* Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification
From: David Howells @ 2025-12-03 9:01 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Eric Biggers
Cc: dhowells, linux-crypto, Herbert Xu, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251203072844.484893-3-ebiggers@kernel.org>
I'm seeing:
ERROR: modpost: module mldsa_kunit uses symbol mldsa_use_hint from namespace EXPORTED_FOR_KUNIT_TESTING, but does not import it.
I have this in my .config:
CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA=m
CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST=m
The problem appears to be here:
#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST)
/* Allow the __always_inline function use_hint() to be unit-tested. */
s32 mldsa_use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2)
{
return use_hint(h, r, gamma2);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT(mldsa_use_hint);
#endif
It works if EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT() is changed to EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL().
David
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Jani Nikula @ 2025-12-03 7:40 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yury Norov, Andi Shyti
Cc: Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Joonas Lahtinen,
Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich,
Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules,
linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <aS9XpaiGXn2upVKB@yury>
On Tue, 02 Dec 2025, Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com> wrote:
> On Tue, Dec 02, 2025 at 09:58:19PM +0100, Andi Shyti wrote:
>> Hi Jani,
>>
>> On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 09:46:47AM +0200, Jani Nikula wrote:
>> > On Sat, 29 Nov 2025, "Yury Norov (NVIDIA)" <yury.norov@gmail.com> wrote:
>> > > The macro is only used by i915. Move it to a local header and drop from
>> > > the kernel.h.
>> > >
>> > > Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <yury.norov@gmail.com>
>> > > ---
>> > > drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h | 2 ++
>> > > include/linux/kernel.h | 2 --
>> > > 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>> > >
>> > > diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
>> > > index a0c892e4c40d..6c197e968305 100644
>> > > --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
>> > > +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
>> >
>> > i915_utils.h is on a diet itself. STACK_MAGIC is only used in selftests,
>> > please put this in i915_selftest.h.
>> >
>> > I guess also need to include that from gt/selftest_ring_submission.c,
>> > the only one that uses STACK_MAGIC but doesn't include i915_selftest.h.
>>
>> Doing this cleanups is a bit out of the scope of this patch.
>> Given that the patch itself has quite a good consensus, let move
>> it forward and I can take care of the i915 cleanup once it gets
>> merged.
>
> I'm already testing it in my tree:
>
> https://github.com/norov/linux/tree/sm1
>
> If everything is fine, I'll submit v2 with this change, otherwise will
> schedule it for future improvements.
I had a look,
Acked-by: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
--
Jani Nikula, Intel
^ permalink raw reply
* [PATCH v3 2/2] lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-12-03 7:28 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-crypto, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251203072844.484893-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>
Add a KUnit test suite for ML-DSA verification, including the following
for each ML-DSA parameter set (ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87):
- Positive test (valid signature), using vector imported from leancrypto
- Various negative tests:
- Wrong length for signature, message, or public key
- Out-of-range coefficients in z vector
- Invalid encoded hint vector
- Any bit flipped in signature, message, or public key
- Unit test for the internal function use_hint()
- A benchmark
ML-DSA inputs and outputs are very large. To keep the size of the tests
down, use just one valid test vector per parameter set, and generate the
negative tests at runtime by mutating the valid test vector.
I also considered importing the test vectors from Wycheproof. I've
tested that mldsa_verify() indeed passes all of Wycheproof's ML-DSA test
vectors that use an empty context string. However, importing these
permanently would add over 6 MB of source. That's too much to be a
reasonable addition to the Linux kernel tree for one algorithm. It also
wouldn't actually provide much better test coverage than this commit.
Another potential issue is that Wycheproof uses the Apache license.
Similarly, this also differs from the earlier proposal to import a long
list of test vectors from leancrypto. I retained only one valid
signature for each algorithm, and I also added (runtime-generated)
negative tests which were missing. I think this is a better tradeoff.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
---
lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig | 9 +
lib/crypto/tests/Makefile | 1 +
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1887 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c | 437 +++++++
4 files changed, 2334 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig b/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
index 61d435c450bb..c9165c14fc46 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig
@@ -36,10 +36,19 @@ config CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_KUNIT_TEST
select CRYPTO_LIB_MD5
help
KUnit tests for the MD5 cryptographic hash function and its
corresponding HMAC.
+config CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST
+ tristate "KUnit tests for ML-DSA" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
+ depends on KUNIT
+ default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS || CRYPTO_SELFTESTS
+ select CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK_VISIBLE
+ select CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA
+ help
+ KUnit tests for the ML-DSA digital signature algorithm.
+
config CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_KUNIT_TEST
tristate "KUnit tests for Poly1305" if !KUNIT_ALL_TESTS
depends on KUNIT
default KUNIT_ALL_TESTS || CRYPTO_SELFTESTS
select CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK_VISIBLE
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile b/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
index 5109a0651925..3dde0b40b2c5 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/Makefile
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2B_KUNIT_TEST) += blake2b_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2S_KUNIT_TEST) += blake2s_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_CURVE25519_KUNIT_TEST) += curve25519_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_KUNIT_TEST) += md5_kunit.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST) += mldsa_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_KUNIT_TEST) += poly1305_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLYVAL_KUNIT_TEST) += polyval_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA1_KUNIT_TEST) += sha1_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA256_KUNIT_TEST) += sha224_kunit.o sha256_kunit.o
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_SHA512_KUNIT_TEST) += sha384_kunit.o sha512_kunit.o
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d2d6a042a829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1887 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 OR BSD-3-Clause */
+/* ML-DSA test vectors extracted from leancrypto */
+
+struct mldsa_testvector {
+ enum mldsa_alg alg;
+ int sig_len;
+ int msg_len;
+ int pk_len;
+ const u8 *sig;
+ const u8 *msg;
+ const u8 *pk;
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa44_testvector = {
+ .alg = MLDSA44,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .pk =
+ (const u8[MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]) {
+ 0x8f, 0x61, 0x67, 0xa9, 0x7c, 0x61, 0xc2, 0xf2, 0x87,
+ 0xe2, 0x28, 0xf8, 0x44, 0x80, 0x6f, 0xb0, 0x10, 0xc1,
+ 0x14, 0xf6, 0x88, 0x42, 0x76, 0xbe, 0x05, 0xd2, 0x56,
+ 0xa0, 0xb7, 0x46, 0xcf, 0xc5, 0x76, 0x0a, 0x52, 0xfe,
+ 0xa3, 0x3c, 0x05, 0x6e, 0xd5, 0xd3, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x03,
+ 0x29, 0x25, 0x96, 0xdf, 0xa9, 0x5b, 0x12, 0x42, 0x89,
+ 0x6e, 0x03, 0x2c, 0x42, 0x64, 0xee, 0xc7, 0xf7, 0x55,
+ 0xfe, 0xfd, 0x15, 0x74, 0xee, 0x2d, 0xb3, 0xbf, 0xf2,
+ 0x24, 0xe7, 0x35, 0x45, 0x77, 0x67, 0x44, 0xd2, 0x0c,
+ 0x43, 0xfc, 0x7b, 0x47, 0x56, 0xad, 0xc5, 0xe7, 0x37,
+ 0x49, 0x21, 0x12, 0x57, 0x7f, 0xca, 0x7f, 0x5d, 0xac,
+ 0x62, 0x5b, 0x8d, 0xbf, 0xdb, 0x64, 0xac, 0x12, 0x1d,
+ 0x7f, 0x7a, 0x2f, 0xa0, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0x95, 0x4b, 0x78,
+ 0xdb, 0xf0, 0x98, 0x97, 0x70, 0x62, 0xfc, 0x64, 0x4a,
+ 0x1b, 0xbc, 0x30, 0x1b, 0x51, 0x13, 0x47, 0x6e, 0x83,
+ 0xd2, 0xa2, 0xcf, 0x39, 0xba, 0xd3, 0x00, 0x62, 0x7c,
+ 0x5b, 0xe6, 0x14, 0x55, 0xd5, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0x15, 0x65,
+ 0xd7, 0x1f, 0xbb, 0xf6, 0x2b, 0x46, 0x38, 0x1e, 0xf3,
+ 0x8f, 0x0d, 0x57, 0x8a, 0x41, 0xfb, 0x47, 0x19, 0xe1,
+ 0x79, 0xca, 0x98, 0x1a, 0x73, 0x4d, 0x8a, 0xc0, 0xa1,
+ 0xa7, 0x4a, 0x28, 0x4a, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x77, 0x4f, 0x18,
+ 0xe1, 0xce, 0x11, 0x14, 0xd5, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xa8, 0x1e,
+ 0x26, 0x25, 0xe4, 0x30, 0xb2, 0x6f, 0x89, 0x6e, 0xc6,
+ 0x44, 0x1a, 0xd3, 0xca, 0xe1, 0x05, 0x0d, 0x61, 0x80,
+ 0xd7, 0xbc, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x57, 0x9f, 0x16, 0x40, 0x84,
+ 0x1e, 0xc0, 0x5e, 0xcd, 0xb6, 0xc8, 0x5d, 0x87, 0xd6,
+ 0xee, 0xcb, 0x21, 0x2f, 0x22, 0x9a, 0x7e, 0xea, 0x2e,
+ 0xf5, 0x87, 0xf0, 0x44, 0x10, 0x3d, 0x42, 0x6d, 0x3f,
+ 0x4f, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x8e, 0x40, 0x75, 0x3b, 0xaa, 0xd4,
+ 0xd9, 0x37, 0x0a, 0x35, 0x5b, 0xba, 0xbd, 0x11, 0x17,
+ 0x7b, 0x7e, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x1c, 0x5c, 0x71, 0xce, 0xde,
+ 0xa5, 0xec, 0xd6, 0x8b, 0x50, 0x64, 0x02, 0xca, 0x84,
+ 0x26, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x9e, 0xaf, 0x13, 0x05, 0x1c, 0x85,
+ 0x32, 0x92, 0x85, 0x84, 0x83, 0xb6, 0x76, 0x27, 0xa7,
+ 0xd8, 0x0c, 0xa4, 0xb5, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xbf, 0x2e, 0x64,
+ 0xce, 0x82, 0x0d, 0x27, 0xd3, 0x2c, 0x9d, 0xb5, 0xa5,
+ 0x51, 0xe3, 0xab, 0xbd, 0xe2, 0xe0, 0x64, 0x71, 0x0f,
+ 0x99, 0x09, 0x6a, 0x40, 0x9d, 0x8c, 0x6d, 0x63, 0x70,
+ 0x42, 0xe2, 0xa8, 0x5c, 0x71, 0xd2, 0x88, 0x10, 0xbc,
+ 0x3b, 0x9d, 0xc8, 0x3a, 0x8a, 0xf3, 0x81, 0x0a, 0x0e,
+ 0xd8, 0xf6, 0x13, 0x90, 0xc2, 0xda, 0x4c, 0x4f, 0x6f,
+ 0x1f, 0x61, 0x0d, 0x46, 0xac, 0x5c, 0x4a, 0xcc, 0x23,
+ 0xfb, 0xf2, 0xf8, 0x9f, 0x48, 0x1f, 0xaf, 0x24, 0xb4,
+ 0xc7, 0xcb, 0x6f, 0x80, 0x74, 0xa3, 0xdb, 0xa8, 0x61,
+ 0x12, 0x60, 0x08, 0x56, 0x85, 0x47, 0x05, 0x32, 0x93,
+ 0x43, 0x9b, 0xa6, 0xf6, 0x56, 0x3b, 0xab, 0x93, 0x28,
+ 0x19, 0xda, 0xad, 0xb5, 0xaa, 0x2e, 0x83, 0x3d, 0x37,
+ 0x0e, 0x83, 0xf2, 0xfe, 0xdd, 0xe8, 0xd9, 0x53, 0x36,
+ 0x3b, 0x5d, 0x8e, 0x24, 0xa9, 0x3a, 0x8f, 0x85, 0x4b,
+ 0x50, 0xf7, 0x61, 0x0f, 0x20, 0x92, 0x09, 0x1f, 0xe4,
+ 0x24, 0x98, 0x9f, 0xa4, 0x52, 0x12, 0x2a, 0xae, 0x6f,
+ 0xd6, 0x0d, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x72, 0x83, 0xfb, 0x4f, 0xef,
+ 0xa6, 0x55, 0x9a, 0x14, 0xab, 0x82, 0x89, 0x1f, 0xf2,
+ 0x0b, 0x14, 0x76, 0xb7, 0xf7, 0x14, 0xdd, 0xd6, 0xc1,
+ 0xe8, 0xb2, 0x99, 0x23, 0x28, 0xe8, 0xa4, 0x69, 0x18,
+ 0xf6, 0x3e, 0xb1, 0xff, 0xde, 0xf2, 0x2c, 0x7c, 0x73,
+ 0x93, 0x32, 0x52, 0x06, 0xeb, 0x59, 0xb2, 0x8f, 0x2f,
+ 0x1d, 0x6a, 0x85, 0x74, 0xd3, 0xe5, 0xa1, 0x95, 0xe4,
+ 0x96, 0x1e, 0x75, 0x16, 0xe4, 0x5c, 0x40, 0xf0, 0x20,
+ 0xb1, 0x10, 0xe7, 0x2a, 0x70, 0x41, 0xac, 0x49, 0x40,
+ 0x55, 0xef, 0xd1, 0x58, 0x24, 0x6a, 0xa6, 0x20, 0xdc,
+ 0x23, 0xdc, 0x66, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x6a, 0x52, 0x3c, 0x61,
+ 0xc8, 0xfb, 0x28, 0x1e, 0x8c, 0x3f, 0xfc, 0xc7, 0x73,
+ 0x2f, 0xf1, 0xe2, 0x31, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x5f, 0x12, 0x3f,
+ 0x94, 0xe5, 0x26, 0xc0, 0x62, 0xcc, 0x67, 0x8f, 0x5d,
+ 0xfd, 0x3d, 0x8f, 0x16, 0xae, 0x4e, 0x04, 0x54, 0x5b,
+ 0x02, 0x66, 0x00, 0x70, 0xe5, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0x51, 0x8c,
+ 0x1a, 0x5d, 0xf0, 0xfe, 0x7d, 0x1b, 0x2f, 0x0a, 0x48,
+ 0x94, 0xda, 0x4b, 0xb3, 0x05, 0x75, 0x3b, 0x25, 0xda,
+ 0xf2, 0x12, 0x47, 0xe2, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xe7, 0x05, 0xa2,
+ 0x4e, 0xaf, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x6c, 0xbd, 0x80, 0x82, 0xdf,
+ 0xbb, 0x4b, 0x9d, 0x29, 0x9b, 0xef, 0xff, 0x17, 0x2a,
+ 0xa7, 0x2f, 0x4a, 0x2e, 0xbf, 0x29, 0x38, 0xcb, 0x94,
+ 0x9c, 0x10, 0x87, 0x69, 0x57, 0x7d, 0xd7, 0xcf, 0xc1,
+ 0x57, 0x0f, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0x3b, 0x1e, 0xbc, 0x55, 0x08,
+ 0xb1, 0x50, 0xb0, 0x28, 0x79, 0x1d, 0xd9, 0x2f, 0xa5,
+ 0x12, 0xcc, 0xa7, 0x5b, 0xcb, 0x67, 0x57, 0x13, 0x4a,
+ 0xb3, 0xd5, 0x34, 0xea, 0xd9, 0x6b, 0x15, 0x17, 0x1f,
+ 0xe7, 0x52, 0x2a, 0x11, 0xdf, 0xab, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0x1b,
+ 0xaa, 0xfa, 0x54, 0xf0, 0x20, 0x94, 0x40, 0x2d, 0x3e,
+ 0xf2, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0xbb, 0x86, 0xce, 0x29, 0x87, 0xb1,
+ 0xfa, 0x27, 0xf2, 0x5a, 0x79, 0xc2, 0xf8, 0xe9, 0xf2,
+ 0x7c, 0x5a, 0xcd, 0x45, 0x8e, 0x8b, 0xba, 0xad, 0x13,
+ 0x52, 0x79, 0xd5, 0x0f, 0x59, 0xfb, 0x07, 0x15, 0x1f,
+ 0xb3, 0xe6, 0xc8, 0x66, 0xf7, 0x37, 0x19, 0xd8, 0x33,
+ 0xdd, 0xc1, 0xb3, 0x96, 0x4b, 0x28, 0x43, 0xf8, 0x5e,
+ 0xc7, 0xe8, 0x81, 0x6e, 0xd0, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0x3d, 0xf1,
+ 0x68, 0x8f, 0xf0, 0xf5, 0x1a, 0x6d, 0xc3, 0xaa, 0x5b,
+ 0x72, 0x27, 0xbd, 0xd6, 0x7c, 0x9b, 0xbf, 0x89, 0x6a,
+ 0x09, 0xf0, 0x48, 0xf0, 0x8c, 0x27, 0x69, 0x28, 0xf3,
+ 0x5f, 0x53, 0xe3, 0x4d, 0x60, 0x4a, 0xb8, 0xc5, 0xf9,
+ 0x85, 0x07, 0x3e, 0xfb, 0xd7, 0x21, 0x69, 0xd5, 0xec,
+ 0x18, 0x68, 0xb6, 0x55, 0x15, 0xac, 0x2e, 0x0f, 0x5c,
+ 0x2e, 0x9e, 0x12, 0x10, 0x5e, 0xc6, 0xb3, 0xcd, 0xe6,
+ 0x3a, 0x2f, 0x43, 0xf6, 0x75, 0x31, 0x3c, 0x90, 0x34,
+ 0x1c, 0x3d, 0x45, 0xaa, 0x8e, 0x08, 0xcf, 0x58, 0x67,
+ 0x34, 0xd4, 0x24, 0xb8, 0x20, 0x69, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0x33,
+ 0xe9, 0x3e, 0xbd, 0xe5, 0x18, 0x9f, 0x66, 0xc9, 0x0d,
+ 0x6f, 0x47, 0x99, 0xf7, 0x0c, 0xdd, 0xad, 0x8c, 0x6b,
+ 0x80, 0xed, 0x19, 0x61, 0x8a, 0xba, 0x62, 0x2f, 0xcc,
+ 0x0e, 0x47, 0xe0, 0xc6, 0x1f, 0x2f, 0x44, 0x40, 0x17,
+ 0xb6, 0x89, 0xc6, 0xf5, 0xc2, 0x97, 0x89, 0x38, 0x6c,
+ 0x8e, 0x2c, 0x46, 0x0b, 0x6e, 0x01, 0x47, 0xd3, 0x2f,
+ 0x58, 0xf8, 0xc7, 0x3b, 0x49, 0xb2, 0x35, 0x9f, 0x67,
+ 0xc9, 0x6c, 0xde, 0x30, 0x3b, 0x50, 0x19, 0x65, 0xbb,
+ 0x73, 0xa1, 0x47, 0x01, 0x6a, 0x3d, 0xe3, 0x85, 0x4d,
+ 0xd0, 0x72, 0x0d, 0xbc, 0x81, 0x52, 0xe8, 0x1a, 0x8b,
+ 0x85, 0x4c, 0x6f, 0x0e, 0xfc, 0x59, 0x84, 0x7a, 0xf2,
+ 0x28, 0x3e, 0x02, 0xcb, 0xe2, 0x4a, 0xbf, 0xac, 0x22,
+ 0x34, 0x86, 0xe4, 0x7d, 0x6b, 0xa3, 0x52, 0xac, 0xff,
+ 0xe5, 0xbe, 0x0c, 0x8d, 0xf5, 0xd8, 0xfd, 0x5a, 0x3d,
+ 0xad, 0x0d, 0xc0, 0x02, 0xd0, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x7c, 0x50,
+ 0x7c, 0x09, 0xc0, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0xdf, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x6f,
+ 0xb2, 0x79, 0x0d, 0xc1, 0xa0, 0xb1, 0x7e, 0xe3, 0x0d,
+ 0xfc, 0x93, 0x43, 0x8c, 0x86, 0x68, 0xa6, 0x51, 0x93,
+ 0x42, 0xb7, 0xcd, 0x13, 0x56, 0x6e, 0xdc, 0x63, 0x51,
+ 0x23, 0xcf, 0x29, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0x66, 0x43, 0x80, 0xfe,
+ 0x28, 0x15, 0x71, 0x52, 0x87, 0xe2, 0x18, 0x10, 0xad,
+ 0x94, 0x47, 0x2f, 0xe3, 0x5d, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x6d, 0x31,
+ 0x58, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x96, 0x53, 0x1b, 0x6c, 0x0e, 0x25,
+ 0xea, 0x41, 0xd3, 0x29, 0x27, 0x22, 0x24, 0x8d, 0x1d,
+ 0x8e, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x76, 0x67, 0x7d, 0x9d, 0xd9, 0xa7,
+ 0x3e, 0x61, 0xd0, 0xad, 0x93, 0xb9, 0xdf, 0x87, 0x3a,
+ 0x7b, 0x89, 0xc7, 0x1d, 0x91, 0xec, 0x43, 0xa4, 0xdc,
+ 0x02, 0x88, 0x2e, 0xaa, 0xb2, 0x58, 0xa5, 0xd3, 0x68,
+ 0x9c, 0x9f, 0x60, 0x12, 0xc8, 0x7e, 0x7d, 0x40, 0x80,
+ 0xfd, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0x56, 0xf4, 0x01, 0x39, 0x3d, 0xa0,
+ 0x34, 0x48, 0x79, 0x75, 0xe2, 0x0f, 0x60, 0x09, 0x42,
+ 0x11, 0x6f, 0xa5, 0x31, 0x46, 0xb7, 0x03, 0xc8, 0x61,
+ 0x53, 0x39, 0x1e, 0xf4, 0x99, 0x36, 0x7d, 0xc0, 0x87,
+ 0xda, 0x63, 0x71, 0x9b, 0x29, 0x7b, 0x4e, 0x6f, 0x09,
+ 0xa2, 0x2c, 0xa5, 0xc2, 0xb9, 0xe7, 0xe0, 0x56, 0x8b,
+ 0x1d, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0x34, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0xb6, 0x0a, 0xc9,
+ 0xfa, 0x4a, 0x31, 0x63, 0x0d, 0x30, 0xff, 0x59, 0x3d,
+ 0x8c, 0x4d, 0x74, 0x28, 0xf4, 0xe9, 0x97, 0x43, 0x05,
+ 0x3a, 0x33, 0x51, 0x51, 0xe4, 0x0e, 0x33, 0xae, 0x2c,
+ 0xda, 0x28, 0x83, 0x93, 0x4e, 0xfe, 0x37, 0x1d, 0x6c,
+ 0x25, 0x1e, 0x24, 0xbc, 0x3a, 0x5c, 0x68, 0xac, 0x54,
+ 0x3a, 0x47, 0x74, 0x35, 0xff, 0x37, 0x80, 0x12, 0x30,
+ 0xd7, 0x31, 0x2a, 0x49, 0x51, 0x2d, 0x4f, 0xd2, 0x9c,
+ 0xca, 0x55, 0x87, 0xd0, 0x41, 0x86, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0xda,
+ 0xf8, 0x4b, 0x08, 0x23, 0xb3, 0x00, 0xb7, 0xb6, 0x4f,
+ 0x2e, 0xaf, 0xb8, 0x8e, 0xb1, 0x44, 0xe1, 0xed, 0x67,
+ 0xf8, 0x80, 0xa7, 0x04, 0xa0, 0x66, 0xe6, 0xb5, 0x69,
+ 0xca, 0x95, 0x71, 0xc8, 0x0d, 0x3d, 0xf6, 0x77, 0xfd,
+ 0x2c, 0x95, 0xed, 0xe5, 0x22, 0x43, 0xd9,
+ },
+ .msg_len = 64,
+ .msg =
+ (const u8[64]) {
+ 0x6d, 0xb3, 0x8e, 0x80, 0xaf, 0x5f, 0x19, 0xd9,
+ 0xb0, 0xcf, 0xad, 0x58, 0xc7, 0x27, 0xae, 0x12,
+ 0x4e, 0x7d, 0xa3, 0x1a, 0xe3, 0x85, 0xc6, 0xaa,
+ 0xf6, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xb1, 0xe9, 0xe0, 0xfe, 0x89,
+ 0x1e, 0xc5, 0x6f, 0x10, 0x18, 0x24, 0xab, 0xa8,
+ 0x6d, 0x03, 0xd0, 0x3d, 0xc3, 0xff, 0x67, 0xe7,
+ 0x3a, 0x95, 0x94, 0xc8, 0x49, 0x51, 0x8f, 0xa0,
+ 0x65, 0xcb, 0x20, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x6d, 0xf7, 0xf2,
+ },
+ .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .sig =
+ (const u8[MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE]) {
+ 0x5e, 0x05, 0x37, 0xe2, 0xc1, 0x20, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x8a,
+ 0xdf, 0xf2, 0x22, 0x61, 0x17, 0x58, 0xaa, 0x3c, 0xe4,
+ 0x82, 0x9c, 0x0e, 0xb6, 0x1f, 0xb4, 0x98, 0x0f, 0xba,
+ 0x8e, 0x51, 0x15, 0x67, 0x76, 0x0b, 0x98, 0x63, 0xda,
+ 0x17, 0xd3, 0xbb, 0xbe, 0x16, 0x29, 0x71, 0xab, 0xba,
+ 0x99, 0xed, 0x3f, 0xd4, 0xc2, 0x16, 0x71, 0xb6, 0x21,
+ 0x87, 0x48, 0xaa, 0xb5, 0x39, 0x5e, 0xfb, 0x5d, 0x68,
+ 0x3b, 0xd3, 0x60, 0xf4, 0x5b, 0x85, 0x2a, 0x5b, 0xb5,
+ 0xce, 0x6e, 0xf3, 0x39, 0xc3, 0xbe, 0x96, 0xa7, 0x61,
+ 0xc9, 0xbf, 0xdf, 0x33, 0x1d, 0xec, 0xb9, 0x2b, 0x7a,
+ 0x05, 0xce, 0x1e, 0xd9, 0x46, 0x70, 0xca, 0x54, 0xbf,
+ 0xdc, 0x46, 0x9e, 0x2f, 0x29, 0x18, 0x57, 0x96, 0x84,
+ 0xac, 0xe9, 0xd7, 0x74, 0xeb, 0x8e, 0x6b, 0xec, 0x46,
