get_unaligned_le64(sig);
+
+ z[i].x[j + 0] = (v >> 0) & 0xfffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 1] = (v >> 20) & 0xfffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 2] = (v >> 40) & 0xfffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 3] =
+ (v >> 60) |
+ (get_unaligned_le16(&sig[8]) << 4);
+ }
+ }
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
+ z[i].x[j] = gamma1 - z[i].x[j];
+ if (z[i].x[j] <= -(gamma1 - beta) ||
+ z[i].x[j] >= gamma1 - beta)
+ return false;
+ }
+ ntt(&z[i]);
+ }
+ *sig_ptr = sig; /* Return updated pointer. */
+ return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the signer's hint vector 'h' from the signature.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 21, HintBitUnpack
+ *
+ * Note that there are several ways in which the hint vector can be malformed.
+ */
+static bool decode_hint_vector(u8 h[/* k * N */], int k, int omega, const u8 *y)
+{
+ int index = 0;
+
+ memset(h, 0, k * N);
+ for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+ int count = y[omega + i]; /* num 1's in elems 0 through i */
+ int prev = -1;
+
+ /* Cumulative count mustn't decrease or exceed omega. */
+ if (count < index || count > omega)
+ return false;
+ for (; index < count; index++) {
+ if (prev >= y[index]) /* Coefficients out of order? */
+ return false;
+ prev = y[index];
+ h[i * N + y[index]] = 1;
+ }
+ }
+ return mem_is_zero(&y[index], omega - index);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand @seed into an element of R_q @c with coefficients in {-1, 0, 1},
+ * exactly @tau of them nonzero. Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 29, SampleInBall
+ */
+static void sample_in_ball(struct mldsa_ring_elem *c, const u8 *seed,
+ size_t seed_len, int tau, struct shake_ctx *shake)
+{
+ u64 signs;
+ u8 j;
+
+ shake256_init(shake);
+ shake_update(shake, seed, seed_len);
+ shake_squeeze(shake, (u8 *)&signs, sizeof(signs));
+ le64_to_cpus(&signs);
+ *c = (struct mldsa_ring_elem){};
+ for (int i = N - tau; i < N; i++, signs >>= 1) {
+ do {
+ shake_squeeze(shake, &j, 1);
+ } while (j > i);
+ c->x[i] = c->x[j];
+ c->x[j] = 1 - 2 * (s32)(signs & 1);
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand the public seed @rho and @row_and_column into an element of T_q @out.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 30, RejNTTPoly
+ */
+static void rej_ntt_poly(struct mldsa_ring_elem *out, const u8 rho[RHO_LEN],
+ __le16 row_and_column, struct shake_ctx *shake)
+{
+ u8 block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE + 1]; /* 1 extra to allow 4-byte loads */
+
+ shake128_init(shake);
+ shake_update(shake, rho, RHO_LEN);
+ shake_update(shake, (u8 *)&row_and_column, sizeof(row_and_column));
+ for (int i = 0; i < N;) {
+ shake_squeeze(shake, block, SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE);
+ static_assert(SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE % 3 == 0);
+ for (int j = 0; j < SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE && i < N; j += 3) {
+ u32 x = get_unaligned_le32(&block[j]) & 0x7fffff;
+
+ if (x < Q) /* Ignore values >= q. */
+ out->x[i++] = x;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the HighBits of r adjusted according to hint h. r is in [0, q - 1].
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 40, UseHint
+ *
+ * This is needed because of the public key compression in ML-DSA.
+ * gamma2 is a compile-time constant, either (q - 1) / 88 or (q - 1) / 32.
+ */
+static __always_inline s32 use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, const s32 gamma2)
+{
+ const s32 m = (Q - 1) / (2 * gamma2); /* 44 or 16, compile-time const */
+ s32 r0, r1;
+
+ /*
+ * Compute the (non-hint-adjusted) HighBits r1 as:
+ *
+ * r1 = (r - (r mod+- (2 * gamma2))) / (2 * gamma2)
+ * = floor((r + gamma2 - 1) / (2 * gamma2))
+ *
+ * ... except when this would give the highest possible value, m, in
+ * which case set r1 to 0 instead.
+ */
+ if (m != 16) {
+ if (r + gamma2 - 1 >= m * 2 * gamma2)
+ r1 = 0;
+ else /* Compilers optimize this to reciprocal multiplication. */
+ r1 = ((u32)r + gamma2 - 1) / (2 * gamma2);
+ } else {
+ /*
+ * In this case, m is 16 which is a power of 2. Handle the
+ * special case of mapping 16 to 0 by just truncating the high
+ * bit. It can be done for free by integrating it into division
+ * by '2 * gamma2' which has to be done anyway, if that division
+ * is implemented as a reciprocal multiplication. Compilers
+ * don't know to use this truncation trick, so implement it
+ * explicitly. The multiplier is ceil(2^60 / (2 * gamma2)).
+ */
+ r1 = (u64)((r + gamma2 - 1) * 2201172838403ULL) >> 60;
+ }
+ if (h == 0)
+ return r1; /* Hint bit is 0. Just return the HighBits r1. */
+
+ /*
+ * Determine whether the LowBits r0 are positive, and based on that, add
+ * or subtract the hint bit 1 to the HighBits r1, modulo m.
+ *
+ * 'r - r1 * 2 * gamma2' gives the LowBits r0 in [-gamma2 + 1, gamma2],
+ * except in the special case where r1 was mapped from m to 0. In that
+ * case it instead gives a value in [q - gamma2, q - 1] and the correct
+ * r0 is negative, so just treat only the range [1, gamma2] as positive.
+ */
+ r0 = r - r1 * 2 * gamma2;
+ if (r0 >= 1 && r0 <= gamma2) {
+ /* Return (r1 + 1) % m, where r1 is in [0, m - 1]. */
+ if (is_power_of_2(m))
+ return (r1 + 1) & (m - 1);
+ return (r1 == m - 1) ? 0 : r1 + 1;
+ } else {
+ /* Return (r1 - 1) % m, where r1 is in [0, m - 1]. */
+ if (is_power_of_2(m))
+ return (r1 - 1) & (m - 1);
+ return (r1 == 0) ? m - 1 : r1 - 1;
+ }
+}
+
+static __always_inline void reduce_and_use_hint(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w,
+ const u8 h[N], s32 gamma2)
+{
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
+ w->x[j] += (w->x[j] >> 31) & Q; /* [-q+1, q-1] to [0, q-1] */
+ w->x[j] = use_hint(h[j], w->x[j], gamma2);
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Encode one element of the commitment vector w'_1 into a byte string.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 28, w1Encode.
+ * Return the number of bytes used: 192 for ML-DSA-44 and 128 for the others.
