[PATCH 6.18 116/314] KVM: x86: Add x2APIC "features" to control EOI broadcast suppression

Sasha Levin
2026-03-10T11:26:31Z

From: Khushit Shah <khushit.shah@nutanix.com>

[ Upstream commit 6517dfbcc918f970a928d9dc17586904bac06893 ]

Add two flags for KVM_CAP_X2APIC_API to allow userspace to control support
for Suppress EOI Broadcasts when using a split IRQCHIP (I/O APIC emulated
by userspace), which KVM completely mishandles. When x2APIC support was
first added, KVM incorrectly advertised and "enabled" Suppress EOI
Broadcast, without fully supporting the I/O APIC side of the equation,
i.e. without adding directed EOI to KVM's in-kernel I/O APIC.

That flaw was carried over to split IRQCHIP support, i.e. KVM advertised
support for Suppress EOI Broadcasts irrespective of whether or not the
userspace I/O APIC implementation supported directed EOIs. Even worse,
KVM didn't actually suppress EOI broadcasts, i.e. userspace VMMs without
support for directed EOI came to rely on the "spurious" broadcasts.

KVM "fixed" the in-kernel I/O APIC implementation by completely disabling
support for Suppress EOI Broadcasts in commit 0bcc3fb95b97 ("KVM: lapic:
stop advertising DIRECTED_EOI when in-kernel IOAPIC is in use"), but
didn't do anything to remedy userspace I/O APIC implementations.

KVM's bogus handling of Suppress EOI Broadcast is problematic when the
guest relies on interrupts being masked in the I/O APIC until well after
the initial local APIC EOI. E.g. Windows with Credential Guard enabled
handles interrupts in the following order:
1. Interrupt for L2 arrives.
2. L1 APIC EOIs the interrupt.
3. L1 resumes L2 and injects the interrupt.
4. L2 EOIs after servicing.
5. L1 performs the I/O APIC EOI.

Because KVM EOIs the I/O APIC at step #2, the guest can get an interrupt
storm, e.g. if the IRQ line is still asserted and userspace reacts to the
EOI by re-injecting the IRQ, because the guest doesn't de-assert the line
until step #4, and doesn't expect the interrupt to be re-enabled until
step #5.

Unfortunately, simply "fixing" the bug isn't an option, as KVM has no way
of knowing if the userspace I/O APIC supports directed EOIs, i.e.
suppressing EOI broadcasts would result in interrupts being stuck masked
in the userspace I/O APIC due to step #5 being ignored by userspace. And
fully disabling support for Suppress EOI Broadcast is also undesirable, as
picking up the fix would require a guest reboot, *and* more importantly
would change the virtual CPU model exposed to the guest without any buy-in
from userspace.

Add KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST and
KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST flags to allow userspace to
explicitly enable or disable support for Suppress EOI Broadcasts. This
gives userspace control over the virtual CPU model exposed to the guest,
as KVM should never have enabled support for Suppress EOI Broadcast without
userspace opt-in. Not setting either flag will result in legacy quirky
behavior for backward compatibility.

Disallow fully enabling SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST when using an in-kernel
I/O APIC, as KVM's history/support is just as tragic. E.g. it's not clear
that commit c806a6ad35bf ("KVM: x86: call irq notifiers with directed EOI")
was entirely correct, i.e. it may have simply papered over the lack of
Directed EOI emulation in the I/O APIC.

Note, Suppress EOI Broadcasts is defined only in Intel's SDM, not in AMD's
APM. But the bit is writable on some AMD CPUs, e.g. Turin, and KVM's ABI
is to support Directed EOI (KVM's name) irrespective of guest CPU vendor.

Fixes: 7543a635aa09 ("KVM: x86: Add KVM exit for IOAPIC EOIs")
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/7D497EF1-607D-4D37-98E7-DAF95F099342@nutanix.com
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Suggested-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Khushit Shah <khushit.shah@nutanix.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260123125657.3384063-1-khushit.shah@nutanix.com
[sean: clean up minor formatting goofs and fix a comment typo]
Co-developed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
---
Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst | 28 +++++++++++-
arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 7 +++
arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/kvm.h | 6 ++-
arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c | 2 +-
arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h | 2 +
arch/x86/kvm/x86.c | 21 ++++++++-
7 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst b/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst
index 57061fa29e6a0..ae8b02eb776a5 100644
--- a/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst
+++ b/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst
@@ -7800,8 +7800,10 @@ Will return -EBUSY if a VCPU has already been created.

Valid feature flags in args[0] are::

- #define KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS (1ULL << 0)
- #define KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK (1ULL << 1)
+ #define KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS (1ULL << 0)
+ #define KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK (1ULL << 1)
+ #define KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST (1ULL << 2)
+ #define KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST (1ULL << 3)

Enabling KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS changes the behavior of
KVM_SET_GSI_ROUTING, KVM_SIGNAL_MSI, KVM_SET_LAPIC, and KVM_GET_LAPIC,
@@ -7814,6 +7816,28 @@ as a broadcast even in x2APIC mode in order to support physical x2APIC
without interrupt remapping. This is undesirable in logical mode,
where 0xff represents CPUs 0-7 in cluster 0.