+ 0x9a, 0x2a, 0xfa, 0xde, 0x80, 0x09, 0x53, 0xd9, 0xeb,
+ 0x9d, 0xf7, 0xaa, 0xe2, 0xe5, 0xdc, 0xc3, 0xd9, 0x70,
+ 0xe5, 0x8b, 0xa8, 0xba, 0x2b, 0x41, 0x72, 0x92, 0x25,
+ 0xaf, 0xd9, 0xb4, 0x5a, 0x53, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x1d, 0x69,
+ 0xf1, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x52, 0x38, 0xbc, 0x47, 0x24, 0x8c,
+ 0x1d, 0x28, 0x5d, 0x5c, 0x1c, 0xc9, 0x9d, 0xea, 0x1c,
+ 0xb1, 0xb3, 0x49, 0x68, 0xd5, 0xad, 0xdc, 0x47, 0x58,
+ 0x6d, 0x38, 0x33, 0xe7, 0x9b, 0xaa, 0x89, 0xb1, 0x96,
+ 0x0b, 0xcb, 0xc4, 0x24, 0x73, 0xf2, 0xe7, 0xb6, 0xca,
+ 0x74, 0x55, 0x1b, 0xb5, 0xb7, 0x9e, 0x2e, 0xe3, 0x3a,
+ 0x32, 0x5d, 0x1d, 0x6e, 0x15, 0xe6, 0xb8, 0xfb, 0xce,
+ 0x57, 0x81, 0x15, 0xb5, 0xcf, 0x67, 0x2b, 0x55, 0x4c,
+ 0x85, 0x6f, 0x28, 0xa6, 0xbb, 0xb4, 0x28, 0x76, 0x91,
+ 0xa4, 0x29, 0xa1, 0x50, 0x7c, 0xed, 0x9a, 0xfc, 0xe4,
+ 0xbc, 0xd7, 0x28, 0x62, 0x28, 0x61, 0x4d, 0x8d, 0x8c,
+ 0x5a, 0x5e, 0x4d, 0x1d, 0x5e, 0x73, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0x9d,
+ 0x56, 0x73, 0xc7, 0xf2, 0x26, 0xf7, 0x7e, 0x61, 0xa4,
+ 0x86, 0xf5, 0x1c, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xd0, 0x31, 0xc5, 0x03,
+ 0x17, 0x1c, 0xec, 0x04, 0xe5, 0xc7, 0x13, 0xb6, 0x81,
+ 0x78, 0x3d, 0x27, 0x87, 0x36, 0xf3, 0x2a, 0x59, 0x96,
+ 0xeb, 0x44, 0xfd, 0xb9, 0x95, 0xb7, 0x76, 0xb1, 0x08,
+ 0xc4, 0x98, 0xb1, 0x08, 0x36, 0x2a, 0x63, 0x72, 0x4f,
+ 0xef, 0x47, 0xfc, 0x84, 0x09, 0x18, 0x60, 0xb7, 0x8a,
+ 0xff, 0xae, 0x32, 0x3c, 0x79, 0xdf, 0xd6, 0x24, 0xbe,
+ 0x9c, 0x38, 0x68, 0x92, 0xde, 0x81, 0x80, 0x22, 0x06,
+ 0xf2, 0xe4, 0xde, 0x75, 0x4e, 0xd6, 0x36, 0x93, 0x44,
+ 0xd1, 0xa4, 0x2e, 0x2e, 0x05, 0x87, 0xbd, 0xf7, 0xc5,
+ 0xc8, 0x1c, 0x7b, 0x00, 0xe8, 0x11, 0x7f, 0xc2, 0x39,
+ 0x4b, 0x7b, 0x97, 0x11, 0x92, 0x6c, 0xff, 0x89, 0x7f,
+ 0x26, 0x89, 0x4f, 0x38, 0xfd, 0xdd, 0x08, 0xa7, 0xce,
+ 0x6f, 0xe8, 0x57, 0x9b, 0x46, 0xe5, 0xdb, 0x72, 0x03,
+ 0x1e, 0x7d, 0xb0, 0x77, 0xb9, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0x6c, 0xa7,
+ 0xd8, 0x30, 0x34, 0xad, 0xa7, 0xe4, 0x63, 0xf0, 0x19,
+ 0x0e, 0x5d, 0x3b, 0xe0, 0xff, 0x40, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0xb3,
+ 0xb9, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x2c, 0xf3, 0x5f, 0xcd, 0x54, 0x2a,
+ 0xc0, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0xd9, 0x2d, 0xcc, 0xd5, 0x68, 0x95,
+ 0x4a, 0x4a, 0x84, 0x60, 0x54, 0xee, 0xa0, 0x21, 0x9e,
+ 0x8d, 0x20, 0xcb, 0xe8, 0xc5, 0x5a, 0xba, 0xe2, 0xaa,
+ 0x6e, 0x1c, 0xb1, 0xdf, 0x18, 0x9f, 0x94, 0xc7, 0x77,
+ 0x5a, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x05, 0xaa, 0x2a, 0x54, 0x58, 0x6c,
+ 0xb3, 0x2e, 0x2f, 0xa4, 0x6e, 0x98, 0xbb, 0x6f, 0x41,
+ 0x6d, 0xbd, 0x71, 0x95, 0xe4, 0xbc, 0x13, 0x37, 0x99,
+ 0x0d, 0xac, 0x27, 0x69, 0xb9, 0x0b, 0x14, 0x5f, 0x6e,
+ 0xd2, 0x2b, 0xe2, 0x0c, 0xc6, 0xbc, 0x10, 0x11, 0x47,
+ 0xb7, 0x37, 0x2c, 0x0e, 0x88, 0xcd, 0xbb, 0xf7, 0x28,
+ 0xd6, 0x4a, 0x9d, 0xff, 0x3c, 0x2f, 0x7d, 0x2b, 0xe8,
+ 0xe8, 0x9e, 0xae, 0x7b, 0xe6, 0x2a, 0xb3, 0x4e, 0x20,
+ 0xcc, 0xf1, 0x81, 0x8e, 0xed, 0x6d, 0xe2, 0x99, 0xf5,
+ 0xb5, 0x1a, 0x30, 0x95, 0x52, 0x34, 0xf5, 0x3f, 0xc3,
+ 0x31, 0xd6, 0xbe, 0xa2, 0xc8, 0xdc, 0xe4, 0x1c, 0xf6,
+ 0x0f, 0x4d, 0x0b, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x66, 0x93, 0x88, 0xb8,
+ 0xad, 0xbc, 0xdc, 0x96, 0x01, 0x9f, 0x16, 0x70, 0xf5,
+ 0x4f, 0xa4, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0xc3, 0xf6, 0x9c, 0xe1, 0xa1,
+ 0xe3, 0xec, 0x9d, 0x09, 0xcd, 0x90, 0x52, 0x26, 0x09,
+ 0xd9, 0x9c, 0xde, 0xbd, 0xdf, 0xbb, 0xf4, 0x50, 0xd1,
+ 0x89, 0x68, 0xf6, 0x86, 0x53, 0x33, 0x5a, 0xf6, 0x54,
+ 0xb5, 0x7c, 0xe1, 0xd7, 0x8d, 0xb8, 0x58, 0xf5, 0xda,
+ 0x14, 0xc8, 0x35, 0x1c, 0xcf, 0x44, 0x62, 0xbc, 0xd7,
+ 0xe3, 0xd8, 0x32, 0xcf, 0x16, 0xf5, 0x2f, 0x55, 0x23,
+ 0xc0, 0x1b, 0xc4, 0xe3, 0x28, 0xc8, 0xc8, 0x97, 0x70,
+ 0x8b, 0x06, 0x98, 0xfb, 0xf6, 0x33, 0x6b, 0x86, 0x1c,
+ 0xdb, 0x2a, 0x3c, 0x08, 0x08, 0x57, 0xd3, 0x4a, 0xf8,
+ 0x22, 0x26, 0x78, 0x65, 0x5f, 0xa6, 0xf8, 0x9f, 0x22,
+ 0x76, 0x62, 0xb0, 0x08, 0x68, 0x70, 0xea, 0x72, 0x57,
+ 0x6b, 0xe7, 0xf7, 0xc6, 0x12, 0x9a, 0x49, 0x50, 0xa9,
+ 0xa5, 0x6c, 0xe7, 0xda, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0xb6, 0xbf, 0x4f,
+ 0xdf, 0x9e, 0x9b, 0xb4, 0xb3, 0x8d, 0x1a, 0x12, 0x16,
+ 0x68, 0xd2, 0x63, 0xae, 0x92, 0x77, 0x1f, 0x03, 0xa5,
+ 0xed, 0x58, 0x3b, 0xe9, 0x0b, 0xfe, 0xfc, 0xae, 0x53,
+ 0x0b, 0x5f, 0x13, 0xf2, 0xd2, 0xe2, 0x0b, 0xec, 0x75,
+ 0x85, 0x68, 0x0c, 0x57, 0xde, 0x1b, 0x6d, 0x78, 0x0b,
+ 0x19, 0x66, 0xa8, 0xf5, 0x45, 0x72, 0x2b, 0x01, 0x06,
+ 0xf6, 0xd1, 0x47, 0x21, 0x24, 0x07, 0xf7, 0x71, 0x03,
+ 0xbc, 0xb0, 0x7c, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x24, 0xff, 0x74, 0x47,
+ 0x62, 0x81, 0xc3, 0x0b, 0x31, 0x76, 0x90, 0x5b, 0xef,
+ 0x95, 0xa8, 0xa7, 0x02, 0xa1, 0xbf, 0xe1, 0xf4, 0x16,
+ 0x06, 0x8a, 0x97, 0x39, 0x35, 0xcf, 0xf3, 0xa7, 0x4a,
+ 0x43, 0xba, 0x05, 0x95, 0x7d, 0x73, 0x76, 0x7a, 0x53,
+ 0xef, 0xf8, 0x4e, 0xcb, 0x04, 0x70, 0x4c, 0xee, 0xff,
+ 0x82, 0xbd, 0xcd, 0xc1, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x83, 0x71, 0x03,
+ 0xf0, 0xc0, 0x2b, 0x98, 0xf9, 0x60, 0x54, 0x02, 0x7d,
+ 0xa6, 0x41, 0xcc, 0xa3, 0xd7, 0x8d, 0xfd, 0xce, 0x28,
+ 0xae, 0x0f, 0x48, 0x17, 0x2a, 0xaf, 0xe9, 0xb9, 0x4a,
+ 0x8a, 0x22, 0xd2, 0x4d, 0xd3, 0x1b, 0xa3, 0x39, 0x88,
+ 0x8a, 0x8f, 0x5b, 0x44, 0x97, 0xb9, 0x04, 0x1b, 0x58,
+ 0x67, 0x74, 0x2f, 0x07, 0x7a, 0x52, 0xa9, 0x9d, 0xa4,
+ 0x41, 0x28, 0xf2, 0x35, 0xca, 0x68, 0x4e, 0x4a, 0x3a,
+ 0x66, 0xb9, 0x88, 0x2e, 0x65, 0x1d, 0x47, 0x04, 0xed,
+ 0xdb, 0xe1, 0x40, 0x12, 0x06, 0x13, 0x62, 0x28, 0x3d,
+ 0x0b, 0x35, 0x06, 0xc6, 0x2b, 0xb3, 0x71, 0x3c, 0xfa,
+ 0x77, 0xec, 0x47, 0x93, 0x78, 0x36, 0x25, 0x19, 0xd7,
+ 0x70, 0x30, 0x8a, 0x4c, 0x94, 0xdc, 0x3e, 0xeb, 0x61,
+ 0x25, 0xbc, 0xa0, 0x27, 0xd9, 0x17, 0xa5, 0x19, 0x4f,
+ 0xf4, 0x93, 0x32, 0x56, 0x9a, 0x0b, 0x77, 0xb4, 0x55,
+ 0x1b, 0x8f, 0x9e, 0x69, 0x5b, 0xe2, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x15,
+ 0x79, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0xb6, 0x04, 0xa2, 0x01, 0x37, 0x74,
+ 0x20, 0xb8, 0x62, 0xf6, 0x37, 0x3c, 0xab, 0xca, 0x71,
+ 0xa5, 0x8a, 0x56, 0x5d, 0x6a, 0x4a, 0x61, 0x2e, 0xb8,
+ 0x62, 0x7d, 0x47, 0x34, 0x7d, 0xcd, 0x4d, 0x70, 0x23,
+ 0xf5, 0xaa, 0xd1, 0xa5, 0xf0, 0x4c, 0x38, 0xc3, 0x98,
+ 0x79, 0x4c, 0x0b, 0x6b, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0xd7, 0x09, 0xae,
+ 0x23, 0x9b, 0x2f, 0xde, 0x70, 0xc6, 0xad, 0x0f, 0x66,
+ 0xb5, 0x78, 0x6b, 0x0b, 0xb0, 0x2e, 0x94, 0xf2, 0xa8,
+ 0x8b, 0x74, 0xf0, 0x03, 0x47, 0xd8, 0xec, 0xe8, 0x1f,
+ 0xa3, 0x7b, 0x38, 0x9e, 0x0e, 0xc0, 0x47, 0xd2, 0x0f,
+ 0x8e, 0x7f, 0xb1, 0x83, 0xd3, 0x86, 0x79, 0x3c, 0xa1,
+ 0xae, 0xc4, 0xaf, 0xae, 0x9d, 0x83, 0xc0, 0xd1, 0x2b,
+ 0x2b, 0xda, 0x50, 0x8c, 0xea, 0x41, 0x97, 0x9b, 0x0f,
+ 0x15, 0xc2, 0xe2, 0x8f, 0x39, 0x0b, 0x92, 0xdd, 0xde,
+ 0x52, 0x62, 0x74, 0xdc, 0xda, 0x11, 0x87, 0x4d, 0xa9,
+ 0x4a, 0xc5, 0x2f, 0xae, 0xaf, 0xc1, 0xc3, 0x05, 0xfa,
+ 0x38, 0xcc, 0x5c, 0xb1, 0x9f, 0xe0, 0x82, 0x90, 0xb3,
+ 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xf4, 0x55, 0xdb, 0xea, 0x94, 0x06, 0x7c,
+ 0x2c, 0x82, 0x78, 0xeb, 0xa5, 0x01, 0xf0, 0x3d, 0x4b,
+ 0x87, 0xdd, 0xd5, 0x91, 0x4f, 0xf3, 0xa7, 0xdf, 0xa1,
+ 0xd8, 0x31, 0xde, 0x05, 0x99, 0x67, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0x6b,
+ 0x19, 0xa3, 0xe8, 0x55, 0xb7, 0xf5, 0xc3, 0x63, 0x5e,
+ 0xd4, 0x38, 0xf9, 0x24, 0x64, 0x7d, 0x17, 0xc1, 0x07,
+ 0xbe, 0x39, 0x54, 0x1b, 0x44, 0xe5, 0xc6, 0x3c, 0x02,
+ 0xb1, 0x6f, 0xff, 0x8c, 0xcb, 0x79, 0xe2, 0xec, 0x4d,
+ 0x01, 0xfa, 0x7f, 0x88, 0x1d, 0xc3, 0x4c, 0x6a, 0xfb,
+ 0x0b, 0xc6, 0x57, 0xc3, 0xd8, 0x24, 0x47, 0x41, 0xbd,
+ 0x27, 0xc4, 0xd4, 0x49, 0xfb, 0x52, 0xe6, 0x77, 0x5f,
+ 0x0a, 0xdf, 0xea, 0xd5, 0xd3, 0x22, 0xc3, 0x53, 0x16,
+ 0xf3, 0x1b, 0x7b, 0x09, 0xd7, 0x10, 0x0e, 0x23, 0xae,
+ 0x16, 0x8a, 0x93, 0xcb, 0xc9, 0xb7, 0xb8, 0xff, 0xd2,
+ 0x50, 0x1f, 0x25, 0xa7, 0x71, 0x8f, 0x3f, 0xc0, 0xe1,
+ 0x37, 0x10, 0x0b, 0x43, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0x16, 0x59, 0x8f,
+ 0x77, 0x77, 0x6b, 0x77, 0xce, 0x76, 0x6b, 0x37, 0x81,
+ 0xaf, 0x83, 0x42, 0x92, 0x93, 0xe5, 0x39, 0xca, 0xd2,
+ 0x20, 0x2e, 0xcf, 0x24, 0x26, 0x4c, 0x51, 0x1c, 0x58,
+ 0xc5, 0x8d, 0x05, 0x11, 0xdf, 0xae, 0x51, 0x38, 0xde,
+ 0xab, 0x4e, 0x04, 0xc8, 0x24, 0x24, 0x0d, 0xd5, 0x9c,
+ 0x5b, 0x2b, 0xe6, 0x0d, 0x83, 0x95, 0xcd, 0x1c, 0x89,
+ 0xa1, 0xaf, 0x67, 0x47, 0xfb, 0x08, 0x02, 0xf8, 0x8b,
+ 0x63, 0x05, 0x73, 0x20, 0x64, 0xd7, 0x52, 0x15, 0xa4,
+ 0x5d, 0x63, 0x73, 0x73, 0x12, 0x0b, 0xdd, 0xfe, 0x9f,
+ 0xb7, 0xe8, 0xa8, 0x94, 0x3a, 0x86, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x7d,
+ 0x24, 0xbd, 0xb9, 0xea, 0x68, 0x23, 0xf4, 0x07, 0xc3,
+ 0xfe, 0x63, 0xd0, 0xab, 0x65, 0x8a, 0xf0, 0x6d, 0x81,
+ 0x8c, 0xc8, 0x0e, 0xc6, 0x6b, 0xdd, 0x2e, 0x65, 0x9b,
+ 0x17, 0xcf, 0x82, 0x69, 0x46, 0xba, 0x62, 0x5d, 0x31,
+ 0x33, 0x60, 0x18, 0x94, 0xa5, 0x77, 0x24, 0xc6, 0x45,
+ 0xe5, 0xb3, 0xd5, 0x12, 0x10, 0xc9, 0x22, 0x98, 0xf9,
+ 0xca, 0x20, 0x89, 0x79, 0x04, 0x08, 0xf5, 0x1c, 0xf8,
+ 0x50, 0x8c, 0x25, 0xaa, 0x90, 0x90, 0x44, 0xbc, 0xfb,
+ 0x5d, 0x3f, 0xf8, 0x38, 0x64, 0xca, 0x8d, 0xff, 0x17,
+ 0xce, 0x70, 0x51, 0x90, 0x75, 0x6b, 0x7d, 0x64, 0x43,
+ 0x56, 0xcd, 0xf8, 0x85, 0x93, 0x65, 0x09, 0x81, 0x30,
+ 0x76, 0x79, 0xcc, 0xdf, 0x9c, 0x6d, 0xff, 0x89, 0x38,
+ 0x60, 0xbf, 0x07, 0xcb, 0x2f, 0xc9, 0x87, 0xd7, 0xac,
+ 0x74, 0x19, 0x57, 0x90, 0x5e, 0x69, 0x61, 0xf6, 0xca,
+ 0xea, 0x45, 0x6b, 0xe2, 0xfe, 0x2c, 0xff, 0x1b, 0x23,
+ 0x15, 0x52, 0xdd, 0x57, 0xfe, 0x1d, 0x10, 0xea, 0x0f,
+ 0xce, 0x98, 0xe7, 0x47, 0x27, 0xec, 0x36, 0xe5, 0x68,
+ 0x17, 0xcf, 0xdc, 0xb9, 0xef, 0x6a, 0xbc, 0xec, 0x78,
+ 0x08, 0x64, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x1c, 0xc6, 0x87, 0xd6, 0x0a,
+ 0xb1, 0x81, 0xc6, 0xb6, 0xf8, 0x8b, 0xe3, 0x19, 0x8c,
+ 0xce, 0x46, 0x40, 0xc5, 0xc2, 0xae, 0x50, 0x26, 0x4a,
+ 0x90, 0x91, 0x8d, 0xfe, 0x6b, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x4a,
+ 0x4b, 0x48, 0x74, 0x4a, 0x37, 0x21, 0x7f, 0xdd, 0x87,
+ 0xa3, 0x1e, 0xac, 0xcd, 0xf5, 0x9e, 0x75, 0xa2, 0x52,
+ 0x63, 0x76, 0xca, 0x9e, 0x02, 0xeb, 0xe6, 0xa6, 0x73,
+ 0xad, 0xea, 0xe8, 0x3e, 0x6f, 0x44, 0xed, 0xe8, 0x01,
+ 0x29, 0x19, 0x6a, 0x20, 0x35, 0xa7, 0xf0, 0xf1, 0xaf,
+ 0xc0, 0x3b, 0xb1, 0xd5, 0xe4, 0xfb, 0xf7, 0xd7, 0x2f,
+ 0x33, 0x6c, 0x73, 0xfd, 0xe5, 0x5c, 0x63, 0xf6, 0x1c,
+ 0x06, 0x13, 0xaf, 0xc1, 0x80, 0x55, 0x07, 0xae, 0x8c,
+ 0x13, 0x74, 0xf6, 0xe0, 0x54, 0x15, 0xd8, 0xe0, 0xa5,
+ 0x03, 0xcf, 0x22, 0xbe, 0x18, 0xef, 0x26, 0xad, 0x9c,
+ 0x9d, 0x51, 0xb1, 0x3b, 0x37, 0x03, 0xbf, 0xf0, 0xc5,
+ 0xcb, 0x6c, 0x5d, 0x30, 0xa9, 0x5a, 0x10, 0x90, 0xfa,
+ 0xb4, 0xd4, 0x0e, 0x6b, 0x4a, 0x0a, 0x6c, 0x9d, 0x2e,
+ 0x69, 0xe8, 0xec, 0x69, 0xe2, 0x50, 0xab, 0x2f, 0xdc,
+ 0xff, 0xaf, 0xac, 0x65, 0xe7, 0xf0, 0xc1, 0x6f, 0x7c,
+ 0x2d, 0xa1, 0xeb, 0x97, 0x90, 0x7c, 0x1e, 0xa8, 0x53,
+ 0x1b, 0x87, 0xc5, 0xa9, 0xa1, 0xcf, 0x86, 0x7e, 0x11,
+ 0xf8, 0xd6, 0x14, 0xda, 0x19, 0x81, 0x19, 0xb4, 0x45,
+ 0x1c, 0x7c, 0xb9, 0x96, 0xa2, 0xac, 0x79, 0x24, 0x94,
+ 0x7c, 0xb2, 0x1e, 0x83, 0xea, 0xc4, 0xb9, 0xd2, 0x0d,
+ 0x4c, 0x55, 0x3d, 0x15, 0x7b, 0x65, 0xd8, 0xff, 0x03,
+ 0x5d, 0xed, 0x3c, 0x94, 0x76, 0x19, 0x40, 0x3b, 0xcc,
+ 0x45, 0xbe, 0x91, 0x19, 0x8c, 0x75, 0xe5, 0xd2, 0xbe,
+ 0x67, 0x40, 0xb1, 0x67, 0x8e, 0x2a, 0x34, 0xd5, 0x99,
+ 0xee, 0xd9, 0x4f, 0x89, 0x7c, 0xf0, 0xd6, 0x93, 0x59,
+ 0x4b, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0xe6, 0xbd, 0xde, 0xce, 0xef, 0x8b,
+ 0x3c, 0xe3, 0xf7, 0x06, 0x33, 0x27, 0x8d, 0xd9, 0x22,
+ 0x1a, 0x65, 0x40, 0xfc, 0x69, 0x1b, 0x7d, 0xf0, 0xed,
+ 0xe4, 0xe0, 0x7f, 0x6d, 0x23, 0xed, 0x11, 0xd1, 0x07,
+ 0xb0, 0x2f, 0x8a, 0xbf, 0x51, 0x37, 0x22, 0x04, 0xed,
+ 0x93, 0xea, 0x1d, 0x0b, 0x30, 0x15, 0x89, 0x22, 0x7a,
+ 0x45, 0x56, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xac, 0xd6, 0xce, 0x61, 0xea,
+ 0xb2, 0x59, 0xe8, 0xb5, 0xfc, 0x87, 0xa7, 0xfe, 0x09,
+ 0xa2, 0x0d, 0x5e, 0xbe, 0xb9, 0xd4, 0x9a, 0x1b, 0x60,
+ 0xda, 0xb9, 0x32, 0xf1, 0x30, 0x3e, 0xb2, 0x45, 0x6d,
+ 0x55, 0x0c, 0x2c, 0x4b, 0x9a, 0xc0, 0xbb, 0x8e, 0xac,
+ 0x9c, 0x95, 0x5f, 0x08, 0x88, 0xa0, 0x53, 0x05, 0x75,
+ 0x8d, 0x9e, 0x9d, 0x3f, 0x0f, 0xdd, 0x50, 0x0d, 0xf8,
+ 0x11, 0xbd, 0xf9, 0xfb, 0x22, 0x5c, 0x7b, 0x9e, 0x7c,
+ 0x8e, 0x2f, 0x0e, 0xdb, 0xb8, 0x1d, 0x0c, 0x5e, 0x82,
+ 0xf3, 0x8e, 0xec, 0x32, 0x1c, 0x59, 0x73, 0xa5, 0xf3,
+ 0x5b, 0x47, 0x00, 0x64, 0x89, 0x68, 0x3b, 0xaf, 0xe8,
+ 0xe2, 0x9b, 0xa6, 0xac, 0x2c, 0xf9, 0x2b, 0x92, 0xf3,
+ 0xf0, 0x5b, 0xcc, 0x75, 0x22, 0xd5, 0xf4, 0x2b, 0x06,
+ 0x96, 0xc8, 0x50, 0xee, 0xac, 0x62, 0x16, 0x45, 0x9e,
+ 0xbc, 0xcc, 0x8f, 0x5a, 0x66, 0xc6, 0x30, 0x7c, 0xe0,
+ 0x22, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0xda, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0xbd, 0x2a, 0x2e,
+ 0x46, 0x7d, 0xb6, 0x86, 0x70, 0xa3, 0x16, 0x49, 0x85,
+ 0x28, 0x7b, 0xe9, 0x00, 0x6b, 0xfa, 0x06, 0xb0, 0xeb,
+ 0xbd, 0x67, 0x28, 0x6f, 0x27, 0xd7, 0x9c, 0x7f, 0xda,
+ 0xec, 0xf4, 0x7e, 0x55, 0xe1, 0x0c, 0x29, 0x61, 0x7a,
+ 0xf5, 0xb6, 0xb8, 0xa5, 0xef, 0x36, 0x6a, 0xad, 0x59,
+ 0x22, 0xbd, 0x3d, 0xad, 0x86, 0xe7, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x26,
+ 0x0f, 0xbf, 0x67, 0xad, 0x65, 0x32, 0xbd, 0x21, 0xd6,
+ 0x59, 0x6b, 0xe3, 0xda, 0xc1, 0x6f, 0x82, 0x41, 0x2c,
+ 0xaa, 0xe4, 0x8c, 0xfc, 0x7c, 0x61, 0x28, 0x51, 0x52,
+ 0x3d, 0xf1, 0x84, 0xb5, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x1f, 0x2a, 0x06,
+ 0x2e, 0x30, 0xed, 0x63, 0x43, 0xc9, 0x83, 0x97, 0xb1,
+ 0xd4, 0x80, 0x6f, 0x2c, 0x50, 0xec, 0x20, 0x95, 0x42,
+ 0xa0, 0x34, 0x94, 0x1a, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x5b, 0x59, 0xe3,
+ 0x39, 0xac, 0xbd, 0x2f, 0x77, 0x36, 0x59, 0x9c, 0xc3,
+ 0x3c, 0x66, 0x87, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x4b, 0xb0, 0x10, 0x4a,
+ 0xe6, 0x46, 0xe7, 0xce, 0x93, 0x7b, 0x24, 0x6b, 0x2e,
+ 0xc1, 0xe5, 0xaf, 0x4b, 0x71, 0x22, 0xad, 0x88, 0xda,
+ 0x55, 0xcb, 0xe0, 0x73, 0xd1, 0x65, 0x7d, 0xa5, 0x7f,
+ 0x36, 0xbc, 0x42, 0xc2, 0x78, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xe8, 0xdb,
+ 0xff, 0x8a, 0x5a, 0x80, 0x34, 0x3a, 0x23, 0x4c, 0x8a,
+ 0x81, 0xff, 0xbd, 0xb7, 0x88, 0xd0, 0x73, 0x07, 0x8a,
+ 0x4e, 0xa7, 0x4a, 0x61, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x1c, 0xe7, 0x34,
+ 0x37, 0x1c, 0x53, 0x90, 0x3b, 0xa4, 0x32, 0x6c, 0x6d,
+ 0xe8, 0x00, 0xde, 0xe0, 0x0c, 0x5e, 0x06, 0xef, 0xb8,
+ 0x48, 0x2e, 0xb3, 0xda, 0xac, 0x92, 0x4d, 0x0d, 0x95,
+ 0x75, 0x44, 0x01, 0x6f, 0x97, 0xc3, 0x29, 0x76, 0x33,
+ 0x36, 0x9a, 0xae, 0xfb, 0x1b, 0x43, 0xe5, 0xb1, 0x54,
+ 0x3a, 0x9c, 0x76, 0x7f, 0x76, 0x83, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xd6,
+ 0x56, 0x59, 0x83, 0xa9, 0xde, 0xd7, 0xb0, 0xf3, 0x34,
+ 0x11, 0x31, 0x06, 0x8e, 0xe9, 0xd4, 0x79, 0xd5, 0x3d,
+ 0x31, 0x6b, 0x59, 0xe9, 0x54, 0x69, 0x12, 0xfd, 0x44,
+ 0x59, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0x3b, 0xb4, 0x12, 0xe9, 0xfb, 0xb0,
+ 0xb4, 0x84, 0xb9, 0x7d, 0xea, 0x4f, 0xd1, 0x5f, 0xd0,
+ 0x3e, 0xce, 0xef, 0x5c, 0xf7, 0xea, 0x55, 0xa0, 0x8f,
+ 0xa8, 0xa7, 0x98, 0xe7, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0x3f, 0xba, 0x5a,
+ 0x32, 0x4b, 0xfa, 0x31, 0xb6, 0x63, 0x86, 0x19, 0x00,
+ 0xa2, 0x6d, 0x7d, 0x15, 0x56, 0x05, 0x68, 0xa3, 0xe0,
+ 0xf3, 0xd4, 0x82, 0xcf, 0xeb, 0xd4, 0x1c, 0xd0, 0xb6,
+ 0x14, 0x5e, 0x9e, 0x6b, 0xed, 0x7a, 0x02, 0x1a, 0xcd,
+ 0x09, 0xdc, 0x26, 0x98, 0x50, 0x11, 0x34, 0x39, 0x50,
+ 0x5a, 0x70, 0x79, 0x85, 0xca, 0xd2, 0xf2, 0x0c, 0x0d,
+ 0x12, 0x1f, 0x2e, 0x41, 0x46, 0x51, 0x72, 0x75, 0x78,
+ 0x8c, 0xa4, 0xaf, 0xba, 0xca, 0xd3, 0xdf, 0xea, 0xf8,
+ 0x09, 0x0b, 0x36, 0x45, 0x4f, 0x77, 0x83, 0xae, 0xbc,
+ 0xc5, 0xce, 0xe1, 0xf6, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x38, 0x56, 0x9c,
+ 0x9f, 0xb1, 0xbd, 0xda, 0xe7, 0xf0, 0xf4, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x1f, 0x2c, 0x38,
+ },
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa65_testvector = {
+ .alg = MLDSA65,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .pk =
+ (const u8[MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]) {
+ 0x9f, 0x55, 0x1e, 0x7f, 0x9c, 0x08, 0xb2, 0x83, 0xfd,
+ 0x5b, 0xa2, 0xac, 0x4f, 0x26, 0xc2, 0xf5, 0x06, 0x05,
+ 0x96, 0x08, 0x24, 0xad, 0xec, 0xe4, 0x99, 0xcc, 0x6c,
+ 0xbd, 0x55, 0x37, 0x15, 0x94, 0xab, 0x31, 0x9e, 0x56,
+ 0xe5, 0xe4, 0x55, 0xec, 0x4d, 0x49, 0x5b, 0x5a, 0x7a,
+ 0xe8, 0xc3, 0x4a, 0x08, 0x44, 0x4a, 0xc2, 0x2d, 0xe4,
+ 0x61, 0x33, 0x90, 0x20, 0x71, 0x45, 0xa5, 0x45, 0xd0,
+ 0x83, 0x2b, 0x32, 0x6c, 0xa7, 0x9e, 0x76, 0xcd, 0xfb,
+ 0x58, 0x15, 0x9e, 0x74, 0x0d, 0x67, 0x57, 0xb1, 0x06,
+ 0x5b, 0x5d, 0xd5, 0x1c, 0xbb, 0x95, 0x40, 0x1c, 0x71,
+ 0x31, 0x03, 0xef, 0xff, 0x04, 0x6b, 0xdd, 0xa2, 0xf0,
+ 0x32, 0x00, 0x72, 0xbc, 0x87, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0x1f, 0x90,
+ 0x7f, 0x92, 0xa0, 0xb2, 0x04, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0xaf, 0x7f,
+ 0x01, 0x28, 0x4c, 0xb2, 0x57, 0x2d, 0x56, 0x93, 0xd0,
+ 0xc7, 0x54, 0x02, 0x90, 0x57, 0x70, 0x23, 0x57, 0xe8,
+ 0xe7, 0x33, 0x32, 0x98, 0xfc, 0x9b, 0x8e, 0x6e, 0x7b,
+ 0xaa, 0x5d, 0xb5, 0x4e, 0xe0, 0x5d, 0x97, 0xa3, 0xea,
+ 0x43, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0xa4, 0x8c, 0xcf, 0xdc, 0xc0, 0x51,
+ 0xa7, 0x99, 0x45, 0x3d, 0x3c, 0xa0, 0xba, 0xc5, 0xff,
+ 0xe1, 0x89, 0xb3, 0x7d, 0xc3, 0xdc, 0xe2, 0x23, 0x81,
+ 0xff, 0xa9, 0xc7, 0x93, 0xc6, 0x67, 0xad, 0x94, 0xcf,
+ 0xeb, 0x91, 0x78, 0x15, 0x25, 0xf7, 0xf5, 0x06, 0x08,
+ 0x2f, 0x0c, 0xee, 0x0b, 0x6a, 0x06, 0x59, 0xe0, 0x1f,
+ 0x2e, 0x5a, 0x12, 0x06, 0xf5, 0xf4, 0x8e, 0x75, 0x57,
+ 0xa9, 0x33, 0x23, 0x0f, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x02, 0xf8, 0x68,
+ 0x0f, 0x62, 0x02, 0x81, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x7c, 0xaf, 0xd7,
+ 0x42, 0x5b, 0xcc, 0xe7, 0x2b, 0xea, 0x49, 0xab, 0x03,
+ 0x6d, 0x0a, 0x02, 0xae, 0x47, 0x79, 0xce, 0xfd, 0x18,
+ 0x76, 0x07, 0x9e, 0xa6, 0xbf, 0x7e, 0x8d, 0x73, 0xf9,
+ 0x44, 0xeb, 0x8c, 0xc5, 0x59, 0xb7, 0x19, 0xf6, 0x73,
+ 0x53, 0x42, 0x2a, 0x55, 0x7b, 0xb4, 0x56, 0x49, 0x08,
+ 0x9e, 0x9a, 0x65, 0x60, 0x70, 0x1d, 0xbd, 0xc6, 0x85,
+ 0x29, 0xde, 0xfe, 0x44, 0xae, 0xdf, 0x25, 0xfd, 0x5b,
+ 0x74, 0x6c, 0x96, 0xe6, 0x81, 0x37, 0x80, 0xe0, 0x9e,
+ 0xf3, 0x75, 0x63, 0xb4, 0xc9, 0x2f, 0x71, 0xe6, 0xeb,
+ 0xdf, 0xaf, 0x7e, 0xff, 0x9e, 0xe0, 0xbf, 0xca, 0xca,
+ 0x11, 0xed, 0xc6, 0x04, 0xd8, 0x49, 0x13, 0x2c, 0x63,
+ 0xf1, 0xb3, 0x17, 0x74, 0xd9, 0x50, 0x3f, 0xb9, 0x29,
+ 0x0e, 0x48, 0xa7, 0xf0, 0xdc, 0x78, 0x18, 0x0e, 0x9f,
+ 0xb7, 0xde, 0x36, 0x79, 0x67, 0xa4, 0x23, 0x08, 0xe7,
+ 0x62, 0xe8, 0xa4, 0xe5, 0xcf, 0xff, 0x35, 0x55, 0x36,
+ 0x2e, 0x3a, 0xe4, 0x45, 0x6a, 0x80, 0xf2, 0xca, 0xe7,
+ 0x40, 0x79, 0x14, 0xc4, 0x62, 0x38, 0xbb, 0xd0, 0x4e,
+ 0x6c, 0xb5, 0x85, 0x42, 0x3f, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xd7, 0x54,
+ 0xb8, 0x2b, 0x8b, 0xd5, 0x6f, 0x16, 0x61, 0x27, 0x23,
+ 0xac, 0xdb, 0xea, 0x9b, 0x3b, 0x99, 0xcd, 0x79, 0xe6,
+ 0x12, 0x09, 0x99, 0x09, 0xa4, 0xe1, 0x88, 0x25, 0x00,
+ 0x9e, 0x60, 0x16, 0x63, 0xd7, 0x42, 0x9b, 0xcc, 0x36,
+ 0x9a, 0x8d, 0xa3, 0x75, 0x36, 0xa1, 0xa8, 0xfc, 0xa2,
+ 0xfe, 0x29, 0x26, 0x4c, 0x93, 0x21, 0x44, 0x6b, 0x1c,
+ 0xba, 0xbd, 0xef, 0xff, 0x6d, 0x1f, 0x2b, 0x6c, 0x66,
