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Date: Mon, 12 Feb 2001 17:04:13 -0600
From: Vipin Malik <vmalik@danielind.com>
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To: jffs-dev <jffs-dev@axis.com>, mtd <mtd@infradead.org>
Subject: First cut at MTD/JFFS HOWTO
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Hello all,

As I spent about 1.5 weeks tripping around in this stuff getting my CFI
and DOC detected/working, I thought that I would put in text what I
found to be true by experience. I sincerely hope that this "first cut"
HOWTO answers many of the common questions that new people have
regarding how to get started.

If this is accepted, I also volunteer to continue to keep this document
updated (as I am now actively working on my project that uses (or will
use) DOC/and/or/JFFS.

I would ask the developers to give it a once over, to make sure that
I did not speak any dire mistruths. Feel free to email me any
corrections or additional sections regarding any topics that I did not
cover (quite a lot I think).

In particular I would like to see sections on booting from DOC's and CFI
flash devices added (as I'm quite interested myself in that). I have
seen some e-mails on the list by people that have done work in that
direction. If you folks would put your experience/knowledge as a
"section" to a howto then we could add it to this document.

Regards,

Vipin




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                      ***  The Linux MTD, JFFS HOWTO ***
         (work in progress, please contribute if you have anything)

Last Updated: Feb 02 2001
Compiled By: Vipin Malik (vmalik@danielind.com)

**ABOUT:

This document will attempt to describe setting up the MTD (Memory
Technology Devices), DOC, CFI and the JFFS (Journaling file system)
under Linux versions 2.2.x and 2.4.x

This is work in progress and (hopefully) with the help of others on
the mtd and jffs mailing lists will become quite a comprehensive
document.

Please mail any comments/corrections/contributions to
vmalik@danielind.com






*** Getting Started:

If you want to seriously design a project with MTD/JFFS please
subscribe to the respective mailing lists.

MTD:
  There is a majordomo-managed mailing list: mtd@infradead.org
  To subscribe, send "subscribe mtd" in the body of a mail to
  majordomo@infradead.org

JFFS:
  Please send an email to majordomo@axis.com containing this line in the body of the email:
  subscribe jffs-dev 

The home page for the two projects are located at:
MTD/DOC/
 http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/
JFFS
 http://developer.axis.com/software/jffs/ 

The MTD mail archive is at:
 http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/list-archive/

The JFFS mail archive is at:
 http://mhonarc.axis.se/jffs-dev/threads.html


*** Getting the latest code:

The entire MTD/DOC/JFFS (and some utils) source code may be downloaded
via anonymous CVS.

Follow the following steps:
1.Make sure that you are root.
2. cd /usr/src
3. cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.infradead.org:/home/cvs login (password: anoncvs)
4. cvs -d :pserver:anoncvs@cvs.infradead.org:/home/cvs co mtd

This will create a dir called mtd under /usr/src

You now have two options depending on what series of the Linux Kernel
you want to work with.
There is an extra step involved with the 2.2 series kernels as they do
not have any MTD code in them.


** With 2.2.x series kernels:

(Note that as far as I can tell, mtd and jffs does not work as modules
under the 2.2.x series of kernels. If you want to do modules I would
recommend that you upgrade to the 2.4.x series of kernels).

Get the 2.2.17 or 2.2.18 kernel source code from your favorite source
(ftp.kernel.org) and install the kernel under /usr/src/linux-2.2.x
with /usr/src/linux being a symbolic link to your kernel source dir.

Configure the kernel to your desired options (by doing a make config
(or menuconfig or xconfig), and make sure that the kernel compiles ok.

Download the mtd patch from:
ftp://ftp.infradead.org/pub/mtd/patches

Move the patch to /usr/src/linux and do

   patch -p1 < <patch file name here>

Make sure that the patch was applied ok without any errors.
This will add the mtd functionality to your basic kernel and bring the
mtd code upto date to the date of the patch.

You have two choices here. You may do a make config and configure in
mtd stuff with the current code or you may want to get the latest code
from the cvs patched in.

If you want the latest CVS code patched in follow the 2.4.x directions
below.

** With 2.4.x series of kernels:

If you want the latest code from CVS (available under /usr/src/mtd)
do:
1. cd /usr/src/mtd/patches
2. sh patchin.sh /usr/src/linux

This will create symbolic links from the
/usr/src/linux/drivers/mtd/<files here> to
the respective files in /usr/src/mtd/kernel/<latest files here>

The same happens with /usr/src/linux/fs/jffs and
/usr/src/linux/include/linux/mtd

Now you have the latest cvs code available with the kernel. You may
now do a make config (or menuconfig or xconfig) and config the
mtd/jffs etc. stuff in as described below.