+ */
+static size_t encode_w1(u8 out[MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN],
+ const struct mldsa_ring_elem *w1, int k)
+{
+ size_t pos = 0;
+
+ static_assert(MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN == N * 6 / 8);
+ if (k == 4) { /* ML-DSA-44? */
+ /* 6 bits per coefficient. Pack 4 at a time. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4) {
+ u32 v = (w1->x[j + 0] << 0) | (w1->x[j + 1] << 6) |
+ (w1->x[j + 2] << 12) | (w1->x[j + 3] << 18);
+ out[pos++] = v >> 0;
+ out[pos++] = v >> 8;
+ out[pos++] = v >> 16;
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* 4 bits per coefficient. Pack 2 at a time. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 2)
+ out[pos++] = w1->x[j] | (w1->x[j + 1] << 4);
+ }
+ return pos;
+}
+
+/* Reference: FIPS 204 Section 6.3 "ML-DSA Verifying (Internal)" */
+int mldsa_verify(enum mldsa_alg alg, const u8 *sig, size_t sig_len,
+ const u8 *msg, size_t msg_len, const u8 *pk, size_t pk_len)
+{
+ const struct mldsa_parameter_set *params = &mldsa_parameter_sets[alg];
+ const int k = params->k, l = params->l;
+ /* For now this just does pure ML-DSA with an empty context string. */
+ static const u8 msg_prefix[2] = { /* dom_sep= */ 0, /* ctx_len= */ 0 };
+ const u8 *ctilde; /* The signer's commitment hash */
+ const u8 *t1_encoded = &pk[RHO_LEN]; /* Next encoded element of t_1 */
+ u8 *h; /* The signer's hint vector, length k * N */
+ size_t w1_enc_len;
+
+ /* Validate the public key and signature lengths. */
+ if (pk_len != params->pk_len || sig_len != params->sig_len)
+ return -EBADMSG;
+
+ /*
+ * Allocate the workspace, including variable-length fields. Its size
+ * depends only on the ML-DSA parameter set, not the other inputs.
+ *
+ * For freeing it, use kfree_sensitive() rather than kfree(). This is
+ * mainly to comply with FIPS 204 Section 3.6.3 "Intermediate Values".
+ * In reality it's a bit gratuitous, as this is a public key operation.
+ */
+ struct mldsa_verification_workspace *ws __free(kfree_sensitive) =
+ kmalloc(sizeof(*ws) + (l * sizeof(ws->z[0])) + (k * N),
+ GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!ws)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ h = (u8 *)&ws->z[l];
+
+ /* Decode the signature. Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 27, sigDecode */
+ ctilde = sig;
+ sig += params->ctilde_len;
+ if (!decode_z(ws->z, l, params->gamma1, params->beta, &sig))
+ return -EBADMSG;
+ if (!decode_hint_vector(h, k, params->omega, sig))
+ return -EBADMSG;
+
+ /* Recreate the challenge c from the signer's commitment hash. */
+ sample_in_ball(&ws->c, ctilde, params->ctilde_len, params->tau,
+ &ws->shake);
+ ntt(&ws->c);
+
+ /* Compute the message representative mu. */
+ shake256(pk, pk_len, ws->tr, sizeof(ws->tr));
+ shake256_init(&ws->shake);
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->tr, sizeof(ws->tr));
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, msg_prefix, sizeof(msg_prefix));
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, msg, msg_len);
+ shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->mu, sizeof(ws->mu));
+
+ /* Start computing ctildeprime = H(mu || w1Encode(w'_1)). */
+ shake256_init(&ws->shake);
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->mu, sizeof(ws->mu));
+
+ /*
+ * Compute the commitment w'_1 from A, z, c, t_1, and h.
+ *
+ * The computation is the same for each of the k rows. Just do each row
+ * before moving on to the next, resulting in only one loop over k.
+ */
+ for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+ /*
+ * tmp = NTT(A) * NTT(z) * 2^-32
+ * To reduce memory use, generate each element of NTT(A)
+ * on-demand. Note that each element is used only once.
+ */
+ ws->tmp = (struct mldsa_ring_elem){};
+ for (int j = 0; j < l; j++) {
+ rej_ntt_poly(&ws->a, pk /* rho is first field of pk */,
+ cpu_to_le16((i << 8) | j), &ws->a_shake);
+ for (int n = 0; n < N; n++)
+ ws->tmp.x[n] +=
+ Zq_mult(ws->a.x[n], ws->z[j].x[n]);
+ }
+ /* All components of tmp now have abs value < l*q. */
+
+ /* Decode the next element of t_1. */
+ t1_encoded = decode_t1_elem(&ws->t1_scaled, t1_encoded);
+
+ /*
+ * tmp -= NTT(c) * NTT(t_1 * 2^d) * 2^-32
+ *
+ * Taking a conservative bound for the output of ntt(), the
+ * multiplicands can have absolute value up to 9*q. That
+ * corresponds to a product with absolute value 81*q^2. That is
+ * within the limits of Zq_mult() which needs < ~256*q^2.
+ */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
+ ws->tmp.x[j] -= Zq_mult(ws->c.x[j], ws->t1_scaled.x[j]);
+
+ /*
+ * All components of tmp now have abs value < (l+1)*q.
+ * To safely do the inverse NTT, reduce them to abs value < q.
+ */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
+ ws->tmp.x[j] = Zq_mult(ws->tmp.x[j], R_MOD_Q);
+
+ /* tmp = w'_Approx = NTT^-1(tmp) * 2^32 */
+ invntt_and_mul_2_32(&ws->tmp);
+
+ /*
+ * Reduce the coefficients to their standard representatives in
+ * the range [0, q - 1]. They're already in the range [-q + 1,
+ * q - 1], so all that's needed is a conditional addition of q.
+ *
+ * After that, do: tmp = w'_1 = UseHint(h, w'_Approx)
+ * For efficiency, gamma2 is set to a compile-time constant.
+ */
+ if (k == 4)
+ reduce_and_use_hint(&ws->tmp, &h[i * N], (Q - 1) / 88);
+ else
+ reduce_and_use_hint(&ws->tmp, &h[i * N], (Q - 1) / 32);
+
+ /* Encode and hash the next element of w'_1. */
+ w1_enc_len = encode_w1(ws->w1_encoded, &ws->tmp, k);
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->w1_encoded, w1_enc_len);
+ }
+
+ /* Finish computing ctildeprime. */
+ shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->ctildeprime, params->ctilde_len);
+
+ /* Verify that ctilde == ctildeprime. */
+ if (memcmp(ws->ctildeprime, ctilde, params->ctilde_len) != 0)
+ return -EKEYREJECTED;
+ /* ||z||_infinity < gamma1 - beta was already checked in decode_z(). */
+ return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mldsa_verify);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("ML-DSA signature verification");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v2 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-26 20:35 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-crypto, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
This series is targeting libcrypto-next. It can also be retrieved from:
git fetch https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiggers/linux.git mldsa-v2
This series adds support for verifying ML-DSA signatures to lib/crypto/.
Patch 1 is the ML-DSA implementation itself. See that for full details.
Patch 2 adds the KUnit test suite.