+ 0x81, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0x1d, 0x0b, 0xd7, 0x24, 0xd4, 0xb8,
+ 0x93, 0xb5, 0x22, 0xf9, 0xd2, 0xf4, 0xa5, 0x05, 0x78,
+ 0x38, 0xae, 0x58, 0xf6, 0x50, 0x8f, 0x47, 0x1d, 0xf3,
+ 0xfb, 0x0d, 0x04, 0x14, 0xd1, 0xd6, 0xd8, 0x2e, 0xf2,
+ 0xbd, 0xf5, 0x71, 0x86, 0x4c, 0xdd, 0x61, 0x24, 0x18,
+ 0x5b, 0x54, 0xf5, 0xcd, 0x99, 0x89, 0x01, 0x8e, 0xd1,
+ 0x19, 0x52, 0xbc, 0x45, 0xed, 0x0e, 0xec, 0x72, 0x2f,
+ 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xdf, 0x36, 0x1c, 0x57, 0x9f, 0xb2, 0x8b,
+ 0xf2, 0x78, 0x1b, 0x3e, 0xc5, 0x48, 0x1f, 0x27, 0x04,
+ 0x76, 0x10, 0x44, 0xee, 0x5c, 0x68, 0x8f, 0xca, 0xd7,
+ 0x31, 0xfc, 0x5c, 0x40, 0x03, 0x2e, 0xbd, 0x1d, 0x59,
+ 0x13, 0x57, 0xbc, 0x33, 0xc6, 0xa1, 0xa3, 0xe5, 0x55,
+ 0x79, 0x9b, 0x7e, 0x49, 0xbb, 0x23, 0x96, 0xc3, 0x1c,
+ 0xfe, 0x66, 0xeb, 0x5b, 0x5f, 0xe5, 0x03, 0xc9, 0xa4,
+ 0xac, 0x4d, 0xc4, 0x50, 0xbb, 0xd3, 0xc1, 0x91, 0x48,
+ 0xe0, 0x93, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xdb, 0x41, 0x37, 0x98, 0xbc,
+ 0xa2, 0x7a, 0x09, 0x92, 0x0b, 0x1c, 0xe6, 0x4b, 0x1e,
+ 0x8e, 0x78, 0x81, 0x74, 0x7d, 0x6b, 0x71, 0xd5, 0xe7,
+ 0x0e, 0x7b, 0xc2, 0x74, 0x5d, 0x89, 0xf1, 0xfa, 0x59,
+ 0xaa, 0xf7, 0x86, 0x66, 0x7e, 0xc2, 0x9c, 0xf4, 0xd5,
+ 0x8d, 0xc0, 0xb7, 0xb7, 0xa2, 0xd5, 0xcd, 0x51, 0xc3,
+ 0x7d, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x46, 0xba, 0x06, 0xa3, 0x4d, 0x60,
+ 0xd6, 0x68, 0xc6, 0xf9, 0x63, 0x88, 0x17, 0x5c, 0x20,
+ 0xe1, 0xc4, 0x0f, 0x3f, 0xc1, 0xa9, 0xa7, 0x3e, 0x39,
+ 0xef, 0x2f, 0xaf, 0xc4, 0x69, 0x29, 0xe3, 0xd4, 0x8d,
+ 0xe0, 0x0e, 0x88, 0xc2, 0x93, 0x43, 0xfb, 0x28, 0xcf,
+ 0x5d, 0x85, 0x50, 0xf7, 0xeb, 0x42, 0xf5, 0x87, 0xde,
+ 0xa5, 0x65, 0xef, 0x43, 0x0c, 0x57, 0x76, 0x09, 0xf4,
+ 0x5f, 0xde, 0x81, 0x0a, 0xd9, 0x59, 0x41, 0xa4, 0x6a,
+ 0xb7, 0x05, 0xc7, 0xa5, 0xfe, 0x49, 0xd5, 0x9b, 0x57,
+ 0x13, 0x14, 0x66, 0xe2, 0xb9, 0xcc, 0x09, 0x35, 0xd4,
+ 0xb0, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0x50, 0x48, 0x45, 0x21,
+ 0x00, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xad, 0xa7, 0x46, 0xe2, 0x6f, 0x70,
+ 0xe5, 0x3c, 0x88, 0x04, 0xaa, 0x21, 0xde, 0x03, 0xb6,
+ 0x6f, 0xfe, 0x43, 0x51, 0xdc, 0x2e, 0x5c, 0x6c, 0x77,
+ 0x8f, 0x8e, 0x9d, 0x1a, 0x5b, 0x35, 0xc5, 0xe4, 0x48,
+ 0x82, 0x17, 0x4b, 0xf0, 0xea, 0xc9, 0x0e, 0xd2, 0x8f,
+ 0xcd, 0xd5, 0x01, 0xbd, 0x7f, 0x0f, 0xf5, 0xae, 0x92,
+ 0x28, 0x1e, 0x2c, 0xf4, 0xe9, 0x03, 0xf7, 0x0a, 0xeb,
+ 0x84, 0x18, 0xa1, 0x37, 0x38, 0x8a, 0x11, 0xa2, 0x5d,
+ 0x8c, 0xf6, 0xe4, 0x3f, 0x5b, 0x87, 0x07, 0x6b, 0xb4,
+ 0x07, 0xe0, 0x8f, 0x30, 0xc4, 0xfa, 0x27, 0xae, 0xfc,
+ 0x02, 0xd1, 0x21, 0x5c, 0xbc, 0x0b, 0x93, 0x6e, 0x7e,
+ 0xf9, 0x6b, 0x80, 0x7a, 0x25, 0x84, 0x20, 0xf1, 0x6a,
+ 0xfa, 0x75, 0xed, 0x57, 0x61, 0x62, 0xa7, 0xf6, 0x5b,
+ 0xe1, 0xb0, 0x38, 0xc8, 0xe9, 0x6d, 0x3f, 0xef, 0x1e,
+ 0x99, 0x0b, 0xb7, 0xc8, 0x9f, 0x76, 0x5c, 0x04, 0x1f,
+ 0x02, 0x92, 0x00, 0xa7, 0x38, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x3b, 0xa7,
+ 0xbc, 0x39, 0x6e, 0xab, 0xf5, 0x10, 0xa8, 0xba, 0xd6,
+ 0x28, 0x6b, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x48, 0xf9, 0x3b, 0x5c, 0xde,
+ 0x59, 0x93, 0x46, 0xd6, 0x61, 0x52, 0x81, 0x71, 0x0f,
+ 0x0e, 0x61, 0xac, 0xc6, 0x7f, 0x15, 0x93, 0xa7, 0xc1,
+ 0x16, 0xb5, 0xef, 0x85, 0xd1, 0xa7, 0x61, 0xc2, 0x85,
+ 0x1d, 0x61, 0xc6, 0xae, 0xb3, 0x9e, 0x8d, 0x23, 0xa3,
+ 0xc8, 0xd5, 0xf2, 0xc7, 0x1b, 0x7e, 0xef, 0xd2, 0xdf,
+ 0x25, 0xaf, 0x4e, 0x81, 0x15, 0x59, 0xe5, 0x36, 0xb1,
+ 0xf1, 0xd5, 0xda, 0x58, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0x0d, 0x6d, 0xc9,
+ 0x25, 0xb5, 0xe8, 0x1d, 0x3b, 0xca, 0x2d, 0xab, 0xf2,
+ 0xe2, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xd7, 0xf4, 0xc7, 0xd0, 0x57, 0x7a,
+ 0x86, 0x15, 0x0a, 0x5a, 0x8b, 0xd7, 0x3f, 0x66, 0x0f,
+ 0x80, 0xb4, 0xe0, 0x5c, 0x33, 0xed, 0xaf, 0x1b, 0x3b,
+ 0x6d, 0x1c, 0xd9, 0x8c, 0xb5, 0x96, 0xa3, 0xfb, 0xcf,
+ 0xcc, 0x97, 0x1c, 0xae, 0x06, 0x19, 0x41, 0x61, 0xf8,
+ 0x97, 0x6b, 0x82, 0x5e, 0x1c, 0xbf, 0x6f, 0x43, 0x3d,
+ 0xe5, 0x00, 0xf5, 0xfe, 0x66, 0x48, 0x26, 0x31, 0xa1,
+ 0x72, 0x67, 0x6e, 0xd4, 0x5b, 0x6f, 0x66, 0xde, 0x70,
+ 0x8b, 0x2b, 0xc3, 0xa2, 0x30, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xc8, 0xff,
+ 0xf8, 0xd0, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0x21, 0x85, 0x6e, 0x6c, 0x82,
+ 0x66, 0xcc, 0x52, 0xf0, 0x9e, 0x1e, 0xb5, 0x3a, 0xff,
+ 0x4c, 0xf3, 0xae, 0x02, 0xc3, 0x4b, 0x76, 0x25, 0xbd,
+ 0xb0, 0x21, 0x54, 0x61, 0xda, 0x16, 0xd3, 0x23, 0x86,
+ 0x41, 0xa1, 0x4c, 0x59, 0x15, 0x95, 0x65, 0x85, 0xb6,
+ 0x8e, 0xa6, 0x37, 0xc0, 0xa2, 0x71, 0x1d, 0x67, 0x44,
+ 0x7b, 0xe5, 0x4c, 0x4f, 0xb6, 0x2c, 0x46, 0xf7, 0x29,
+ 0xa5, 0xf2, 0xd3, 0x51, 0x19, 0x91, 0x4d, 0xa7, 0xb5,
+ 0x05, 0xb9, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0xf8, 0xc0, 0x01, 0xe5,
+ 0x41, 0x0a, 0x89, 0x64, 0x77, 0xf2, 0xc8, 0x63, 0x2d,
+ 0x9d, 0x27, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x30, 0x39, 0xdf, 0xb6, 0x6e,
+ 0x4f, 0x00, 0x3f, 0x15, 0xc6, 0xaf, 0x62, 0xdf, 0x3f,
+ 0x47, 0xe8, 0x42, 0x90, 0x77, 0x23, 0x7a, 0xaa, 0x99,
+ 0x53, 0x03, 0x63, 0x60, 0x59, 0x07, 0x52, 0x3c, 0xb5,
+ 0x67, 0x59, 0xfe, 0x08, 0xe6, 0x43, 0x0f, 0x3b, 0x08,
+ 0x7c, 0xc7, 0x07, 0x3c, 0xfa, 0x65, 0xea, 0x69, 0x51,
+ 0x41, 0x31, 0xb3, 0x05, 0x69, 0xba, 0x2c, 0xbf, 0x89,
+ 0x25, 0x9e, 0xfe, 0x07, 0x13, 0x78, 0x0e, 0x16, 0x54,
+ 0xdf, 0x23, 0xdf, 0x10, 0x69, 0x79, 0xd0, 0x33, 0xd7,
+ 0x21, 0x8b, 0xc8, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x74, 0x0a, 0xfa, 0xb1,
+ 0x6f, 0xa3, 0xcb, 0x1d, 0xca, 0x4f, 0x00, 0x46, 0x6c,
+ 0x42, 0x09, 0xe0, 0x30, 0x89, 0x08, 0x33, 0x9b, 0x7b,
+ 0x7b, 0x0f, 0x69, 0x5c, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x91, 0xfc, 0xfe,
+ 0x22, 0x82, 0x02, 0xcd, 0xfa, 0x97, 0xe8, 0x28, 0x1d,
+ 0xbc, 0x13, 0x0b, 0xfd, 0x47, 0xa1, 0x7e, 0xa2, 0x86,
+ 0x4d, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x51, 0x35, 0x7d, 0x76, 0x8a, 0x58,
+ 0x05, 0xb6, 0x39, 0xa1, 0x2f, 0xd7, 0xda, 0xaf, 0x00,
+ 0xa0, 0x1a, 0x94, 0xd8, 0x23, 0x34, 0x99, 0x5c, 0xaf,
+ 0xcc, 0x15, 0x4b, 0x56, 0xb2, 0xd2, 0x81, 0x07, 0xd3,
+ 0xf3, 0x47, 0xa2, 0x45, 0x93, 0xcb, 0xae, 0xa7, 0x6b,
+ 0x3f, 0xf9, 0xea, 0xfc, 0x0e, 0x64, 0xf2, 0x93, 0x7f,
+ 0x24, 0x22, 0x73, 0x86, 0xc7, 0x2d, 0x75, 0x9b, 0x41,
+ 0x8b, 0xfb, 0x3b, 0x26, 0x2a, 0xe5, 0x0b, 0xd4, 0x00,
+ 0xe3, 0x2c, 0x69, 0x49, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x13, 0x58, 0x6e,
+ 0xac, 0x43, 0xe5, 0x2b, 0x3b, 0x88, 0xdc, 0xd4, 0x41,
+ 0xe8, 0xee, 0x4e, 0xc3, 0x28, 0x91, 0x17, 0x9a, 0x5a,
+ 0xdb, 0x80, 0x8b, 0x4d, 0x64, 0xcc, 0xbe, 0x66, 0xa4,
+ 0x62, 0xfb, 0x13, 0x44, 0x10, 0xd9, 0xe4, 0xd5, 0xa5,
+ 0xae, 0x9e, 0x42, 0x50, 0xfc, 0x78, 0xad, 0xfa, 0xc4,
+ 0xd0, 0x5a, 0x60, 0x9b, 0x45, 0x2b, 0x61, 0x5c, 0x57,
+ 0xb5, 0x92, 0x28, 0xe9, 0xf5, 0x35, 0x67, 0xc1, 0x5e,
+ 0xa8, 0x1c, 0x99, 0x36, 0x38, 0xb8, 0x5c, 0xff, 0x3d,
+ 0xa0, 0xfc, 0xb0, 0xbc, 0x3d, 0x2c, 0xb4, 0x36, 0x17,
+ 0xb4, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x39, 0x45, 0xa9, 0x2a, 0x6b, 0xa2,
+ 0x24, 0x44, 0x30, 0xab, 0x2c, 0x82, 0x36, 0xdc, 0xd6,
+ 0x36, 0x5d, 0x0a, 0xdc, 0xee, 0x0f, 0x2b, 0x28, 0x99,
+ 0xdc, 0x67, 0x0d, 0xea, 0x6e, 0x42, 0xb9, 0x45, 0x7f,
+ 0xd2, 0x96, 0x1e, 0x60, 0x42, 0xeb, 0x1e, 0x5f, 0x8e,
+ 0xa9, 0xdc, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xd6, 0xbd, 0x4e, 0x1f, 0x42,
+ 0x75, 0x1d, 0xe2, 0xc6, 0x11, 0xc9, 0x80, 0x1f, 0xfe,
+ 0x99, 0x52, 0x4d, 0x7b, 0x35, 0xf7, 0xb7, 0xc3, 0xee,
+ 0xd6, 0x94, 0xf5, 0x74, 0xa0, 0x69, 0xcd, 0x1f, 0x2b,
+ 0xd0, 0x87, 0xf7, 0x8c, 0x69, 0xc5, 0x96, 0x70, 0x91,
+ 0xe8, 0x3d, 0xd2, 0xcc, 0xf1, 0x4c, 0xcd, 0xe2, 0x14,
+ 0x00, 0x10, 0x4a, 0xd9, 0x6a, 0x5d, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x4b,
+ 0x79, 0x0c, 0xc4, 0x78, 0x5e, 0xc8, 0xc5, 0x37, 0x74,
+ 0x6d, 0x50, 0x5c, 0x34, 0x1f, 0xe0, 0xf4, 0xe3, 0xe1,
+ 0x86, 0x68, 0xb1, 0xea, 0x70, 0xf0, 0xae, 0xe4, 0x59,
+ 0xa1, 0x08, 0x7e, 0x35, 0xa3, 0x16, 0xd2, 0xb0, 0xa3,
+ 0xd4, 0xb0, 0x74, 0x8c, 0x05, 0x79, 0x73, 0xfb, 0xe6,
+ 0x65, 0x96, 0x15, 0x07, 0xd5, 0xaf, 0x88, 0x9e, 0x6b,
+ 0xf0, 0xbb, 0x3f, 0xe6, 0xd1, 0x6a, 0xe7, 0xc9, 0xae,
+ 0xd9, 0xb0, 0x16, 0x1c, 0x40, 0xeb, 0xdb, 0xc1, 0xbf,
+ 0x83, 0xdb, 0x8a, 0x4f, 0x96, 0xca, 0xd7, 0x22, 0x06,
+ 0x87, 0x08, 0x9d, 0x65, 0x2f, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x95, 0x6c,
+ 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x76, 0x2a, 0xea, 0x5c, 0x8e, 0x5b, 0x17,
+ 0x0f, 0x75, 0x7b, 0xfa, 0xf9, 0xfb, 0xaa, 0x92, 0xc7,
+ 0x7e, 0x63, 0x63, 0x54, 0xa4, 0xff, 0xf6, 0xc0, 0xc0,
+ 0xf5, 0x70, 0xd8, 0xe3, 0xa4, 0x79, 0x16, 0xf0, 0x6f,
+ 0x90, 0x5e, 0xb7, 0xab, 0x6f, 0xab, 0x75, 0x3b, 0xe1,
+ 0x4c, 0xa8, 0x0b, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x5f, 0x11, 0x22, 0x36,
+ 0x71, 0x20, 0xd3, 0x5b, 0x5e, 0x07, 0x06, 0x76, 0x1a,
+ 0xcc, 0x5e, 0x7c, 0x97, 0x7d, 0xb2, 0x6b, 0xf8, 0x39,
+ 0x89, 0x37, 0xb6, 0x6d, 0xea, 0x74, 0x57, 0x28, 0xd7,
+ 0x0e, 0x9b, 0xeb, 0x28, 0x88, 0x90, 0xfd, 0x2d, 0x16,
+ 0x21, 0x74, 0x26, 0xc5, 0xb8, 0x44, 0xad, 0x9f, 0x97,
+ 0xf9, 0x65, 0x36, 0xd8, 0x00, 0x59, 0x17, 0x49, 0xf9,
+ 0xc7, 0xb3, 0x84, 0xb9, 0xe2, 0x95, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0x7f,
+ 0x5f, 0xaa, 0xd7, 0xfd, 0x6a, 0x6a, 0x83, 0x14, 0x46,
+ 0x1d, 0x12, 0x8d, 0x09, 0xc3, 0xa5, 0xca, 0x72, 0xa3,
+ 0x25, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x40, 0x25, 0x04, 0x51, 0xab, 0x22,
+ 0xeb, 0xd7, 0x69, 0xc9, 0x22, 0x9c, 0xa0, 0x19, 0x5c,
+ 0x1a, 0xfd, 0x41, 0x8f, 0x98, 0xc5, 0x71, 0xb8, 0x6f,
+ 0x76, 0xae, 0xfa, 0x9b, 0x03, 0xab, 0x43, 0x81, 0x3b,
+ 0x66, 0xae, 0xf0, 0xd2, 0xb7, 0xee, 0x9a, 0xe3, 0xae,
+ 0x45, 0xc1, 0x86, 0xb0, 0xce, 0x9e, 0x2b, 0xec, 0xb8,
+ 0xcf, 0xca, 0x0e, 0x8c, 0x33, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xef, 0xf7,
+ 0xfc, 0xa1, 0x41, 0x49, 0xd3, 0x6d, 0xb5, 0x58, 0xe4,
+ 0x0e, 0x24, 0xd2, 0x8a, 0x74, 0xc9, 0x56, 0x2e, 0x53,
+ 0xc7, 0x7a, 0x38, 0x0f, 0x4b, 0xd9, 0xf9, 0x2f, 0xfa,
+ 0x7d, 0xee, 0x14, 0x18, 0xce, 0x75, 0x42, 0x6c, 0x03,
+ 0x34, 0xce, 0x80, 0xec, 0xf2, 0x05, 0xf0, 0xdf, 0xcd,
+ 0xf8, 0xdb, 0x26, 0x7d, 0xb6, 0x3d, 0x28, 0x24, 0x7e,
+ 0x7e, 0x39, 0x9f, 0xa6, 0xc6, 0xeb, 0x2a, 0xc8, 0x17,
+ 0x94, 0xa9, 0x89, 0xf5, 0xdf, 0xcb, 0x77, 0xfd, 0xc9,
+ 0x9e, 0x68, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x04, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x64, 0x1d,
+ 0x66, 0xb0, 0x97, 0x06, 0xb6, 0x08, 0x5b, 0xe4, 0x17,
+ 0x44, 0xd6, 0x94, 0x39, 0x6b, 0x03, 0x2c, 0xcb, 0x5a,
+ 0x8d, 0x86, 0x08, 0x23, 0x4f, 0x95, 0xa8, 0x1a,
+ },
+ .msg_len = 64,
+ .msg =
+ (const u8[64]) {
+ 0x1a, 0x84, 0x21, 0x0d, 0x35, 0x7a, 0x88, 0xc8,
+ 0x6a, 0x11, 0xe3, 0x15, 0x24, 0xec, 0x0d, 0x2e,
+ 0x76, 0xb9, 0xcf, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x25, 0x16, 0xae,
+ 0x62, 0x42, 0xa0, 0x20, 0x68, 0x25, 0x3e, 0xb4,
+ 0x75, 0xa7, 0x1d, 0x64, 0xc3, 0xd1, 0x08, 0x07,
+ 0x67, 0xb6, 0xf7, 0x76, 0x76, 0xf6, 0xd6, 0x62,
+ 0x66, 0x04, 0x89, 0x0c, 0x8f, 0x07, 0xac, 0xc8,
+ 0x51, 0x77, 0xd9, 0x47, 0x5e, 0xb5, 0x22, 0x20,
+ },
+ .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .sig =
+ (const u8[MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE]) {
+ 0xda, 0xcf, 0x8d, 0x67, 0x59, 0x60, 0x6c, 0x39, 0x2d,
+ 0x89, 0xb6, 0xa1, 0xf3, 0x8c, 0x70, 0xcf, 0x25, 0x86,
+ 0x21, 0xa1, 0x9f, 0x20, 0x9e, 0xf5, 0xd2, 0xdd, 0xbd,
+ 0x99, 0xfa, 0xe4, 0xab, 0x77, 0x31, 0x65, 0x18, 0xa1,
+ 0xd1, 0x3f, 0x21, 0x70, 0x36, 0xe1, 0xf9, 0x5c, 0x28,
+ 0xb6, 0x7d, 0x34, 0xae, 0x66, 0xc9, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0xc6,
+ 0xf9, 0x45, 0x8c, 0xa9, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0x0f, 0x5b, 0xb8,
+ 0xf9, 0xf5, 0xe2, 0x37, 0x79, 0x12, 0xda, 0xa7, 0x72,
+ 0x9e, 0x0d, 0xf8, 0x88, 0x5b, 0x34, 0x49, 0x6c, 0xed,
+ 0xa3, 0x7f, 0x86, 0xd3, 0xd9, 0x2f, 0x44, 0x08, 0x0d,
+ 0xb7, 0xdb, 0x4a, 0xce, 0x02, 0x14, 0x02, 0xd6, 0x40,
+ 0x75, 0xe3, 0xc0, 0x97, 0xfc, 0x6c, 0x6a, 0x88, 0x29,
+ 0x0c, 0xe2, 0x3a, 0x2b, 0x28, 0x82, 0x8f, 0x27, 0x09,
+ 0x69, 0x91, 0xc6, 0xc3, 0xb7, 0x07, 0x61, 0x86, 0x8d,
+ 0x89, 0x8a, 0xd5, 0x00, 0x3b, 0x4b, 0xfc, 0x6f, 0xb3,
+ 0x3f, 0x4c, 0x93, 0x31, 0xfc, 0x88, 0x53, 0x26, 0xea,
+ 0xe5, 0x3a, 0xfc, 0xc1, 0x59, 0x16, 0xf0, 0xb7, 0xac,
+ 0xde, 0x1e, 0xd8, 0x74, 0x85, 0x72, 0xd9, 0xbb, 0xbe,
+ 0x76, 0x32, 0x25, 0x9d, 0x21, 0xbc, 0xfd, 0x8d, 0x32,
+ 0xfe, 0xae, 0x24, 0xe5, 0x4a, 0xcc, 0x5d, 0x15, 0x23,
+ 0xd3, 0x57, 0xe7, 0xa9, 0x2c, 0x31, 0xd7, 0xc5, 0x6b,
+ 0x70, 0x6c, 0x22, 0x5a, 0x13, 0x1f, 0x76, 0x13, 0x78,
+ 0x6f, 0xac, 0x42, 0x4c, 0x46, 0x81, 0xa2, 0x20, 0x91,
+ 0x30, 0xed, 0xcb, 0x90, 0xfe, 0x3c, 0xa3, 0xc7, 0xb4,
+ 0x1f, 0x21, 0x1d, 0x98, 0x74, 0x6a, 0x3e, 0xc8, 0xcc,
+ 0xd2, 0x68, 0x87, 0x69, 0xa9, 0xdf, 0x50, 0xd5, 0x0a,
+ 0x8e, 0x10, 0x54, 0xab, 0xea, 0x65, 0x2a, 0x52, 0xd7,
+ 0x22, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x1e, 0xc3, 0x16, 0x58, 0x20, 0x18,
+ 0x6d, 0x35, 0x46, 0x31, 0x43, 0x5d, 0x62, 0xfb, 0xb1,
+ 0x47, 0x32, 0xfa, 0x14, 0xcc, 0x51, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0x99,
+ 0x4f, 0x97, 0x0f, 0xca, 0x24, 0x93, 0x17, 0xea, 0xa3,
+ 0xf3, 0x1f, 0xbe, 0xb5, 0xa3, 0xac, 0x80, 0xcc, 0x20,
+ 0x3b, 0xa6, 0xd3, 0x32, 0x72, 0x4e, 0xd9, 0x25, 0xf9,
+ 0xc2, 0x24, 0x15, 0xbd, 0x1e, 0x1e, 0x41, 0x8c, 0x18,
+ 0x8c, 0x58, 0xe8, 0x75, 0x20, 0xff, 0xa3, 0xf4, 0xd4,
+ 0xab, 0x75, 0x78, 0x4e, 0xbb, 0x7c, 0x94, 0x93, 0x28,
+ 0x5b, 0x07, 0x3a, 0x3c, 0xc9, 0xf1, 0x55, 0x3e, 0x33,
+ 0xed, 0xf8, 0x72, 0x55, 0xab, 0x5a, 0xea, 0xbe, 0x65,
+ 0xfa, 0x81, 0x50, 0xc0, 0x9d, 0x2d, 0xfb, 0x04, 0x25,
+ 0x7c, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xe2, 0xa3, 0x00, 0x44, 0xd3, 0x9d,
+ 0xee, 0x4f, 0x80, 0x77, 0xfb, 0x26, 0x6b, 0x07, 0xd0,
+ 0xff, 0x82, 0x39, 0x0e, 0x2b, 0x47, 0xa3, 0xe7, 0x3e,
+ 0xc5, 0x4e, 0x15, 0x8a, 0x48, 0x28, 0xfb, 0xf7, 0xa4,
+ 0x86, 0xfb, 0x77, 0x60, 0xcd, 0xc5, 0x68, 0x96, 0xd7,
+ 0x4c, 0x3c, 0xf2, 0x51, 0x71, 0x79, 0x2e, 0x2e, 0x57,
+ 0x10, 0xa7, 0xfc, 0xd1, 0xd4, 0x61, 0x71, 0x81, 0x85,
+ 0x74, 0x09, 0x7d, 0x80, 0xd0, 0xc2, 0xe9, 0xff, 0xb7,
+ 0x88, 0x53, 0x74, 0x1e, 0xb0, 0xca, 0x65, 0x48, 0x8e,
+ 0xdb, 0x59, 0x3a, 0xcb, 0x80, 0xeb, 0xfd, 0xd2, 0xc9,
+ 0x38, 0x43, 0xae, 0x76, 0xf2, 0xbb, 0x51, 0xb2, 0xcb,
+ 0xe6, 0x85, 0x31, 0xb5, 0x62, 0xd4, 0x5e, 0x48, 0x08,
+ 0xf1, 0x40, 0x5b, 0x16, 0x83, 0x5e, 0xa5, 0x9c, 0x6b,
+ 0x91, 0x49, 0x44, 0xff, 0x3b, 0xa9, 0x2b, 0xf3, 0x06,
+ 0x33, 0x9e, 0x6e, 0x3c, 0x66, 0x7e, 0x27, 0xa2, 0x59,
+ 0x7b, 0xe3, 0xb6, 0xb4, 0x28, 0xeb, 0x93, 0x35, 0x87,
+ 0xac, 0x0e, 0x0b, 0x7e, 0xbc, 0x35, 0x28, 0x72, 0x1f,
+ 0x26, 0x59, 0xd0, 0x1f, 0x63, 0xe4, 0x86, 0x5d, 0x70,
+ 0xf3, 0xa8, 0xa4, 0xb8, 0xcd, 0xb3, 0xf8, 0x8d, 0xaa,
+ 0x41, 0xd2, 0xcc, 0x0b, 0x15, 0x66, 0x22, 0x83, 0x92,
+ 0xe3, 0x0b, 0xf9, 0xea, 0xa0, 0x33, 0xa1, 0x4e, 0x92,
+ 0xae, 0x81, 0x95, 0xa4, 0x58, 0x3f, 0xa9, 0x15, 0x52,
+ 0xf9, 0xda, 0xb7, 0x10, 0x8d, 0xc6, 0xab, 0x77, 0xe9,
+ 0xbe, 0xad, 0xc9, 0x3a, 0x6a, 0x8d, 0x92, 0x6c, 0x69,
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+ 0x65, 0xdf, 0x96, 0x6c, 0xfd, 0xb7, 0x80, 0xfb, 0x47,
+ 0xba, 0x6e, 0x43, 0xb3, 0x7e, 0x86, 0xc9, 0x97, 0x45,
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+ 0x35, 0x73, 0xeb, 0x85, 0x63, 0x8c, 0x3a, 0xb8, 0xbc,
+ 0x25, 0x6a, 0x8d, 0xaf, 0xd2, 0xfb, 0xef, 0xd3, 0x12,
+ 0x93, 0x0b, 0x39, 0xfa, 0x66, 0xbe, 0x3b, 0xfd, 0x6c,
+ 0x0b, 0xbb, 0xb2, 0x5a, 0x78, 0xa1, 0xcf, 0x8c, 0x7d,
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+ 0x42, 0xd4, 0xf8, 0xd8, 0xba, 0xad, 0x0a, 0x6e, 0x62,
+ 0xd4, 0xe1, 0x6a, 0xcc, 0xea, 0x09, 0x91, 0x8e, 0x62,
+ 0xc9, 0x1e, 0x9e, 0x48, 0xaa, 0xde, 0xf7, 0xa2, 0x5a,
+ 0xcb, 0x83, 0x20, 0xe8, 0xf5, 0xd1, 0xfe, 0x9d, 0x18,
+ 0x2f, 0xd6, 0xf8, 0x97, 0x17, 0xce, 0xc2, 0x05, 0x08,
+ 0xef, 0x61, 0x70, 0x9d, 0x95, 0x79, 0x59, 0x4c, 0x06,
+ 0x24, 0x3d, 0x24, 0x69, 0xff, 0x46, 0xda, 0xbc, 0x71,
+ 0x7a, 0x74, 0x93, 0x58, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x91, 0xfb, 0x66,
+ 0xed, 0x78, 0x8f, 0xf8, 0x28, 0xa8, 0x1d, 0xa5, 0x3a,
+ 0x13, 0x76, 0xc2, 0xcc, 0xba, 0xb9, 0x56, 0x29, 0x74,
+ 0xd6, 0x14, 0x75, 0x58, 0xe6, 0x2e, 0x79, 0x6e, 0x9d,
+ 0x41, 0x94, 0x8a, 0xcf, 0xf1, 0xb1, 0xe0, 0x36, 0xe5,
+ 0x89, 0x9a, 0x95, 0xa1, 0x11, 0xd1, 0xbe, 0x45, 0xe4,
+ 0xb3, 0xb0, 0x62, 0x32, 0x1d, 0xba, 0xe0, 0xde, 0x57,
+ 0x81, 0x0e, 0x01, 0x9b, 0x52, 0x3d, 0xd5, 0xde, 0x3b,
+ 0x3a, 0xdd, 0x8f, 0xe3, 0x2e, 0xce, 0x1e, 0x89, 0x4d,
+ 0x81, 0xf0, 0xf6, 0x20, 0x63, 0x7a, 0x4c, 0xbb, 0x66,
+ 0xe0, 0xbe, 0x2b, 0xee, 0xd0, 0x3b, 0x60, 0x1e, 0x65,
+ 0xd1, 0x2c, 0x7c, 0x5c, 0x6c, 0x16, 0x5b, 0x90, 0xc8,
+ 0x05, 0x10, 0xf2, 0xde, 0x33, 0x90, 0x35, 0x69, 0x24,
+ 0x3f, 0xc1, 0x8f, 0x1e, 0x4a, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x03, 0x65,
+ 0x46, 0x40, 0x76, 0xe9, 0x83, 0x97, 0xda, 0x0b, 0xb8,
+ 0x22, 0xfa, 0x55, 0x99, 0xfd, 0x18, 0x24, 0xd2, 0x66,
+ 0xb0, 0x7b, 0x70, 0x56, 0x93, 0xad, 0x09, 0x95, 0x8e,
+ 0x1f, 0x2f, 0xe8, 0x12, 0x55, 0xd4, 0x1f, 0xde, 0x09,
+ 0x85, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xd5, 0x10, 0x2c, 0x8c, 0x6b, 0x53,
+ 0x28, 0xce, 0x06, 0xc5, 0x52, 0x0f, 0xfa, 0x09, 0x09,
+ 0x23, 0x1b, 0xe3, 0xbf, 0xb1, 0x89, 0x72, 0x26, 0x0d,
+ 0xa6, 0xbb, 0x7d, 0x9e, 0xdc, 0xf8, 0xf5, 0x0b, 0x8c,
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+ 0x3b, 0x6e, 0xe5, 0xe5, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0xff,
+ 0xa9, 0x57, 0x4a, 0x84, 0x85, 0x82, 0xac, 0x00, 0x50,
+ 0xa3, 0x4f, 0x87, 0xfe, 0x2a, 0x40, 0x52, 0x54, 0x81,
+ 0x69, 0x42, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0xd7, 0x18, 0x98, 0x01, 0x8c,
+ 0x5a, 0xa2, 0xf4, 0xe8, 0x61, 0xd1, 0x38, 0xfd, 0x0f,
+ 0x63, 0x75, 0xd3, 0x4b, 0x1d, 0xdc, 0xdf, 0xb2, 0xeb,
+ 0x94, 0x97, 0x5c, 0x2a, 0xb4, 0x12, 0x5c, 0x49, 0x2b,
+ 0xfc, 0xd0, 0x8d, 0xfb, 0xe7, 0xb3, 0xcb, 0x0f, 0x3c,
+ 0x2e, 0x04, 0x36, 0xa8, 0x03, 0xc9, 0xd7, 0x11, 0x2d,
+ 0x2a, 0x93, 0xff, 0xda, 0x26, 0xb0, 0x54, 0x7e, 0xaf,
+ 0x30, 0x7d, 0xce, 0x46, 0x8a, 0x3d, 0x7c, 0xa4, 0x7a,
+ 0x2c, 0xfa, 0xba, 0xa1, 0xc9, 0x41, 0xd3, 0xb8, 0x84,
+ 0x03, 0x78, 0xdd, 0xe9, 0x57, 0x19, 0x62, 0x62, 0xff,
+ 0x5b, 0x3b, 0x48, 0x62, 0x0e, 0xee, 0x19, 0xb0, 0x32,
+ 0x6e, 0x6a, 0x07, 0xd8, 0x4e, 0x25, 0x76, 0xa7, 0xe3,
+ 0x98, 0xa1, 0x6f, 0xb6, 0x99, 0x32, 0x67, 0x7d, 0x46,
+ 0x42, 0x4a, 0x82, 0xd1, 0x29, 0x1b, 0x87, 0xeb, 0x4b,
+ 0x9e, 0xdf, 0x69, 0x75, 0xbd, 0x4f, 0xd3, 0xde, 0xc9,
+ 0x83, 0xe6, 0xd6, 0xea, 0x03, 0x81, 0x12, 0xf3, 0x5d,
+ 0x99, 0xf1, 0xb1, 0xd9, 0x3e, 0xbe, 0xf3, 0xa8, 0xdc,
+ 0xb6, 0xf8, 0x4b, 0x9e, 0x26, 0x3f, 0xf0, 0x7c, 0xb3,
+ 0xf4, 0xca, 0x00, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0xe5, 0x43, 0xa1, 0xfd,
+ 0x3a, 0xf8, 0x8e, 0xe3, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xc5, 0x44, 0xfd,
+ 0x24, 0x69, 0x76, 0xd5, 0xcb, 0xdc, 0x9d, 0x12, 0xf3,
+ 0x13, 0x7e, 0xe7, 0xc3, 0xa8, 0x6a, 0xb2, 0xe0, 0xb3,
+ 0x1d, 0xab, 0x3b, 0xc9, 0x77, 0x3d, 0x0f, 0xc3, 0xbe,
+ 0x4b, 0x8b, 0x28, 0xbd, 0x7c, 0xe6, 0xb2, 0x06, 0x1f,
+ 0xf9, 0x8f, 0x16, 0x62, 0xbf, 0xc7, 0x55, 0x73, 0xd4,
+ 0xf1, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x80, 0xa3, 0x4e, 0xaa, 0x60, 0x17,
+ 0x3c, 0xc9, 0x5e, 0xd4, 0x0c, 0x56, 0x7a, 0x77, 0x8e,
