* [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups
@ 2025-10-27 9:03 Anand Moon
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock Anand Moon
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable Anand Moon
0 siblings, 2 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Anand Moon @ 2025-10-27 9:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Vignesh Raghavendra, Siddharth Vadapalli, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring,
Bjorn Helgaas, open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
moderated list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E, open list
Cc: Anand Moon, Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter
Refactor the J721e probe function to use devres helpers for resource
management. This replaces manual clock handling with
devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() and assigns the reset GPIO directly
to the struct members, eliminating unnecessary local variables.
These patches have been compile-tested only, as I do not have access
to the hardware for runtime verification.
v2 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251025074336.26743-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
v1 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251014113234.44418-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
RFC : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251013101727.129260-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
Changes
v2 Drop the dev_err_probe return patch.
Fix small issue address issue by Dan and Markus.
v1:
Add new patch for dev_err_probe return.
dropped unsesary clk_disable_unprepare as its handle by
devm_clk_get_optional_enabled.
Thanks
-Anand
*** BLURB HERE ***
Anand Moon (2):
PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock
PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c | 33 ++++++++--------------
1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
base-commit: dcb6fa37fd7bc9c3d2b066329b0d27dedf8becaa
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v3 1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock
2025-10-27 9:03 [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-27 9:03 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-27 13:39 ` Siddharth Vadapalli
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable Anand Moon
1 sibling, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Anand Moon @ 2025-10-27 9:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Vignesh Raghavendra, Siddharth Vadapalli, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring,
Bjorn Helgaas, open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
moderated list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E, open list
Cc: Anand Moon, Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter
Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() helper instead of calling
devm_clk_get_optional() and then clk_prepare_enable(). It simplifies
the clk_prepare_enable() and clk_disable_unprepare() with proper error
handling and makes the code more compact.
The result of devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() is now assigned directly
to pcie->refclk. This removes a superfluous local clk variable,
improving code readability and compactness. The functionality
remains unchanged, but the code is now more streamlined.
Cc: Siddharth Vadapalli <s-vadapalli@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Anand Moon <linux.amoon@gmail.com>
---
v3: Clock needs to be disabled on Suspend and enabled on Resume.
v2: Rephase the commit message and use proper error pointer
PTR_ERR(pcie->refclk) to return error.
v1: Drop explicit clk_disable_unprepare as it handled by
devm_clk_get_optional_enabled, Since devm_clk_get_optional_enabled
internally manages clk_prepare_enable and clk_disable_unprepare
as part of its lifecycle, the explicit call to clk_disable_unprepare
is redundant and can be safely removed.
---
drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c | 20 +++++---------------
1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c b/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c
index 5bc5ab20aa6d..a88b2e52fd78 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c
@@ -479,7 +479,6 @@ static int j721e_pcie_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
struct cdns_pcie_ep *ep = NULL;
struct gpio_desc *gpiod;
void __iomem *base;
- struct clk *clk;
u32 num_lanes;
u32 mode;
int ret;
@@ -603,19 +602,13 @@ static int j721e_pcie_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
goto err_get_sync;
}
- clk = devm_clk_get_optional(dev, "pcie_refclk");
- if (IS_ERR(clk)) {
- ret = dev_err_probe(dev, PTR_ERR(clk), "failed to get pcie_refclk\n");
+ pcie->refclk = devm_clk_get_optional_enabled(dev, "pcie_refclk");
+ if (IS_ERR(pcie->refclk)) {
+ ret = dev_err_probe(dev, PTR_ERR(pcie->refclk),
+ "failed to enable pcie_refclk\n");
goto err_pcie_setup;
}
- ret = clk_prepare_enable(clk);