The initial use case for this will be kernel module signature
verification. For more details, see David Howells' patchset
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-crypto/20251120104439.2620205-1-dhowells@redhat.com/
Changed in v2:
- Reworked the KUnit test suite
- Improved commit messages and comments
- Added missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION() and MODULE_LICENSE()
- Made the return values of mldsa_verify() differentiate between an
input being malformed and the "real" signature check failing
- Refactored w1 encoding into a helper function
- Used kfree() instead of kfree_sensitive()
- Avoided unusal C syntax by accessing the hint vector via 'u8 *'
- Reworked use_hint() to be better optimized and documented
Eric Biggers (2):
lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification
include/crypto/mldsa.h | 53 +
lib/crypto/Kconfig | 7 +
lib/crypto/Makefile | 5 +
lib/crypto/mldsa.c | 651 ++++++++++
lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig | 9 +
lib/crypto/tests/Makefile | 1 +
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1877 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c | 381 ++++++
8 files changed, 2984 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
base-commit: c0127f3ad65e8b21752f7b4d7dbe7e4ab5b5c62d
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH] gendwarfksyms: Fix build on 32-bit hosts
From: Daniel Gomez @ 2025-11-26 19:59 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Sami Tolvanen, Michal Suchánek
Cc: linux-modules, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, linux-kbuild,
linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <CABCJKucc0bxLJ=b9rkiwWts6uA=ReLFr32K1OP9WH51D-hO4+A@mail.gmail.com>
On 25/11/2025 21.09, Sami Tolvanen wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 18, 2025 at 8:18 AM Michal Suchánek <msuchanek@suse.de> wrote:
>>
>> Hello,
>>
>> On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 08:38:07PM +0000, Sami Tolvanen wrote:
>>> We have interchangeably used unsigned long for some of the types
>>> defined in elfutils, assuming they're always 64-bit. This obviously
>>> fails when building gendwarfksyms on 32-bit hosts. Fix the types.
>>>
>>> Reported-by: Michal Suchánek <msuchanek@suse.de>
>>> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-modules/aRcxzPxtJblVSh1y@kitsune.suse.cz/
>>> Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
>>> ---
>>> scripts/gendwarfksyms/dwarf.c | 4 +++-
>>> scripts/gendwarfksyms/symbols.c | 5 +++--
>>> 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
>>
>> with this patch gendwarfksyms builds on 32bit x86 and Arm.
>>
>> Tested-by: Michal Suchánek <msuchanek@suse.de>
>
> Great, thanks for testing! Daniel, do you want to take this fix
> through the modules tree?
>
> Sami
Absolutely! Since we are at the end of the rc cycle, I'll merge this after
sending the current queued patches.
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [linux-next:master 4806/10599] error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `get`
From: Miguel Ojeda @ 2025-11-26 13:50 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Daniel Gomez
Cc: kernel test robot, Andreas Hindborg, llvm, oe-kbuild-all,
Benno Lossin, linux-modules, Richard Weinberger, Anton Ivanov,
Johannes Berg, linux-um, David Gow
In-Reply-To: <84b74435-5aad-4c15-aea5-db87b4a6bf11@kernel.org>
On Wed, Nov 26, 2025 at 2:41 PM Daniel Gomez <da.gomez@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On 21/11/2025 01.24, kernel test robot wrote:
> > tree: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git master
> > head: 88cbd8ac379cf5ce68b7efcfd4d1484a6871ee0b
> > commit: 0b08fc292842a13aa496413b48c1efb83573b8c6 [4806/10599] rust: introduce module_param module
> > config: um-randconfig-001-20251121 (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/config)
> > compiler: clang version 22.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project 9e9fe08b16ea2c4d9867fb4974edf2a3776d6ece)
> > rustc: rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23)
> > reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/reproduce)
>
> We can't reproduce this.
>
> If anyone cares, please let us know how to reproduce it.
>
> Tested on Debian testing x86_64 host.
>
> rustc --version
> rustc 1.91.1 (ed61e7d7e 2025-11-07
>
> /home/dagomez/0day/llvm-22.0.0-e19fa930ca838715028c00c234874d1db4f93154-20250918-184558-x86_64/bin/clang-22 --version
> ClangBuiltLinux clang version 22.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git e19fa930ca838715028c00c234874d1db4f93154)
> Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
> Thread model: posix
> InstalledDir: /home/dagomez/0day/llvm-22.0.0-e19fa930ca838715028c00c234874d1db4f93154-20250918-184558-x86_64/bin
>
> 561 wget https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/config
> 563 git clone https://github.com/intel/lkp-tests.git ~/lkp-tests
> 565 mkdir -p build_dir && cp config build_dir/.config
>
> 571 COMPILER_INSTALL_PATH=$HOME/0day COMPILER=clang-22 ~/lkp-tests/kbuild/make.cross W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=um olddefconfig
> 572 COMPILER_INSTALL_PATH=$HOME/0day COMPILER=clang-22 ~/lkp-tests/kbuild/make.cross W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=um prepare
> 573 COMPILER_INSTALL_PATH=$HOME/0day COMPILER=clang-22 ~/lkp-tests/kbuild/make.cross W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=um -j$(nproc)
>
> I'm just getting these warnings:
>
> ...
Cc'ing UML so that they are in the loop.
Cheers,
Miguel
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [linux-next:master 4806/10599] error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `get`
From: Daniel Gomez @ 2025-11-26 13:41 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernel test robot, Andreas Hindborg
Cc: llvm, oe-kbuild-all, Benno Lossin, linux-modules
In-Reply-To: <202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com>
On 21/11/2025 01.24, kernel test robot wrote:
> tree: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git master
> head: 88cbd8ac379cf5ce68b7efcfd4d1484a6871ee0b
> commit: 0b08fc292842a13aa496413b48c1efb83573b8c6 [4806/10599] rust: introduce module_param module
> config: um-randconfig-001-20251121 (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/config)
> compiler: clang version 22.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project 9e9fe08b16ea2c4d9867fb4974edf2a3776d6ece)
> rustc: rustc 1.88.0 (6b00bc388 2025-06-23)
> reproduce (this is a W=1 build): (https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/reproduce)
We can't reproduce this.
If anyone cares, please let us know how to reproduce it.
Tested on Debian testing x86_64 host.
rustc --version
rustc 1.91.1 (ed61e7d7e 2025-11-07
/home/dagomez/0day/llvm-22.0.0-e19fa930ca838715028c00c234874d1db4f93154-20250918-184558-x86_64/bin/clang-22 --version
ClangBuiltLinux clang version 22.0.0git (https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git e19fa930ca838715028c00c234874d1db4f93154)
Target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
InstalledDir: /home/dagomez/0day/llvm-22.0.0-e19fa930ca838715028c00c234874d1db4f93154-20250918-184558-x86_64/bin
561 wget https://download.01.org/0day-ci/archive/20251121/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/config
563 git clone https://github.com/intel/lkp-tests.git ~/lkp-tests
565 mkdir -p build_dir && cp config build_dir/.config
571 COMPILER_INSTALL_PATH=$HOME/0day COMPILER=clang-22 ~/lkp-tests/kbuild/make.cross W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=um olddefconfig
572 COMPILER_INSTALL_PATH=$HOME/0day COMPILER=clang-22 ~/lkp-tests/kbuild/make.cross W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=um prepare
573 COMPILER_INSTALL_PATH=$HOME/0day COMPILER=clang-22 ~/lkp-tests/kbuild/make.cross W=1 O=build_dir ARCH=um -j$(nproc)
I'm just getting these warnings:
...