+ 0x7f, 0x67, 0x08, 0x2f, 0xd9, 0x21, 0x19, 0xfd, 0x86,
+ 0x8c, 0x23, 0x8d, 0xf6, 0x92, 0x1f, 0x36, 0x2c, 0x7c,
+ 0x83, 0xbd, 0x2f, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x7c, 0xb7, 0x93, 0x74,
+ 0x1b, 0xc2, 0x95, 0x34, 0x26, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x87, 0x3a,
+ 0xb6, 0xe2, 0x39, 0x71, 0x9b, 0x20, 0xcd, 0x63, 0xf0,
+ 0xbf, 0x48, 0xb5, 0x0e, 0x49, 0x86, 0x50, 0x80, 0xbd,
+ 0xd6, 0x0e, 0xab, 0xd5, 0x69, 0x1b, 0xa4, 0xb3, 0x63,
+ 0x3c, 0x8f, 0xcb, 0x42, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0x1a, 0xf4, 0xdf,
+ 0x9e, 0x25, 0xfc, 0xd4, 0x00, 0xcb, 0xec, 0x57, 0x69,
+ 0x30, 0x15, 0x4d, 0x7a, 0x69, 0x28, 0x2f, 0x2b, 0x34,
+ 0x26, 0xd1, 0xe7, 0x01, 0x42, 0x5e, 0x02, 0xe2, 0x75,
+ 0xe8, 0x52, 0x8a, 0xb4, 0x71, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0x3d, 0xe6,
+ 0xac, 0xeb, 0xf3, 0x93, 0xe0, 0x37, 0xcd, 0x66, 0x92,
+ 0x66, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0x4b, 0xd6, 0x3c, 0xf1, 0x57, 0xe5,
+ 0xcf, 0xf5, 0xd0, 0xdb, 0x0e, 0x1f, 0x82, 0x65, 0x3b,
+ 0xab, 0x69, 0x42, 0x53, 0x7d, 0xa4, 0x7c, 0xb7, 0x86,
+ 0xeb, 0x23, 0x45, 0xa8, 0x4a, 0x73, 0xfc, 0x38, 0xc6,
+ 0xe5, 0x2c, 0xab, 0x80, 0xfb, 0x23, 0xb2, 0x0c, 0x53,
+ 0x28, 0x21, 0x37, 0x54, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x51, 0x0f, 0x44,
+ 0x50, 0xd3, 0xe1, 0xd5, 0xb2, 0x27, 0x83, 0xb6, 0xe9,
+ 0x4d, 0x64, 0x5c, 0x17, 0x0f, 0xe0, 0x13, 0xe4, 0x26,
+ 0x6b, 0xd0, 0xd8, 0x25, 0xe3, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x95, 0x3f,
+ 0x4a, 0x4e, 0xa0, 0x58, 0xbc, 0x28, 0x47, 0x8b, 0x68,
+ 0xe4, 0x41, 0x90, 0x46, 0x1b, 0x84, 0xa0, 0x7b, 0x46,
+ 0x46, 0x03, 0xee, 0x21, 0x0d, 0x34, 0xed, 0xff, 0x15,
+ 0x57, 0x06, 0xdf, 0x71, 0x09, 0xb2, 0x66, 0x0d, 0x6e,
+ 0xcc, 0xa5, 0x0c, 0xaf, 0x3f, 0x24, 0x8f, 0xd1, 0xc8,
+ 0x44, 0x86, 0xaf, 0xbf, 0xeb, 0x2f, 0xb9, 0xee, 0xa7,
+ 0xcf, 0xe4, 0xe8, 0xec, 0x47, 0x09, 0xd8, 0x95, 0x9e,
+ 0x3c, 0xda, 0x92, 0x41, 0x61, 0xf5, 0xc3, 0xec, 0x00,
+ 0xe4, 0xa3, 0x0d, 0x4a, 0xb3, 0xf6, 0x82, 0x05, 0x38,
+ 0x70, 0x6a, 0xd1, 0x28, 0x2c, 0xb3, 0xc6, 0xbb, 0x38,
+ 0xb3, 0x06, 0x7f, 0xd6, 0x4c, 0xe7, 0xfb, 0xef, 0x0d,
+ 0x52, 0x66, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0xa6, 0x6f, 0xe8, 0xd9, 0x42,
+ 0x4f, 0xad, 0xe8, 0xe8, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0xe9, 0x42, 0xd9,
+ 0x66, 0x6e, 0xec, 0xfe, 0xf5, 0x91, 0xbf, 0x0a, 0x98,
+ 0xd8, 0x7b, 0x23, 0x12, 0xa6, 0x04, 0xa8, 0xb3, 0x61,
+ 0x13, 0x65, 0xc0, 0xe2, 0x82, 0xb9, 0xb2, 0x38, 0x07,
+ 0x06, 0xca, 0x64, 0x6c, 0x23, 0x93, 0x60, 0x1d, 0x4d,
+ 0x38, 0x5e, 0x8e, 0x90, 0x16, 0x4a, 0xfd, 0xb3, 0xcd,
+ 0x84, 0x9c, 0xa5, 0xfa, 0x73, 0x2d, 0xcb, 0x87, 0x31,
+ 0x3d, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0xeb, 0xa7, 0x56, 0x2f, 0x5b, 0x95,
+ 0x9a, 0xc6, 0x82, 0x29, 0x86, 0x47, 0xe2, 0xc2, 0x84,
+ 0x01, 0xaf, 0xc8, 0x0b, 0x2d, 0xfb, 0x34, 0xba, 0x5d,
+ 0x9d, 0xd1, 0x85, 0xd5, 0x1e, 0x63, 0xcb, 0x3c, 0xa8,
+ 0xfa, 0x79, 0xef, 0x12, 0xa6, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xc5, 0x1d,
+ 0x6a, 0xa7, 0x54, 0x58, 0x0c, 0xbe, 0x61, 0xe5, 0x96,
+ 0x7f, 0x4a, 0x3b, 0x59, 0x32, 0x2d, 0x06, 0x44, 0x83,
+ 0x5c, 0xad, 0xe9, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0xd7, 0x5b, 0x34, 0xa1,
+ 0xa3, 0xad, 0x9a, 0xbf, 0xd5, 0x30, 0xf0, 0x22, 0xfc,
+ 0x94, 0x7f, 0xd4, 0xa4, 0xca, 0x88, 0x31, 0xe7, 0xf2,
+ 0x89, 0x2d, 0xda, 0xe6, 0x91, 0xa6, 0x27, 0x22, 0x74,
+ 0x9f, 0xc6, 0x72, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0xa9, 0xfe, 0x7a, 0xf0,
+ 0xa8, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x9f, 0xe9, 0x2a, 0x9b, 0x23, 0x9e,
+ 0xb8, 0x2b, 0x29, 0x65, 0xa7, 0x5d, 0xbd, 0x10, 0xe4,
+ 0x56, 0x02, 0x94, 0xdd, 0xd1, 0xab, 0x9b, 0x82, 0x2d,
+ 0x8d, 0xf6, 0xd3, 0x65, 0x63, 0x4a, 0xc4, 0x86, 0x61,
+ 0x37, 0x9f, 0xdb, 0x4b, 0x34, 0x20, 0x0a, 0xca, 0x45,
+ 0x6c, 0x06, 0xc4, 0x9c, 0x74, 0x4d, 0x83, 0x6a, 0x8d,
+ 0xad, 0xc6, 0x61, 0x3a, 0x8d, 0xde, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0x8e,
+ 0x33, 0xa2, 0xee, 0x99, 0xc7, 0xe4, 0x52, 0xb2, 0x44,
+ 0x6f, 0x2f, 0x0f, 0x41, 0xa9, 0x1a, 0xd3, 0x96, 0x42,
+ 0xc6, 0x49, 0x12, 0x6a, 0xf0, 0x29, 0xa9, 0x0c, 0x9c,
+ 0x50, 0x5d, 0x1d, 0xd1, 0x42, 0x7e, 0x6f, 0x36, 0x48,
+ 0x0f, 0x58, 0x14, 0x94, 0xc0, 0x10, 0x1e, 0xe0, 0xb2,
+ 0xdd, 0xba, 0x57, 0x91, 0x4d, 0xd5, 0xdc, 0xa6, 0x4c,
+ 0x68, 0x00, 0x6c, 0xb3, 0x5d, 0x32, 0x13, 0xbe, 0xa8,
+ 0xc3, 0xfb, 0xd4, 0x19, 0x40, 0xf5, 0x6f, 0x63, 0xa1,
+ 0x07, 0xbf, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0xfc, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0xa1, 0x33,
+ 0x70, 0x07, 0x6d, 0xc5, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x39, 0xd6, 0xd7,
+ 0x76, 0x6c, 0xfa, 0x1f, 0x04, 0xd6, 0x23, 0xbf, 0x66,
+ 0x78, 0x92, 0x00, 0x11, 0x8a, 0x75, 0x67, 0x44, 0xa6,
+ 0x7c, 0xd0, 0x14, 0xe6, 0xd0, 0x31, 0x6d, 0xdb, 0xc5,
+ 0xb1, 0xa7, 0x99, 0xc3, 0xaf, 0x18, 0x7a, 0x26, 0x46,
+ 0xad, 0x6d, 0x0c, 0xb6, 0xb5, 0xad, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0x60,
+ 0x99, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0x88, 0xaf, 0x0e, 0x37, 0x15, 0xf9,
+ 0x2b, 0x1a, 0x5f, 0xfb, 0xc9, 0xf8, 0xd4, 0xf0, 0x97,
+ 0xd2, 0x91, 0xf4, 0x94, 0xa2, 0xd3, 0x3b, 0x8b, 0x0c,
+ 0x22, 0xa0, 0xac, 0xb3, 0xb5, 0xdf, 0xf2, 0x27, 0x38,
+ 0x47, 0x53, 0x5b, 0x6e, 0x8f, 0x98, 0x9e, 0xad, 0xb6,
+ 0xf5, 0x0e, 0x17, 0x20, 0x35, 0x54, 0x6b, 0x73, 0xa6,
+ 0x64, 0x65, 0xac, 0xb8, 0xc1, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0x07, 0x82,
+ 0x93, 0x9d, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xe9, 0x0c, 0x51, 0x52, 0x85,
+ 0x8b, 0x95, 0xa6, 0xb1, 0xce, 0xdc, 0xfa, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x08, 0x14, 0x1c, 0x23, 0x2a, 0x35,
+ },
+};
+
+static const struct mldsa_testvector mldsa87_testvector = {
+ .alg = MLDSA87,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .pk =
+ (const u8[MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE]) {
+ 0xd4, 0x9d, 0xdc, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0xa5, 0x87, 0xa5, 0x54,
+ 0x61, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xe0, 0x11, 0xc9, 0x1c, 0x78, 0x0a,
+ 0xf1, 0x8a, 0xa8, 0xb2, 0xff, 0xb2, 0x9a, 0x2c, 0xe0,
+ 0x86, 0x5c, 0xaa, 0x86, 0xe0, 0xd9, 0x42, 0x54, 0x18,
+ 0x3e, 0x4c, 0x96, 0x1a, 0xb4, 0xc7, 0x18, 0xcf, 0x7d,
+ 0xca, 0xe2, 0x74, 0x6c, 0x81, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0xf8, 0x7b,
+ 0xc4, 0x90, 0x50, 0xd5, 0xe8, 0xd3, 0xbc, 0x8b, 0xa8,
+ 0x3e, 0xb0, 0x96, 0x65, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xa9, 0xab, 0x9c,
+ 0x82, 0x5e, 0x6e, 0x8d, 0xf8, 0xc3, 0x6d, 0xe9, 0xbf,
+ 0xbd, 0x30, 0xc9, 0xca, 0x47, 0x85, 0xae, 0x6f, 0x5d,
+ 0x09, 0x4d, 0xd7, 0xdd, 0x05, 0x51, 0xe0, 0x9e, 0x94,
+ 0x3b, 0x1d, 0xfa, 0x30, 0x57, 0xdc, 0x58, 0x48, 0xe5,
+ 0x45, 0xf3, 0x34, 0x8a, 0x73, 0x66, 0x8a, 0xe0, 0x62,
+ 0x3d, 0x0d, 0xfb, 0x13, 0x52, 0x25, 0xf5, 0xd3, 0x94,
+ 0x15, 0x9d, 0xac, 0x6a, 0x74, 0x8a, 0x64, 0x91, 0x5b,
+ 0xa3, 0xe2, 0xd0, 0x5c, 0xd2, 0xee, 0x52, 0xc0, 0x0c,
+ 0x6c, 0x81, 0x34, 0x94, 0xfb, 0x87, 0xf6, 0x6b, 0x0f,
+ 0x7e, 0x99, 0xa7, 0xaf, 0xb3, 0x74, 0xa7, 0xb6, 0x64,
+ 0xd7, 0x36, 0x39, 0x3f, 0x7d, 0x0e, 0xc3, 0x76, 0xb3,
+ 0x3a, 0xc9, 0x94, 0x6f, 0xc0, 0xaa, 0x92, 0x2a, 0xf1,
+ 0x38, 0x8c, 0x62, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xbe, 0x8d, 0x32, 0xec,
+ 0x05, 0xb9, 0x8d, 0xb0, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x8d, 0x61, 0xfa,
+ 0x79, 0x55, 0x1d, 0xf2, 0xc3, 0x19, 0x15, 0x3b, 0x26,
+ 0xef, 0xe5, 0xf3, 0x29, 0xa1, 0x13, 0x60, 0x68, 0xd3,
+ 0x22, 0x57, 0xcd, 0x99, 0xe6, 0x22, 0x54, 0xdf, 0x02,
+ 0xe4, 0xd5, 0xd2, 0x66, 0xce, 0x5a, 0x90, 0x13, 0x7e,
+ 0x7c, 0xad, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0xb6, 0x93, 0x65, 0xda, 0x4b,
+ 0xb6, 0x13, 0x0e, 0x1b, 0x36, 0xaa, 0x2c, 0xbd, 0x60,
+ 0x57, 0x98, 0x35, 0xa9, 0xe9, 0xad, 0xc5, 0x8e, 0x33,
+ 0x47, 0x00, 0xe9, 0xf2, 0x1b, 0xe7, 0x5a, 0xd0, 0x55,
+ 0x3b, 0x0e, 0x77, 0x09, 0x7e, 0x1f, 0x11, 0x0b, 0xf0,
+ 0xe4, 0x07, 0x27, 0xe7, 0x72, 0xe9, 0x50, 0x9c, 0x9c,
+ 0x84, 0xb0, 0x5c, 0xe0, 0x13, 0x79, 0xfa, 0x3f, 0x80,
+ 0x96, 0xe2, 0x04, 0xde, 0x35, 0x5f, 0xa4, 0x4e, 0x8a,
+ 0x12, 0x7a, 0xba, 0x53, 0x20, 0x36, 0x3d, 0xf0, 0x63,
+ 0xb6, 0x14, 0xab, 0xce, 0x6b, 0x24, 0xfd, 0xc9, 0xd2,
+ 0x52, 0xd9, 0xc0, 0x40, 0xdf, 0xdd, 0xd5, 0xc2, 0xa0,
+ 0xf5, 0x74, 0x46, 0x17, 0xdc, 0xf5, 0x81, 0x68, 0xbd,
+ 0x1a, 0x01, 0x33, 0xd0, 0x2f, 0xdc, 0x3a, 0x43, 0x4a,
+ 0x08, 0x07, 0x98, 0x9f, 0x75, 0x5d, 0x70, 0x15, 0x1d,
+ 0x58, 0x7f, 0x26, 0x30, 0x28, 0xe1, 0x17, 0x6d, 0x14,
+ 0x0f, 0x01, 0x4a, 0x88, 0x3b, 0xf5, 0x70, 0x1d, 0x97,
+ 0xd5, 0xda, 0x18, 0xa8, 0xb3, 0xa4, 0x0e, 0x04, 0x3f,
+ 0xe8, 0x50, 0xf4, 0x87, 0x65, 0x75, 0x5a, 0x5d, 0x2f,
+ 0x94, 0x63, 0x7a, 0xd0, 0x06, 0xce, 0xfb, 0xeb, 0x41,
+ 0x65, 0xc9, 0x55, 0x38, 0x54, 0xd3, 0xc4, 0xac, 0x24,
+ 0x46, 0x06, 0x2a, 0x87, 0xb1, 0x0f, 0x06, 0xd8, 0x1e,
+ 0xa7, 0x35, 0xc4, 0xa3, 0xdc, 0x60, 0x80, 0x83, 0xe7,
+ 0xf0, 0x74, 0xf6, 0xd6, 0xa7, 0x1d, 0x50, 0xff, 0xba,
+ 0x82, 0xc0, 0xca, 0x72, 0x6b, 0xda, 0x4a, 0xcb, 0x3b,
+ 0xe8, 0xa3, 0xaa, 0x32, 0x86, 0xc0, 0x94, 0x75, 0x2b,
+ 0x2f, 0x44, 0xad, 0x5b, 0x8d, 0xab, 0xc2, 0x03, 0x55,
+ 0xb1, 0x7e, 0x67, 0x07, 0x39, 0x33, 0x83, 0x67, 0xec,
+ 0xbf, 0x52, 0xad, 0x55, 0x37, 0x3e, 0xa1, 0x41, 0xed,
+ 0xa0, 0x91, 0xbf, 0x28, 0x1b, 0x04, 0x32, 0xbf, 0xf1,
+ 0xb0, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x99, 0x98, 0x77, 0xee, 0x14, 0x13,
+ 0x15, 0x13, 0xad, 0x1f, 0xb6, 0x6b, 0xcd, 0x3b, 0xb8,
+ 0x75, 0x9a, 0x55, 0x9b, 0x0c, 0x6c, 0xf7, 0x7c, 0x21,
+ 0x06, 0xb7, 0xf0, 0x43, 0x41, 0x96, 0xc1, 0x73, 0x44,
+ 0x53, 0xd8, 0x18, 0x3e, 0x09, 0x4e, 0xc2, 0x5f, 0xa0,
+ 0xd5, 0x18, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0xf4, 0xa0, 0xf8, 0x4d, 0xa7,
+ 0x72, 0x7e, 0x85, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x7b, 0x51, 0xb0,
+ 0xf1, 0x5e, 0x03, 0xcd, 0xe8, 0x5b, 0x83, 0x3f, 0x95,
+ 0xe2, 0x0b, 0xa1, 0xc7, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x98, 0xcd, 0x95,
+ 0xf4, 0xd4, 0xb8, 0x40, 0xff, 0x75, 0x54, 0x83, 0x3a,
+ 0x2c, 0x64, 0x38, 0x10, 0xcb, 0x6d, 0xad, 0xf9, 0x91,
+ 0xcb, 0xcf, 0xbe, 0xf6, 0xf7, 0x94, 0x15, 0xea, 0xaf,
+ 0x37, 0x65, 0x7c, 0xd2, 0xff, 0x99, 0x79, 0xf8, 0x95,
+ 0x27, 0x75, 0x09, 0x60, 0xa4, 0x6f, 0x06, 0x0f, 0x6c,
+ 0x13, 0xdd, 0x32, 0x79, 0xa7, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xdd, 0x2c,
+ 0x22, 0xc1, 0xee, 0xc3, 0x31, 0x59, 0xb1, 0x3d, 0xa1,
+ 0x77, 0x69, 0xb5, 0xd6, 0xae, 0xd7, 0x86, 0xab, 0xa4,
+ 0xdf, 0x9f, 0x36, 0xb4, 0xb2, 0xe6, 0x88, 0xd6, 0x45,
+ 0x9b, 0x8b, 0x87, 0xbd, 0x27, 0xe9, 0x55, 0xd5, 0xac,
+ 0xe9, 0x33, 0x80, 0x00, 0x1d, 0x00, 0x21, 0x74, 0xe2,
+ 0x0a, 0x5b, 0xd2, 0x37, 0xab, 0x6f, 0x48, 0x5e, 0x14,
+ 0x76, 0x3a, 0x84, 0xf9, 0x34, 0x03, 0x74, 0x8d, 0x6c,
+ 0xd8, 0xd4, 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xc8, 0x0c, 0xb5, 0x18, 0x12,
+ 0xa5, 0x5a, 0x76, 0x4b, 0x5d, 0x1e, 0x75, 0x89, 0x3a,
+ 0x01, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x1e, 0x5b, 0x98, 0x71, 0x7a, 0x15,
+ 0x79, 0xff, 0x3d, 0x37, 0x5e, 0xc9, 0x56, 0xa5, 0x43,
+ 0xe7, 0xd0, 0x2b, 0x63, 0xfb, 0x2f, 0x1a, 0x55, 0x37,
+ 0x15, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x9a, 0x84, 0xf0, 0x07, 0x45, 0x2b,
+ 0xa0, 0x9a, 0xb4, 0x60, 0x4d, 0x48, 0xd5, 0xee, 0x64,
+ 0xf9, 0xe7, 0x4b, 0x1c, 0xb9, 0x05, 0xd1, 0xd1, 0x47,
+ 0x4f, 0xca, 0x26, 0x32, 0xad, 0x7b, 0x2e, 0x7e, 0x54,
+ 0x05, 0x96, 0x12, 0x29, 0xbc, 0xd3, 0x45, 0x4e, 0x05,
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+ 0x04, 0x8c, 0x08, 0xb2, 0xfb, 0xa2, 0x18, 0x51, 0x39,
+ 0x1a, 0x61, 0x2c, 0x8c, 0x7d, 0x11, 0xb8, 0x2e, 0x38,
+ 0xb7, 0xe0, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x6f, 0xc5, 0xf4, 0x31, 0x72,
+ 0xcb, 0xd6, 0xec, 0xbc, 0xe9, 0x36, 0x2e, 0x2b, 0x63,
+ 0xea, 0xa1, 0xab, 0xf8, 0x11, 0xe7, 0x31, 0xad, 0xe4,
+ 0xcb, 0x23, 0xe4, 0x64, 0x54, 0x50, 0x4f, 0x15, 0x8b,
+ 0x58, 0xa4, 0xa1, 0x35, 0xea, 0x73, 0x3e, 0xc3, 0x3e,
+ 0x31, 0x81, 0x80, 0x53, 0x6a, 0x2c, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xd8,
+ 0x8f, 0xe7, 0x50, 0x2d, 0x99, 0x69, 0x32, 0xfa, 0x4e,
+ 0xb4, 0xf9, 0x89, 0x18, 0xbe, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x7a, 0x0f,
+ 0x34, 0xc5, 0xd9, 0x28, 0xff, 0x93, 0x3a, 0x13, 0x22,
+ 0xe6, 0xdb, 0x5c, 0xfe, 0x51, 0x05, 0xaf, 0xa3, 0xcd,
+ 0x17, 0x01, 0xd1, 0x84, 0x76, 0x23, 0xff, 0x91, 0xc4,
+ 0x6b, 0xc7, 0xa8, 0x77, 0xe0, 0xda, 0x45, 0xef, 0xd7,
+ 0x13, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x7c, 0x74, 0x7e, 0x66, 0xbb, 0x9f,
+ 0x48, 0x35, 0x56, 0xa8, 0x08, 0x41, 0xf7, 0xa7, 0xe3,
+ 0x60, 0xa6, 0xce, 0x73, 0xdf, 0x73, 0x99, 0xc6, 0xbd,
+ 0x7b, 0xb4, 0xde, 0x31, 0xe6, 0x35, 0xaf, 0x3e, 0x93,
+ 0xd2, 0x69, 0xb5, 0xb9, 0xbe, 0x9f, 0xf4, 0x0d, 0xd8,
+ 0x82, 0xc1, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0xf3, 0x23, 0x1c, 0xe7, 0xff,
+ 0xac, 0xb2, 0x79, 0xe3, 0x62, 0x6a, 0xb7, 0x85, 0x08,
+ 0xda, 0x4a, 0x3f, 0x22, 0x62, 0x2b, 0xcd, 0xb7, 0x59,
+ 0xf5, 0x82, 0xef, 0x08, 0x7f, 0xb5, 0xa0, 0x6c, 0xba,
+ 0x61, 0x45, 0x8f, 0xf4, 0xa2, 0x66, 0x83, 0x72, 0x65,
+ 0x34, 0x34, 0x68, 0x99, 0xf5, 0x99, 0xc9, 0x52, 0x6a,
+ 0xc2, 0x7f, 0xde, 0x25, 0xa3, 0x7b, 0xce, 0xa3, 0xde,
+ 0x6d, 0x62, 0x98, 0x84, 0xe4, 0x2a, 0xe1, 0x1c, 0xa9,
+ 0x0b, 0x7e, 0x45, 0xd3, 0x78, 0x40, 0x85, 0x61, 0x9d,
+ 0xce, 0xcd, 0xfd, 0x7b, 0x66, 0x92, 0x5f, 0xb9, 0x37,
+ 0x04, 0xea, 0xec, 0x37, 0x32, 0xbe, 0xcd, 0x3e, 0x5e,
+ 0x37, 0xcd, 0xe3, 0x81, 0x92, 0x69, 0xdf, 0xa1, 0xb9,
+ 0x8c, 0x44, 0x43, 0xae, 0xcd, 0xe5, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xb9,
+ 0x2f, 0x1e, 0xbc, 0xf2, 0xd1, 0x88, 0x93, 0xde, 0x6a,
+ 0x8a, 0x43, 0xa1, 0x6b, 0xdc, 0x5b, 0xd2, 0xdd, 0xe8,
+ 0xca, 0x0a, 0x95, 0x45, 0x9f, 0xd8, 0x8c, 0xfd, 0xe0,
+ 0xc3, 0xbd, 0x0e, 0xa0, 0xbd, 0x72, 0xa7, 0x77, 0x9a,
+ 0x79, 0xd9, 0x15, 0xad, 0x50, 0x13, 0xa7, 0x41, 0xc7,
+ 0xd1, 0xec, 0x2f, 0x45, 0x14, 0x02, 0xb7, 0x8e, 0x51,
+ 0x76, 0xd4, 0x2f, 0x1c, 0xea, 0x9c, 0x6d, 0x35, 0x1c,
+ 0xa7, 0xeb, 0xd7, 0x79, 0xe4, 0x35, 0xbc, 0x02, 0xa6,
+ 0xd0, 0x58, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0xea, 0x90, 0x16, 0x53, 0x3c,
+ 0xc5, 0xda, 0x36, 0x4f, 0x61, 0x4a, 0x1b, 0xfa, 0x15,
+ 0x52, 0x0d, 0x3d, 0x73, 0xc5, 0xfe, 0x2a, 0xa2, 0x4a,
+ 0x6e, 0x95, 0x99, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0xb2, 0xfc, 0x22, 0xbe,
+ 0x45, 0x10, 0x5a, 0xc5, 0x38, 0xa0, 0xc1, 0xba, 0x46,
+ 0x6d, 0x8e, 0xbe, 0x0b, 0x5f, 0xf6, 0x6f, 0xbb, 0x4d,
+ 0x22, 0xf5, 0x95, 0x4d, 0x12, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x8d, 0xde,
+ 0x86, 0xaf, 0x3f, 0x08, 0x24, 0x56, 0xa3, 0xcd, 0xfc,
+ 0xeb, 0xa1, 0x3c, 0x22, 0x66, 0x45, 0x03, 0x8b, 0x04,
+ 0x12, 0x80, 0x34, 0xf9, 0xf4, 0x64, 0xbf, 0xb9, 0x3d,
+ 0xd7, 0x34, 0xe4, 0xc8, 0x8e, 0x86, 0xc9, 0x73, 0x21,
+ 0x7f, 0x30, 0x01, 0xc8, 0xd2, 0x91, 0x8d, 0xc4, 0xca,
+ 0xd5, 0x59, 0xac, 0xd7, 0xb4, 0xfb, 0x98, 0xfb, 0xc4,
+ 0x48, 0x82, 0x93, 0xc6, 0x58, 0x8b, 0x0c, 0xdf, 0x3f,
+ 0x07, 0x5a, 0x94, 0x89, 0xc6, 0xbe, 0x1a, 0x19, 0x63,
+ 0x8b, 0xa8, 0x0c, 0x20, 0xae, 0x9a, 0x1b, 0xd3, 0x45,
+ 0xa0, 0xd9, 0x8c, 0xbb, 0x67, 0xa0, 0x54, 0x86, 0x9b,
+ 0x7b, 0xa8, 0x16, 0x6f, 0xa4, 0x59, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x34,
+ 0xb5, 0xa7, 0x1b, 0x3f, 0xda, 0xc6, 0x80, 0x19, 0xdc,
+ 0xc2, 0xee, 0xeb, 0xd9, 0x96, 0xdc, 0x4f, 0xec, 0x02,
+ 0xde, 0x34, 0x43, 0x5a, 0x37, 0xc8, 0xdf, 0x3b, 0x53,
+ 0x82, 0xfa, 0xf8, 0x8a, 0x32, 0x97, 0x1e, 0xf6, 0x0e,
+ 0x7d, 0x39, 0xe0, 0xdb, 0x0b, 0x22, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0x56,
+ 0x13, 0xbc, 0xe9, 0x38, 0x92, 0x76, 0xff, 0x2b, 0xc2,
+ 0xa0, 0x98, 0x7d, 0x8c, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x7f, 0x6d, 0x80,
+ 0x06, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0xb7, 0x1b, 0xac, 0xc4, 0x68,
+ 0x61, 0x11, 0x15, 0xb7, 0xee, 0x8d, 0x66, 0x34, 0x9f,
+ 0x18, 0x03, 0x88, 0xd1, 0x04, 0xd0, 0x86, 0xc0, 0xca,
+ 0x2a, 0xe1, 0x1b, 0x47, 0x18, 0xc9, 0x97, 0xed, 0x1f,
+ 0x99, 0xc6, 0xa9, 0x20, 0x3f, 0xf6, 0x43, 0x96, 0x30,
+ 0x8b, 0xa5, 0xcb, 0x2e, 0xc5, 0xdb, 0x26, 0xc0, 0xf6,
+ 0x48, 0x07, 0x3a, 0x28, 0x3e, 0x35, 0x38, 0x50, 0x80,
+ 0xdf, 0x80, 0xfa, 0x12, 0x92, 0x83, 0x55, 0xde, 0x31,
+ },
+ .msg_len = 64,
+ .msg =
+ (const u8[64]) {
+ 0x48, 0x11, 0x92, 0xb3, 0xaa, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0x14,
+ 0xdc, 0x46, 0xd6, 0xbf, 0x26, 0xb2, 0x66, 0xc5,
+ 0xd8, 0xc4, 0x69, 0x9f, 0x67, 0x50, 0x67, 0xc0,
+ 0x3b, 0x8d, 0xc5, 0xb5, 0x68, 0x59, 0x6f, 0x9c,
+ 0xd4, 0xf2, 0x49, 0xfb, 0xa4, 0xd0, 0xbf, 0xc5,
+ 0x3c, 0xee, 0x3b, 0x03, 0x25, 0x6c, 0x51, 0x94,
+ 0xb3, 0xd4, 0xdb, 0x2a, 0xbd, 0x26, 0xef, 0x58,
+ 0xb3, 0x91, 0x62, 0x81, 0x1b, 0x29, 0x9c, 0x12,
+ },
+ .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .sig =
+ (const u8[MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE]) {
+ 0xba, 0x08, 0xf3, 0x0c, 0xa1, 0x48, 0xad, 0x67, 0x12,
+ 0x68, 0x51, 0x9b, 0xa4, 0x21, 0x66, 0x8d, 0xea, 0x0a,
+ 0x71, 0x4f, 0x4c, 0xab, 0x1b, 0x42, 0x84, 0xb7, 0x9c,
+ 0x78, 0xa9, 0x18, 0xd9, 0xe8, 0x08, 0x8f, 0xee, 0xf7,
+ 0x4b, 0xcf, 0x0e, 0xcd, 0xf6, 0x36, 0xcf, 0xd5, 0xa1,
+ 0x5e, 0x59, 0xc6, 0x8c, 0x6c, 0x4d, 0xfe, 0xfa, 0xfa,
+ 0xbc, 0x52, 0x3a, 0x35, 0xba, 0xd9, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0x26,
+ 0x73, 0xbd, 0x64, 0x93, 0xe7, 0x83, 0x76, 0xc4, 0xf8,
+ 0x4b, 0xa9, 0x91, 0x8c, 0xd2, 0xf5, 0x08, 0xe6, 0x58,
+ 0xcd, 0xfb, 0x90, 0xc1, 0x84, 0x72, 0x77, 0x72, 0x47,
+ 0x5f, 0xcb, 0x7f, 0x74, 0x85, 0x56, 0xba, 0x73, 0x86,
+ 0xc1, 0x32, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xc5, 0x60, 0x2c, 0x91, 0x99,
+ 0x09, 0x03, 0xcb, 0xe6, 0xa4, 0xae, 0x0b, 0xdc, 0x15,
+ 0x70, 0x4c, 0x91, 0xa9, 0x9e, 0x5e, 0x63, 0x5c, 0x24,
+ 0xc9, 0x26, 0x39, 0x56, 0xe4, 0x6c, 0x2c, 0x65, 0xf8,
+ 0x0b, 0x4f, 0x56, 0x8f, 0x1e, 0x74, 0xda, 0x31, 0xad,
+ 0x8f, 0x1b, 0xa7, 0xb1, 0xb3, 0x9b, 0x48, 0x09, 0x08,
+ 0xdd, 0xe1, 0x25, 0x20, 0xa4, 0xc7, 0x12, 0xd4, 0xb0,
+ 0xa0, 0xcb, 0x90, 0xf5, 0x9f, 0xc1, 0x8b, 0xbc, 0x9d,
+ 0xcf, 0x78, 0xfc, 0xa1, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x0b, 0x7e, 0x82,
+ 0x94, 0x80, 0x0e, 0x70, 0x77, 0xce, 0x63, 0x1c, 0x43,
+ 0x41, 0x3f, 0x5d, 0x61, 0x1a, 0x44, 0xaa, 0xd0, 0xb7,
+ 0x18, 0xd8, 0x91, 0x83, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xa1, 0x86, 0x13,
+ 0x54, 0xaf, 0xa8, 0xdb, 0x1a, 0xd7, 0xa9, 0x54, 0xca,
+ 0x67, 0xb5, 0xb6, 0xb4, 0x22, 0x1a, 0x24, 0x8e, 0x65,
+ 0x01, 0xa8, 0xd2, 0x15, 0x9d, 0x98, 0x59, 0x70, 0x94,
+ 0xb4, 0x96, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0x95, 0x41, 0x9a, 0x89, 0x02,
+ 0xb7, 0x6a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x64, 0xf1, 0x1c, 0x1e, 0x3d,
+ 0xd8, 0xdb, 0x6d, 0xef, 0xf2, 0x1a, 0x24, 0xa4, 0xd0,
+ 0xb9, 0x98, 0xd3, 0xe5, 0xbd, 0x7a, 0xa3, 0xc3, 0x19,
+ 0x97, 0x54, 0x77, 0x97, 0xb5, 0x57, 0x93, 0x71, 0x24,
+ 0x91, 0x81, 0xcf, 0x5f, 0x38, 0xb9, 0xd5, 0x7e, 0x8b,
+ 0x0f, 0xea, 0x56, 0x49, 0xac, 0x25, 0xc4, 0x6c, 0x5e,
+ 0x4e, 0x08, 0x31, 0xc8, 0xdf, 0x0b, 0x19, 0xb9, 0xbc,
+ 0xec, 0x3b, 0x89, 0xf8, 0x98, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0xf6, 0x0f,
+ 0x5b, 0x7e, 0x03, 0x10, 0x68, 0x78, 0x2c, 0xfa, 0x39,
+ 0x5c, 0x64, 0x5b, 0xa1, 0xfc, 0x8d, 0x14, 0x87, 0x62,
