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Fri, 25 Sep 2026 21:55:27 -0700 (PDT) Received: from spider.bream-herring.ts.net ([103.6.151.236]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id a92af1059eb24-145adcc5b00sm9334211c88.15.2026.09.25.21.55.20 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Fri, 25 Sep 2026 21:55:27 -0700 (PDT) From: Matthias Goergens To: Andrew Morton Cc: Matthias Goergens , Chris Li , Kairui Song , Johannes Weiner , David Hildenbrand , Michal Hocko , Shakeel Butt , Kemeng Shi , Nhat Pham , Yosry Ahmed , Youngjun Park , Baoquan He , Barry Song , linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, cgroups@vger.kernel.org, linux-api@vger.kernel.org, Alejandro Colomar , linux-man@vger.kernel.org, Karel Zak , util-linux@vger.kernel.org, Jani Nikula , Joonas Lahtinen , Rodrigo Vivi , Tvrtko Ursulin , David Airlie , Simona Vetter , intel-gfx@lists.freedesktop.org, dri-devel@lists.freedesktop.org, "Rafael J . Wysocki" , Pavel Machek , Catalin Marinas , Will Deacon , linux-pm@vger.kernel.org, linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, Shuah Khan , linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org Subject: [RFC PATCH v2 0/4] mm/swap: reserve swap areas for deliberate offload Date: Sat, 26 Sep 2026 12:55:13 +0800 Message-ID: <20260926045517.3458413-1-matthias.goergens@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.55.0 Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-pm@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This RFC adds offload-only swap areas for deliberate cold-page offload to backends unsuitable for pressure reclaim. ZFS zvol swap has documented deadlocks under memory pressure [3]; compressed swap is another target because writes may need memory despite free logical slots. Explicit proactive reclaim can use these areas alongside conventional swap, ordered by priority. Ordinary reclaim cannot initiate non-zero writes to them, including through retained swap entries. Conventional capacity is not reserved for emergencies. Operators choose the policy; the kernel does not measure headroom or make an allocating backend safe. TMO/Senpai [4] and DAMON_RECLAIM [5] are related cold-page reclaim approaches. This RFC admits offload-only swap through memory.reclaim and per-node reclaim, but not DAMON. Other related work includes per-cgroup zswap writeback control [6], Virtual Swap Space v4 [1] and swap tiers v10 [2]. The util-linux companion [8] proposes swapon --offload-only and an fstab option. Older swapon silently ignores the fstab token, so persistent activation needs discussion. Apply the separate i915 fix [9] first to avoid a pre-existing folio-lock leak when shmem writeback is skipped. The series fixes zram selftest device tracking and error reporting, adds the swap policy with DRM eligibility checks, and tests routing, workingset activation and retained-entry write refusal. It is based on mm-new at 995829088503. Feedback is particularly welcome on: - Activation-time eligibility versus backend placement or migration: is retained-entry refusal, with possible reclaim churn or OOM, acceptable without migration? - Eligible-capacity accounting, including overcommit limits and OOM scoring; cache recovery, cluster invalidation and workingset activation. - Persistent activation and visibility: current swap listings do not expose the policy. Validation includes x86 builds, affected arm64 MTE objects and builds without swap or memory cgroups. QEMU tests covered routing, retained-entry recovery, data integrity and cleanup, with negative controls for write refusal and teardown failure. I have also been using this policy on my own machine with experimental bcachefs swap support, with no problems observed so far. Deliberate stress testing is confined to VMs; I do not deliberately stress-test this machine. Changes since v1, incorporating Sashiko's public review [7]: - Improve selftest isolation, retained-swap measurement and memlock skips. - Track allocated zram devices, wait for udev probes and report cleanup errors without deleting data through a mount that could not be released. - Clarify activation, capacity reporting and conventional fallback limits. [1] https://patchew.org/linux/20260825153238.2695446-1-nphamcs@gmail.com/ [2] https://patchew.org/linux/20260713025644.170839-1-youngjun.park@lge.com/ [3] https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/Project%20and%20Community/FAQ.html#using-a-zvol-for-a-swap-device-on-linux [4] https://engineering.fb.com/2022/06/20/data-infrastructure/transparent-memory-offloading-more-memory-at-a-fraction-of-the-cost-and-power/ [5] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/mm/damon/reclaim.html [6] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/mm/zswap.html [7] https://sashiko.dev/#/patchset/20260914104501.3960616-1-matthias.goergens@gmail.com [8] https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/pull/4633 [9] https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260914105606.3997649-1-matthias.goergens@gmail.com/ v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260914104501.3960616-1-matthias.goergens@gmail.com/ Matthias Goergens (4): selftests: zram: track owned devices and report cleanup failures mm: restrict offload-only swap to proactive reclaim selftests: zram: cover offload-only swap policy selftests: zram: cover retained offload-only entries Documentation/mm/swap.rst | 105 ++++ drivers/gpu/drm/i915/gem/i915_gem_shrinker.c | 2 +- .../gpu/drm/i915/gem/selftests/huge_pages.c | 6 +- drivers/gpu/drm/msm/msm_gem_shrinker.c | 2 +- drivers/gpu/drm/panthor/panthor_gem.c | 2 +- drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_backup.c | 2 +- drivers/gpu/drm/xe/tests/xe_bo.c | 2 +- include/linux/swap.h | 29 +- include/linux/vm_event_item.h | 1 + mm/memcontrol.c | 20 +- mm/page_io.c | 24 +- mm/swapfile.c | 123 ++++- mm/vmscan.c | 31 +- mm/vmstat.c | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/zram/.gitignore | 2 + tools/testing/selftests/zram/Makefile | 4 +- tools/testing/selftests/zram/README | 20 +- tools/testing/selftests/zram/config | 10 +- tools/testing/selftests/zram/settings | 1 + tools/testing/selftests/zram/swap_offload.c | 425 +++++++++++++++++ .../selftests/zram/workingset_offload.c | 207 ++++++++ tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram.sh | 9 + tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram01.sh | 9 +- tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram02.sh | 9 +- tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram03.sh | 174 +++++++ tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram04.sh | 164 +++++++ tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram05.sh | 447 ++++++++++++++++++ tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram_lib.sh | 189 ++++++-- 28 files changed, 1926 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-) create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/zram/settings create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/zram/swap_offload.c create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/zram/workingset_offload.c create mode 100755 tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram03.sh create mode 100755 tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram04.sh create mode 100755 tools/testing/selftests/zram/zram05.sh -- 2.55.0