In file included from ../arch/um/include/asm/io.h:24:
../include/asm-generic/io.h:1209:55: warning: performing pointer arithmetic on a null pointer has undefined behavior [-Wnull-pointer-arithmetic]
1209 | return (port > MMIO_UPPER_LIMIT) ? NULL : PCI_IOBASE + port;
| ~~~~~~~~~~ ^
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nvc0_fence.c:24:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_drv.h:42:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvif/client.h:5:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvif/object.h:4:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvif/os.h:8:
In file included from ../include/linux/pci.h:38:
In file included from ../include/linux/interrupt.h:11:
In file included from ../include/linux/hardirq.h:11:
In file included from ../arch/um/include/asm/hardirq.h:5:
In file included from ../include/asm-generic/hardirq.h:17:
In file included from ../include/linux/irq.h:20:
In file included from ../include/linux/io.h:12:
In file included from ../arch/um/include/asm/io.h:24:
../include/asm-generic/io.h:1209:55: warning: performing pointer arithmetic on a null pointer has undefined behavior [-Wnull-pointer-arithmetic]
1209 | return (port > MMIO_UPPER_LIMIT) ? NULL : PCI_IOBASE + port;
| ~~~~~~~~~~ ^
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/gv100_fence.c:5:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_drv.h:42:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvif/client.h:5:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvif/object.h:4:
In file included from ../drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/include/nvif/os.h:8:
In file included from ../include/linux/pci.h:38:
In file included from ../include/linux/interrupt.h:11:
In file included from ../include/linux/hardirq.h:11:
In file included from ../arch/um/include/asm/hardirq.h:5:
In file included from ../include/asm-generic/hardirq.h:17:
In file included from ../include/linux/irq.h:20:
In file included from ../include/linux/io.h:12:
In file included from ../arch/um/include/asm/io.h:24:
../include/asm-generic/io.h:1209:55: warning: performing pointer arithmetic on a null pointer has undefined behavior [-Wnull-pointer-arithmetic]
1209 | return (port > MMIO_UPPER_LIMIT) ? NULL : PCI_IOBASE + port;
| ~~~~~~~~~~ ^
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
AR drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/built-in.a
AR drivers/gpu/drm/built-in.a
AR drivers/gpu/built-in.a
AR drivers/built-in.a
AR built-in.a
AR vmlinux.a
LD vmlinux.o
MODPOST vmlinux.symvers
CC .vmlinux.export.o
UPD include/generated/utsversion.h
CC init/version-timestamp.o
KSYMS .tmp_vmlinux0.kallsyms.S
AS .tmp_vmlinux0.kallsyms.o
LD .tmp_vmlinux1
/usr/bin/ld: warning: .tmp_vmlinux1 has a LOAD segment with RWX permissions
NM .tmp_vmlinux1.syms
KSYMS .tmp_vmlinux1.kallsyms.S
AS .tmp_vmlinux1.kallsyms.o
LD .tmp_vmlinux2
/usr/bin/ld: warning: .tmp_vmlinux2 has a LOAD segment with RWX permissions
NM .tmp_vmlinux2.syms
KSYMS .tmp_vmlinux2.kallsyms.S
AS .tmp_vmlinux2.kallsyms.o
LD vmlinux.unstripped
/usr/bin/ld: warning: vmlinux.unstripped has a LOAD segment with RWX permissions
NM System.map
OBJCOPY vmlinux
OBJCOPY modules.builtin.modinfo
GEN modules.builtin
LINK linux
make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/dagomez/ws/c131/kernel/vcs/modules/build_dir'
>
> If you fix the issue in a separate patch/commit (i.e. not just a new version of
> the same patch/commit), kindly add following tags
> | Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
> | Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202511210858.uwVivgvn-lkp@intel.com/
>
> All errors (new ones prefixed by >>):
>
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `get`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:166:13
> |
> 166 | get: None,
> | ^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 177 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_U32, u32);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `free`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:167:13
> |
> 167 | free: None,
> | ^^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 177 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_U32, u32);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `flags`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:164:13
> |
> 164 | flags: 0,
> | ^^^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 178 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_I64, i64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `set`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:165:13
> |
> 165 | set: Some(set_param::<$ty>),
> | ^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 178 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_I64, i64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `get`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:166:13
> |
> 166 | get: None,
> | ^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 178 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_I64, i64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `free`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:167:13
> |
> 167 | free: None,
> | ^^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 178 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_I64, i64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `flags`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:164:13
> |
> 164 | flags: 0,
> | ^^^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 179 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_U64, u64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `set`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:165:13
> |
> 165 | set: Some(set_param::<$ty>),
> | ^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 179 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_U64, u64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `get`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:166:13
> |
> 166 | get: None,
> | ^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 179 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_U64, u64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `free`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:167:13
> |
> 167 | free: None,
> | ^^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 179 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_U64, u64);
> | ----------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> --
>>> error[E0560]: struct `bindings::kernel_param_ops` has no field named `flags`
> --> rust/kernel/module_param.rs:164:13
> |
> 164 | flags: 0,
> | ^^^^^ `bindings::kernel_param_ops` does not have this field
> ...
> 180 | make_param_ops!(PARAM_OPS_ISIZE, isize);
> | --------------------------------------- in this macro invocation
> |
> = note: all struct fields are already assigned
> = note: this error originates in the macro `make_param_ops` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
> ..
>
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v9 2/9] crypto: Add ML-DSA/Dilithium verify support
From: Ignat Korchagin @ 2025-11-25 20:51 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Eric Biggers
Cc: David Howells, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251125202419.GB3061247@google.com>
On Tue, Nov 25, 2025 at 8:24 PM Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On Tue, Nov 25, 2025 at 10:10:18AM +0000, Ignat Korchagin wrote:
> > Hi all,
> >
> > On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 5:11 PM Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
> > >
> > > On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 02:55:51PM +0000, David Howells wrote:
> > > > lib/crypto/Kconfig | 1 +
> > > > lib/crypto/Makefile | 2 +
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/Kconfig | 29 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/Makefile | 20 +
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_44.c | 166 ++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_65.c | 166 ++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_87.c | 166 ++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium.h | 304 ++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_44.c | 33 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_44.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_65.c | 33 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_65.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_87.c | 33 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_87.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_common.c | 117 ++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_debug.h | 49 +++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_ntt.c | 89 +++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_ntt.h | 35 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_pack.h | 119 ++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly.c | 377 ++++++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly.h | 181 +++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly_c.h | 141 +++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly_common.h | 35 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_polyvec.h | 343 ++++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_polyvec_c.h | 81 ++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_reduce.h | 85 ++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_rounding.c | 128 ++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_service_helpers.h | 99 +++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_c.c | 279 +++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_c.h | 37 ++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_impl.h | 370 +++++++++++++++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_type.h | 108 +++++
> > > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_zetas.c | 68 ++++
> > > > .../mldsa/signature_domain_separation.c | 204 ++++++++++
> > > > .../mldsa/signature_domain_separation.h | 30 ++
> > > > 35 files changed, 4801 insertions(+)
> > >
> > > Over the past week I've been starting to review this massive addition.