+ 0x04, 0x57, 0xc0, 0x5b, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x3c, 0xea, 0xe6,
+ 0x23, 0xde, 0x9b, 0x1d, 0x89, 0x69, 0x38, 0xfb, 0x10,
+ 0xab, 0xb9, 0xda, 0xee, 0xa8, 0x8d, 0x96, 0xc0, 0xa5,
+ 0x40, 0xce, 0x16, 0x1e, 0xf5, 0xf4, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x0e,
+ 0x38, 0xe5, 0x1d, 0xe6, 0x6c, 0x19, 0xa5, 0x71, 0x48,
+ 0xda, 0x3e, 0xe9, 0x10, 0x57, 0x16, 0x89, 0xd3, 0x5b,
+ 0x4a, 0x5b, 0xa9, 0xb1, 0x13, 0xad, 0x77, 0xaf, 0x1f,
+ 0x8b, 0x71, 0x3f, 0xff, 0x7c, 0xc4, 0x31, 0xb2, 0xa7,
+ 0x18, 0x2f, 0x4b, 0x99, 0xe2, 0x14, 0xbf, 0x1e, 0x69,
+ 0x8f, 0x56, 0xe2, 0x2c, 0x84, 0x34, 0xd6, 0x76, 0x27,
+ 0x06, 0x7f, 0x2e, 0x9d, 0xbe, 0x90, 0x95, 0xda, 0x5a,
+ 0xfb, 0xaa, 0x8a, 0x51, 0x3d, 0x97, 0xb8, 0x75, 0xe9,
+ 0xba, 0x2a, 0x03, 0x7e, 0xb0, 0xe3, 0xdc, 0xe3, 0x3b,
+ 0x2a, 0xd8, 0x77, 0xa5, 0xf3, 0x76, 0x69, 0xf1, 0xd2,
+ 0xd5, 0xb3, 0xba, 0xfa, 0x97, 0x55, 0x5f, 0xd1, 0xc3,
+ 0x10, 0x55, 0x9a, 0xb6, 0xce, 0x32, 0x80, 0x7f, 0x48,
+ 0xb7, 0x15, 0x85, 0x3f, 0x22, 0x58, 0x00, 0x51, 0x12,
+ 0x5c, 0xcc, 0xd0, 0x77, 0x26, 0x57, 0x4b, 0xbb, 0x67,
+ 0x21, 0x0d, 0x92, 0x80, 0xe0, 0xec, 0x2f, 0x58, 0x44,
+ 0x8b, 0x98, 0x70, 0x16, 0x13, 0x91, 0x38, 0xee, 0x9e,
+ 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x6f, 0x95, 0x49, 0xe8, 0xcc, 0xc5, 0x6d,
+ 0x20, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x1b, 0x08, 0xf4, 0xa5, 0x8b, 0xf3,
+ 0xf6, 0x89, 0x2c, 0x17, 0xa6, 0xa8, 0xa8, 0xfb, 0xab,
+ 0x6f, 0xa0, 0xe3, 0xcd, 0xc5, 0xfb, 0xac, 0x91, 0x42,
+ 0x8c, 0xf2, 0x28, 0xd1, 0x13, 0xdb, 0x63, 0x59, 0x69,
+ 0xab, 0x16, 0x5a, 0xaf, 0x0a, 0xfa, 0x43, 0x6d, 0x53,
+ 0x7f, 0x14, 0x88, 0xc8, 0xa1, 0x71, 0x45, 0x54, 0x30,
+ 0xa7, 0x91, 0x55, 0x44, 0x07, 0x03, 0x78, 0xf3, 0xf6,
+ 0x23, 0xc0, 0x21, 0x4b, 0x39, 0xc4, 0x9a, 0x5a, 0xe8,
+ 0xad, 0x28, 0x6b, 0xd2, 0xd7, 0xc9, 0xed, 0xf4, 0x30,
+ 0xff, 0xf8, 0xc4, 0x7a, 0xfe, 0x49, 0x1c, 0x28, 0xbb,
+ 0x89, 0xfa, 0x9d, 0x64, 0xcc, 0x37, 0x76, 0x6a, 0xf3,
+ 0x8b, 0x94, 0x60, 0xe0, 0xb2, 0x29, 0xf8, 0x5a, 0xc6,
+ 0x3e, 0xcc, 0x6f, 0x13, 0x85, 0x7c, 0xaa, 0xc4, 0x35,
+ 0x56, 0x9a, 0xb6, 0x96, 0x76, 0x41, 0xe2, 0x11, 0xbe,
+ 0x07, 0xba, 0x0c, 0x21, 0x32, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xf3, 0x96,
+ 0x49, 0xa2, 0xc4, 0x49, 0x48, 0xfe, 0x17, 0xef, 0xdf,
+ 0x1e, 0xf3, 0xde, 0x5f, 0xa0, 0x49, 0xfc, 0xa5, 0xb5,
+ 0xf3, 0x4c, 0x99, 0x5f, 0xcb, 0x33, 0xc6, 0x54, 0x52,
+ 0xa0, 0x85, 0x16, 0x75, 0x2c, 0x5f, 0x87, 0x61, 0x58,
+ 0xc9, 0x23, 0x0a, 0x36, 0x66, 0x3b, 0x78, 0x65, 0xcc,
+ 0xd4, 0x8e, 0xe1, 0x27, 0x9a, 0x74, 0x37, 0x79, 0x4c,
+ 0x5c, 0x35, 0xf9, 0xa5, 0x7f, 0x79, 0x35, 0xa8, 0x7d,
+ 0xcf, 0x64, 0xa3, 0x44, 0xb9, 0xee, 0x1e, 0x07, 0x5c,
+ 0xda, 0xcd, 0x93, 0xfc, 0x33, 0x77, 0x68, 0xfc, 0xd6,
+ 0xea, 0xf4, 0xcd, 0x0a, 0x3a, 0xe3, 0xb3, 0xef, 0xf9,
+ 0xb5, 0x1a, 0x4b, 0x50, 0x2e, 0xcb, 0x88, 0x48, 0x60,
+ 0xc3, 0x5c, 0x1b, 0xb7, 0xcc, 0x7a, 0x49, 0x2e, 0xf0,
+ 0x9e, 0x96, 0x47, 0x7d, 0x82, 0x85, 0xcb, 0x37, 0x85,
+ 0x26, 0xfd, 0xe1, 0x13, 0x57, 0xad, 0x51, 0xdc, 0x02,
+ 0x8d, 0x3c, 0x4e, 0xdd, 0xf3, 0xdf, 0xbe, 0xab, 0x0d,
+ 0x99, 0xf8, 0x13, 0x37, 0x0b, 0x1b, 0xaf, 0x08, 0x9b,
+ 0x38, 0x5b, 0x3a, 0x91, 0x71, 0x9a, 0xe6, 0xc1, 0x7d,
+ 0xd4, 0xd8, 0xf2, 0x66, 0x57, 0x99, 0x29, 0x58, 0xb5,
+ 0x9d, 0x8f, 0x86, 0x7f, 0xe9, 0x17, 0xff, 0x3c, 0xfd,
+ 0x0a, 0xfd, 0x15, 0x5c, 0x2f, 0x77, 0x6c, 0x2b, 0x86,
+ 0x72, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x4d, 0x31, 0x98, 0xfe, 0x28, 0xc5,
+ 0x54, 0x36, 0x97, 0x8c, 0xc9, 0x31, 0xae, 0xff, 0xfc,
+ 0xa6, 0x15, 0xf9, 0x9d, 0x49, 0x83, 0x47, 0xb4, 0xe5,
+ 0x8c, 0x55, 0x2f, 0x35, 0x6d, 0x7c, 0x47, 0xb9, 0xeb,
+ 0x0a, 0x64, 0xea, 0x22, 0xae, 0xe3, 0x6b, 0xae, 0x0e,
+ 0xf8, 0xc4, 0x64, 0x18, 0x56, 0xa7, 0x78, 0x92, 0x20,
+ 0xe0, 0x03, 0x93, 0x42, 0x1f, 0x1a, 0x48, 0xa1, 0x11,
+ 0xdd, 0x83, 0x99, 0x67, 0xc5, 0xf2, 0x0a, 0x9e, 0xfa,
+ 0xab, 0x68, 0x54, 0x1d, 0xa7, 0xe8, 0x44, 0x5f, 0x46,
+ 0x23, 0xea, 0xdd, 0xb2, 0xf5, 0x83, 0x76, 0x84, 0x13,
+ 0xd6, 0xe4, 0xb2, 0x59, 0x92, 0x92, 0xf4, 0xb5, 0x56,
+ 0xd7, 0x29, 0xc7, 0x05, 0x00, 0x79, 0x17, 0x59, 0x20,
+ 0xc6, 0x6a, 0xdc, 0x45, 0x93, 0xe7, 0xfc, 0x29, 0x37,
+ 0xa7, 0x7e, 0xbc, 0x21, 0xe7, 0xe1, 0xff, 0x18, 0x54,
+ 0xf9, 0xd3, 0x0c, 0x78, 0xe1, 0xc9, 0x40, 0x36, 0x36,
+ 0x68, 0x46, 0x3c, 0x9a, 0x4d, 0xa6, 0xbc, 0xc3, 0xc7,
+ 0xc9, 0x8c, 0x7e, 0xc6, 0x07, 0x2a, 0xd0, 0x4d, 0x45,
+ 0x3d, 0x65, 0xef, 0x56, 0x7f, 0xf1, 0xcd, 0x6d, 0x97,
+ 0x0c, 0x11, 0x66, 0xf4, 0x27, 0xfc, 0xe3, 0xf3, 0x93,
+ 0x0d, 0xa1, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x86, 0xcc, 0x0f, 0xf4, 0x97,
+ 0xbc, 0x7c, 0x62, 0x78, 0xe5, 0x01, 0xe0, 0xc7, 0x0c,
+ 0xe7, 0xa9, 0x84, 0xa6, 0x17, 0xaa, 0x36, 0x06, 0x2a,
+ 0x0f, 0x2f, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0xe8, 0x70, 0x8d, 0x36, 0x73,
+ 0x9a, 0x7f, 0x47, 0x95, 0xc5, 0x5d, 0xc5, 0xfa, 0x9c,
+ 0x64, 0x52, 0xcb, 0x52, 0x74, 0xda, 0xb0, 0x1f, 0x82,
+ 0x01, 0x43, 0x98, 0xa6, 0xe7, 0xf2, 0x89, 0x51, 0x92,
+ 0xf8, 0x37, 0x82, 0x8e, 0x91, 0x58, 0x40, 0x2c, 0xac,
+ 0xcf, 0xde, 0x92, 0x63, 0x5a, 0x64, 0xf9, 0x9c, 0xa4,
+ 0x47, 0x6d, 0x13, 0x43, 0xd3, 0xa6, 0x89, 0xbb, 0x7b,
+ 0x32, 0x45, 0x2d, 0x0e, 0x52, 0x25, 0x67, 0xda, 0x1d,
+ 0x9e, 0x42, 0x38, 0xfc, 0x92, 0x84, 0x4d, 0x13, 0x53,
+ 0xef, 0x46, 0x81, 0xdd, 0xf6, 0x79, 0x9f, 0xba, 0x45,
+ 0x49, 0x4b, 0x93, 0x4a, 0x54, 0x1c, 0x72, 0xa0, 0xfd,
+ 0xa1, 0x13, 0x1c, 0x5e, 0xa5, 0x4e, 0xd5, 0xdf, 0xd1,
+ 0x6a, 0x40, 0x1d, 0x5e, 0x57, 0xf8, 0xe3, 0x3a, 0xe8,
+ 0x35, 0xf4, 0x67, 0xa2, 0x37, 0xf2, 0xe0, 0xd1, 0xfe,
+ 0x08, 0x5e, 0x5c, 0x41, 0x17, 0x87, 0x24, 0xae, 0xf3,
+ 0xe2, 0xc8, 0xb4, 0xfc, 0x3b, 0xef, 0xdb, 0x5e, 0x27,
+ 0x93, 0x0f, 0x01, 0xf9, 0x35, 0xcf, 0x67, 0x4f, 0x65,
+ 0xde, 0xca, 0xb6, 0xf1, 0x12, 0xa0, 0xd7, 0x53, 0x09,
+ 0xec, 0x83, 0x9a, 0xb6, 0x8f, 0xf6, 0x03, 0xdf, 0x92,
+ 0xa9, 0xc4, 0x85, 0x55, 0x5a, 0x74, 0x66, 0x9e, 0xc0,
+ 0x46, 0xc7, 0x50, 0x7b, 0xda, 0x56, 0x4a, 0xf5, 0x38,
+ 0x37, 0xd5, 0x82, 0x81, 0xf3, 0x2d, 0x51, 0xa6, 0xa3,
+ 0x34, 0xf9, 0x24, 0xed, 0x35, 0x80, 0x72, 0xae, 0x3d,
+ 0x8b, 0xf8, 0x66, 0xb2, 0x6c, 0x3f, 0x4e, 0x2c, 0xdb,
+ 0x89, 0x76, 0x95, 0x8f, 0x1a, 0xbe, 0xfc, 0x6c, 0x37,
+ 0xec, 0xf9, 0x80, 0x32, 0xac, 0x94, 0x97, 0x85, 0xe4,
+ 0xa5, 0x19, 0x32, 0x46, 0x1f, 0x98, 0x89, 0x4c, 0x85,
+ 0xf1, 0xfc, 0xed, 0x01, 0x98, 0x4d, 0x4a, 0xd4, 0xd1,
+ 0x4e, 0x82, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x0d, 0x48, 0x34, 0x64, 0x98,
+ 0xea, 0x6c, 0xf9, 0x11, 0x25, 0xbc, 0x48, 0xc3, 0xf4,
+ 0x96, 0xfc, 0x5e, 0x71, 0x5d, 0xfa, 0xf7, 0x9f, 0x75,
+ 0x89, 0x1d, 0xe7, 0x3b, 0x97, 0x39, 0x18, 0x90, 0xca,
+ 0xa5, 0x46, 0x01, 0x2a, 0x13, 0x54, 0x5c, 0x2a, 0x14,
+ 0xed, 0x1b, 0x65, 0x0a, 0xb0, 0xd9, 0x95, 0x01, 0xd0,
+ 0xb3, 0x78, 0xd6, 0xc4, 0x06, 0xf3, 0x7f, 0x51, 0xe0,
+ 0x39, 0xed, 0x2c, 0xf3, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0xfa, 0x1d, 0x7c,
+ 0x82, 0x0f, 0x45, 0xb7, 0x15, 0xcf, 0x99, 0x53, 0x59,
+ 0x9d, 0x54, 0x31, 0x6a, 0xf8, 0xb8, 0x73, 0x2d, 0xd1,
+ 0xab, 0x1b, 0x69, 0xc9, 0x86, 0xdc, 0x7a, 0xca, 0xb9,
+ 0x6a, 0xaf, 0x1e, 0x8f, 0x83, 0xa8, 0xf0, 0xae, 0x44,
+ 0x85, 0x0d, 0x1f, 0x6c, 0x3a, 0x90, 0x50, 0xef, 0x7c,
+ 0x3c, 0x1c, 0xc4, 0xb8, 0x66, 0x1c, 0x14, 0xf7, 0xf2,
+ 0x5f, 0x5c, 0x70, 0x28, 0xa7, 0x55, 0x93, 0xdb, 0xa0,
+ 0x95, 0x9c, 0x1b, 0xb7, 0xb6, 0x44, 0x5e, 0x98, 0x88,
+ 0x89, 0xb8, 0x5a, 0xee, 0xba, 0xfc, 0xc6, 0x87, 0x2a,
+ 0xdb, 0xb7, 0xcf, 0xb2, 0x4b, 0x96, 0x2c, 0x91, 0x54,
+ 0x34, 0x33, 0xfb, 0x57, 0xbe, 0xf5, 0x7b, 0xbe, 0x6b,
+ 0xa0, 0x3b, 0x4d, 0x09, 0x18, 0x9b, 0x75, 0x2c, 0xde,
+ 0x28, 0x87, 0xd3, 0x7b, 0xf5, 0xbe, 0x0d, 0x33, 0x5a,
+ 0x3b, 0x92, 0x41, 0x35, 0x50, 0x65, 0xc9, 0xa9, 0xfa,
+ 0xab, 0x22, 0x4b, 0x8c, 0x3a, 0xb1, 0x9e, 0x31, 0x41,
+ 0xd2, 0x2f, 0xca, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x96, 0x0c, 0x03, 0x08,
+ 0xec, 0x94, 0xa5, 0xb1, 0x65, 0x2b, 0xe1, 0xe4, 0x48,
+ 0x11, 0xd6, 0x8c, 0x60, 0x6d, 0xf4, 0x64, 0x89, 0xa6,
+ 0x69, 0x4b, 0xa0, 0xbe, 0xae, 0xf5, 0xde, 0xba, 0x45,
+ 0x12, 0xc8, 0x28, 0xe0, 0x7a, 0xb5, 0xd4, 0x75, 0x7a,
+ 0x24, 0x59, 0x4f, 0xbf, 0x0a, 0xa4, 0x53, 0x9a, 0x59,
+ 0xca, 0x06, 0x51, 0x6d, 0xcb, 0x93, 0x63, 0x6e, 0x24,
+ 0xe2, 0x41, 0xa5, 0xa9, 0x19, 0xc3, 0x59, 0x9a, 0x0c,
+ 0xb6, 0x4e, 0x65, 0x60, 0xa0, 0x49, 0xf0, 0x7f, 0x50,
+ 0x96, 0xed, 0xe9, 0xfc, 0x33, 0x5b, 0x52, 0x51, 0x7e,
+ 0x77, 0xd7, 0xbb, 0xaf, 0xdd, 0x12, 0x4b, 0xbc, 0xc6,
+ 0xae, 0xca, 0x92, 0x3a, 0x9f, 0xc1, 0x0c, 0x8f, 0x01,
+ 0xbe, 0x4c, 0x78, 0x23, 0x7c, 0x8b, 0x82, 0xb7, 0x45,
+ 0x80, 0x44, 0x34, 0x9d, 0x13, 0xdb, 0xc4, 0x3f, 0x1b,
+ 0x39, 0xb0, 0xee, 0xa9, 0xac, 0x5e, 0x3d, 0xc3, 0x59,
+ 0x92, 0xcc, 0x6e, 0x6c, 0x97, 0xcc, 0xba, 0x15, 0xa6,
+ 0x53, 0x92, 0x76, 0x35, 0x01, 0x70, 0x16, 0xde, 0xde,
+ 0x56, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0x48, 0x8b, 0x4d, 0xfa, 0xa7, 0xcb,
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+ 0x3c, 0xbe, 0x78, 0xe1, 0x2a, 0xa5, 0x42, 0x5f, 0xdc,
+ 0xe0, 0x0e, 0x06, 0x10, 0x59, 0xac, 0x4a, 0xd3, 0x63,
+ 0x95, 0x92, 0x31, 0x1c, 0x7d, 0xb1, 0x5e, 0x48, 0x01,
+ 0x23, 0x16, 0x61, 0xb3, 0xfc, 0xe6, 0x9a, 0x5d, 0x39,
+ 0xf9, 0x2f, 0xb5, 0xc6, 0x6d, 0xeb, 0xb2, 0x6e, 0x93,
+ 0x9d, 0x8b, 0x19, 0x74, 0xa9, 0xc4, 0x57, 0x96, 0xbc,
+ 0x1c, 0xbb, 0x88, 0x5a, 0xd6, 0xf7, 0xc0, 0xe2, 0xb6,
+ 0xf2, 0xb3, 0xf0, 0x56, 0x5b, 0x2c, 0x9e, 0xdf, 0x96,
+ 0x6d, 0xcc, 0x41, 0x06, 0xce, 0x1e, 0x1b, 0x3a, 0x39,
+ 0x67, 0xe1, 0x7e, 0x81, 0xfc, 0xff, 0x0a, 0xc0, 0xf1,
+ 0x76, 0x82, 0x49, 0x76, 0x88, 0x38, 0x10, 0x5c, 0x90,
+ 0x83, 0x4b, 0x3e, 0x8d, 0xb9, 0x35, 0x77, 0xf5, 0x4c,
+ 0x7e, 0x3e, 0x12, 0x54, 0xf0, 0x33, 0x56, 0xbc, 0x9b,
+ 0x0e, 0x10, 0x7d, 0x4a, 0xb6, 0x2d, 0x02, 0x35, 0x79,
+ 0xe8, 0x0c, 0x15, 0xc1, 0xde, 0xc7, 0x2a, 0x7d, 0xe1,
+ 0x27, 0xd4, 0x99, 0x50, 0x6b, 0xde, 0x6d, 0x02, 0x65,
+ 0x12, 0x88, 0xe6, 0x80, 0x13, 0x5e, 0xad, 0xb1, 0xef,
+ 0xe7, 0x77, 0x19, 0xc9, 0x63, 0xcf, 0x14, 0x41, 0x40,
+ 0x76, 0xc8, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0x08, 0x88, 0xdb, 0x44, 0x6c,
+ 0x10, 0x74, 0x5c, 0xf6, 0x86, 0x8c, 0x61, 0x95, 0x19,
+ 0x76, 0x1f, 0x3e, 0xcb, 0xdf, 0x6e, 0x08, 0x9f, 0x43,
+ 0xb9, 0x66, 0x2b, 0x88, 0x27, 0x48, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x9e,
+ 0x83, 0x72, 0x9a, 0x43, 0x06, 0x8e, 0xf3, 0x9e, 0xba,
+ 0xd5, 0xd8, 0x70, 0x1b, 0xe4, 0x4e, 0x39, 0x0a, 0x37,
+ 0x5b, 0x2f, 0x8c, 0xa8, 0xbd, 0x3c, 0xfe, 0xb2, 0x59,
+ 0x5b, 0x5f, 0x5a, 0x05, 0x67, 0xc8, 0xec, 0x71, 0x5d,
+ 0xb5, 0x77, 0xc7, 0xb3, 0x1c, 0xb7, 0xac, 0x90, 0xf6,
+ 0xd3, 0xb7, 0x61, 0x65, 0xbe, 0x29, 0x8f, 0x27, 0x65,
+ 0x9a, 0x9a, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x82, 0xee, 0x10, 0xb9, 0x60,
+ 0xff, 0x9f, 0x5a, 0xbe, 0x09, 0x72, 0x63, 0x79, 0x60,
+ 0x50, 0x84, 0x18, 0xc9, 0xc5, 0x0d, 0x43, 0xce, 0x29,
+ 0x80, 0x72, 0x83, 0x12, 0x73, 0x13, 0x44, 0xec, 0x25,
+ 0xe5, 0x15, 0x70, 0xe2, 0x7f, 0x6b, 0x54, 0x5b, 0x58,
+ 0x57, 0x06, 0xdc, 0xae, 0x1f, 0x9c, 0x38, 0x4c, 0xbf,
+ 0x1c, 0x42, 0xb2, 0x63, 0x9c, 0xfb, 0xae, 0xc0, 0xdf,
+ 0xd3, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xb9, 0x9b, 0xe9, 0x66, 0x77, 0x70,
+ 0x47, 0x6c, 0x8b, 0x5b, 0xc1, 0x87, 0x7a, 0x63, 0xa3,
+ 0x13, 0xfc, 0x2d, 0x16, 0xd3, 0xe2, 0x00, 0xe9, 0x94,
+ 0x11, 0xf2, 0x28, 0xda, 0x0b, 0x58, 0x09, 0x2d, 0x59,
+ 0x2d, 0xb5, 0x25, 0x99, 0xca, 0x63, 0xc9, 0x96, 0xa3,
+ 0x17, 0x2a, 0x0e, 0x22, 0x2c, 0x5f, 0x8d, 0x53, 0xc4,
+ 0xd1, 0x3d, 0x4e, 0x20, 0xdc, 0x44, 0x18, 0xd2, 0xd8,
+ 0x5c, 0x9a, 0x78, 0x0a, 0x53, 0xa8, 0x73, 0x7d, 0x98,
+ 0xc0, 0xba, 0xfb, 0xfe, 0x27, 0xd4, 0x82, 0x87, 0xd4,
+ 0x4d, 0xc0, 0xe3, 0xd1, 0xd0, 0xff, 0xf0, 0xd3, 0x04,
+ 0xfd, 0x11, 0xf4, 0x57, 0xc2, 0xcc, 0xcf, 0xa9, 0xe6,
+ 0xc5, 0x09, 0x4d, 0xcc, 0x36, 0x69, 0x26, 0x35, 0x8c,
+ 0xe8, 0xe2, 0xe2, 0xdd, 0x5a, 0x5f, 0xaf, 0xda, 0x38,
+ 0x07, 0x33, 0xfb, 0xf8, 0xfb, 0xf9, 0x62, 0x4a, 0x75,
+ 0xad, 0xc3, 0x95, 0xd3, 0x6e, 0x5b, 0xe3, 0x10, 0x2f,
+ 0x31, 0xaf, 0xcd, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x84, 0x3d, 0xa4, 0x66,
+ 0x3f, 0x10, 0xeb, 0xa2, 0xe2, 0xfa, 0xc7, 0xd3, 0x91,
+ 0x83, 0x48, 0xbb, 0x3a, 0x6c, 0xe4, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x36,
+ 0x44, 0xc5, 0x07, 0x07, 0x9b, 0x9d, 0x51, 0x3e, 0x74,
+ 0xc5, 0x35, 0x8a, 0x10, 0x9c, 0x0d, 0x81, 0xf3, 0x10,
+ 0x0f, 0x29, 0xaf, 0x01, 0x5d, 0x6f, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x9a,
+ 0xf8, 0xbf, 0x1c, 0x57, 0xfc, 0x25, 0x5c, 0x02, 0x15,
+ 0x43, 0x0b, 0x60, 0x21, 0xf3, 0xb1, 0x43, 0x9a, 0x41,
+ 0xa0, 0xc1, 0x1b, 0x7a, 0x88, 0x97, 0xfd, 0x27, 0x56,
+ 0xf7, 0x48, 0x1f, 0xb6, 0x9a, 0xa2, 0xb1, 0xc5, 0xab,
+ 0x30, 0xa1, 0x14, 0x91, 0xef, 0x14, 0xe3, 0x01, 0x73,
+ 0xf3, 0x8d, 0xfa, 0xd7, 0xae, 0x2f, 0x13, 0x5d, 0x66,
+ 0xfb, 0x1c, 0x4b, 0x2e, 0x94, 0xdb, 0x9f, 0x10, 0x5b,
+ 0x2a, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x98, 0x73, 0x9d, 0xcd, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+ 0x79, 0xb6, 0xef, 0x8e, 0xf8, 0xdd, 0x11, 0x32, 0x0d,
+ 0xec, 0x6a, 0x04, 0xea, 0x81, 0xd7, 0x63, 0xbd, 0x01,
+ 0x77, 0x3e, 0x52, 0x30, 0x88, 0x3a, 0x9e, 0x04, 0xdf,
+ 0x42, 0x8b, 0x40, 0x23, 0xa9, 0x5a, 0x97, 0x21, 0x55,
+ 0xce, 0x72, 0x21, 0x45, 0x40, 0x01, 0x66, 0x63, 0x1d,
+ 0xab, 0x37, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x75, 0x56, 0xc2, 0x7c, 0xa0,
+ 0x9e, 0xa5, 0x85, 0xc2, 0x0b, 0x51, 0x80, 0xae, 0x0c,
+ 0xb3, 0xde, 0xa4, 0xb5, 0xa3, 0xa3, 0x00, 0xe1, 0xc9,
+ 0x09, 0xee, 0xab, 0xbb, 0x36, 0x78, 0x5b, 0x3f, 0x45,
+ 0x3d, 0xf6, 0xe8, 0x7e, 0xa3, 0xd7, 0x24, 0x78, 0xdf,
+ 0xbc, 0x9f, 0xe4, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x22, 0xb8, 0x76, 0xb0,
+ 0x6a, 0xc1, 0x35, 0x66, 0xfe, 0xaf, 0xf1, 0xb4, 0x44,
+ 0x5e, 0xe0, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x80, 0xf8, 0xa8, 0x5f, 0x59,
+ 0x91, 0xa4, 0x4f, 0xc0, 0x58, 0xb1, 0x2d, 0xc9, 0x6a,
+ 0xcd, 0x62, 0xcb, 0x41, 0x89, 0x9d, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0x48,
+ 0x5f, 0x23, 0x46, 0x21, 0x8a, 0x49, 0xc0, 0x16, 0x07,
+ 0x4d, 0xd9, 0x26, 0xbe, 0x86, 0xfb, 0x06, 0xbd, 0x41,
+ 0xc5, 0xd8, 0x87, 0xf6, 0x94, 0xb1, 0xef, 0xed, 0xab,
+ 0xfb, 0x93, 0x48, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0x22, 0xbc, 0x2b, 0x24,
+ 0xb4, 0x86, 0x33, 0x9b, 0xd6, 0x09, 0x46, 0x85, 0x81,
+ 0x89, 0xa9, 0x30, 0x13, 0xfa, 0x08, 0x55, 0xfc, 0xe5,
+ 0xfb, 0xc8, 0xb2, 0xa8, 0x31, 0x4c, 0x9e, 0x1c, 0xff,
+ 0x80, 0x10, 0x77, 0x5f, 0xf1, 0x07, 0x14, 0xf7, 0x88,
+ 0xb9, 0xeb, 0x48, 0xfe, 0x18, 0x48, 0xf3, 0xaf, 0xfd,
+ 0x7d, 0x0c, 0x9f, 0x30, 0x11, 0xcb, 0xed, 0xfc, 0x31,
+ 0xf5, 0x6e, 0x72, 0xfa, 0x9a, 0x3a, 0xa5, 0x1d, 0x89,
+ 0x89, 0x8b, 0xc6, 0x2c, 0xaf, 0xa6, 0xef, 0xbd, 0xb4,
+ 0xc2, 0xa0, 0x97, 0x74, 0xd0, 0x4d, 0x72, 0xb7, 0xe8,
+ 0x24, 0xba, 0x5e, 0x53, 0x4b, 0x91, 0xc1, 0xe4, 0x14,
+ 0x22, 0x50, 0xb2, 0xc3, 0x84, 0xf4, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0xa4,
+ 0x99, 0xda, 0x82, 0x55, 0x8e, 0x38, 0xb4, 0x0c, 0x21,
+ 0xe5, 0x91, 0x30, 0xc7, 0x80, 0x55, 0xf1, 0x69, 0xde,
+ 0xd7, 0x82, 0xf3, 0x08, 0xd3, 0x16, 0x69, 0xe7, 0xd4,
+ 0xeb, 0xfc, 0x9b, 0x8f, 0xd6, 0xfc, 0xf9, 0x9f, 0x95,
+ 0xb3, 0x90, 0xa6, 0x12, 0x21, 0x53, 0x50, 0xd5, 0x3e,
+ 0x2b, 0x46, 0x14, 0x52, 0x20, 0x1c, 0x33, 0xed, 0xdd,
+ 0x58, 0x81, 0x92, 0x37, 0xe5, 0x99, 0x77, 0xfa, 0x29,
+ 0x28, 0x49, 0x07, 0xc8, 0xe2, 0x41, 0x8f, 0x77, 0x3b,
+ 0xb4, 0x8c, 0x34, 0x3e, 0x80, 0xcb, 0xcf, 0x73, 0x4d,
+ 0xfc, 0x78, 0x60, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x86, 0xc3, 0x4d, 0xa7,
+ 0x40, 0x9c, 0x03, 0x72, 0x46, 0xc3, 0xc3, 0x74, 0xdf,
+ 0x5a, 0x47, 0x8d, 0xbc, 0xc1, 0x5b, 0x10, 0x3e, 0x7e,
+ 0x09, 0x3d, 0xdb, 0x0c, 0xc4, 0x3b, 0x12, 0xbf, 0x66,
+ 0xe2, 0xb7, 0x4c, 0x1a, 0x81, 0x58, 0x63, 0x39, 0x72,
+ 0xde, 0xfa, 0x5d, 0xcc, 0x2c, 0x69, 0x11, 0x0a, 0x5f,
+ 0xb9, 0xbc, 0xda, 0x80, 0x03, 0x8e, 0xa2, 0x02, 0x6c,
+ 0xc1, 0x15, 0xcc, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x14, 0xd0, 0x36, 0xad,
+ 0xdb, 0xb7, 0x77, 0xd6, 0x99, 0x94, 0xf5, 0xa5, 0xac,
+ 0xce, 0x9a, 0x23, 0x9b, 0x1e, 0xa4, 0x97, 0x7e, 0x41,
+ 0xc1, 0x65, 0xc7, 0x94, 0xfa, 0x07, 0x1d, 0x9a, 0x87,
+ 0xba, 0xee, 0xef, 0x99, 0x92, 0xaa, 0x41, 0x29, 0x03,
+ 0xe3, 0x01, 0x17, 0x42, 0xed, 0x11, 0x68, 0x44, 0x02,
+ 0xca, 0x81, 0x4b, 0x33, 0x81, 0x64, 0x30, 0x95, 0x7f,
+ 0x81, 0x17, 0xe6, 0x59, 0x0b, 0x4e, 0xf3, 0x4a, 0x72,
+ 0x0c, 0x45, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x44, 0xe2, 0x9e, 0x45, 0x29,
+ 0x88, 0xb4, 0xda, 0x9b, 0x9f, 0x3e, 0x92, 0x9a, 0x0b,
+ 0x21, 0x2a, 0xd4, 0xa0, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xbd, 0x06, 0x6d,
+ 0x71, 0x3c, 0xcc, 0xd8, 0xdc, 0x19, 0xd7, 0x8f, 0x21,
+ 0x01, 0x25, 0xa5, 0x15, 0x62, 0x43, 0xfa, 0xdf, 0xb9,
+ 0x33, 0x23, 0xd3, 0xa2, 0xab, 0xb1, 0x7e, 0x4e, 0x5e,
+ 0x46, 0xbd, 0x76, 0x6e, 0x18, 0x88, 0x5f, 0x85, 0x03,
+ 0x43, 0x57, 0xd6, 0x3a, 0xf2, 0xcc, 0x9d, 0xbc, 0x2c,
+ 0x67, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0xda, 0xe8, 0x39, 0x61, 0x68, 0x6d,
+ 0xcf, 0xeb, 0x07, 0x1f, 0x58, 0x61, 0x68, 0x6d, 0x78,
+ 0xa6, 0xad, 0xb6, 0x16, 0x70, 0x89, 0x49, 0x59, 0x62,
+ 0x76, 0xc1, 0xc3, 0xc8, 0xce, 0xe2, 0xfc, 0x42, 0x51,
+ 0x8d, 0xc8, 0xf1, 0x03, 0x17, 0x36, 0x55, 0x8c, 0x8e,
+ 0x98, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x3c, 0x4c, 0x63, 0x81, 0x97, 0xc5,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+ 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x0c, 0x16, 0x19, 0x23, 0x28, 0x30,
+ 0x37,
+ },
+};
diff --git a/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a8a88d04f2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/*
+ * KUnit tests and benchmark for ML-DSA
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+#include <crypto/mldsa.h>
+#include <kunit/test.h>
+#include <linux/random.h>
+#include <linux/unaligned.h>
+
+#define Q 8380417 /* The prime q = 2^23 - 2^13 + 1 */
+
+/* ML-DSA parameters that the tests use */
+static const struct {
+ int sig_len;
+ int pk_len;
+ int k;
+ int lambda;
+ int gamma1;
+ int beta;
+ int omega;
+} params[] = {
+ [MLDSA44] = {
+ .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .k = 4,
+ .lambda = 128,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 17,
+ .beta = 78,
+ .omega = 80,
+ },
+ [MLDSA65] = {
+ .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .k = 6,
+ .lambda = 192,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ .beta = 196,
+ .omega = 55,
+ },
+ [MLDSA87] = {
+ .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .k = 8,
+ .lambda = 256,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ .beta = 120,
+ .omega = 75,
+ },
+};
+
+#include "mldsa-testvecs.h"
+
+static void do_mldsa_and_assert_success(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ int err = mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, err, 0);
+}
+
+static u8 *kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(struct kunit *test, const u8 *src, size_t len)
+{
+ u8 *dst = kunit_kmalloc(test, len, GFP_KERNEL);
+
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NOT_NULL(test, dst);
+ return memcpy(dst, src, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test that changing coefficients in a valid signature's z vector results in
+ * the following behavior from mldsa_verify():
+ *
+ * * -EBADMSG if a coefficient is changed to have an out-of-range value, i.e.