+Setting KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST instructs KVM to enable
+Suppress EOI Broadcasts. KVM will advertise support for Suppress EOI
+Broadcast to the guest and suppress LAPIC EOI broadcasts when the guest
+sets the Suppress EOI Broadcast bit in the SPIV register. This flag is
+supported only when using a split IRQCHIP.
+
+Setting KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST disables support for
+Suppress EOI Broadcasts entirely, i.e. instructs KVM to NOT advertise
+support to the guest.
+
+Modern VMMs should either enable KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST
+or KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST. If not, legacy quirky
+behavior will be used by KVM: in split IRQCHIP mode, KVM will advertise
+support for Suppress EOI Broadcasts but not actually suppress EOI
+broadcasts; for in-kernel IRQCHIP mode, KVM will not advertise support for
+Suppress EOI Broadcasts.
+
+Setting both KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST and
+KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST will fail with an EINVAL error,
+as will setting KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST without a split
+IRCHIP.
+
7.8 KVM_CAP_S390_USER_INSTR0
----------------------------

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
index b74ae7183f3ae..0f2f9f1552a4f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
@@ -1229,6 +1229,12 @@ enum kvm_irqchip_mode {
KVM_IRQCHIP_SPLIT, /* created with KVM_CAP_SPLIT_IRQCHIP */
};

+enum kvm_suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode {
+ KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_QUIRKED, /* Legacy behavior */
+ KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_ENABLED, /* Enable Suppress EOI broadcast */
+ KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_DISABLED /* Disable Suppress EOI broadcast */
+};
+
struct kvm_x86_msr_filter {
u8 count;
bool default_allow:1;
@@ -1480,6 +1486,7 @@ struct kvm_arch {

bool x2apic_format;
bool x2apic_broadcast_quirk_disabled;
+ enum kvm_suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode;

bool has_mapped_host_mmio;
bool guest_can_read_msr_platform_info;
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/kvm.h b/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/kvm.h
index d420c9c066d48..1584926cd1f4f 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/kvm.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/kvm.h
@@ -913,8 +913,10 @@ struct kvm_sev_snp_launch_finish {
__u64 pad1[4];
};

-#define KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS (1ULL << 0)
-#define KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK (1ULL << 1)
+#define KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS _BITULL(0)
+#define KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK _BITULL(1)
+#define KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST _BITULL(2)
+#define KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST _BITULL(3)

struct kvm_hyperv_eventfd {
__u32 conn_id;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c b/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c
index 2c2783296aedb..a26fa4222f292 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/ioapic.c
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ static void kvm_ioapic_update_eoi_one(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
spin_lock(&ioapic->lock);

if (trigger_mode != IOAPIC_LEVEL_TRIG ||
- kvm_lapic_get_reg(apic, APIC_SPIV) & APIC_SPIV_DIRECTED_EOI)
+ kvm_lapic_suppress_eoi_broadcast(apic))
return;

ASSERT(ent->fields.trig_mode == IOAPIC_LEVEL_TRIG);
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
index 8b6ec3304100f..a9845a1a9cd5d 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
@@ -105,6 +105,63 @@ bool kvm_apic_pending_eoi(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int vector)
apic_test_vector(vector, apic->regs + APIC_IRR);
}

+static bool kvm_lapic_advertise_suppress_eoi_broadcast(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+ switch (kvm->arch.suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode) {
+ case KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_ENABLED:
+ return true;
+ case KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_DISABLED:
+ return false;
+ case KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_QUIRKED:
+ /*
+ * The default in-kernel I/O APIC emulates the 82093AA and does not
+ * implement an EOI register. Some guests (e.g. Windows with the
+ * Hyper-V role enabled) disable LAPIC EOI broadcast without
+ * checking the I/O APIC version, which can cause level-triggered
+ * interrupts to never be EOI'd.
+ *
+ * To avoid this, KVM doesn't advertise Suppress EOI Broadcast
+ * support when using the default in-kernel I/O APIC.
+ *
+ * Historically, in split IRQCHIP mode, KVM always advertised
+ * Suppress EOI Broadcast support but did not actually suppress
+ * EOIs, resulting in quirky behavior.
+ */
+ return !ioapic_in_kernel(kvm);
+ default:
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+ return false;
+ }
+}
+
+bool kvm_lapic_suppress_eoi_broadcast(struct kvm_lapic *apic)
+{
+ struct kvm *kvm = apic->vcpu->kvm;
+
+ if (!(kvm_lapic_get_reg(apic, APIC_SPIV) & APIC_SPIV_DIRECTED_EOI))
+ return false;
+
+ switch (kvm->arch.suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode) {
+ case KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_ENABLED:
+ return true;
+ case KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_DISABLED:
+ return false;
+ case KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_QUIRKED:
+ /*
+ * Historically, in split IRQCHIP mode, KVM ignored the suppress
+ * EOI broadcast bit set by the guest and broadcasts EOIs to the
+ * userspace I/O APIC. For In-kernel I/O APIC, the support itself
+ * is not advertised, can only be enabled via KVM_SET_APIC_STATE,
+ * and KVM's I/O APIC doesn't emulate Directed EOIs; but if the
+ * feature is enabled, it is respected (with odd behavior).
+ */
+ return ioapic_in_kernel(kvm);
+ default:
+ WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
+ return false;
+ }
+}
+
__read_mostly DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(kvm_has_noapic_vcpu);
EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_KVM_INTERNAL(kvm_has_noapic_vcpu);