> > >
> > > I don't think this is on the right track. This implementation is really
> > > messy, with lots of unused functionality and unnecessary abstractions,
> > > and code that doesn't follow kernel conventions.
> > >
> > > In comparison, BoringSSL has an entire implementation of ML-DSA,
> > > *including key generation and signing*, in a bit over 3000 lines in one
> > > file. But about half of that code is specific to key generation or
> > > signing, which the kernel doesn't need, so in principle
> > > verification-only shouldn't be much more than a thousand. I find it to
> > > be much easier to understand than leancrypto as well.
> > >
> > > Historically we've had a lot of problems with people integrating code
> > > from external sources into the kernel, like mpi, with properly "owning"
> > > it because they feel like it's not their code and someone else is
> > > responsible. I feel like that's going to be a big problem here.
> > >
> > > I think we can do better here and put together a smaller implementation
> > > for the kernel that we'll actually be able to maintain.
> >
> > I was thinking about this lately for some time - even put forward a
> > small discussion proposal for upcoming Plumbers (which wasn't accepted
> > unfortunately). Should we consider somehow safely "outsourcing" at
> > least some (asymmetric - potentially slow anyway) crypto
> > implementations to userspace? Something similar to
> > request_module/request_firmware/request_key usermode helpers or an
> > io_uring interface or a crypto socket? This way we can bring any
> > well-maintained crypto library (and even multiple ones) to the kernel:
> > * it can have any software license
> > * can be written in any programming language
> > * can use architecture vector instructions more easily
> > * can have any certifications out of the box (looking at you - FIPS)
> > * distros would have the ability to plug their own
> > * maybe it can even do private key crypto (which I personally would
> > really like more support of and it would be acceptable to Herbert)
> >
> > Given the past experience of RSA and mpi - it is not that difficult to
> > port something to the kernel, but quite hard to maintain it over time
> > in a secure manner. With a userspace approach the kernel can
> > piggy-back on proven vendors like any other piece of open source
> > software out there.
> >
> > I understand that there probably still be a need for some in-kernel
> > crypto, so the proposal here is not to fully replace things, but
> > rather complement the current offerings with an interface, which could
> > enable faster adoption of newer (and more secure versions of existing)
> > crypto algorithms.
>
> The performance cost of that would be very high, so it would only have
> any chance at possibly being reasonable for some of the asymmetric
> algorithms. It would also introduce reliability issues.
Yes, definitely. For the userspace approach I would think only
asymmetric algorithms. For "reliability issues" I don't know if it is
a problem of the kernel itself, or the user/admin of the system. The
kernel supports network-based and userspace-based filesystems and
userspace-based block devices even and users successfully use them as
root filesystems. Surely a small crypto agent running locally would
not be worse than this.
> I'll also note that the main reason that people seem to want private key
> operations in the kernel is for the keyctl() UAPIs for userspace, which
> is already a bad idea. So I guess we end up with userspace calling into
Can you elaborate on this? (I want to understand for myself). I think
keyctl UAPIs for private keys are a great idea and allows building
good (and relatively simple) secure architectures. So I want to enable
more of this, not less.
> the kernel, which calls back into userspace to use some userspace crypto
> library which the original userspace program refused to use in the first
> place for some reason? It makes no sense to me, sorry.
It does make sense for userspace programs (apart from potential keyctl
users which don't want to have private keys in their address space),
but what about in-kernel services? How is this fundamentally different
from request_module, for example? If the kernel needs a module, it
tells userspace and there is a userspace helper, which provides it. It
is an "external service" to the kernel. So crypto can be another
service. After all, microkernels have been doing this forever.
> There is the opportunity to share more code with userspace projects at
> the source code level. Just it doesn't always work out due to different
> languages, licences, requirements, conventions, and implementation
> qualities. For ML-DSA verification I didn't see a good alternative to
> just writing it myself. But in other cases a different conclusion could
> be reached. The kernel uses a lot of the assembly files from
What about sharing code at the binary level? At Cloudflare we have an
internal kernel crypto driver, which just imports its implementation
directly from compiled BoringSSL into the kernel space. So in the end
it is fully in-kernel and fast, but the advantage is that the code
itself comes from BoringSSL (and we regularly update it). There are
rough edges of course (like using vector instructions, different stack
alignment etc), but it kinda works and I think with some investment we
can make such an approach upstream. We even considered open sourcing
it, but not sure about licensing as we effectively have a bespoke
"module loader" for BoringSSL, which is Apache (I hope James is right
that Apache may be considered GPL-2 compatible in the future).
While I think such an approach is much more technically challenging,
it provides "best of both worlds" by having fast in-kernel crypto
directly from established libraries.
> CRYPTOGAMS, for example, and some of the Curve25519 code (including
> formally verified code) is imported from other sources.
>
> - Eric
Ignat
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v9 2/9] crypto: Add ML-DSA/Dilithium verify support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-25 20:24 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ignat Korchagin
Cc: David Howells, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <CALrw=nG6X5Opjb1H4VVzCNpJ4QtmHUK3nQ1XQ5GKMvnE9NnZsQ@mail.gmail.com>
On Tue, Nov 25, 2025 at 10:10:18AM +0000, Ignat Korchagin wrote:
> Hi all,
>
> On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 5:11 PM Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 02:55:51PM +0000, David Howells wrote:
> > > lib/crypto/Kconfig | 1 +
> > > lib/crypto/Makefile | 2 +
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/Kconfig | 29 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/Makefile | 20 +
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_44.c | 166 ++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_65.c | 166 ++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_87.c | 166 ++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium.h | 304 ++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_44.c | 33 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_44.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_65.c | 33 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_65.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_87.c | 33 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_87.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_common.c | 117 ++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_debug.h | 49 +++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_ntt.c | 89 +++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_ntt.h | 35 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_pack.h | 119 ++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly.c | 377 ++++++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly.h | 181 +++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly_c.h | 141 +++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly_common.h | 35 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_polyvec.h | 343 ++++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_polyvec_c.h | 81 ++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_reduce.h | 85 ++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_rounding.c | 128 ++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_service_helpers.h | 99 +++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_c.c | 279 +++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_c.h | 37 ++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_impl.h | 370 +++++++++++++++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_type.h | 108 +++++
> > > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_zetas.c | 68 ++++
> > > .../mldsa/signature_domain_separation.c | 204 ++++++++++
> > > .../mldsa/signature_domain_separation.h | 30 ++
> > > 35 files changed, 4801 insertions(+)
> >
> > Over the past week I've been starting to review this massive addition.
> >
> > I don't think this is on the right track. This implementation is really
> > messy, with lots of unused functionality and unnecessary abstractions,
> > and code that doesn't follow kernel conventions.
> >
> > In comparison, BoringSSL has an entire implementation of ML-DSA,
> > *including key generation and signing*, in a bit over 3000 lines in one
> > file. But about half of that code is specific to key generation or
> > signing, which the kernel doesn't need, so in principle
> > verification-only shouldn't be much more than a thousand. I find it to
> > be much easier to understand than leancrypto as well.