+ * absolute value >= gamma1 - beta, corresponding to the verifier detecting
+ * the out-of-range coefficient and rejecting the signature as malformed
+ *
+ * * -EKEYREJECTED if a coefficient is changed to a different in-range value,
+ * i.e. absolute value < gamma1 - beta, corresponding to the verifier
+ * continuing to the "real" signature check and that check failing
+ */
+static void test_mldsa_z_range(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ const int lambda = params[tv->alg].lambda;
+ const s32 gamma1 = params[tv->alg].gamma1;
+ const int beta = params[tv->alg].beta;
+ /*
+ * We just modify the first coefficient. The coefficient is gamma1
+ * minus either the first 18 or 20 bits of the u32, depending on gamma1.
+ *
+ * The layout of ML-DSA signatures is ctilde || z || h. ctilde is
+ * lambda / 4 bytes, so z starts at &sig[lambda / 4].
+ */
+ u8 *z_ptr = &sig[lambda / 4];
+ const u32 z_data = get_unaligned_le32(z_ptr);
+ const u32 mask = (gamma1 << 1) - 1;
+ /* These are the four boundaries of the out-of-range values. */
+ const s32 out_of_range_coeffs[] = {
+ -gamma1 + 1,
+ -(gamma1 - beta),
+ gamma1,
+ gamma1 - beta,
+ };
+ /*
+ * These are the two boundaries of the valid range, along with 0. We
+ * assume that none of these matches the original coefficient.
+ */
+ const s32 in_range_coeffs[] = {
+ -(gamma1 - beta - 1),
+ 0,
+ gamma1 - beta - 1,
+ };
+
+ /* Initially the signature is valid. */
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Test some out-of-range coefficients. */
+ for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(out_of_range_coeffs); i++) {
+ const s32 c = out_of_range_coeffs[i];
+
+ put_unaligned_le32((z_data & ~mask) | (mask & (gamma1 - c)),
+ z_ptr);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+ }
+
+ /* Test some in-range coefficients. */
+ for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(in_range_coeffs); i++) {
+ const s32 c = in_range_coeffs[i];
+
+ put_unaligned_le32((z_data & ~mask) | (mask & (gamma1 - c)),
+ z_ptr);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EKEYREJECTED,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+ }
+}
+
+/* Test that mldsa_verify() rejects malformed hint vectors with -EBADMSG. */
+static void test_mldsa_bad_hints(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ const int omega = params[tv->alg].omega;
+ const int k = params[tv->alg].k;
+ u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ /* Pointer to the encoded hint vector in the signature */
+ u8 *hintvec = &sig[tv->sig_len - omega - k];
+ u8 h;
+
+ /* Initially the signature is valid. */
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Cumulative hint count exceeds omega */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ hintvec[omega + k - 1] = omega + 1;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /* Cumulative hint count decreases */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_GE(test, hintvec[omega + k - 2], 1);
+ hintvec[omega + k - 1] = hintvec[omega + k - 2] - 1;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /*
+ * Hint indices out of order. To test this, swap hintvec[0] and
+ * hintvec[1]. This assumes that the original valid signature had at
+ * least two nonzero hints in the first element (asserted below).
+ */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_GE(test, hintvec[omega], 2);
+ h = hintvec[0];
+ hintvec[0] = hintvec[1];
+ hintvec[1] = h;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /*
+ * Extra hint indices given. For this test to work, the original valid
+ * signature must have fewer than omega nonzero hints (asserted below).
+ */
+ memcpy(sig, tv->sig, tv->sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_LT(test, hintvec[omega + k - 1], omega);
+ hintvec[omega - 1] = 0xff;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa_mutation(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ const int sig_len = tv->sig_len;
+ const int msg_len = tv->msg_len;
+ const int pk_len = tv->pk_len;
+ const int num_iter = 200;
+ u8 *sig = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->sig, sig_len);
+ u8 *msg = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->msg, msg_len);
+ u8 *pk = kunit_kmemdup_or_fail(test, tv->pk, pk_len);
+
+ /* Initially the signature is valid. */
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Changing any bit in the signature should invalidate the signature */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+ size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(sig_len);
+ u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+ sig[pos] ^= b;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+ msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+ sig[pos] ^= b;
+ }
+
+ /* Changing any bit in the message should invalidate the signature */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+ size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(msg_len);
+ u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+ msg[pos] ^= b;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+ msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+ msg[pos] ^= b;
+ }
+
+ /* Changing any bit in the public key should invalidate the signature */
+ for (int i = 0; i < num_iter; i++) {
+ size_t pos = get_random_u32_below(pk_len);
+ u8 b = 1 << get_random_u32_below(8);
+
+ pk[pos] ^= b;
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_NE(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg,
+ msg_len, pk, pk_len));
+ pk[pos] ^= b;
+ }
+
+ /* All changes should have been undone. */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, 0,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, sig, sig_len, msg, msg_len, pk,
+ pk_len));
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa(struct kunit *test, const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ /* Valid signature */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, tv->sig_len, params[tv->alg].sig_len);
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, tv->pk_len, params[tv->alg].pk_len);
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ /* Signature too short */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len - 1, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /* Signature too long */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len + 1, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+
+ /* Public key too short */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len - 1));
+
+ /* Public key too long */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EBADMSG,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len, tv->pk, tv->pk_len + 1));
+
+ /*
+ * Message too short. Error is EKEYREJECTED because it gets rejected by
+ * the "real" signature check rather than the well-formedness checks.
+ */
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test, -EKEYREJECTED,
+ mldsa_verify(tv->alg, tv->sig, tv->sig_len, tv->msg,
+ tv->msg_len - 1, tv->pk, tv->pk_len));
+ /*
+ * Can't simply try (tv->msg, tv->msg_len + 1) too, as tv->msg would be
+ * accessed out of bounds. However, ML-DSA just hashes the message and
+ * doesn't handle different message lengths differently anyway.
+ */
+
+ /* Test the validity checks on the z vector. */
+ test_mldsa_z_range(test, tv);
+
+ /* Test the validity checks on the hint vector. */
+ test_mldsa_bad_hints(test, tv);
+
+ /* Test randomly mutating the inputs. */
+ test_mldsa_mutation(test, tv);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa44(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ test_mldsa(test, &mldsa44_testvector);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa65(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ test_mldsa(test, &mldsa65_testvector);
+}
+
+static void test_mldsa87(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ test_mldsa(test, &mldsa87_testvector);
+}
+
+static s32 mod(s32 a, s32 m)
+{
+ a %= m;
+ if (a < 0)
+ a += m;
+ return a;
+}
+
+static s32 symmetric_mod(s32 a, s32 m)
+{
+ a = mod(a, m);
+ if (a > m / 2)
+ a -= m;
+ return a;
+}
+
+/* Mechanical, inefficient translation of FIPS 204 Algorithm 36, Decompose */
+static void decompose_ref(s32 r, s32 gamma2, s32 *r0, s32 *r1)
+{
+ s32 rplus = mod(r, Q);
+
+ *r0 = symmetric_mod(rplus, 2 * gamma2);
+ if (rplus - *r0 == Q - 1) {
+ *r1 = 0;
+ *r0 = *r0 - 1;
+ } else {
+ *r1 = (rplus - *r0) / (2 * gamma2);
+ }
+}
+
+/* Mechanical, inefficient translation of FIPS 204 Algorithm 40, UseHint */
+static s32 use_hint_ref(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2)
+{
+ s32 m = (Q - 1) / (2 * gamma2);
+ s32 r0, r1;
+
+ decompose_ref(r, gamma2, &r0, &r1);
+ if (h == 1 && r0 > 0)
+ return mod(r1 + 1, m);
+ if (h == 1 && r0 <= 0)
+ return mod(r1 - 1, m);
+ return r1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Test that for all possible inputs, mldsa_use_hint() gives the same output as
+ * a mechanical translation of the pseudocode from FIPS 204.
+ */
+static void test_mldsa_use_hint(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+ const s32 gamma2 = (Q - 1) / (i == 0 ? 88 : 32);
+
+ for (u8 h = 0; h < 2; h++) {
+ for (s32 r = 0; r < Q; r++) {
+ KUNIT_ASSERT_EQ(test,
+ mldsa_use_hint(h, r, gamma2),
+ use_hint_ref(h, r, gamma2));
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa(struct kunit *test,
+ const struct mldsa_testvector *tv)
+{
+ const int warmup_niter = 200;
+ const int benchmark_niter = 200;
+ u64 t0, t1;
+
+ if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_BENCHMARK))
+ kunit_skip(test, "not enabled");
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < warmup_niter; i++)
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+
+ t0 = ktime_get_ns();
+ for (int i = 0; i < benchmark_niter; i++)
+ do_mldsa_and_assert_success(test, tv);
+ t1 = ktime_get_ns();
+ kunit_info(test, "%llu ops/s",
+ div64_u64((u64)benchmark_niter * NSEC_PER_SEC,
+ t1 - t0 ?: 1));
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa44(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa44_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa65(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa65_testvector);
+}
+
+static void benchmark_mldsa87(struct kunit *test)
+{
+ benchmark_mldsa(test, &mldsa87_testvector);
+}
+
+static struct kunit_case mldsa_kunit_cases[] = {
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa44),
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa65),
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa87),
+ KUNIT_CASE(test_mldsa_use_hint),
+ KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa44),
+ KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa65),
+ KUNIT_CASE(benchmark_mldsa87),
+ {},
+};
+
+static struct kunit_suite mldsa_kunit_suite = {
+ .name = "mldsa",
+ .test_cases = mldsa_kunit_cases,
+};
+kunit_test_suite(mldsa_kunit_suite);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("KUnit tests and benchmark for ML-DSA");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 1/2] lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-12-03 7:28 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-crypto, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251203072844.484893-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>
Add support for verifying ML-DSA signatures.
ML-DSA (Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm) is specified
in FIPS 204 and is the standard version of Dilithium. Unlike RSA and
elliptic-curve cryptography, ML-DSA is believed to be secure even
against adversaries in possession of a large-scale quantum computer.
Compared to the earlier patch
(https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251117145606.2155773-3-dhowells@redhat.com/)
that was based on "leancrypto", this implementation:
- Is about 700 lines of source code instead of 4800.
- Generates about 4 KB of object code instead of 28 KB.
- Uses 9-13 KB of memory to verify a signature instead of 31-84 KB.
- Is at least about the same speed, with a microbenchmark showing 3-5%
improvements on one x86_64 CPU and -1% to 1% changes on another.
When memory is a bottleneck, it's likely much faster.
- Correctly implements the RejNTTPoly step of the algorithm.
The API just consists of a single function mldsa_verify(), supporting
pure ML-DSA with any standard parameter set (ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, or
ML-DSA-87) as selected by an enum. That's all that's actually needed.
The following four potential features are unneeded and aren't included.
However, any that ever become needed could fairly easily be added later,
as they only affect how the message representative mu is calculated:
- Nonempty context strings
- Incremental message hashing
- HashML-DSA
- External mu
Signing support would, of course, be a larger and more complex addition.
However, the kernel doesn't, and shouldn't, need ML-DSA signing support.
Note that mldsa_verify() allocates memory, so it can sleep and can fail
with ENOMEM. Unfortunately we don't have much choice about that, since
ML-DSA needs a lot of memory. At least callers have to check for errors
anyway, since the signature could be invalid.
Note that verification doesn't require constant-time code, and in fact
some steps are inherently variable-time. I've used constant-time
patterns in some places anyway, but technically they're not needed.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
---
include/crypto/mldsa.h | 60 ++++
lib/crypto/Kconfig | 7 +
lib/crypto/Makefile | 5 +
lib/crypto/mldsa.c | 652 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
4 files changed, 724 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c
diff --git a/include/crypto/mldsa.h b/include/crypto/mldsa.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cf30aef29970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/crypto/mldsa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/*
+ * Support for verifying ML-DSA signatures
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+#ifndef _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H
+#define _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+
+/* Identifier for an ML-DSA parameter set */
+enum mldsa_alg {
+ MLDSA44, /* ML-DSA-44 */
+ MLDSA65, /* ML-DSA-65 */
+ MLDSA87, /* ML-DSA-87 */
+};
+
+/* Lengths of ML-DSA public keys and signatures in bytes */
+#define MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 1312
+#define MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 1952
+#define MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE 2592
+#define MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE 2420
+#define MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE 3309
+#define MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE 4627
+
+/**
+ * mldsa_verify() - Verify an ML-DSA signature
+ * @alg: The ML-DSA parameter set to use
+ * @sig: The signature
+ * @sig_len: Length of the signature in bytes. Should match the
+ * MLDSA*_SIGNATURE_SIZE constant associated with @alg,
+ * otherwise -EBADMSG will be returned.
+ * @msg: The message
+ * @msg_len: Length of the message in bytes
+ * @pk: The public key
+ * @pk_len: Length of the public key in bytes. Should match the
+ * MLDSA*_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE constant associated with @alg,
+ * otherwise -EBADMSG will be returned.
+ *
+ * This verifies a signature using pure ML-DSA with the specified parameter set.
+ * The context string is assumed to be empty.
+ *
+ * Context: Might sleep
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * * 0 if the signature is valid
+ * * -EBADMSG if the signature and/or public key is malformed
+ * * -EKEYREJECTED if the signature is invalid but otherwise well-formed
+ * * -ENOMEM if out of memory so the validity of the signature is unknown
+ */
+int mldsa_verify(enum mldsa_alg alg, const u8 *sig, size_t sig_len,
+ const u8 *msg, size_t msg_len, const u8 *pk, size_t pk_len);
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST)
+/* Internal function, exposed only for unit testing */
+s32 mldsa_use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2);
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _CRYPTO_MLDSA_H */
diff --git a/lib/crypto/Kconfig b/lib/crypto/Kconfig
index a3647352bff6..6fcdbe46d590 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/crypto/Kconfig
@@ -98,10 +98,17 @@ config CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_ARCH
depends on CRYPTO_LIB_MD5 && !UML
default y if MIPS && CPU_CAVIUM_OCTEON
default y if PPC
default y if SPARC64
+config CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA
+ tristate
+ select CRYPTO_LIB_SHA3
+ help
+ The ML-DSA library functions. Select this if your module uses any of
+ the functions from <crypto/mldsa.h>.
+
config CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305
tristate
help
The Poly1305 library functions. Select this if your module uses any
of the functions from <crypto/poly1305.h>.
diff --git a/lib/crypto/Makefile b/lib/crypto/Makefile
index b5346cebbb55..9911e7b3905a 100644
--- a/lib/crypto/Makefile
+++ b/lib/crypto/Makefile
@@ -125,10 +125,15 @@ libmd5-$(CONFIG_PPC) += powerpc/md5-asm.o
libmd5-$(CONFIG_SPARC) += sparc/md5_asm.o
endif # CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MD5_ARCH
################################################################################
+obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA) += libmldsa.o
+libmldsa-y := mldsa.o
+
+################################################################################
+
obj-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305) += libpoly1305.o
libpoly1305-y := poly1305.o
ifeq ($(CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_INT128),y)
libpoly1305-$(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_GENERIC) += poly1305-donna64.o
else
diff --git a/lib/crypto/mldsa.c b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0699d753c055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/crypto/mldsa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/*
+ * Support for verifying ML-DSA signatures
+ *
+ * Copyright 2025 Google LLC
+ */
+
+#include <crypto/mldsa.h>
+#include <crypto/sha3.h>
+#include <kunit/visibility.h>
+#include <linux/export.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/string.h>
+#include <linux/unaligned.h>
+
+#define Q 8380417 /* The prime q = 2^23 - 2^13 + 1 */
+#define QINV_MOD_2_32 58728449 /* Multiplicative inverse of q mod 2^32 */
+#define N 256 /* Number of components per ring element */
+#define D 13 /* Number of bits dropped from the public key vector t */
+#define RHO_LEN 32 /* Length of the public random seed in bytes */
+#define MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN 192 /* Max encoded length of one element of w'_1 */
+
+/*
+ * The zetas array in Montgomery form, i.e. with extra factor of 2^32.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Section 7.5 "NTT and NTT^-1"
+ * Generated by the following Python code:
+ * q=8380417; [a%q - q*(a%q > q//2) for a in [1753**(int(f'{i:08b}'[::-1], 2)) << 32 for i in range(256)]]
+ */
+static const s32 zetas_times_2_32[N] = {
+ -4186625, 25847, -2608894, -518909, 237124, -777960, -876248,
+ 466468, 1826347, 2353451, -359251, -2091905, 3119733, -2884855,
+ 3111497, 2680103, 2725464, 1024112, -1079900, 3585928, -549488,
+ -1119584, 2619752, -2108549, -2118186, -3859737, -1399561, -3277672,
+ 1757237, -19422, 4010497, 280005, 2706023, 95776, 3077325,
+ 3530437, -1661693, -3592148, -2537516, 3915439, -3861115, -3043716,
+ 3574422, -2867647, 3539968, -300467, 2348700, -539299, -1699267,
+ -1643818, 3505694, -3821735, 3507263, -2140649, -1600420, 3699596,
+ 811944, 531354, 954230, 3881043, 3900724, -2556880, 2071892,
+ -2797779, -3930395, -1528703, -3677745, -3041255, -1452451, 3475950,
+ 2176455, -1585221, -1257611, 1939314, -4083598, -1000202, -3190144,
+ -3157330, -3632928, 126922, 3412210, -983419, 2147896, 2715295,
+ -2967645, -3693493, -411027, -2477047, -671102, -1228525, -22981,
+ -1308169, -381987, 1349076, 1852771, -1430430, -3343383, 264944,
+ 508951, 3097992, 44288, -1100098, 904516, 3958618, -3724342,
+ -8578, 1653064, -3249728, 2389356, -210977, 759969, -1316856,
+ 189548, -3553272, 3159746, -1851402, -2409325, -177440, 1315589,
+ 1341330, 1285669, -1584928, -812732, -1439742, -3019102, -3881060,
+ -3628969, 3839961, 2091667, 3407706, 2316500, 3817976, -3342478,
+ 2244091, -2446433, -3562462, 266997, 2434439, -1235728, 3513181,
+ -3520352, -3759364, -1197226, -3193378, 900702, 1859098, 909542,
+ 819034, 495491, -1613174, -43260, -522500, -655327, -3122442,
+ 2031748, 3207046, -3556995, -525098, -768622, -3595838, 342297,
+ 286988, -2437823, 4108315, 3437287, -3342277, 1735879, 203044,
+ 2842341, 2691481, -2590150, 1265009, 4055324, 1247620, 2486353,
+ 1595974, -3767016, 1250494, 2635921, -3548272, -2994039, 1869119,
+ 1903435, -1050970, -1333058, 1237275, -3318210, -1430225, -451100,
+ 1312455, 3306115, -1962642, -1279661, 1917081, -2546312, -1374803,
+ 1500165, 777191, 2235880, 3406031, -542412, -2831860, -1671176,
+ -1846953, -2584293, -3724270, 594136, -3776993, -2013608, 2432395,
+ 2454455, -164721, 1957272, 3369112, 185531, -1207385, -3183426,
+ 162844, 1616392, 3014001, 810149, 1652634, -3694233, -1799107,
+ -3038916, 3523897, 3866901, 269760, 2213111, -975884, 1717735,
+ 472078, -426683, 1723600, -1803090, 1910376, -1667432, -1104333,
+ -260646, -3833893, -2939036, -2235985, -420899, -2286327, 183443,
+ -976891, 1612842, -3545687, -554416, 3919660, -48306, -1362209,
+ 3937738, 1400424, -846154, 1976782
+};
+
+/* Reference: FIPS 204 Section 4 "Parameter Sets" */
+static const struct mldsa_parameter_set {
+ u8 k; /* num rows in the matrix A */
+ u8 l; /* num columns in the matrix A */
+ u8 ctilde_len; /* length of commitment hash ctilde in bytes; lambda/4 */
+ u8 omega; /* max num of 1's in the hint vector h */
+ u8 tau; /* num of +-1's in challenge c */
+ u8 beta; /* tau times eta */
+ u16 pk_len; /* length of public keys in bytes */
+ u16 sig_len; /* length of signatures in bytes */
+ s32 gamma1; /* coefficient range of y */
+} mldsa_parameter_sets[] = {
+ [MLDSA44] = {
+ .k = 4,
+ .l = 4,
+ .ctilde_len = 32,
+ .omega = 80,
+ .tau = 39,
+ .beta = 78,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA44_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .sig_len = MLDSA44_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 17,
+ },
+ [MLDSA65] = {
+ .k = 6,
+ .l = 5,
+ .ctilde_len = 48,
+ .omega = 55,
+ .tau = 49,
+ .beta = 196,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA65_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .sig_len = MLDSA65_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ },
+ [MLDSA87] = {
+ .k = 8,
+ .l = 7,
+ .ctilde_len = 64,
+ .omega = 75,
+ .tau = 60,
+ .beta = 120,
+ .pk_len = MLDSA87_PUBLIC_KEY_SIZE,
+ .sig_len = MLDSA87_SIGNATURE_SIZE,
+ .gamma1 = 1 << 19,
+ },
+};
+
+/*
+ * An element of the ring R_q (normal form) or the ring T_q (NTT form). It
+ * consists of N integers mod q: either the polynomial coefficients of the R_q
+ * element or the components of the T_q element. In either case, whether they
+ * are fully reduced to [0, q - 1] varies in the different parts of the code.
+ */
+struct mldsa_ring_elem {
+ s32 x[N];
+};
+
+struct mldsa_verification_workspace {
+ /* SHAKE context for computing c, mu, and ctildeprime */
+ struct shake_ctx shake;
+ /* The fields in this union are used in their order of declaration. */
+ union {
+ /* The hash of the public key */
+ u8 tr[64];
+ /* The message representative mu */
+ u8 mu[64];
+ /* Temporary space for rej_ntt_poly() */
+ u8 block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE + 1];
+ /* Encoded element of w'_1 */
+ u8 w1_encoded[MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN];
+ /* The commitment hash. Real length is params->ctilde_len */
+ u8 ctildeprime[64];
+ };
+ /* SHAKE context for generating elements of the matrix A */
+ struct shake_ctx a_shake;
+ /*
+ * An element of the matrix A generated from the public seed, or an
+ * element of the vector t_1 decoded from the public key and pre-scaled
+ * by 2^d. Both are in NTT form. To reduce memory usage, we generate
+ * or decode these elements only as needed.
+ */
+ union {
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem a;
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem t1_scaled;
+ };
+ /* The challenge c, generated from ctilde */
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem c;
+ /* A temporary element used during calculations */
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem tmp;
+
+ /* The following fields are variable-length: */
+
+ /* The signer's response vector */
+ struct mldsa_ring_elem z[/* l */];
+
+ /* The signer's hint vector */
+ /* u8 h[k * N]; */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Compute a * b * 2^-32 mod q. a * b must be in the range [-2^31 * q, 2^31 * q
+ * - 1] before reduction. The return value is in the range [-q + 1, q - 1].
+ *
+ * To reduce mod q efficiently, this uses Montgomery reduction with R=2^32.
+ * That's where the factor of 2^-32 comes from. The caller must include a
+ * factor of 2^32 at some point to compensate for that.
+ *
+ * To keep the input and output ranges very close to symmetric, this
+ * specifically does a "signed" Montgomery reduction. That is, when doing the
+ * first step d = c * q^-1 mod 2^32, this uses representatives in [S32_MIN,
+ * S32_MAX] rather than [0, U32_MAX], i.e. s32 rather than u32. This matters in
+ * the wider multiplication d * Q when d keeps its value via sign extension.
+ *
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Appendix A "Montgomery Multiplication". But, it doesn't
+ * explain it properly: it has an off-by-one error in the upper end of the input
+ * range, it doesn't clarify that the signed version should be used, and it
+ * gives an unnecessarily large output range. A better citation is perhaps the
+ * Dilithium reference code, which functionally matches the below code and
+ * merely has the (benign) off-by-one error in its documentation.
+ */
+static inline s32 Zq_mult(s32 a, s32 b)
+{
+ /* Compute the unreduced product c. */
+ s64 c = (s64)a * b;
+
+ /*
+ * Compute d = c * q^-1 mod 2^32. Generate a signed result, as
+ * explained above, but do the actual multiplication using an unsigned
+ * type to avoid signed integer overflow which is undefined behavior.
+ */
+ s32 d = (u32)c * QINV_MOD_2_32;
+
+ /*
+ * Compute e = c - d * q. This makes the low 32 bits zero, since
+ * c - (c * q^-1) * q mod 2^32
+ * = c - c * (q^-1 * q) mod 2^32
+ * = c - c * 1 mod 2^32
+ * = c - c mod 2^32
+ * = 0 mod 2^32
+ */
+ s64 e = c - (s64)d * Q;
+
+ /* Finally, return e * 2^-32. */
+ return e >> 32;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert @w to its number-theoretically-transformed representation in-place.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 41, NTT
+ *
+ * To prevent intermediate overflows, all input coefficients must have absolute
+ * value < q. All output components have absolute value < 9*q.
+ */
+static void ntt(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w)
+{
+ int m = 0; /* index in zetas_times_2_32 */
+
+ for (int len = 128; len >= 1; len /= 2) {
+ for (int start = 0; start < 256; start += 2 * len) {
+ const s32 z = zetas_times_2_32[++m];
+
+ for (int j = start; j < start + len; j++) {
+ s32 t = Zq_mult(z, w->x[j + len]);
+
+ w->x[j + len] = w->x[j] - t;
+ w->x[j] += t;
+ }
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert @w from its number-theoretically-transformed representation in-place.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 42, NTT^-1
+ *
+ * This also multiplies the coefficients by 2^32, undoing an extra factor of
+ * 2^-32 introduced earlier, and reduces the coefficients to [0, q - 1].
+ */
+static void invntt_and_mul_2_32(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w)
+{
+ int m = 256; /* index in zetas_times_2_32 */
+
+ /* Prevent intermediate overflows. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++)
+ w->x[j] %= Q;
+
+ for (int len = 1; len < 256; len *= 2) {
+ for (int start = 0; start < 256; start += 2 * len) {
+ const s32 z = -zetas_times_2_32[--m];
+
+ for (int j = start; j < start + len; j++) {
+ s32 t = w->x[j];
+
+ w->x[j] = t + w->x[j + len];
+ w->x[j + len] = Zq_mult(z, t - w->x[j + len]);
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ /*
+ * Multiply by 2^32 * 256^-1. 2^32 cancels the factor of 2^-32 from
+ * earlier Montgomery multiplications. 256^-1 is for NTT^-1. This
+ * itself uses Montgomery multiplication, so *another* 2^32 is needed.
+ * Thus the actual multiplicand is 2^32 * 2^32 * 256^-1 mod q = 41978.
+ *
+ * Finally, also reduce from [-q + 1, q - 1] to [0, q - 1].
+ */
+ for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
+ w->x[j] = Zq_mult(w->x[j], 41978);
+ w->x[j] += (w->x[j] >> 31) & Q;
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode an element of t_1, i.e. the high d bits of t = A*s_1 + s_2.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 23, pkDecode.
+ * Also multiply it by 2^d and convert it to NTT form.
+ */
+static const u8 *decode_t1_elem(struct mldsa_ring_elem *out,
+ const u8 *t1_encoded)
+{
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, t1_encoded += 5) {
+ u32 v = get_unaligned_le32(t1_encoded);
+
+ out->x[j + 0] = ((v >> 0) & 0x3ff) << D;
+ out->x[j + 1] = ((v >> 10) & 0x3ff) << D;
+ out->x[j + 2] = ((v >> 20) & 0x3ff) << D;
+ out->x[j + 3] = ((v >> 30) | (t1_encoded[4] << 2)) << D;
+ static_assert(0x3ff << D < Q); /* All coefficients < q. */
+ }
+ ntt(out);
+ return t1_encoded; /* Return updated pointer. */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the signer's response vector 'z' from the signature.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 27, sigDecode.