@@ -554,15 +611,9 @@ void kvm_apic_set_version(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)

v = APIC_VERSION | ((apic->nr_lvt_entries - 1) << 16);

- /*
- * KVM emulates 82093AA datasheet (with in-kernel IOAPIC implementation)
- * which doesn't have EOI register; Some buggy OSes (e.g. Windows with
- * Hyper-V role) disable EOI broadcast in lapic not checking for IOAPIC
- * version first and level-triggered interrupts never get EOIed in
- * IOAPIC.
- */
+
if (guest_cpu_cap_has(vcpu, X86_FEATURE_X2APIC) &&
- !ioapic_in_kernel(vcpu->kvm))
+ kvm_lapic_advertise_suppress_eoi_broadcast(vcpu->kvm))
v |= APIC_LVR_DIRECTED_EOI;
kvm_lapic_set_reg(apic, APIC_LVR, v);
}
@@ -1517,6 +1568,15 @@ static void kvm_ioapic_send_eoi(struct kvm_lapic *apic, int vector)

/* Request a KVM exit to inform the userspace IOAPIC. */
if (irqchip_split(apic->vcpu->kvm)) {
+ /*
+ * Don't exit to userspace if the guest has enabled Directed
+ * EOI, a.k.a. Suppress EOI Broadcasts, in which case the local
+ * APIC doesn't broadcast EOIs (the guest must EOI the target
+ * I/O APIC(s) directly).
+ */
+ if (kvm_lapic_suppress_eoi_broadcast(apic))
+ return;
+
apic->vcpu->arch.pending_ioapic_eoi = vector;
kvm_make_request(KVM_REQ_IOAPIC_EOI_EXIT, apic->vcpu);
return;
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h
index 282b9b7da98cd..e5f5a222eced0 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.h
@@ -231,6 +231,8 @@ static inline int kvm_lapic_latched_init(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)

bool kvm_apic_pending_eoi(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int vector);

+bool kvm_lapic_suppress_eoi_broadcast(struct kvm_lapic *apic);
+
void kvm_wait_lapic_expire(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);

void kvm_bitmap_or_dest_vcpus(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_lapic_irq *irq,
diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
index 2ab445c0126b3..d15bd078a2d98 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c
@@ -121,8 +121,10 @@ static u64 __read_mostly efer_reserved_bits = ~((u64)EFER_SCE);

#define KVM_CAP_PMU_VALID_MASK KVM_PMU_CAP_DISABLE

-#define KVM_X2APIC_API_VALID_FLAGS (KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS | \
- KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK)
+#define KVM_X2APIC_API_VALID_FLAGS (KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS | \
+ KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK | \
+ KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST | \
+ KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST)

static void update_cr8_intercept(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
static void process_nmi(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
@@ -4966,6 +4968,8 @@ int kvm_vm_ioctl_check_extension(struct kvm *kvm, long ext)
break;
case KVM_CAP_X2APIC_API:
r = KVM_X2APIC_API_VALID_FLAGS;
+ if (kvm && !irqchip_split(kvm))
+ r &= ~KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST;
break;
case KVM_CAP_NESTED_STATE:
r = kvm_x86_ops.nested_ops->get_state ?
@@ -6783,11 +6787,24 @@ int kvm_vm_ioctl_enable_cap(struct kvm *kvm,
if (cap->args[0] & ~KVM_X2APIC_API_VALID_FLAGS)
break;

+ if ((cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST) &&
+ (cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST))
+ break;
+
+ if ((cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST) &&
+ !irqchip_split(kvm))
+ break;
+
if (cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_API_USE_32BIT_IDS)
kvm->arch.x2apic_format = true;
if (cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_API_DISABLE_BROADCAST_QUIRK)
kvm->arch.x2apic_broadcast_quirk_disabled = true;

+ if (cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_ENABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST)
+ kvm->arch.suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode = KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_ENABLED;
+ if (cap->args[0] & KVM_X2APIC_DISABLE_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST)
+ kvm->arch.suppress_eoi_broadcast_mode = KVM_SUPPRESS_EOI_BROADCAST_DISABLED;
+
r = 0;
break;
case KVM_CAP_X86_DISABLE_EXITS:
--
2.51.0