*** Configuring MTD and friends for DOC in the Kernel:

Do not use any mtd modules with the 2.2.x series of kernels. As far as
I can tell, it does not work even if you can get it to compile ok.

Modules work ok with the 2.4.x series of kernels.

Depending on what you want to target you have some choices here,
namely:


*** 1. Disk On Chip Devices (DOC):
For these, you need to turn on (or make into modules) the following:

*MTD core support
*Debugging (set the debug level as desired)
*Select the correct DOC driver depending on the DOC that you have
(1000, 2000 or Millennium).
*If you know the physical address of your chip then input that here. A
lot of people input 0xd000 if their chip is mapped into the BIOS
expansion rom address. You need to say 0xD0000 (the actual physical
address, not just the segment address).

If you leave the address blank, the code will *auto probe*. This works
quite well (at least for me). Try it first.

*Probe High Addresses will probe in the top of the possible memory
 range rather than  in the usual BIOS ROM expansion range from 640K -
 1Meg. This has to do with LinuxBIOS. See the mailing list archive for
 some e-mails regarding this. If you don't know what I am talking
 about here, leave this option off.

*Probe for 0x55 0xaa BIOS signature. If you kept the address at 0
 (auto probe), say yes here.

Leave everything else off, till you reach...
*NAND flash device drivers. You want this on (or module as the case
may be).
* Enable ECC Correction Algorithm -yes
* Verify NAND page writes -off worked for me. I need to investigate
this further.

User Modules and Translation layers:
* Direct char device access - yes
* Caching block device access - yes
* NFTL layer support - yes
* Write support for NFTL(beta) - yes

Save everything, make dep, make bzImage, make modules, make
modules_install

Note: If you downloaded the 2.4.x series kernels and your original
installed distribution came with the 2.2.x series of kernels then you
need to download the latest modutils (from
ftp.kernel.org/utils/kernel), else make modules_install or depmod -a
will fail for the new 2.4.x kernels.

Move everything to the right place, install the kernel, run lilo and
reboot.

If you compiled the mtd stuff into the kernel (see later section if
you compiled as modules- which is what I prefer as you don't have to
keep rebooting) then look for the startup messages. In particular pay
attention to the lines when the MTD DOC header runs. It will say
something like:

"DiskOnChip found at address 0xD0000 (your addrss may be different)"
"nftla1"

The above shows that the DOC was detected fine and one partition was
found and assigned to /dev/nftla1. If further partitions are detected,
they will be assigned to /dev/nftla2 etc.

Note that the MTD device is /dev/mtd0 and details are available by
doing a:

#cat /proc/mtd
dev:    size   erasesize  name
mtd0: 02000000 00004000 "DiskOnChip 2000"

/dev/nftla1,2,3  are "regular" block disk partitions and you may
mke2fs on them to put a ext2 fs on it. Then they may be mounted in the
regular way.

When the DiskOnChip is detected and instead of nftla1,2,3... you get
something like:

"Could not find valid boot record"
"Could not mount NFTL device"

...you have a "hosed" (that's a technical term) disk. You need to
"un-hose" it. To help you out in that department there is a utility
available under /usr/src/mtd/util called nftl_format.

Essentially after you'r disk have been detected but complains about
"Could not mount NFTL device", just run
#./nftl_format /dev/mtd0 (if your device was installed under mtd0, see
cat /proc/mtd/).

If your device "erasesize" is 8k (0x2000), then the utility will go
ahead and format it. Just reboot and this time the drivers will
complain about an "unknown partition table".

Don't worry. Just do:
# fdisk /dev/nftla

and create some partitions on them. TaDa! You may now e2fsck and
others on these partitions.

*** IF you compiled the mtd stuff as modules (What I prefer):
Make sure that you have done a depmod -a after you reboot with the
new kernel.

Then just
#modprobe -a doc2000 nftl nand mtdchar mtdblock

You have now loaded the core stuff. The actual detection takes place
only when you load the docprobe module. Then do
#modprobe -a docprobe

You should then see the messages described in the section
above. Follow the directions and procedures are outlined in the
section above (where you would have compiled the mtd/DOC stuff into
the kernel).