> >
> > Historically we've had a lot of problems with people integrating code
> > from external sources into the kernel, like mpi, with properly "owning"
> > it because they feel like it's not their code and someone else is
> > responsible. I feel like that's going to be a big problem here.
> >
> > I think we can do better here and put together a smaller implementation
> > for the kernel that we'll actually be able to maintain.
>
> I was thinking about this lately for some time - even put forward a
> small discussion proposal for upcoming Plumbers (which wasn't accepted
> unfortunately). Should we consider somehow safely "outsourcing" at
> least some (asymmetric - potentially slow anyway) crypto
> implementations to userspace? Something similar to
> request_module/request_firmware/request_key usermode helpers or an
> io_uring interface or a crypto socket? This way we can bring any
> well-maintained crypto library (and even multiple ones) to the kernel:
> * it can have any software license
> * can be written in any programming language
> * can use architecture vector instructions more easily
> * can have any certifications out of the box (looking at you - FIPS)
> * distros would have the ability to plug their own
> * maybe it can even do private key crypto (which I personally would
> really like more support of and it would be acceptable to Herbert)
>
> Given the past experience of RSA and mpi - it is not that difficult to
> port something to the kernel, but quite hard to maintain it over time
> in a secure manner. With a userspace approach the kernel can
> piggy-back on proven vendors like any other piece of open source
> software out there.
>
> I understand that there probably still be a need for some in-kernel
> crypto, so the proposal here is not to fully replace things, but
> rather complement the current offerings with an interface, which could
> enable faster adoption of newer (and more secure versions of existing)
> crypto algorithms.
The performance cost of that would be very high, so it would only have
any chance at possibly being reasonable for some of the asymmetric
algorithms. It would also introduce reliability issues.
I'll also note that the main reason that people seem to want private key
operations in the kernel is for the keyctl() UAPIs for userspace, which
is already a bad idea. So I guess we end up with userspace calling into
the kernel, which calls back into userspace to use some userspace crypto
library which the original userspace program refused to use in the first
place for some reason? It makes no sense to me, sorry.
There is the opportunity to share more code with userspace projects at
the source code level. Just it doesn't always work out due to different
languages, licences, requirements, conventions, and implementation
qualities. For ML-DSA verification I didn't see a good alternative to
just writing it myself. But in other cases a different conclusion could
be reached. The kernel uses a lot of the assembly files from
CRYPTOGAMS, for example, and some of the Curve25519 code (including
formally verified code) is imported from other sources.
- Eric
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH] gendwarfksyms: Fix build on 32-bit hosts
From: Sami Tolvanen @ 2025-11-25 20:09 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Michal Suchánek, Daniel Gomez
Cc: linux-modules, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, linux-kbuild,
linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <aRycVOe5ZXSJJFpn@kitsune.suse.cz>
On Tue, Nov 18, 2025 at 8:18 AM Michal Suchánek <msuchanek@suse.de> wrote:
>
> Hello,
>
> On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 08:38:07PM +0000, Sami Tolvanen wrote:
> > We have interchangeably used unsigned long for some of the types
> > defined in elfutils, assuming they're always 64-bit. This obviously
> > fails when building gendwarfksyms on 32-bit hosts. Fix the types.
> >
> > Reported-by: Michal Suchánek <msuchanek@suse.de>
> > Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-modules/aRcxzPxtJblVSh1y@kitsune.suse.cz/
> > Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
> > ---
> > scripts/gendwarfksyms/dwarf.c | 4 +++-
> > scripts/gendwarfksyms/symbols.c | 5 +++--
> > 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
>
> with this patch gendwarfksyms builds on 32bit x86 and Arm.
>
> Tested-by: Michal Suchánek <msuchanek@suse.de>
Great, thanks for testing! Daniel, do you want to take this fix
through the modules tree?
Sami
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v9 2/9] crypto: Add ML-DSA/Dilithium verify support
From: Ignat Korchagin @ 2025-11-25 10:10 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Eric Biggers
Cc: David Howells, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251117171003.GC1584@sol>
Hi all,
On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 5:11 PM Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 02:55:51PM +0000, David Howells wrote:
> > lib/crypto/Kconfig | 1 +
> > lib/crypto/Makefile | 2 +
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/Kconfig | 29 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/Makefile | 20 +
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_44.c | 166 ++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_65.c | 166 ++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/crypto_mldsa_87.c | 166 ++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium.h | 304 ++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_44.c | 33 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_44.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_65.c | 33 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_65.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_87.c | 33 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_87.h | 291 ++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_common.c | 117 ++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_debug.h | 49 +++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_ntt.c | 89 +++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_ntt.h | 35 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_pack.h | 119 ++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly.c | 377 ++++++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly.h | 181 +++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly_c.h | 141 +++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_poly_common.h | 35 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_polyvec.h | 343 ++++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_polyvec_c.h | 81 ++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_reduce.h | 85 ++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_rounding.c | 128 ++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_service_helpers.h | 99 +++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_c.c | 279 +++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_c.h | 37 ++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_signature_impl.h | 370 +++++++++++++++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_type.h | 108 +++++
> > lib/crypto/mldsa/dilithium_zetas.c | 68 ++++
> > .../mldsa/signature_domain_separation.c | 204 ++++++++++
> > .../mldsa/signature_domain_separation.h | 30 ++
> > 35 files changed, 4801 insertions(+)
>
> Over the past week I've been starting to review this massive addition.
>
> I don't think this is on the right track. This implementation is really
> messy, with lots of unused functionality and unnecessary abstractions,
> and code that doesn't follow kernel conventions.
>
> In comparison, BoringSSL has an entire implementation of ML-DSA,
> *including key generation and signing*, in a bit over 3000 lines in one
> file. But about half of that code is specific to key generation or
> signing, which the kernel doesn't need, so in principle
> verification-only shouldn't be much more than a thousand. I find it to
> be much easier to understand than leancrypto as well.
>
> Historically we've had a lot of problems with people integrating code
> from external sources into the kernel, like mpi, with properly "owning"
> it because they feel like it's not their code and someone else is
> responsible. I feel like that's going to be a big problem here.
>
> I think we can do better here and put together a smaller implementation
> for the kernel that we'll actually be able to maintain.
I was thinking about this lately for some time - even put forward a
small discussion proposal for upcoming Plumbers (which wasn't accepted
unfortunately). Should we consider somehow safely "outsourcing" at
least some (asymmetric - potentially slow anyway) crypto
implementations to userspace? Something similar to
request_module/request_firmware/request_key usermode helpers or an
io_uring interface or a crypto socket? This way we can bring any
well-maintained crypto library (and even multiple ones) to the kernel:
* it can have any software license
* can be written in any programming language
* can use architecture vector instructions more easily
* can have any certifications out of the box (looking at you - FIPS)
* distros would have the ability to plug their own
* maybe it can even do private key crypto (which I personally would
really like more support of and it would be acceptable to Herbert)
Given the past experience of RSA and mpi - it is not that difficult to
port something to the kernel, but quite hard to maintain it over time
in a secure manner. With a userspace approach the kernel can
piggy-back on proven vendors like any other piece of open source
software out there.
