Re: Compressed files & the page cache

[Phillip Lougher <phillip@squashfs.org.uk>]

On 15/07/2025 21:40, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> I've started looking at how the page cache can help filesystems handle
> compressed data better.  Feedback would be appreciated!  I'll probably
> say a few things which are obvious to anyone who knows how compressed
> files work, but I'm trying to be explicit about my assumptions.
> 
> First, I believe that all filesystems work by compressing fixed-size
> plaintext into variable-sized compressed blocks.  This would be a good
> point to stop reading and tell me about counterexamples.

For Squashfs Yes.

> 
>>From what I've been reading in all your filesystems is that you want to
> allocate extra pages in the page cache in order to store the excess data
> retrieved along with the page that you're actually trying to read.  That's
> because compressing in larger chunks leads to better compression.
> 

Yes.

> There's some discrepancy between filesystems whether you need scratch
> space for decompression.  Some filesystems read the compressed data into
> the pagecache and decompress in-place, while other filesystems read the
> compressed data into scratch pages and decompress into the page cache.
> 

Squashfs uses scratch pages.

> There also seems to be some discrepancy between filesystems whether the
> decompression involves vmap() of all the memory allocated or whether the
> decompression routines can handle doing kmap_local() on individual pages.
> 

Squashfs does both, and this depends on whether the decompression
algorithm implementation in the kernel is multi-shot or single-shot.

The zlib/xz/zstd decompressors are multi-shot, in that you can call them
multiply, giving them an extra input or output buffer when it runs out.
This means you can get them to output into a 4K page at a time, without
requiring the pages to be contiguous.  kmap_local() can be called on each
page before passing it to the decompressor.

The lzo/lz4 decompressors are single-shot, they expect to be called once,
with a single contiguous input buffer containing the data to be
decompressed, and a single contiguous output buffer large enough to hold
all the uncompressed data.

> So, my proposal is that filesystems tell the page cache that their minimum
> folio size is the compression block size.  That seems to be around 64k,
> so not an unreasonable minimum allocation size.  That removes all the
> extra code in filesystems to allocate extra memory in the page cache.
> It means we don't attempt to track dirtiness at a sub-folio granularity
> (there's no point, we have to write back the entire compressed bock
> at once).  We also get a single virtually contiguous block ... if you're
> willing to ditch HIGHMEM support.  Or there's a proposal to introduce a
> vmap_file() which would give us a virtually contiguous chunk of memory
> (and could be trivially turned into a noop for the case of trying to
> vmap a single large folio).
> 

The compression block size in Squashfs can be 4K to 1M in size.

Phillip

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