*** 2. Raw Flash (primarily NOR) chips

This are multiple (or just one) flash IC's that may be soldered on
your board or you may be designing some in. Unlike the DOC device,
these are usually linearly memory mapped into the address space
(though not necessarly, they may also be paged).

MTD can handle x8, x16 or x32 wide memory interfaces, using x8, x16
(even x32 chips (are they such a thing)?- confirm).

At present CFI stuff seems to work quite well and these are the type
of chips on my board. Hence I will describe them first. Maybe someone
with JDEC chips can describe that.

You must use (for all practical purposes that involve writing) JFFS on
raw flsah MTD devices. This is because JFFS provides a robust writing
and wear levealing mechanism. See FAQ for more info.



*** Configuring the kernel with MTD/CFI/JFFS and friends. 
Turn off all options for MTD except those mentioned here.

* MTD support (the core stuff)
* Debugging -yes (try level 3 initially)
* Support for ROM chips in bus mapping -yes
* CFI (common flash interface) support -yes
* Specific CFI flash geometry selection -yes
* <select they FLASH chip geometry that you have on your board>
* If you have a 32 bit wide flash interface with 8bit chips, then you
  have 4 way interleaving, etc. Turning on more than one option does
  not seem to hurt anything
* CFI support for Intel.Sharp or AMD/Fijutsu as your particular case
  may be.
* Physical mapping of flash chips - set your config here or if you
  have one of the boards listed then select the board as the case may
  be.

Then under "File systems" select:
* jffs and 
* /proc filesystem support right under that.
* Select a jffs debugging verbosity level. Start high then go low.

Save, make dep, make bzImage, make modules, make modules_install, move
kernel to correct spot, add lilo entries, run lilo (or your fav. boot
loader) and reboot.

If you have compiled the stuff as modules then do (as root):
# depmod -a
# modprobe -a mtdchar mtdblock cfi_cmdset_0002 map_rom cfi_probe

This loads the core modules for cfi flash. Now we probe for the actual
flash by doing:
#modprobe -a physmap

Look at the console window (Note if you are telnet'd into the machine,
then the console may be outputting on tty0 which may be the terminal
connected to the graphics card). Being able to see the console is very
important. You may also view kernel console messages at
/var/log/messages (this depends on the distribution you are
using. This is true for redhat).

Don't be fooled by the message:
"physmap flash device:xxxxx at yyyyyyy"

This is just reporting what parameters you have compiled into the
system (see above under "Physical mapping of flash chips".

If your flash is really detected then it will print something like:
"Physically mapped flash: Found bla-bla-bla at location 0".

If no device is found, then physmap will refuse to load as a module!
This is not a problem with compiling it as a module or with physmap or
modprobe itself. Unfortunately this is the hard part. You have to dive
into the routine "do_cfi_probe()" called from physmap.c.

This routine is called cfi_probe() and is in the file "cfi_probe.c"
under mtd/kernel/

Sprinkle the file with printk's to see why your chips were not
detected. If your chips are detected, then when you load physmap (by
doing a "modprobe physmap", you will see something like:

"Physically mapped flash: Found bla-bla-bla at location"

Now, the chips have been registered under mtd and you should see them
by doing a:
#cat /proc/mtd



*** Putting a jffs file system on the flash devices:

Now that you have successfully managed to detect your flash devices,
you need to put a jffs on them. Unlike mke2fs there is no utility that
will directly create a jffs filesystem onto the
/dev/mtd0,1,2... device.

You have to use a utility called mkfs.jffs available under mtd/util

Get a directory ready with the stuff that you want to put under
jffs. Let's assume that it's called /home/jffsstuff

Then just do:
#/usr/src/mtd/util/mkfs.jffs -d /home/jffsstuff -o /tmp/jffs.image

This makes a jffs image file. Then do:
#cp -f /tmp/jffs.image /dev/mtd0,1,2... (as the case may be, most
likely /dev/mtd0).

Then load the jffs module in by:
#modprobe jffs

Then mount the file system by:
#mount -t jffs /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/jffs (assuming /mnt/jffs exists, else
make it).

Note: Note the use of /dev/mtdblock0 NOT /dev/mtd0. "mount" needs a
block device interface and /dev/mtdblock0,1,2,3... are provided for
that purpose. /dev/mtd0,1,2,3 are char devices are provided for things
like copying the binary image onto the raw flash devices.




*** Making partitions with CFI flash and working with multiple banks
    of FLASH:

Unlike a "regular" block device, you cannot launch fdisk and create
partitions on /dev/mtdblock0,1,2,3...