I understand that there probably still be a need for some in-kernel
crypto, so the proposal here is not to fully replace things, but
rather complement the current offerings with an interface, which could
enable faster adoption of newer (and more secure versions of existing)
crypto algorithms.
> - Eric
Ignat
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v9 2/9] crypto: Add ML-DSA/Dilithium verify support
From: Stephan Müller @ 2025-11-25 8:32 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells, Eric Biggers
Cc: Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel, Lukas Wunner,
Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto, keyrings, linux-modules,
linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251125041050.GA1608@sol>
Am Dienstag, 25. November 2025, 05:10:50 Mitteleuropäische Normalzeit schrieb
Eric Biggers:
Hi Eric,
> No reply from Stephan yet, so to make sure this doesn't get missed I
> also opened an issue at
> https://github.com/smuellerDD/leancrypto/issues/42
Thanks for the report, fixed.
Ciao
Stephan
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/4] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-25 4:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells
Cc: linux-crypto, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251121171421.GA1737@sol>
On Fri, Nov 21, 2025 at 09:14:21AM -0800, Eric Biggers wrote:
> However, unfortunately neither source explains it properly, and they
> actually provide incorrect information. The comment in the reference
> code says the the input can be in "-2^{31}Q <= a <= Q*2^31", which isn't
> quite correct; the upper bound is actually exclusive. In my code, I
> correctly document the upper bound as being exclusive.
I opened https://github.com/pq-crystals/dilithium/issues/108 against the
reference implementation. So hopefully that comment will get fixed.
> FIPS 204 documents the same incorrect interval, but then sort of gets
> around it by only claiming that the output is less than 2q in absolute
> value (rather than q) and also by not clarifying whether sign extension
> is done. They may have thought that sign extension shouldn't be done,
> as you seem to have thought. Either way, their explanation is
> misleading. The very-nearly-symmetric version that produces an output
> less than q in absolute value is the logical version when working with
> signed values, and it seems to be what the Dilithium authors intended.
I'm collecting the mistakes that I've found in FIPS 204 into a list,
which I'll send in to NIST as an errata request at some point...
- Eric
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v9 2/9] crypto: Add ML-DSA/Dilithium verify support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-25 4:10 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto,
keyrings, linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251121013716.GE3532564@google.com>
On Fri, Nov 21, 2025 at 01:37:16AM +0000, Eric Biggers wrote:
> On Mon, Nov 17, 2025 at 02:55:51PM +0000, David Howells wrote:
> > +/*
> > + * @brief poly_uniform - Sample polynomial with uniformly random coefficients
> > + * in [0,Q-1] by performing rejection sampling on the
> > + * output stream of SHAKE128(seed|nonce).
> > + *
> > + * @param [out] a pointer to output polynomial
> > + * @param [in] seed byte array with seed of length DILITHIUM_SEEDBYTES
> > + * @param [in] nonce 2-byte nonce
> > + */
> > +void poly_uniform(poly *a, const uint8_t seed[DILITHIUM_SEEDBYTES],
> > + __le16 nonce, void *ws_buf)
> > +{
> > + struct shake_ctx hash_ctx;
> > + unsigned int i, ctr, off;
> > + unsigned int buflen = POLY_UNIFORM_NBLOCKS * SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE;
> > + uint8_t *buf = ws_buf;
> > +
> > + shake128_init(&hash_ctx);
> > + shake_update(&hash_ctx, seed, DILITHIUM_SEEDBYTES);
> > + shake_update(&hash_ctx, (uint8_t *)&nonce, sizeof(nonce));
> > + shake_squeeze(&hash_ctx, buf, buflen);
> > +
> > + ctr = rej_uniform(a->coeffs, DILITHIUM_N, buf, buflen);
> > +
> > + while (ctr < DILITHIUM_N) {
> > + off = buflen % 3;
> > + for (i = 0; i < off; ++i)
> > + buf[i] = buf[buflen - off + i];
> > +
> > + shake_squeeze(&hash_ctx, buf + off, SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE);
> > + buflen = DILITHIUM_SEEDBYTES + off;
> > + ctr += rej_uniform(a->coeffs + ctr, DILITHIUM_N - ctr, buf,
> > + buflen);
> > + }
> > +
> > + shake_zeroize_ctx(&hash_ctx);
> > +}
>
> By the way, the above has a bug. In the second and later squeezes, it
> squeezes SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE (168) bytes, but then it uses only the
> first DILITHIUM_SEEDBYTES (32) bytes.
>
> Now, that 32 is on top of the 840-byte first squeeze, so there are 872
> correct bytes which is enough for 290 samples. So an incorrect matrix
> would be generated only if more than 290 samples happen to be required
> to get the 256 coefficients. q / 2^23 = ~99.9% of coefficients are
> accepted, so that number of rejections would be pretty unlikely.
>
> Still, it's a bug. Anyway, we're not going to use this code (we'll use
> my code that does this correctly and in a simpler way), but I thought
> I'd point it out so that Stephan can fix it. This seems to be a
> "leancrypto" specific bug.
>
> Note: this feedback should not be taken as implying that I've reviewed
> the entire 4800 lines of code. I just happened to notice this.
No reply from Stephan yet, so to make sure this doesn't get missed I
also opened an issue at
https://github.com/smuellerDD/leancrypto/issues/42
- Eric
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: David Howells @ 2025-11-24 20:43 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Eric Biggers
Cc: dhowells, Jason A. Donenfeld, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain,
Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto,
keyrings, linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251124202702.GA43598@google.com>
Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
> It should also become the recommended algorithm anyway, right?
It's used for more than just module signing. IMA, for example.
David
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-24 20:27 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jason A. Donenfeld
Cc: David Howells, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Ard Biesheuvel, Stephan Mueller,
Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <CAHmME9oK-e2BOXspf89McOFOiq8wp2-QgHsumK6r9kL5FyeMig@mail.gmail.com>
On Mon, Nov 24, 2025 at 09:10:33PM +0100, Jason A. Donenfeld wrote:
> On Mon, Nov 24, 2025 at 8:54 PM David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> wrote:
> > > > > Still not really sure what the point is. There's only one user of
> > > > > crypto_sig, and it could just call the ML-DSA functions directly.
> > > >
> > > > Is it your aim to kill off the crypto/ dir and all the (old) crypto API?
> > >
> > > Probably entirely killing off the old API is going to be fraught
> > > because its abstraction has leaked out to userspace. But to the extent
> > > we can minimize its use over time, I think that's a good thing. Even
> > > for crypto usages that generalize to a few different ciphers of one
> > > variety or another, I think being explicit about which ciphers and
> > > having purpose-built dispatchers is usually a better route.
> >
> > How are you proposing handling the autoloading feature of the old API?