- if (ret) {
- dev_err_probe(dev, ret, "failed to enable pcie_refclk\n");
- goto err_pcie_setup;
- }
- pcie->refclk = clk;
-
/*
* Section 2.2 of the PCI Express Card Electromechanical
* Specification (Revision 5.1) mandates that the deassertion
@@ -629,10 +622,8 @@ static int j721e_pcie_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
}
ret = cdns_pcie_host_setup(rc);
- if (ret < 0) {
- clk_disable_unprepare(pcie->refclk);
+ if (ret < 0)
goto err_pcie_setup;
- }
break;
case PCI_MODE_EP:
@@ -679,7 +670,6 @@ static void j721e_pcie_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
gpiod_set_value_cansleep(pcie->reset_gpio, 0);
- clk_disable_unprepare(pcie->refclk);
cdns_pcie_disable_phy(cdns_pcie);
j721e_pcie_disable_link_irq(pcie);
pm_runtime_put(dev);
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
2025-10-27 9:03 [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups Anand Moon
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-27 9:03 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-27 13:43 ` Markus Elfring
1 sibling, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Anand Moon @ 2025-10-27 9:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Vignesh Raghavendra, Siddharth Vadapalli, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring,
Bjorn Helgaas, open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
moderated list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E, open list
Cc: Anand Moon, Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter
The result of devm_gpiod_get_optional() is now assigned directly
assigned to pcie->reset_gpio. This removes a superfluous local gpiod
variable, improving code readability and compactness. The functionality
remains unchanged, but the code is now more streamlined
Cc: Siddharth Vadapalli <s-vadapalli@ti.com>
Reviewed-by: Siddharth Vadapalli <s-vadapalli@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Anand Moon <linux.amoon@gmail.com>
---
drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c | 13 ++++++-------
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c b/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c
index a88b2e52fd78..ecd1b0312400 100644
--- a/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c
+++ b/drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c
@@ -477,7 +477,6 @@ static int j721e_pcie_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
struct j721e_pcie *pcie;
struct cdns_pcie_rc *rc = NULL;
struct cdns_pcie_ep *ep = NULL;
- struct gpio_desc *gpiod;
void __iomem *base;
u32 num_lanes;
u32 mode;
@@ -589,12 +588,12 @@ static int j721e_pcie_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
switch (mode) {
case PCI_MODE_RC:
- gpiod = devm_gpiod_get_optional(dev, "reset", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
- if (IS_ERR(gpiod)) {
- ret = dev_err_probe(dev, PTR_ERR(gpiod), "Failed to get reset GPIO\n");
+ pcie->reset_gpio = devm_gpiod_get_optional(dev, "reset", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
+ if (IS_ERR(pcie->reset_gpio)) {
+ ret = dev_err_probe(dev, PTR_ERR(pcie->reset_gpio),
+ "Failed to get reset GPIO\n");
goto err_get_sync;
}
- pcie->reset_gpio = gpiod;
ret = cdns_pcie_init_phy(dev, cdns_pcie);
if (ret) {
@@ -616,9 +615,9 @@ static int j721e_pcie_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
* This shall ensure that the power and the reference clock
* are stable.
*/
- if (gpiod) {
+ if (pcie->reset_gpio) {
msleep(PCIE_T_PVPERL_MS);
- gpiod_set_value_cansleep(gpiod, 1);
+ gpiod_set_value_cansleep(pcie->reset_gpio, 1);
}
ret = cdns_pcie_host_setup(rc);
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-27 13:39 ` Siddharth Vadapalli
0 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Siddharth Vadapalli @ 2025-10-27 13:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Anand Moon
Cc: Vignesh Raghavendra, Lorenzo Pieralisi, Krzysztof Wilczyński,
Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring, Bjorn Helgaas,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
moderated list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E, open list,
Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter, Siddharth Vadapalli
On Mon, 2025-10-27 at 14:33 +0530, Anand Moon wrote:
> Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() helper instead of calling
> devm_clk_get_optional() and then clk_prepare_enable(). It simplifies
> the clk_prepare_enable() and clk_disable_unprepare() with proper error
> handling and makes the code more compact.
> The result of devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() is now assigned directly
> to pcie->refclk. This removes a superfluous local clk variable,
> improving code readability and compactness. The functionality
> remains unchanged, but the code is now more streamlined.
>
> Cc: Siddharth Vadapalli <s-vadapalli@ti.com>
> Signed-off-by: Anand Moon <linux.amoon@gmail.com>
> ---
> v3: Clock needs to be disabled on Suspend and enabled on Resume.