+ *
+ * This also validates that the coefficients of z are in range, corresponding
+ * the infinity norm check at the end of Algorithm 8, ML-DSA.Verify_internal.
+ *
+ * Finally, this also converts z to NTT form.
+ */
+static bool decode_z(struct mldsa_ring_elem z[/* l */], int l, s32 gamma1,
+ int beta, const u8 **sig_ptr)
+{
+ const u8 *sig = *sig_ptr;
+
+ for (int i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+ if (l == 4) { /* ML-DSA-44? */
+ /* 18-bit coefficients: decode 4 from 9 bytes. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, sig += 9) {
+ u64 v = get_unaligned_le64(sig);
+
+ z[i].x[j + 0] = (v >> 0) & 0x3ffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 1] = (v >> 18) & 0x3ffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 2] = (v >> 36) & 0x3ffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 3] = (v >> 54) | (sig[8] << 10);
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* 20-bit coefficients: decode 4 from 10 bytes. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4, sig += 10) {
+ u64 v = get_unaligned_le64(sig);
+
+ z[i].x[j + 0] = (v >> 0) & 0xfffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 1] = (v >> 20) & 0xfffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 2] = (v >> 40) & 0xfffff;
+ z[i].x[j + 3] =
+ (v >> 60) |
+ (get_unaligned_le16(&sig[8]) << 4);
+ }
+ }
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++) {
+ z[i].x[j] = gamma1 - z[i].x[j];
+ if (z[i].x[j] <= -(gamma1 - beta) ||
+ z[i].x[j] >= gamma1 - beta)
+ return false;
+ }
+ ntt(&z[i]);
+ }
+ *sig_ptr = sig; /* Return updated pointer. */
+ return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Decode the signer's hint vector 'h' from the signature.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 21, HintBitUnpack
+ *
+ * Note that there are several ways in which the hint vector can be malformed.
+ */
+static bool decode_hint_vector(u8 h[/* k * N */], int k, int omega, const u8 *y)
+{
+ int index = 0;
+
+ memset(h, 0, k * N);
+ for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+ int count = y[omega + i]; /* num 1's in elems 0 through i */
+ int prev = -1;
+
+ /* Cumulative count mustn't decrease or exceed omega. */
+ if (count < index || count > omega)
+ return false;
+ for (; index < count; index++) {
+ if (prev >= y[index]) /* Coefficients out of order? */
+ return false;
+ prev = y[index];
+ h[i * N + y[index]] = 1;
+ }
+ }
+ return mem_is_zero(&y[index], omega - index);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand @seed into an element of R_q @c with coefficients in {-1, 0, 1},
+ * exactly @tau of them nonzero. Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 29, SampleInBall
+ */
+static void sample_in_ball(struct mldsa_ring_elem *c, const u8 *seed,
+ size_t seed_len, int tau, struct shake_ctx *shake)
+{
+ u64 signs;
+ u8 j;
+
+ shake256_init(shake);
+ shake_update(shake, seed, seed_len);
+ shake_squeeze(shake, (u8 *)&signs, sizeof(signs));
+ le64_to_cpus(&signs);
+ *c = (struct mldsa_ring_elem){};
+ for (int i = N - tau; i < N; i++, signs >>= 1) {
+ do {
+ shake_squeeze(shake, &j, 1);
+ } while (j > i);
+ c->x[i] = c->x[j];
+ c->x[j] = 1 - 2 * (s32)(signs & 1);
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Expand the public seed @rho and @row_and_column into an element of T_q @out.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 30, RejNTTPoly
+ *
+ * @shake and @block are temporary space used by the expansion. @block has
+ * space for one SHAKE128 block, plus an extra byte to allow reading a u32 from
+ * the final 3-byte group without reading out-of-bounds.
+ */
+static void rej_ntt_poly(struct mldsa_ring_elem *out, const u8 rho[RHO_LEN],
+ __le16 row_and_column, struct shake_ctx *shake,
+ u8 block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE + 1])
+{
+ shake128_init(shake);
+ shake_update(shake, rho, RHO_LEN);
+ shake_update(shake, (u8 *)&row_and_column, sizeof(row_and_column));
+ for (int i = 0; i < N;) {
+ shake_squeeze(shake, block, SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE);
+ block[SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE] = 0; /* for KMSAN */
+ static_assert(SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE % 3 == 0);
+ for (int j = 0; j < SHAKE128_BLOCK_SIZE && i < N; j += 3) {
+ u32 x = get_unaligned_le32(&block[j]) & 0x7fffff;
+
+ if (x < Q) /* Ignore values >= q. */
+ out->x[i++] = x;
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the HighBits of r adjusted according to hint h
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 40, UseHint
+ *
+ * This is needed because of the public key compression in ML-DSA.
+ *
+ * h is either 0 or 1, r is in [0, q - 1], and gamma2 is either (q - 1) / 88 or
+ * (q - 1) / 32. Except when invoked via the unit test interface, gamma2 is a
+ * compile-time constant, so compilers will optimize the code accordingly.
+ */
+static __always_inline s32 use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, const s32 gamma2)
+{
+ const s32 m = (Q - 1) / (2 * gamma2); /* 44 or 16, compile-time const */
+ s32 r1;
+
+ /*
+ * Handle the special case where r - (r mod+- (2 * gamma2)) == q - 1,
+ * i.e. r >= q - gamma2. This is also exactly where the computation of
+ * r1 below would produce 'm' and would need a correction.
+ */
+ if (r >= Q - gamma2)
+ return h == 0 ? 0 : m - 1;
+
+ /*
+ * Compute the (non-hint-adjusted) HighBits r1 as:
+ *
+ * r1 = (r - (r mod+- (2 * gamma2))) / (2 * gamma2)
+ * = floor((r + gamma2 - 1) / (2 * gamma2))
+ *
+ * Note that when '2 * gamma2' is a compile-time constant, compilers
+ * optimize the division to a reciprocal multiplication and shift.
+ */
+ r1 = (u32)(r + gamma2 - 1) / (2 * gamma2);
+
+ /*
+ * Return the HighBits r1:
+ * + 0 if the hint is 0;
+ * + 1 (mod m) if the hint is 1 and the LowBits are positive;
+ * - 1 (mod m) if the hint is 1 and the LowBits are negative or 0.
+ *
+ * r1 is in (and remains in) [0, m - 1]. Note that when 'm' is a
+ * compile-time constant, compilers optimize the '% m' accordingly.
+ */
+ if (h == 0)
+ return r1;
+ if (r > r1 * (2 * gamma2))
+ return (u32)(r1 + 1) % m;
+ return (u32)(r1 + m - 1) % m;
+}
+
+static __always_inline void use_hint_elem(struct mldsa_ring_elem *w,
+ const u8 h[N], const s32 gamma2)
+{
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
+ w->x[j] = use_hint(h[j], w->x[j], gamma2);
+}
+
+#if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CRYPTO_LIB_MLDSA_KUNIT_TEST)
+/* Allow the __always_inline function use_hint() to be unit-tested. */
+s32 mldsa_use_hint(u8 h, s32 r, s32 gamma2)
+{
+ return use_hint(h, r, gamma2);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_IF_KUNIT(mldsa_use_hint);
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Encode one element of the commitment vector w'_1 into a byte string.
+ * Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 28, w1Encode.
+ * Return the number of bytes used: 192 for ML-DSA-44 and 128 for the others.
+ */
+static size_t encode_w1(u8 out[MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN],
+ const struct mldsa_ring_elem *w1, int k)
+{
+ size_t pos = 0;
+
+ static_assert(N * 6 / 8 == MAX_W1_ENCODED_LEN);
+ if (k == 4) { /* ML-DSA-44? */
+ /* 6 bits per coefficient. Pack 4 at a time. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 4) {
+ u32 v = (w1->x[j + 0] << 0) | (w1->x[j + 1] << 6) |
+ (w1->x[j + 2] << 12) | (w1->x[j + 3] << 18);
+ out[pos++] = v >> 0;
+ out[pos++] = v >> 8;
+ out[pos++] = v >> 16;
+ }
+ } else {
+ /* 4 bits per coefficient. Pack 2 at a time. */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j += 2)
+ out[pos++] = w1->x[j] | (w1->x[j + 1] << 4);
+ }
+ return pos;
+}
+
+/* Reference: FIPS 204 Section 6.3 "ML-DSA Verifying (Internal)" */
+int mldsa_verify(enum mldsa_alg alg, const u8 *sig, size_t sig_len,
+ const u8 *msg, size_t msg_len, const u8 *pk, size_t pk_len)
+{
+ const struct mldsa_parameter_set *params = &mldsa_parameter_sets[alg];
+ const int k = params->k, l = params->l;
+ /* For now this just does pure ML-DSA with an empty context string. */
+ static const u8 msg_prefix[2] = { /* dom_sep= */ 0, /* ctx_len= */ 0 };
+ const u8 *ctilde; /* The signer's commitment hash */
+ const u8 *t1_encoded = &pk[RHO_LEN]; /* Next encoded element of t_1 */
+ u8 *h; /* The signer's hint vector, length k * N */
+ size_t w1_enc_len;
+
+ /* Validate the public key and signature lengths. */
+ if (pk_len != params->pk_len || sig_len != params->sig_len)
+ return -EBADMSG;
+
+ /*
+ * Allocate the workspace, including variable-length fields. Its size
+ * depends only on the ML-DSA parameter set, not the other inputs.
+ *
+ * For freeing it, use kfree_sensitive() rather than kfree(). This is
+ * mainly to comply with FIPS 204 Section 3.6.3 "Intermediate Values".
+ * In reality it's a bit gratuitous, as this is a public key operation.
+ */
+ struct mldsa_verification_workspace *ws __free(kfree_sensitive) =
+ kmalloc(sizeof(*ws) + (l * sizeof(ws->z[0])) + (k * N),
+ GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!ws)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ h = (u8 *)&ws->z[l];
+
+ /* Decode the signature. Reference: FIPS 204 Algorithm 27, sigDecode */
+ ctilde = sig;
+ sig += params->ctilde_len;
+ if (!decode_z(ws->z, l, params->gamma1, params->beta, &sig))
+ return -EBADMSG;
+ if (!decode_hint_vector(h, k, params->omega, sig))
+ return -EBADMSG;
+
+ /* Recreate the challenge c from the signer's commitment hash. */
+ sample_in_ball(&ws->c, ctilde, params->ctilde_len, params->tau,
+ &ws->shake);
+ ntt(&ws->c);
+
+ /* Compute the message representative mu. */
+ shake256(pk, pk_len, ws->tr, sizeof(ws->tr));
+ shake256_init(&ws->shake);
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->tr, sizeof(ws->tr));
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, msg_prefix, sizeof(msg_prefix));
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, msg, msg_len);
+ shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->mu, sizeof(ws->mu));
+
+ /* Start computing ctildeprime = H(mu || w1Encode(w'_1)). */
+ shake256_init(&ws->shake);
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->mu, sizeof(ws->mu));
+
+ /*
+ * Compute the commitment w'_1 from A, z, c, t_1, and h.
+ *
+ * The computation is the same for each of the k rows. Just do each row
+ * before moving on to the next, resulting in only one loop over k.
+ */
+ for (int i = 0; i < k; i++) {
+ /*
+ * tmp = NTT(A) * NTT(z) * 2^-32
+ * To reduce memory use, generate each element of NTT(A)
+ * on-demand. Note that each element is used only once.
+ */
+ ws->tmp = (struct mldsa_ring_elem){};
+ for (int j = 0; j < l; j++) {
+ rej_ntt_poly(&ws->a, pk /* rho is first field of pk */,
+ cpu_to_le16((i << 8) | j), &ws->a_shake,
+ ws->block);
+ for (int n = 0; n < N; n++)
+ ws->tmp.x[n] +=
+ Zq_mult(ws->a.x[n], ws->z[j].x[n]);
+ }
+ /* All components of tmp now have abs value < l*q. */
+
+ /* Decode the next element of t_1. */
+ t1_encoded = decode_t1_elem(&ws->t1_scaled, t1_encoded);
+
+ /*
+ * tmp -= NTT(c) * NTT(t_1 * 2^d) * 2^-32
+ *
+ * Taking a conservative bound for the output of ntt(), the
+ * multiplicands can have absolute value up to 9*q. That
+ * corresponds to a product with absolute value 81*q^2. That is
+ * within the limits of Zq_mult() which needs < ~256*q^2.
+ */
+ for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
+ ws->tmp.x[j] -= Zq_mult(ws->c.x[j], ws->t1_scaled.x[j]);
+ /* All components of tmp now have abs value < (l+1)*q. */
+
+ /* tmp = w'_Approx = NTT^-1(tmp) * 2^32 */
+ invntt_and_mul_2_32(&ws->tmp);
+ /* All coefficients of tmp are now in [0, q - 1]. */
+
+ /*
+ * tmp = w'_1 = UseHint(h, w'_Approx)
+ * For efficiency, set gamma2 to a compile-time constant.
+ */
+ if (k == 4)
+ use_hint_elem(&ws->tmp, &h[i * N], (Q - 1) / 88);
+ else
+ use_hint_elem(&ws->tmp, &h[i * N], (Q - 1) / 32);
+
+ /* Encode and hash the next element of w'_1. */
+ w1_enc_len = encode_w1(ws->w1_encoded, &ws->tmp, k);
+ shake_update(&ws->shake, ws->w1_encoded, w1_enc_len);
+ }
+
+ /* Finish computing ctildeprime. */
+ shake_squeeze(&ws->shake, ws->ctildeprime, params->ctilde_len);
+
+ /* Verify that ctilde == ctildeprime. */
+ if (memcmp(ws->ctildeprime, ctilde, params->ctilde_len) != 0)
+ return -EKEYREJECTED;
+ /* ||z||_infinity < gamma1 - beta was already checked in decode_z(). */
+ return 0;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(mldsa_verify);
+
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("ML-DSA signature verification");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply related
* [PATCH v3 0/2] lib/crypto: ML-DSA verification support
From: Eric Biggers @ 2025-12-03 7:28 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-crypto, David Howells
Cc: Herbert Xu, Eric Biggers, Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen, Jason A . Donenfeld, Ard Biesheuvel,
Stephan Mueller, Lukas Wunner, Ignat Korchagin, keyrings,
linux-modules, linux-kernel
This series can also be retrieved from:
git fetch https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/ebiggers/linux.git mldsa-v3
This series adds support for verifying ML-DSA signatures to lib/crypto/.
Patch 1 is the ML-DSA implementation itself. See that for full details.
Patch 2 adds the KUnit test suite.
The initial use case for this will be kernel module signature
verification. For more details, see David Howells' patchset
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-crypto/20251120104439.2620205-1-dhowells@redhat.com/
Changed in v3:
- Moved SHAKE128 block buffer off the stack
- Reworked use_hint() again, simplifying it further
- Added unit test for use_hint()
- Moved some of the reduction logic into invntt_and_mul_2_32() and
simplified it slightly
- Updated Zq_mult() to not rely on signed integer overflow having
defined behavior, though this is unnecessary in the kernel
- Formatted the documented return values into a list
- Other minor tweaks
Changed in v2:
- Reworked the KUnit test suite
- Improved commit messages and comments
- Added missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION() and MODULE_LICENSE()
- Made the return values of mldsa_verify() differentiate between an
input being malformed and the "real" signature check failing
- Refactored w1 encoding into a helper function
- Used kfree() instead of kfree_sensitive()
- Avoided unusal C syntax by accessing the hint vector via 'u8 *'
- Reworked use_hint() to be better optimized and documented
Eric Biggers (2):
lib/crypto: Add ML-DSA verification support
lib/crypto: tests: Add KUnit tests for ML-DSA verification
include/crypto/mldsa.h | 60 +
lib/crypto/Kconfig | 7 +
lib/crypto/Makefile | 5 +
lib/crypto/mldsa.c | 652 ++++++++++
lib/crypto/tests/Kconfig | 9 +
lib/crypto/tests/Makefile | 1 +
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h | 1887 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c | 437 +++++++
8 files changed, 3058 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 include/crypto/mldsa.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/mldsa.c
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa-testvecs.h
create mode 100644 lib/crypto/tests/mldsa_kunit.c
base-commit: 3f9f0252130e7dd60d41be0802bf58f6471c691d
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH V2] mm/slab: introduce kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() for cache destruction
From: Harry Yoo @ 2025-12-03 2:17 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: vbabka
Cc: surenb, Liam.Howlett, cl, rientjes, roman.gushchin, urezki,
sidhartha.kumar, linux-mm, linux-kernel, rcu, maple-tree,
linux-modules, mcgrof, petr.pavlu, samitolvanen, atomlin,
lucas.demarchi, akpm, jonathanh, stable, Daniel Gomez
In-Reply-To: <20251202101626.783736-1-harry.yoo@oracle.com>
On Tue, Dec 02, 2025 at 07:16:26PM +0900, Harry Yoo wrote:
> Currently, kvfree_rcu_barrier() flushes RCU sheaves across all slab
> caches when a cache is destroyed. This is unnecessary; only the RCU
> sheaves belonging to the cache being destroyed need to be flushed.
>
> As suggested by Vlastimil Babka, introduce a weaker form of
> kvfree_rcu_barrier() that operates on a specific slab cache.
>
> Factor out flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache() from flush_all_rcu_sheaves() and
> call it from flush_all_rcu_sheaves() and kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache().
>
> Call kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() instead of kvfree_rcu_barrier() on
> cache destruction.
>
> The performance benefit is evaluated on a 12 core 24 threads AMD Ryzen
> 5900X machine (1 socket), by loading slub_kunit module.
>
> Before:
> Total calls: 19
> Average latency (us): 18127
> Total time (us): 344414
>
> After:
> Total calls: 19
> Average latency (us): 10066
> Total time (us): 191264
>
> Two performance regression have been reported:
> - stress module loader test's runtime increases by 50-60% (Daniel)
So I took a look at why this regression is fixed. I didn't expect this
is going to be fixed because Daniel said CONFIG_CODE_TAGGING is enabled,
and there is still a heavy kvfree_rcu_barrier() call during module unloading.
As Vlastimil pointed out off-list, there should be kmem_cache_destroy()
calls somewhere.
So I ran kmod.sh and traced kmem_cache_destroy() calls:
> === kmem_cache_destroy Latency Statistics ===
> Total calls: 6346
> Average latency (us): 5156
> Total time (us): 32725981
Oh, it's called 6346 times during the test? That's impressive.
It also spent 32.725 seconds just for kmem_cache_destroy(), out of total
runtime of 96 seconds.
> === Top 2 stack traces involving kmem_cache_destroy ===
>
> @stacks[
> kmem_cache_destroy+1
> cleanup_module+118
> __do_sys_delete_module.isra.0+451
> __x64_sys_delete_module+18
> x64_sys_call+7366
> do_syscall_64+128
> entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+118
> ]: 1840
It seems tools/testing/selftests/kmod/kmod.sh is using xfs module for testing
and it creates & destroys many slab caches. (see exit_xfs_fs() ->
xfs_destroy_caches()).
Mystery solved, I guess :D
> @stacks[
> kmem_cache_destroy+1
> rcbagbt_init_cur_cache+4219734
> __do_sys_delete_module.isra.0+451
> __x64_sys_delete_module+18
> x64_sys_call+7366
> do_syscall_64+128
> entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+118
> ]: 1955
I don't get this one though. Why is the rcbagbt init function (also
from xfs) called during module unloading?
> - internal graphics test's runtime on Tegra23 increases by 35% (Jon)
>
> They are fixed by this change.
>
> Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
> Fixes: ec66e0d59952 ("slab: add sheaf support for batching kfree_rcu() operations")
> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/1bda09da-93be-4737-aef0-d47f8c5c9301@suse.cz
> Reported-and-tested-by: Daniel Gomez <da.gomez@samsung.com>
> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/0406562e-2066-4cf8-9902-b2b0616dd742@kernel.org
> Reported-and-tested-by: Jon Hunter <jonathanh@nvidia.com>
> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/e988eff6-1287-425e-a06c-805af5bbf262@nvidia.com
> Signed-off-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
> ---
--
Cheers,
Harry / Hyeonggon
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Yury Norov @ 2025-12-02 21:18 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andi Shyti
Cc: Jani Nikula, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Joonas Lahtinen,
Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich,
Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules,
linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <3m64k5fagw7hp2duo43t5fldyn6argdjripx3nn6onxbr6xu6w@iwiepyn5krf6>
On Tue, Dec 02, 2025 at 09:58:19PM +0100, Andi Shyti wrote:
> Hi Jani,
>
> On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 09:46:47AM +0200, Jani Nikula wrote:
> > On Sat, 29 Nov 2025, "Yury Norov (NVIDIA)" <yury.norov@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > The macro is only used by i915. Move it to a local header and drop from
> > > the kernel.h.
> > >
> > > Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <yury.norov@gmail.com>
> > > ---
> > > drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h | 2 ++
> > > include/linux/kernel.h | 2 --
> > > 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> > >
> > > diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> > > index a0c892e4c40d..6c197e968305 100644
> > > --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> > > +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> >
> > i915_utils.h is on a diet itself. STACK_MAGIC is only used in selftests,
> > please put this in i915_selftest.h.
> >
> > I guess also need to include that from gt/selftest_ring_submission.c,
> > the only one that uses STACK_MAGIC but doesn't include i915_selftest.h.
>
> Doing this cleanups is a bit out of the scope of this patch.
> Given that the patch itself has quite a good consensus, let move
> it forward and I can take care of the i915 cleanup once it gets
> merged.
I'm already testing it in my tree:
https://github.com/norov/linux/tree/sm1
If everything is fine, I'll submit v2 with this change, otherwise will
schedule it for future improvements.
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Andi Shyti @ 2025-12-02 20:58 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jani Nikula
Cc: Yury Norov (NVIDIA), Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Mathieu Desnoyers, Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar,
Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki,
Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx,
dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <d854dadd78a43f589399e967def37a0eda3655c2@intel.com>
Hi Jani,
On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 09:46:47AM +0200, Jani Nikula wrote:
> On Sat, 29 Nov 2025, "Yury Norov (NVIDIA)" <yury.norov@gmail.com> wrote:
> > The macro is only used by i915. Move it to a local header and drop from
> > the kernel.h.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <yury.norov@gmail.com>
> > ---
> > drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h | 2 ++
> > include/linux/kernel.h | 2 --
> > 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> > index a0c892e4c40d..6c197e968305 100644
> > --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> > +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
>
> i915_utils.h is on a diet itself. STACK_MAGIC is only used in selftests,
> please put this in i915_selftest.h.
>
> I guess also need to include that from gt/selftest_ring_submission.c,
> the only one that uses STACK_MAGIC but doesn't include i915_selftest.h.
Doing this cleanups is a bit out of the scope of this patch.
Given that the patch itself has quite a good consensus, let move
it forward and I can take care of the i915 cleanup once it gets
merged.
Andi
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH V2] mm/slab: introduce kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() for cache destruction
From: Harry Yoo @ 2025-12-02 10:20 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: vbabka
Cc: surenb, Liam.Howlett, cl, rientjes, roman.gushchin, urezki,
sidhartha.kumar, linux-mm, linux-kernel, rcu, maple-tree,
linux-modules, mcgrof, petr.pavlu, samitolvanen, atomlin,
lucas.demarchi, akpm, jonathanh, stable, Daniel Gomez
In-Reply-To: <20251202101626.783736-1-harry.yoo@oracle.com>
On Tue, Dec 02, 2025 at 07:16:26PM +0900, Harry Yoo wrote:
> Currently, kvfree_rcu_barrier() flushes RCU sheaves across all slab
> caches when a cache is destroyed. This is unnecessary; only the RCU
> sheaves belonging to the cache being destroyed need to be flushed.
>
> As suggested by Vlastimil Babka, introduce a weaker form of
> kvfree_rcu_barrier() that operates on a specific slab cache.
>
> Factor out flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache() from flush_all_rcu_sheaves() and
> call it from flush_all_rcu_sheaves() and kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache().
>
> Call kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() instead of kvfree_rcu_barrier() on
> cache destruction.
>
> The performance benefit is evaluated on a 12 core 24 threads AMD Ryzen
> 5900X machine (1 socket), by loading slub_kunit module.
>
> Before:
> Total calls: 19
> Average latency (us): 18127
> Total time (us): 344414
>
> After:
> Total calls: 19
> Average latency (us): 10066
> Total time (us): 191264
>
> Two performance regression have been reported:
> - stress module loader test's runtime increases by 50-60% (Daniel)
> - internal graphics test's runtime on Tegra23 increases by 35% (Jon)
^Tegra234
just a minor typo :)
>
> They are fixed by this change.
>
> Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
> Fixes: ec66e0d59952 ("slab: add sheaf support for batching kfree_rcu() operations")
> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/1bda09da-93be-4737-aef0-d47f8c5c9301@suse.cz
> Reported-and-tested-by: Daniel Gomez <da.gomez@samsung.com>
> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/0406562e-2066-4cf8-9902-b2b0616dd742@kernel.org
> Reported-and-tested-by: Jon Hunter <jonathanh@nvidia.com>
> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/e988eff6-1287-425e-a06c-805af5bbf262@nvidia.com
> Signed-off-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
> ---
--
Cheers,
Harry / Hyeonggon
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH V1] mm/slab: introduce kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() for cache destruction
From: Harry Yoo @ 2025-12-02 10:18 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jon Hunter
Cc: surenb, Liam.Howlett, atomlin, bpf, cl, da.gomez, linux-kernel,
linux-mm, linux-modules, lucas.demarchi, maple-tree, mcgrof,
petr.pavlu, rcu, rientjes, roman.gushchin, samitolvanen,
sidhartha.kumar, urezki, vbabka, linux-tegra@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <be021cb8-9bff-4bfc-bc79-c84cbb3f4c4e@nvidia.com>
On Tue, Dec 02, 2025 at 09:29:17AM +0000, Jon Hunter wrote:
>
> On 28/11/2025 11:37, Harry Yoo wrote:
> > Currently, kvfree_rcu_barrier() flushes RCU sheaves across all slab
> > caches when a cache is destroyed. This is unnecessary when destroying
> > a slab cache; only the RCU sheaves belonging to the cache being destroyed
> > need to be flushed.
> >
> > As suggested by Vlastimil Babka, introduce a weaker form of
> > kvfree_rcu_barrier() that operates on a specific slab cache and call it
> > on cache destruction.
> >
> > The performance benefit is evaluated on a 12 core 24 threads AMD Ryzen
> > 5900X machine (1 socket), by loading slub_kunit module.
> >
> > Before:
> > Total calls: 19
> > Average latency (us): 8529
> > Total time (us): 162069
> >
> > After:
> > Total calls: 19
> > Average latency (us): 3804
> > Total time (us): 72287
> >
> > Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/0406562e-2066-4cf8-9902-b2b0616dd742@kernel.org
> > Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/e988eff6-1287-425e-a06c-805af5bbf262@nvidia.com
> > Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/1bda09da-93be-4737-aef0-d47f8c5c9301@suse.cz
> > Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
> > Signed-off-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
> > ---
>
> Thanks for the rapid fix. I have been testing this and can confirm that this
> does fix the performance regression I was seeing.
Great!
> BTW shouldn't we add a 'Fixes:' tag above? I would like to ensure that this
> gets picked up for v6.18 stable.
Good point, I added Cc: stable and Fixes: tags.
(and your and Daniel's Reported-and-tested-by: tags)
> Otherwise ...
>
> Tested-by: Jon Hunter <jonathanh@nvidia.com>
Thank you Jon and Daniel a lot for reporting regression and testing the fix!
--
Cheers,
Harry / Hyeonggon
^ permalink raw reply
* [PATCH V2] mm/slab: introduce kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() for cache destruction
From: Harry Yoo @ 2025-12-02 10:16 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: vbabka
Cc: surenb, Liam.Howlett, cl, rientjes, roman.gushchin, harry.yoo,
urezki, sidhartha.kumar, linux-mm, linux-kernel, rcu, maple-tree,
linux-modules, mcgrof, petr.pavlu, samitolvanen, atomlin,
lucas.demarchi, akpm, jonathanh, stable, Daniel Gomez
Currently, kvfree_rcu_barrier() flushes RCU sheaves across all slab
caches when a cache is destroyed. This is unnecessary; only the RCU
sheaves belonging to the cache being destroyed need to be flushed.
As suggested by Vlastimil Babka, introduce a weaker form of
kvfree_rcu_barrier() that operates on a specific slab cache.
Factor out flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache() from flush_all_rcu_sheaves() and
call it from flush_all_rcu_sheaves() and kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache().
Call kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() instead of kvfree_rcu_barrier() on
cache destruction.
The performance benefit is evaluated on a 12 core 24 threads AMD Ryzen
5900X machine (1 socket), by loading slub_kunit module.
Before:
Total calls: 19
Average latency (us): 18127
Total time (us): 344414
After:
Total calls: 19
Average latency (us): 10066
Total time (us): 191264
Two performance regression have been reported:
- stress module loader test's runtime increases by 50-60% (Daniel)
- internal graphics test's runtime on Tegra23 increases by 35% (Jon)
They are fixed by this change.
Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Fixes: ec66e0d59952 ("slab: add sheaf support for batching kfree_rcu() operations")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/1bda09da-93be-4737-aef0-d47f8c5c9301@suse.cz
Reported-and-tested-by: Daniel Gomez <da.gomez@samsung.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/0406562e-2066-4cf8-9902-b2b0616dd742@kernel.org
Reported-and-tested-by: Jon Hunter <jonathanh@nvidia.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/e988eff6-1287-425e-a06c-805af5bbf262@nvidia.com
Signed-off-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
---
No code change, added proper tags and updated changelog.
include/linux/slab.h | 5 ++++
mm/slab.h | 1 +
mm/slab_common.c | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
mm/slub.c | 55 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
4 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/slab.h b/include/linux/slab.h
index cf443f064a66..937c93d44e8c 100644
--- a/include/linux/slab.h
+++ b/include/linux/slab.h
@@ -1149,6 +1149,10 @@ static inline void kvfree_rcu_barrier(void)
{
rcu_barrier();
}
+static inline void kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache(struct kmem_cache *s)
+{
+ rcu_barrier();
+}
static inline void kfree_rcu_scheduler_running(void) { }
#else
@@ -1156,6 +1160,7 @@ void kvfree_rcu_barrier(void);
void kfree_rcu_scheduler_running(void);
#endif
+void kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache(struct kmem_cache *s);
/**
* kmalloc_size_roundup - Report allocation bucket size for the given size
diff --git a/mm/slab.h b/mm/slab.h
index f730e012553c..e767aa7e91b0 100644
--- a/mm/slab.h
+++ b/mm/slab.h
@@ -422,6 +422,7 @@ static inline bool is_kmalloc_normal(struct kmem_cache *s)
bool __kfree_rcu_sheaf(struct kmem_cache *s, void *obj);
void flush_all_rcu_sheaves(void);
+void flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache(struct kmem_cache *s);
#define SLAB_CORE_FLAGS (SLAB_HWCACHE_ALIGN | SLAB_CACHE_DMA | \
SLAB_CACHE_DMA32 | SLAB_PANIC | \
diff --git a/mm/slab_common.c b/mm/slab_common.c
index 84dfff4f7b1f..dd8a49d6f9cc 100644
--- a/mm/slab_common.c
+++ b/mm/slab_common.c
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ void kmem_cache_destroy(struct kmem_cache *s)
return;
/* in-flight kfree_rcu()'s may include objects from our cache */
- kvfree_rcu_barrier();
+ kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache(s);
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SLUB_RCU_DEBUG) &&
(s->flags & SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU)) {
@@ -2038,25 +2038,13 @@ void kvfree_call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, void *ptr)
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvfree_call_rcu);
-/**
- * kvfree_rcu_barrier - Wait until all in-flight kvfree_rcu() complete.
- *
- * Note that a single argument of kvfree_rcu() call has a slow path that
- * triggers synchronize_rcu() following by freeing a pointer. It is done
- * before the return from the function. Therefore for any single-argument
- * call that will result in a kfree() to a cache that is to be destroyed
- * during module exit, it is developer's responsibility to ensure that all
- * such calls have returned before the call to kmem_cache_destroy().
- */
-void kvfree_rcu_barrier(void)
+static inline void __kvfree_rcu_barrier(void)
{
struct kfree_rcu_cpu_work *krwp;
struct kfree_rcu_cpu *krcp;
bool queued;
int i, cpu;
- flush_all_rcu_sheaves();
-
/*
* Firstly we detach objects and queue them over an RCU-batch
* for all CPUs. Finally queued works are flushed for each CPU.
@@ -2118,8 +2106,43 @@ void kvfree_rcu_barrier(void)
}
}
}
+
+/**
+ * kvfree_rcu_barrier - Wait until all in-flight kvfree_rcu() complete.
+ *
+ * Note that a single argument of kvfree_rcu() call has a slow path that
+ * triggers synchronize_rcu() following by freeing a pointer. It is done
+ * before the return from the function. Therefore for any single-argument
+ * call that will result in a kfree() to a cache that is to be destroyed
+ * during module exit, it is developer's responsibility to ensure that all
+ * such calls have returned before the call to kmem_cache_destroy().
+ */
+void kvfree_rcu_barrier(void)
+{
+ flush_all_rcu_sheaves();
+ __kvfree_rcu_barrier();
+}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvfree_rcu_barrier);
+/**
+ * kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache - Wait for in-flight kvfree_rcu() calls on a
+ * specific slab cache.
+ * @s: slab cache to wait for
+ *
+ * See the description of kvfree_rcu_barrier() for details.