>
> I don't know. Not all features will have direct replacements. Not all
> usages will be replaced. Not all use cases benefit from being
> replaced. You asked if it was an "aim." I replied by telling you that
> I think killing it is going to be difficult, but that over time, usage
> will decline. I think that'll be a natural thing. For now, when
> something uses the library API, there's a pretty easy and obvious case
> to be made for it, as there are still such obvious low hanging use
> cases. I suppose in a while, we might run out of those perhaps. But
> that hasn't happened yet, I guess.
>
> Jason
+1 to what Jason said. The traditional API generally isn't going away.
However, there's no need to add new functionality to it when the library
is a better fit. The crypto_sig abstraction doesn't seem very helpful,
since it was added only recently and has only one user (public_key).
The traditional crypto API's dynamic loading by name also tends to be
more harmful than helpful. Linux users and distros keep running into
problems where algorithms aren't available in the initramfs when they
should be, or where the slow generic code is used instead of the
optimized code. The direct linking finally just fixes that.
You may also still be thinking of the ML-DSA code as something
heavyweight. I reduced it to under 4 KB of object code.
It should also become the recommended algorithm anyway, right?
Either way, 4 KB seems awfully small to be wanting to be dynamically
loaded. Last year I shrunk the x86_64 AES-GCM code (which most Linux
distros build in to avoid the dynamic loading issues) by over 200 KB.
No one even seemed to care that much... We can add a lot of stuff
before we're even back to where we were before that.
- Eric
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: Jason A. Donenfeld @ 2025-11-24 20:10 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells
Cc: Eric Biggers, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Ard Biesheuvel, Stephan Mueller,
Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <3649785.1764014053@warthog.procyon.org.uk>
On Mon, Nov 24, 2025 at 8:54 PM David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> wrote:
> > > > Still not really sure what the point is. There's only one user of
> > > > crypto_sig, and it could just call the ML-DSA functions directly.
> > >
> > > Is it your aim to kill off the crypto/ dir and all the (old) crypto API?
> >
> > Probably entirely killing off the old API is going to be fraught
> > because its abstraction has leaked out to userspace. But to the extent
> > we can minimize its use over time, I think that's a good thing. Even
> > for crypto usages that generalize to a few different ciphers of one
> > variety or another, I think being explicit about which ciphers and
> > having purpose-built dispatchers is usually a better route.
>
> How are you proposing handling the autoloading feature of the old API?
I don't know. Not all features will have direct replacements. Not all
usages will be replaced. Not all use cases benefit from being
replaced. You asked if it was an "aim." I replied by telling you that
I think killing it is going to be difficult, but that over time, usage
will decline. I think that'll be a natural thing. For now, when
something uses the library API, there's a pretty easy and obvious case
to be made for it, as there are still such obvious low hanging use
cases. I suppose in a while, we might run out of those perhaps. But
that hasn't happened yet, I guess.
Jason
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: David Howells @ 2025-11-24 19:54 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jason A. Donenfeld
Cc: dhowells, Eric Biggers, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Ard Biesheuvel, Stephan Mueller,
Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <CAHmME9pPWGKAdm83wKhc3iHCjgZ8gOtZnt=+6x5V6D1prMb2Gw@mail.gmail.com>
Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com> wrote:
> > > Still not really sure what the point is. There's only one user of
> > > crypto_sig, and it could just call the ML-DSA functions directly.
> >
> > Is it your aim to kill off the crypto/ dir and all the (old) crypto API?
>
> Probably entirely killing off the old API is going to be fraught
> because its abstraction has leaked out to userspace. But to the extent
> we can minimize its use over time, I think that's a good thing. Even
> for crypto usages that generalize to a few different ciphers of one
> variety or another, I think being explicit about which ciphers and
> having purpose-built dispatchers is usually a better route.
How are you proposing handling the autoloading feature of the old API?
David
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: Jason A. Donenfeld @ 2025-11-24 18:06 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells
Cc: Eric Biggers, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Ard Biesheuvel, Stephan Mueller,
Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <3647621.1764005088@warthog.procyon.org.uk>
On Mon, Nov 24, 2025 at 6:25 PM David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> wrote:
>
> Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> > Still not really sure what the point is. There's only one user of
> > crypto_sig, and it could just call the ML-DSA functions directly.
>
> Is it your aim to kill off the crypto/ dir and all the (old) crypto API?
Probably entirely killing off the old API is going to be fraught
because its abstraction has leaked out to userspace. But to the extent
we can minimize its use over time, I think that's a good thing. Even
for crypto usages that generalize to a few different ciphers of one
variety or another, I think being explicit about which ciphers and
having purpose-built dispatchers is usually a better route.
Jason
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: David Howells @ 2025-11-24 17:24 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Eric Biggers
Cc: dhowells, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto,
keyrings, linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251124164914.GA6186@sol>
Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org> wrote:
> Still not really sure what the point is. There's only one user of
> crypto_sig, and it could just call the ML-DSA functions directly.
Is it your aim to kill off the crypto/ dir and all the (old) crypto API?
Someone (not me) thought it worthwhile removing the akcipher algorithms out of
crypto/asymmetric_keys/ and interfacing to them inside crypto_akcipher and
crypto_sig.
Anyway, I'll continue using crypto_sig as that provides module autoload
capabilities - meaning we don't have to build all the algorithms into the base
kernel.
David
^ permalink raw reply
* RE: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: Elliott, Robert (Servers) @ 2025-11-24 16:58 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin,
linux-crypto@vger.kernel.org, keyrings@vger.kernel.org,
linux-modules@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <3374841.1763975577@warthog.procyon.org.uk>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
> Sent: Monday, November 24, 2025 3:13 AM
> Subject: Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
...
> +++ b/crypto/mldsa.c
...
> +static unsigned int crypto_mldsa_key_size(struct crypto_sig *tfm)
> +{
> + struct crypto_mldsa_ctx *ctx = crypto_sig_ctx(tfm);
> +
> + switch (ctx->strength) {
> + case MLDSA44:
> + return MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE;
> + case MLDSA65:
> + return MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE;
> + case MLDSA87:
> + return MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE;
> + default:
> + WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
> + return 0;
> + }
> +}
...
> +static unsigned int crypto_mldsa_max_size(struct crypto_sig *tfm)
> +{
> + struct crypto_mldsa_ctx *ctx = crypto_sig_ctx(tfm);
> +
> + switch (ctx->strength) {
> + case MLDSA44:
> + return MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE;
> + case MLDSA65:
> + return MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE;
> + case MLDSA87:
> + return MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE;
> + default:
> + WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
> + return 0;
> + }
In case there's any way userspace can trigger those, I'd rather
not have any WARN stack dumps.
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v10 5/8] crypto: Add ML-DSA crypto_sig support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-11-24 16:49 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, linux-crypto,
keyrings, linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <3374841.1763975577@warthog.procyon.org.uk>
On Mon, Nov 24, 2025 at 09:12:57AM +0000, David Howells wrote:
> diff --git a/crypto/mldsa.c b/crypto/mldsa.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..2146c774b5ca
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/crypto/mldsa.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
> +/*
> + * crypto_sig wrapper around ML-DSA library.
> + */
Still not really sure what the point is. There's only one user of
crypto_sig, and it could just call the ML-DSA functions directly.
- Eric
^ permalink raw reply
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