(As far as I know) CFI flash partitions have to be created and
compiled in the physmap.c file.

The same goes for multiple banks of flash memory. (IS THIS CORRECT????
Check and correct.)

An example of creating partitions can be found in the file
mtd/kernel/sbc_mediagx.c

An example of multiple banks of flash chips being mapped into seperate
/dev/mtdn devices can be found in the file mtd/kernel/oct5066_map.c
(in particular pay attention to the multiple looping of the code while
registering the mtd device in "init_oct5066()". You may also add
partitions to each bank by looking at code in mtd/kernel/sbc_mediagx.c






*** FAQ's:

Q. What is MTD and why do we need it?
A. From the MTD site:

"We're working on a generic Linux subsystem for memory devices,
especially Flash devices.

The aim of the system is to make it simple to provide a driver for new
hardware, by providing a generic interface between the hardware
drivers and the upper layers of the system.  

Hardware drivers need to know nothing about the storage formats used,
such as FTL, FFS2, etc., but will only need to provide simple routines
for read, write and erase. Presentation of the device's contents to
the user in an appropriate form will be handled by the upper layers of
the system."


Q. What is JFFS?
A. JFFS was designed by axis communications. (www.axis.com). It is an
open source log structured file system that is most suitable for
putting on raw flash chips.

David Woodhouse described jffs in a mail to the jffs mailing
list. This is what he wrote:

"JFFS is purely log-structured. The 'filesystem' is just a huge list of
'nodes' on the flash media. Each node (struct jffs_node) contains some
information about the file (aka inode) which it is part of, may also 
contain a name for that file, and possibly also some data. In the cases 
where data are present, the jffs_node will contain a field saying at what 
location in the file those data should appear. In this way, newer data can 
overwrite older data. 

Aside from the normal inode information, the jffs_node contains a field 
which says how much data to _delete_ from the file at the node's given 
offset. This is used for truncating files, etc. 

Each node also has a 'version' number, which starts at 1 with the first node
written in an file, and increases by one each time a new node is written
for that file. The (physical) ordering of those nodes really doesn't matter at
all, but just to keep the erases level, we start at the beginning and just
keep writing till we hit the end.

To recreate the contents of a file, you scan the entire media (see 
jffs_scan_flash() which is called on mount) and put the individual nodes in 
order of increasing 'version'. Interpret the instructions in each as to 
where you should insert/delete data. The current filename is that attached 
to the most recent node which contained a name field.

(Note this is not trivial. For example, if you have a file with 1024 bytes 
of data, then you write 512 bytes to offset 256 in that file, you'll end up 
with two nodes for it - one with data_offset 0 and data_length 1024, and 
another with data_offset 256, data_length 512 and removed_size 512. Your 
first node actually appears in two places in the file - locations 0-256 and 
768-1024. The current JFFS code uses struct jffs_node_ref to represent this 
and keeps a list of the partial nodes which make up each file. )

This is all fairly simple, until your big list of nodes hits the end of the
media. At that point, we have to start again at the beginning. Of the 
nodes in the first erase block, some may have been obsoleted by later 
nodes. So before we actually reach the end of the flash and fill the 
filesystem completely, we copy all nodes from that first block which are 
still valid, and erase the original block. Hopefully, that makes us some 
more space. If not, we continue to the next block, etc. This is called 
garbage collection.

Note that we must ensure that we never get into a state where we run out of
empty space between the 'head' where we're writing the new nodes, and the
'tail' where the oldest nodes are. That would mean that we can't actually 
continue with garbage collection at all, so the filesystem can be stuck 
even if there are obsolete nodes somewhere in it.

Although we currently just start at the beginning and continue to the end,
we _should_ be treating the erase blocks individually, and just keeping a
list of erase blocks in various states (free/filling/full/obsoleted/erasing/
bad). In general, blocks will proceed through that list from free->erasing 
and then obviously back to free. (They go from full to obsoleted by 
rewriting any still-valid nodes into the 'filling' node)."



Q. Why another file system. What was wrong with ext2?
A. 

Q. Do I have to have JFFS on MTD?
A. 

Q. What is DOC (disk on chip)?
A. 

Q. What File systems can I have on DOC?
A. 

Q. What is Flash memory?
A. 

Q. What is CFI Flash memory?
A. 

Q. What is JDEC Flash memory?
A.

Q. What is this "interleave" stuff?
A.

Q. ?
A.


*** Credits:
...
...
...
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