Thank you for updating the patch.
Reviewed-by: Siddharth Vadapalli <s-vadapalli@ti.com>
Regards,
Siddharth.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-27 13:43 ` Markus Elfring
2025-10-28 7:06 ` Anand Moon
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Markus Elfring @ 2025-10-27 13:43 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Anand Moon, linux-omap, linux-pci, linux-arm-kernel,
Bjorn Helgaas, Krzysztof Wilczyński, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring, Siddharth Vadapalli,
Vignesh Raghavendra
Cc: LKML, Dan Carpenter
> The result of devm_gpiod_get_optional() is now assigned directly
> assigned to pcie->reset_gpio. This removes a superfluous local gpiod
> variable, improving code readability and compactness. The functionality
> remains unchanged, but the code is now more streamlined
Would a corresponding imperative wording become helpful for an improved change description?
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst?h=v6.18-rc3#n94
Regards,
Markus
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
2025-10-27 13:43 ` Markus Elfring
@ 2025-10-28 7:06 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-28 7:33 ` [v3 " Markus Elfring
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Anand Moon @ 2025-10-28 7:06 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Markus Elfring
Cc: linux-omap, linux-pci, linux-arm-kernel, Bjorn Helgaas,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring, Siddharth Vadapalli,
Vignesh Raghavendra, LKML, Dan Carpenter
Hi Markus,
Thanks for your review comments.
On Mon, 27 Oct 2025 at 19:13, Markus Elfring <Markus.Elfring@web.de> wrote:
>
> > The result of devm_gpiod_get_optional() is now assigned directly
> > assigned to pcie->reset_gpio. This removes a superfluous local gpiod
> > variable, improving code readability and compactness. The functionality
> > remains unchanged, but the code is now more streamlined
>
> Would a corresponding imperative wording become helpful for an improved change description?
> https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst?h=v6.18-rc3#n94
>
Assign the result of devm_gpiod_get_optional() directly to pcie->reset_gpio.
This removes a superfluous local variable, improving code clarity without
altering the driver's behavior.
Is this ok with you?
> Regards,
> Markus
Thanks
-Anand
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: [v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
2025-10-28 7:06 ` Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-28 7:33 ` Markus Elfring
0 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Markus Elfring @ 2025-10-28 7:33 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Anand Moon, linux-omap, linux-pci, linux-arm-kernel
Cc: LKML, Bjorn Helgaas, Dan Carpenter, Krzysztof Wilczyński,
Lorenzo Pieralisi, Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring,
Siddharth Vadapalli, Vignesh Raghavendra
>> https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst?h=v6.18-rc3#n94
>>
> Assign the result of devm_gpiod_get_optional() directly to pcie->reset_gpio.
a … call?
> This removes a superfluous local variable, improving code clarity without
Thus remove? . Improve?
> altering the driver's behavior.
…
Regards,
Markus
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups
@ 2025-10-28 15:42 Anand Moon
2025-10-28 17:00 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-31 8:53 ` Manivannan Sadhasivam
0 siblings, 2 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Anand Moon @ 2025-10-28 15:42 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Vignesh Raghavendra, Siddharth Vadapalli, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring,
Bjorn Helgaas, open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
moderated list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E, open list
Cc: Anand Moon, Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter
Refactor the J721e probe function to use devres helpers for resource
management. This replaces manual clock handling with
devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() and assigns the reset GPIO directly
to the struct members, eliminating unnecessary local variables.
These patches have been compile-tested only, as I do not have access
to the hardware for runtime verification.
v3 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251027090310.38999-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
v2 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251025074336.26743-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
v1 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251014113234.44418-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
RFC : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251013101727.129260-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
Changes
v4 : Improve the commit message.
v2 Drop the dev_err_probe return patch.
Fix small issue address issue by Dan and Markus.
v1:
Add new patch for dev_err_probe return.
dropped unsesary clk_disable_unprepare as its handle by
devm_clk_get_optional_enabled.