+ */
+void kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache(struct kmem_cache *s)
+{
+ if (s->cpu_sheaves)
+ flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache(s);
+ /*
+ * TODO: Introduce a version of __kvfree_rcu_barrier() that works
+ * on a specific slab cache.
+ */
+ __kvfree_rcu_barrier();
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache);
+
static unsigned long
kfree_rcu_shrink_count(struct shrinker *shrink, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
@@ -2215,4 +2238,3 @@ void __init kvfree_rcu_init(void)
}
#endif /* CONFIG_KVFREE_RCU_BATCHED */
-
diff --git a/mm/slub.c b/mm/slub.c
index 785e25a14999..7cec2220712b 100644
--- a/mm/slub.c
+++ b/mm/slub.c
@@ -4118,42 +4118,47 @@ static void flush_rcu_sheaf(struct work_struct *w)
/* needed for kvfree_rcu_barrier() */
-void flush_all_rcu_sheaves(void)
+void flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache(struct kmem_cache *s)
{
struct slub_flush_work *sfw;
- struct kmem_cache *s;
unsigned int cpu;
- cpus_read_lock();
- mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
+ mutex_lock(&flush_lock);
- list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
- if (!s->cpu_sheaves)
- continue;
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+ sfw = &per_cpu(slub_flush, cpu);
- mutex_lock(&flush_lock);
+ /*
+ * we don't check if rcu_free sheaf exists - racing
+ * __kfree_rcu_sheaf() might have just removed it.
+ * by executing flush_rcu_sheaf() on the cpu we make
+ * sure the __kfree_rcu_sheaf() finished its call_rcu()
+ */
- for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
- sfw = &per_cpu(slub_flush, cpu);
+ INIT_WORK(&sfw->work, flush_rcu_sheaf);
+ sfw->s = s;
+ queue_work_on(cpu, flushwq, &sfw->work);
+ }
- /*
- * we don't check if rcu_free sheaf exists - racing
- * __kfree_rcu_sheaf() might have just removed it.
- * by executing flush_rcu_sheaf() on the cpu we make
- * sure the __kfree_rcu_sheaf() finished its call_rcu()
- */
+ for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+ sfw = &per_cpu(slub_flush, cpu);
+ flush_work(&sfw->work);
+ }
- INIT_WORK(&sfw->work, flush_rcu_sheaf);
- sfw->s = s;
- queue_work_on(cpu, flushwq, &sfw->work);
- }
+ mutex_unlock(&flush_lock);
+}
- for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
- sfw = &per_cpu(slub_flush, cpu);
- flush_work(&sfw->work);
- }
+void flush_all_rcu_sheaves(void)
+{
+ struct kmem_cache *s;
+
+ cpus_read_lock();
+ mutex_lock(&slab_mutex);
- mutex_unlock(&flush_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry(s, &slab_caches, list) {
+ if (!s->cpu_sheaves)
+ continue;
+ flush_rcu_sheaves_on_cache(s);
}
mutex_unlock(&slab_mutex);
--
2.43.0
^ permalink raw reply related
* Re: [PATCH V1] mm/slab: introduce kvfree_rcu_barrier_on_cache() for cache destruction
From: Jon Hunter @ 2025-12-02 9:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Harry Yoo, surenb
Cc: Liam.Howlett, atomlin, bpf, cl, da.gomez, linux-kernel, linux-mm,
linux-modules, lucas.demarchi, maple-tree, mcgrof, petr.pavlu,
rcu, rientjes, roman.gushchin, samitolvanen, sidhartha.kumar,
urezki, vbabka, linux-tegra@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <20251128113740.90129-1-harry.yoo@oracle.com>
On 28/11/2025 11:37, Harry Yoo wrote:
> Currently, kvfree_rcu_barrier() flushes RCU sheaves across all slab
> caches when a cache is destroyed. This is unnecessary when destroying
> a slab cache; only the RCU sheaves belonging to the cache being destroyed
> need to be flushed.
>
> As suggested by Vlastimil Babka, introduce a weaker form of
> kvfree_rcu_barrier() that operates on a specific slab cache and call it
> on cache destruction.
>
> The performance benefit is evaluated on a 12 core 24 threads AMD Ryzen
> 5900X machine (1 socket), by loading slub_kunit module.
>
> Before:
> Total calls: 19
> Average latency (us): 8529
> Total time (us): 162069
>
> After:
> Total calls: 19
> Average latency (us): 3804
> Total time (us): 72287
>
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/0406562e-2066-4cf8-9902-b2b0616dd742@kernel.org
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/e988eff6-1287-425e-a06c-805af5bbf262@nvidia.com
> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/1bda09da-93be-4737-aef0-d47f8c5c9301@suse.cz
> Suggested-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
> Signed-off-by: Harry Yoo <harry.yoo@oracle.com>
> ---
Thanks for the rapid fix. I have been testing this and can confirm that
this does fix the performance regression I was seeing.
BTW shouldn't we add a 'Fixes:' tag above? I would like to ensure that
this gets picked up for v6.18 stable.
Otherwise ...
Tested-by: Jon Hunter <jonathanh@nvidia.com>
Thanks!
Jon
--
nvpublic
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Andy Shevchenko @ 2025-12-02 7:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yury Norov
Cc: Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP), Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Mathieu Desnoyers, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula,
Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki,
Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx,
dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <aS5T9-1z7PK32q9R@yury>
On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 09:50:31PM -0500, Yury Norov wrote:
> On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 10:38:01AM +0100, Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP) wrote:
> > Le 29/11/2025 à 20:53, Yury Norov (NVIDIA) a écrit :
...
> You can check commit 4914d770dec4 in this project:
>
> https://archive.org/details/git-history-of-linux
Side note: we have history/history.git tree on kernel.org, and,
if anyone wants to check, it is handy.
Each of the history tree has its own pros and cons:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/51901211/2511795
--
With Best Regards,
Andy Shevchenko
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Yury Norov @ 2025-12-02 2:50 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP)
Cc: Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula,
Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki,
Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx,
dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <3e7ddbea-978f-44f7-abdd-7319908fd83c@kernel.org>
On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 10:38:01AM +0100, Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP) wrote:
>
>
> Le 29/11/2025 à 20:53, Yury Norov (NVIDIA) a écrit :
> > The macro is only used by i915. Move it to a local header and drop from
> > the kernel.h.
>
> At the begining of the git history we have:
>
> $ git grep STACK_MAGIC 1da177e4c3f41
> 1da177e4c3f41:arch/h8300/kernel/traps.c: if (STACK_MAGIC !=
> *(unsigned long *)((unsigned long)current+PAGE_SIZE))
> 1da177e4c3f41:arch/m68k/mac/macints.c: if (STACK_MAGIC !=
> *(unsigned long *)current->kernel_stack_page)
> 1da177e4c3f41:include/linux/kernel.h:#define STACK_MAGIC 0xdeadbeef
>
> Would be good to know the history of its usage over time.
>
> I see:
> - Removed from m68k by 3cd53b14e7c4 ("m68k/mac: Improve NMI handler")
> - Removed from h8300 by 1c4b5ecb7ea1 ("remove the h8300 architecture")
> - Started being used in i915 selftest by 250f8c8140ac ("drm/i915/gtt:
> Read-only pages for insert_entries on bdw+")
STACK_MAGIC was added in 1994 in 1.0.2. It was indeed used in a couple
of places in core subsystems back then to detect stack corruption. But
since that people invented better ways to guard stacks.
You can check commit 4914d770dec4 in this project:
https://archive.org/details/git-history-of-linux
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 2/3] kernel.h: move VERIFY_OCTAL_PERMISSIONS() to sysfs.h
From: Andy Shevchenko @ 2025-12-01 20:00 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Randy Dunlap, Jonathan Cameron
Cc: Yury Norov, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula, Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi,
Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman,
Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel,
intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <fd755bbf-50a8-46f7-bff1-61cc625118a9@infradead.org>
On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 11:51:24AM -0800, Randy Dunlap wrote:
> On 11/30/25 11:38 AM, Andy Shevchenko wrote:
> > On Sun, Nov 30, 2025 at 12:42:35PM -0500, Yury Norov wrote:
>
> >> This series was tested by 0-day and LKP. 0-day runs allyesconfig,
> >
> > AFAICS in the below no configuration had been tested against allYESconfig.
> > All of them are allNOconfig.
> >
> >> as far as I know. It only sends email in case of errors. LKP is OK, find the
> >> report below.
> >
> >> All but XFS include it via linux/module.h -> linux/moduleparam.h path.
> >> XFS has a linkage layer: xfs.h -> xfs_linux.h-> linux/module.h, so
> >> it's pretty much the same.
> >>
> >> I think, module.h inclusion path is OK for this macro and definitely
> >> better than kernel.h. Notice, none of them, except for vgpu_dbg,
> >> include kernel.h directly.
> >
> > Ideally those (especially and in the first place headers) should follow IWYU
> > principle and avoid indirect (non-guaranteed) inclusions.
>
> Can you (or anyone) get IWYU (software) to work?
> I tried it a few months ago but didn't have the correct magic
> incantation for it.
> (no specifics at the moment)
You should talk to Jonathan Cameron (Cc'ed), he was able to run it to some
extent. AFAIR the state of affairs is that it gives a lot of low-level headers
that we should not really go too deep to (at least for now). That means the
carefully crafted map of guarantees needs to be provided (e.g., if we include
bitmap.h, bitops.h and/or bits.h are guaranteed, so no need to be included).
--
With Best Regards,
Andy Shevchenko
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 2/3] kernel.h: move VERIFY_OCTAL_PERMISSIONS() to sysfs.h
From: Randy Dunlap @ 2025-12-01 19:51 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andy Shevchenko, Yury Norov
Cc: Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers, Ingo Molnar,
Jani Nikula, Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin,
Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki,
Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx,
dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <aSydSI-h3KZiYBn6@smile.fi.intel.com>
On 11/30/25 11:38 AM, Andy Shevchenko wrote:
> On Sun, Nov 30, 2025 at 12:42:35PM -0500, Yury Norov wrote:
>> This series was tested by 0-day and LKP. 0-day runs allyesconfig,
>
> AFAICS in the below no configuration had been tested against allYESconfig.
> All of them are allNOconfig.
>
>> as far as I know. It only sends email in case of errors. LKP is OK, find the
>> report below.
>
>> All but XFS include it via linux/module.h -> linux/moduleparam.h path.
>> XFS has a linkage layer: xfs.h -> xfs_linux.h-> linux/module.h, so
>> it's pretty much the same.
>>
>> I think, module.h inclusion path is OK for this macro and definitely
>> better than kernel.h. Notice, none of them, except for vgpu_dbg,
>> include kernel.h directly.
>
> Ideally those (especially and in the first place headers) should follow IWYU
> principle and avoid indirect (non-guaranteed) inclusions.
Can you (or anyone) get IWYU (software) to work?
I tried it a few months ago but didn't have the correct magic
incantation for it.
(no specifics at the moment)
--
~Randy
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 2/3] kernel.h: move VERIFY_OCTAL_PERMISSIONS() to sysfs.h
From: Andy Shevchenko @ 2025-12-01 19:20 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Petr Pavlu
Cc: Yury Norov (NVIDIA), Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Mathieu Desnoyers, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula,
Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Daniel Gomez,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich,
Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules,
linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <c45058d5-d690-4731-85d1-434971c16f92@suse.com>
On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 08:01:23PM +0100, Petr Pavlu wrote:
> On 11/29/25 8:53 PM, Yury Norov (NVIDIA) wrote:
...
> > -#include <linux/kernel.h>
> > +#include <linux/sysfs.h>
>
> If you are removing the kernel.h include from
> include/linux/moduleparam.h, I think it would be good to update the file
> to ensure that all necessary includes are now listed directly.
>
> The following items are present in moduleparam.h:
>
> * __UNIQUE_ID(), __used(), __section(), __aligned(), __always_unused()
> -> linux/compiler.h,
> * THIS_MODULE -> linux/init.h,
> * __stringify() -> linux/stringify.h,
> * u8, s8, u16, ... -> linux/types.h,
> * static_assert() -> linux/build_bug.h,
> * VERIFY_OCTAL_PERMISSIONS() -> linux/sysfs.h,
> * ARRAY_SIZE() -> linux/array_size.h.
>
> I suggest then updating the includes in include/linux/moduleparam.h to:
>
> #include <linux/array_size.h>
> #include <linux/build_bug.h>
> #include <linux/compiler.h>
> #include <linux/init.h>
> #include <linux/stringify.h>
> #include <linux/sysfs.h>
> #include <linux/types.h>
Good point. And since we are not adding some top-level ones, this shouldn't
be worse (in terms of potential cyclic dependencies).
--
With Best Regards,
Andy Shevchenko
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 2/3] kernel.h: move VERIFY_OCTAL_PERMISSIONS() to sysfs.h
From: Petr Pavlu @ 2025-12-01 19:01 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yury Norov (NVIDIA)
Cc: Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula,
Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Daniel Gomez,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich,
Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules,
linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251129195304.204082-3-yury.norov@gmail.com>
On 11/29/25 8:53 PM, Yury Norov (NVIDIA) wrote:
> The macro is related to sysfs, but is defined in kernel.h. Move it to
> the proper header, and unload the generic kernel.h.
>
> Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <yury.norov@gmail.com>
> ---
> include/linux/kernel.h | 12 ------------
> include/linux/moduleparam.h | 2 +-
> include/linux/sysfs.h | 13 +++++++++++++
> 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
>
> [...]
> diff --git a/include/linux/moduleparam.h b/include/linux/moduleparam.h
> index 6907aedc4f74..4e390a84a8bc 100644
> --- a/include/linux/moduleparam.h
> +++ b/include/linux/moduleparam.h
> @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
> /* (C) Copyright 2001, 2002 Rusty Russell IBM Corporation */
> #include <linux/init.h>
> #include <linux/stringify.h>
> -#include <linux/kernel.h>
> +#include <linux/sysfs.h>
If you are removing the kernel.h include from
include/linux/moduleparam.h, I think it would be good to update the file
to ensure that all necessary includes are now listed directly.
The following items are present in moduleparam.h:
* __UNIQUE_ID(), __used(), __section(), __aligned(), __always_unused()
-> linux/compiler.h,
* THIS_MODULE -> linux/init.h,
* __stringify() -> linux/stringify.h,
* u8, s8, u16, ... -> linux/types.h,
* static_assert() -> linux/build_bug.h,
* VERIFY_OCTAL_PERMISSIONS() -> linux/sysfs.h,
* ARRAY_SIZE() -> linux/array_size.h.
I suggest then updating the includes in include/linux/moduleparam.h to:
#include <linux/array_size.h>
#include <linux/build_bug.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>
#include <linux/sysfs.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
--
Thanks,
Petr
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 3/3] tracing: move tracing declarations from kernel.h to a dedicated header
From: Andy Shevchenko @ 2025-12-01 15:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: david laight
Cc: Yury Norov, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula, Joonas Lahtinen,
Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich,
Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules,
linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251201101658.0b5ab68e@pumpkin>
On Mon, Dec 01, 2025 at 10:16:58AM +0000, david laight wrote:
> On Mon, 1 Dec 2025 04:50:42 +0200
> Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> wrote:
> > On Sun, Nov 30, 2025 at 11:09:25PM +0000, david laight wrote:
> > > On Sun, 30 Nov 2025 21:44:46 +0200
> > > Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> wrote:
...
> > kernel.h elimination (in the form it exists right now) is very fruitful.
> > However, you may help with the (say) ioctl.h or whatever you consider
> > really fruitful, we all will thank you (no jokes).
> >
>
> This is the first #include path for ioctl.h
>
> In file included from ../include/asm-generic/ioctl.h:5,
> from ./arch/x86/include/generated/uapi/asm/ioctl.h:1,
> from ../include/uapi/linux/ioctl.h:5,
> from ../include/uapi/linux/random.h:12,
> from ../include/linux/random.h:10,
> from ../include/linux/nodemask.h:94,
> from ../include/linux/numa.h:6,
> from ../include/linux/cpumask.h:17,
> from ../arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h:21,
> from ../arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:102,
> from ../include/linux/irqflags.h:18,
> from ../include/linux/spinlock.h:59,
> from ../include/linux/swait.h:7,
> from ../include/linux/completion.h:12,
> from ../include/linux/crypto.h:15,
> from ../arch/x86/kernel/asm-offsets.c:9:
>
> Get past that and sched.h => processor.h => cpuid/api.h also
> gets you to paravirt.h.
> I suspect a lot of headers get pulled in like that.
And several headers like ioctl.h that is "pull half of everything".
device.h, for example.
So, you can start untangling them piece by piece.
Not sure how [1] is actual right now, but I believe plenty of those
can still be used.
[1]: https://lwn.net/ml/linux-kernel/YdIfz+LMewetSaEB@gmail.com/
--
With Best Regards,
Andy Shevchenko
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 3/3] tracing: move tracing declarations from kernel.h to a dedicated header
From: david laight @ 2025-12-01 10:16 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andy Shevchenko
Cc: Yury Norov, Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu, Mathieu Desnoyers,
Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar, Jani Nikula, Joonas Lahtinen,
Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez,
Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki, Danilo Krummrich,
Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx, dri-devel, linux-modules,
linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <aS0CgnvRfQtam0uU@smile.fi.intel.com>
On Mon, 1 Dec 2025 04:50:42 +0200
Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> wrote:
> On Sun, Nov 30, 2025 at 11:09:25PM +0000, david laight wrote:
> > On Sun, 30 Nov 2025 21:44:46 +0200
> > Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> wrote:
>
> ...
> kernel.h elimination (in the form it exists right now) is very fruitful.
> However, you may help with the (say) ioctl.h or whatever you consider
> really fruitful, we all will thank you (no jokes).
>
This is the first #include path for ioctl.h
In file included from ../include/asm-generic/ioctl.h:5,
from ./arch/x86/include/generated/uapi/asm/ioctl.h:1,
from ../include/uapi/linux/ioctl.h:5,
from ../include/uapi/linux/random.h:12,
from ../include/linux/random.h:10,
from ../include/linux/nodemask.h:94,
from ../include/linux/numa.h:6,
from ../include/linux/cpumask.h:17,
from ../arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt.h:21,
from ../arch/x86/include/asm/irqflags.h:102,
from ../include/linux/irqflags.h:18,
from ../include/linux/spinlock.h:59,
from ../include/linux/swait.h:7,
from ../include/linux/completion.h:12,
from ../include/linux/crypto.h:15,
from ../arch/x86/kernel/asm-offsets.c:9:
Get past that and sched.h => processor.h => cpuid/api.h also
gets you to paravirt.h.
I suspect a lot of headers get pulled in like that.
David
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Christophe Leroy (CS GROUP) @ 2025-12-01 9:38 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yury Norov (NVIDIA), Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Mathieu Desnoyers, Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar,
Jani Nikula, Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin,
Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki,
Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx,
dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
In-Reply-To: <20251129195304.204082-2-yury.norov@gmail.com>
Le 29/11/2025 à 20:53, Yury Norov (NVIDIA) a écrit :
> The macro is only used by i915. Move it to a local header and drop from
> the kernel.h.
At the begining of the git history we have:
$ git grep STACK_MAGIC 1da177e4c3f41
1da177e4c3f41:arch/h8300/kernel/traps.c: if (STACK_MAGIC !=
*(unsigned long *)((unsigned long)current+PAGE_SIZE))
1da177e4c3f41:arch/m68k/mac/macints.c: if (STACK_MAGIC !=
*(unsigned long *)current->kernel_stack_page)
1da177e4c3f41:include/linux/kernel.h:#define STACK_MAGIC 0xdeadbeef
Would be good to know the history of its usage over time.
I see:
- Removed from m68k by 3cd53b14e7c4 ("m68k/mac: Improve NMI handler")
- Removed from h8300 by 1c4b5ecb7ea1 ("remove the h8300 architecture")
- Started being used in i915 selftest by 250f8c8140ac ("drm/i915/gtt:
Read-only pages for insert_entries on bdw+")
Christophe
>
> Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <yury.norov@gmail.com>
> ---
> drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h | 2 ++
> include/linux/kernel.h | 2 --
> 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> index a0c892e4c40d..6c197e968305 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> @@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
> #include <linux/workqueue.h>
> #include <linux/sched/clock.h>
>
> +#define STACK_MAGIC 0xdeadbeef
> +
> #ifdef CONFIG_X86
> #include <asm/hypervisor.h>
> #endif
> diff --git a/include/linux/kernel.h b/include/linux/kernel.h
> index 5b46924fdff5..61d63c57bc2d 100644
> --- a/include/linux/kernel.h
> +++ b/include/linux/kernel.h
> @@ -40,8 +40,6 @@
>
> #include <uapi/linux/kernel.h>
>
> -#define STACK_MAGIC 0xdeadbeef
> -
> struct completion;
> struct user;
>
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH 1/3] kernel.h: drop STACK_MAGIC macro
From: Jani Nikula @ 2025-12-01 7:46 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yury Norov (NVIDIA), Steven Rostedt, Masami Hiramatsu,
Mathieu Desnoyers, Andy Shevchenko, Randy Dunlap, Ingo Molnar,
Joonas Lahtinen, Rodrigo Vivi, Tvrtko Ursulin, Petr Pavlu,
Daniel Gomez, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Rafael J. Wysocki,
Danilo Krummrich, Andrew Morton, linux-kernel, intel-gfx,
dri-devel, linux-modules, linux-trace-kernel
Cc: Yury Norov (NVIDIA)
In-Reply-To: <20251129195304.204082-2-yury.norov@gmail.com>
On Sat, 29 Nov 2025, "Yury Norov (NVIDIA)" <yury.norov@gmail.com> wrote:
> The macro is only used by i915. Move it to a local header and drop from
> the kernel.h.
>
> Signed-off-by: Yury Norov (NVIDIA) <yury.norov@gmail.com>
> ---
> drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h | 2 ++
> include/linux/kernel.h | 2 --
> 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> index a0c892e4c40d..6c197e968305 100644
> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/i915/i915_utils.h
i915_utils.h is on a diet itself. STACK_MAGIC is only used in selftests,
please put this in i915_selftest.h.
I guess also need to include that from gt/selftest_ring_submission.c,
the only one that uses STACK_MAGIC but doesn't include i915_selftest.h.
BR,
Jani.
> @@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
> #include <linux/workqueue.h>
> #include <linux/sched/clock.h>
>
> +#define STACK_MAGIC 0xdeadbeef
> +
> #ifdef CONFIG_X86
> #include <asm/hypervisor.h>
> #endif
> diff --git a/include/linux/kernel.h b/include/linux/kernel.h
> index 5b46924fdff5..61d63c57bc2d 100644
> --- a/include/linux/kernel.h
> +++ b/include/linux/kernel.h
> @@ -40,8 +40,6 @@
>
> #include <uapi/linux/kernel.h>
>
> -#define STACK_MAGIC 0xdeadbeef
> -
> struct completion;
> struct user;
--
Jani Nikula, Intel
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v17 44/47] dept: introduce APIs to set page usage and use subclasses_evt for the usage
From: Byungchul Park @ 2025-12-01 7:18 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Matthew Wilcox
Cc: linux-kernel, kernel_team, torvalds, damien.lemoal, linux-ide,
adilger.kernel, linux-ext4, mingo, peterz, will, tglx, rostedt,
joel, sashal, daniel.vetter, duyuyang, johannes.berg, tj, tytso,
david, amir73il, gregkh, kernel-team, linux-mm, akpm, mhocko,
minchan, hannes, vdavydov.dev, sj, jglisse, dennis, cl, penberg,
rientjes, vbabka, ngupta, linux-block, josef, linux-fsdevel, jack,
jlayton, dan.j.williams, hch, djwong, dri-devel,
rodrigosiqueiramelo, melissa.srw, hamohammed.sa, harry.yoo,
chris.p.wilson, gwan-gyeong.mun, max.byungchul.park, boqun.feng,
longman, yunseong.kim, ysk, yeoreum.yun, netdev, matthew.brost,
her0gyugyu, corbet, catalin.marinas, bp, dave.hansen, x86, hpa,
luto, sumit.semwal, gustavo, christian.koenig, andi.shyti, arnd,
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da.gomez, samitolvanen, paulmck, frederic, neeraj.upadhyay,
joelagnelf, josh, urezki, mathieu.desnoyers, jiangshanlai,
qiang.zhang, juri.lelli, vincent.guittot, dietmar.eggemann,
bsegall, mgorman, vschneid, chuck.lever, neil, okorniev, Dai.Ngo,
tom, trondmy, anna, kees, bigeasy, clrkwllms, mark.rutland,
ada.coupriediaz, kristina.martsenko, wangkefeng.wang, broonie,
kevin.brodsky, dwmw, shakeel.butt, ast, ziy, yuzhao, baolin.wang,
usamaarif642, joel.granados, richard.weiyang, geert+renesas,
tim.c.chen, linux, alexander.shishkin, lillian, chenhuacai,
francesco, guoweikang.kernel, link, jpoimboe, masahiroy, brauner,
thomas.weissschuh, oleg, mjguzik, andrii, wangfushuai, linux-doc,
linux-arm-kernel, linux-media, linaro-mm-sig, linux-i2c,
linux-arch, linux-modules, rcu, linux-nfs, linux-rt-devel
In-Reply-To: <aR3WHf9QZ_dizNun@casper.infradead.org>
On Wed, Nov 19, 2025 at 02:37:17PM +0000, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> On Wed, Nov 19, 2025 at 07:53:12PM +0900, Byungchul Park wrote:
> > On Thu, Oct 02, 2025 at 05:12:44PM +0900, Byungchul Park wrote:
> > > False positive reports have been observed since dept works with the
> > > assumption that all the pages have the same dept class, but the class
> > > should be split since the problematic call paths are different depending
> > > on what the page is used for.
> > >
> > > At least, ones in block device's address_space and ones in regular
> > > file's address_space have exclusively different usages.
> > >
> > > Thus, define usage candidates like:
> > >
> > > DEPT_PAGE_REGFILE_CACHE /* page in regular file's address_space */
> > > DEPT_PAGE_BDEV_CACHE /* page in block device's address_space */
> > > DEPT_PAGE_DEFAULT /* the others */
> >
> > 1. I'd like to annotate a page to DEPT_PAGE_REGFILE_CACHE when the page
> > starts to be associated with a page cache for fs data.
> >
> > 2. And I'd like to annotate a page to DEPT_PAGE_BDEV_CACHE when the page
> > starts to be associated with meta data of fs e.g. super block.
> >
> > 3. Lastly, I'd like to reset the annotated value if any, that has been
> > set in the page, when the page ends the assoication with either page
> > cache or meta block of fs e.g. freeing the page.
> >
> > Can anyone suggest good places in code for the annotation 1, 2, 3? It'd
> > be totally appreciated. :-)
>
> I don't think it makes sense to track lock state in the page (nor
> folio). Partly bcause there's just so many of them, but also because
> the locking rules don't really apply to individual folios so much as
> they do to the mappings (or anon_vmas) that contain folios.
I've been trying to fully understand what you meant but maybe failed.
FWIW, dept is working based on classification, not instance by instance,
that is similar to lockdep. This patch is for resolving issues that
might come from the fact that there is a **single class** for PG_locked,
by splitting the class to several ones according to their usages.
> If you're looking to find deadlock scenarios, I think it makes more
> sense to track all folio locks in a given mapping as the same lock
> type rather than track each folio's lock status.
>
> For example, let's suppose we did something like this in the
> page fault path:
>
> Look up and lock a folio (we need folios locked to insert them into
> the page tables to avoid a race with truncate)
> Try to allocate a page table
> Go into reclaim, attempt to reclaim a folio from this mapping
I think you are talking about nested lock patterns involving PG_locked.
Even though dept can do much more jobs than just tracking nested lock
patterns within a single context, of course, nested lock patterns
involving PG_locked should be handled appropriately, maybe with the
useful information you gave. When I work on handling nested locks esp.
involving PG_locked, I will try to get you again. Thanks.
However, I have no choice but to keep this approach for the **single
class** issue. Feel free to ask if any.
Byungchul
> We ought to detect that as a potential deadlock, regardless of which
> folio in the mapping we attempt to reclaim. So can we track folio
> locking at the mapping/anon_vma level instead?
>
> ---
>
> My current understanding of folio locking rules:
>
> If you hold a lock on folio A, you can take a lock on folio B if:
>
> 1. A->mapping == B->mapping and A->index < B->index
> (for example writeback; we take locks on all folios to be written
> back in order)
> 2. !S_ISBLK(A->mapping->host) and S_ISBLK(B->mapping->host)
> 3. S_ISREG(A->mapping->host) and S_ISREG(B->mapping->host) with
> inode_lock() held on both and A->index < B->index
> (the remap_range code)
^ permalink raw reply
* Re: [PATCH v8 04/23] slab: add sheaf support for batching kfree_rcu() operations
From: Harry Yoo @ 2025-12-01 6:55 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jon Hunter
Cc: Daniel Gomez, Vlastimil Babka, Suren Baghdasaryan,
Liam R. Howlett, Christoph Lameter, David Rientjes,
Roman Gushchin, Uladzislau Rezki, Sidhartha Kumar, linux-mm,
linux-kernel, rcu, maple-tree, linux-modules, Luis Chamberlain,
Petr Pavlu, Sami Tolvanen, Aaron Tomlin, Lucas De Marchi,
linux-tegra@vger.kernel.org
In-Reply-To: <ad9c6f4d-42de-4251-ab10-579feec7e8d1@nvidia.com>
On Fri, Nov 28, 2025 at 08:57:28AM +0000, Jon Hunter wrote:
>
> On 27/11/2025 12:48, Harry Yoo wrote:
>
> ...
>
> > > > I have been looking into a regression for Linux v6.18-rc where time taken to
> > > > run some internal graphics tests on our Tegra234 device has increased from
> > > > around 35% causing the tests to timeout. Bisect is pointing to this commit
> > > > and I also see we have CONFIG_KVFREE_RCU_BATCHED=y.
> > >
> > > Thanks for reporting! Uh, this has been put aside while I was busy working
> > > on other stuff... but now that we have two people complaining about this,
> > > I'll allocate some time to investigate and improve it.
> > >
> > > It'll take some time though :)
> >
> > By the way, how many CPUs do you have on your system, and does your
> > kernel have CONFIG_CODE_TAGGING enabled?
>
> For this device there are 12 CPUs. I don't see CONFIG_CODE_TAGGING enabled.
Thanks! Then it's probably due to kmem_cache_destroy().
Please let me know this patch improves your test execution time.
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20251128113740.90129-1-harry.yoo@oracle.com/
--
Cheers,
Harry / Hyeonggon
^ permalink raw reply
* [PATCH v2] module: Only declare set_module_sig_enforced when CONFIG_MODULE_SIG=y
From: Coiby Xu @ 2025-12-01 3:06 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: linux-modules
Cc: linux-integrity, kernel test robot, Aaron Tomlin, Daniel Gomez,
Luis Chamberlain, Petr Pavlu, Daniel Gomez, Sami Tolvanen,
open list:MODULE SUPPORT
In-Reply-To: <20251031080949.2001716-1-coxu@redhat.com>
Currently if set_module_sig_enforced is called with CONFIG_MODULE_SIG=n
e.g. [1], it can lead to a linking error,
ld: security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.o: in function `ima_appraise_measurement':
security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c:587:(.text+0xbbb): undefined reference to `set_module_sig_enforced'
This happens because the actual implementation of
set_module_sig_enforced comes from CONFIG_MODULE_SIG but both the
function declaration and the empty stub definition are tied to
CONFIG_MODULES.
So bind set_module_sig_enforced to CONFIG_MODULE_SIG instead. This
allows (future) users to call set_module_sig_enforced directly without
the "if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MODULE_SIG)" safeguard.
Note this issue hasn't caused a real problem because all current callers
of set_module_sig_enforced e.g. security/integrity/ima/ima_efi.c
use "if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MODULE_SIG)" safeguard.
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250928030358.3873311-1-coxu@redhat.com/
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202510030029.VRKgik99-lkp@intel.com/
Reviewed-by: Aaron Tomlin <atomlin@atomlin.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gomez <da.gomez@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Coiby Xu <coxu@redhat.com>
---
v2
- improve commit message as suggested by Daniel
- add Reviewed-by tags from Aaron and Daniel
include/linux/module.h | 12 ++++++------
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/linux/module.h b/include/linux/module.h
index e135cc79acee..fa251958b138 100644
--- a/include/linux/module.h
+++ b/include/linux/module.h
@@ -769,8 +769,6 @@ static inline bool is_livepatch_module(struct module *mod)
#endif
}
-void set_module_sig_enforced(void);
-
void module_for_each_mod(int(*func)(struct module *mod, void *data), void *data);
#else /* !CONFIG_MODULES... */
@@ -865,10 +863,6 @@ static inline bool module_requested_async_probing(struct module *module)
}
-static inline void set_module_sig_enforced(void)
-{
-}
-
/* Dereference module function descriptor */
static inline
void *dereference_module_function_descriptor(struct module *mod, void *ptr)
@@ -924,6 +918,8 @@ static inline bool retpoline_module_ok(bool has_retpoline)
#ifdef CONFIG_MODULE_SIG
bool is_module_sig_enforced(void);
+void set_module_sig_enforced(void);
+
static inline bool module_sig_ok(struct module *module)
{
return module->sig_ok;
@@ -934,6 +930,10 @@ static inline bool is_module_sig_enforced(void)
return false;
}
+static inline void set_module_sig_enforced(void)
+{
+}
+
static inline bool module_sig_ok(struct module *module)
{
return true;
base-commit: ac3fd01e4c1efce8f2c054cdeb2ddd2fc0fb150d
--
2.52.0
^ permalink raw reply related
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