Thanks
-Anand
Anand Moon (2):
PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock
PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c | 33 ++++++++--------------
1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
base-commit: fd57572253bc356330dbe5b233c2e1d8426c66fd
--
2.50.1
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups
2025-10-28 15:42 [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-28 17:00 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-31 8:53 ` Manivannan Sadhasivam
1 sibling, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Anand Moon @ 2025-10-28 17:00 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Vignesh Raghavendra, Siddharth Vadapalli, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Manivannan Sadhasivam, Rob Herring,
Bjorn Helgaas, open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
open list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E,
moderated list:PCI DRIVER FOR TI DRA7XX/J721E, open list
Cc: Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter
Hi All,
On Tue, 28 Oct 2025 at 21:12, Anand Moon <linux.amoon@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Refactor the J721e probe function to use devres helpers for resource
> management. This replaces manual clock handling with
> devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() and assigns the reset GPIO directly
> to the struct members, eliminating unnecessary local variables.
>
> These patches have been compile-tested only, as I do not have access
> to the hardware for runtime verification.
>
These changes are v4 revision. This got messed up in the format output folder
Sorry for the inconvenience.
Thanks
-Anand
> v3 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251027090310.38999-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
> v2 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251025074336.26743-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
> v1 : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251014113234.44418-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
> RFC : https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251013101727.129260-1-linux.amoon@gmail.com/
>
> Changes
> v4 : Improve the commit message.
>
> v2 Drop the dev_err_probe return patch.
> Fix small issue address issue by Dan and Markus.
> v1:
> Add new patch for dev_err_probe return.
> dropped unsesary clk_disable_unprepare as its handle by
> devm_clk_get_optional_enabled.
>
> Thanks
> -Anand
>
> Anand Moon (2):
> PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock
> PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
>
> drivers/pci/controller/cadence/pci-j721e.c | 33 ++++++++--------------
> 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
>
>
> base-commit: fd57572253bc356330dbe5b233c2e1d8426c66fd
> --
> 2.50.1
>
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups
2025-10-28 15:42 [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups Anand Moon
2025-10-28 17:00 ` Anand Moon
@ 2025-10-31 8:53 ` Manivannan Sadhasivam
1 sibling, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Manivannan Sadhasivam @ 2025-10-31 8:53 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Vignesh Raghavendra, Siddharth Vadapalli, Lorenzo Pieralisi,
Krzysztof Wilczyński, Rob Herring, Bjorn Helgaas, linux-omap,
linux-pci, linux-arm-kernel, linux-kernel, Anand Moon
Cc: Markus Elfring, Dan Carpenter
On Tue, 28 Oct 2025 21:12:22 +0530, Anand Moon wrote:
> Refactor the J721e probe function to use devres helpers for resource
> management. This replaces manual clock handling with
> devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() and assigns the reset GPIO directly
> to the struct members, eliminating unnecessary local variables.
>
> These patches have been compile-tested only, as I do not have access
> to the hardware for runtime verification.
>
> [...]
Applied, thanks!
[1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock
commit: 59ba8c0981e73cb2bb70074be4ef46b4188424ea
[2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable
commit: 8895c0fc0671f38746ee1c02b728b126f7dbbf97
Best regards,
--
Manivannan Sadhasivam <mani@kernel.org>
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2025-10-31 8:53 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 10+ messages (download: mbox.gz follow: Atom feed
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2025-10-27 9:03 [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups Anand Moon
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] PCI: j721e: Use devm_clk_get_optional_enabled() to get the clock Anand Moon
2025-10-27 13:39 ` Siddharth Vadapalli
2025-10-27 9:03 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] PCI: j721e: Use inline reset GPIO assignment and drop local variable Anand Moon
2025-10-27 13:43 ` Markus Elfring
2025-10-28 7:06 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-28 7:33 ` [v3 " Markus Elfring
-- strict thread matches above, loose matches on Subject: below --
2025-10-28 15:42 [PATCH v3 0/2] PCI: j721e: A couple of cleanups Anand Moon
2025-10-28 17:00 ` Anand Moon
2025-10-31 8:53 ` Manivannan Sadhasivam
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for NNTP newsgroup(s).