[PATCH v4 18/19] selftests/landlock: Add landlock_enforce_domain trace tests

["Mickaël Salaün" <mic@digikod.net>]

Add trace tests for the landlock_enforce_domain event in trace_test.c,
asserting field counts after the syscall returns rather than line
ordering across per-CPU buffers.  They cover single-threaded and TSYNC
enforcement (complete and process_wide set), a multi-threaded non-TSYNC
process (process_wide clear), the single-threaded non-leader edge case,
the flags-only path that creates no domain, and a thread-sync abort that
emits create_domain and free_domain but no enforce_domain.

landlock_enforce_domain is added to the fixture enable path and every
disable list so its zero-events assertions cannot be tripped by a stray
enforcement event.

Test coverage for security/landlock is 91.6% of 2571 lines according to
LLVM 22.

Cc: Günther Noack <gnoack@google.com>
Cc: Tingmao Wang <m@maowtm.org>
Signed-off-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
---

Changes since v3:
https://patch.msgid.link/20260722171159.2776765-20-mic@digikod.net
- Rework the enforce_domain field tests into a trace_enforce
  FIXTURE_VARIANT table (variants single, no_new_privs, tsync_single,
  tsync_multithread, tsync_no_new_privs, multithread_non_tsync), each
  checking the total/complete/process_wide/no_new_privs event counts
  for a (nthreads, flags) input.  This covers the new no_new_privs
  field and both ways it is set: the NO_NEW_PRIVS flag (which makes
  child_enforce() skip prctl()) or a prior prctl(), each propagated to
  the siblings by TSYNC; count_enforce_matches() gains a no_new_privs
  regex field.  enforce_flags_only, enforce_single_non_leader, and
  enforce_abort stay standalone (distinct scaffolding).
- Repurpose enforce_single_non_leader: an un-reaped zombie group
  leader keeps get_nr_threads() at 2, so a single-live-thread group
  is unreachable and the test always skipped; assert the reachable
  behavior instead, a non-leader enforcing while the zombie leader
  is still counted reports process_wide=0.  Drop the now-unused
  read_thread_count()/ENFORCE_SKIP_EXIT helpers.
- Raise enforce_abort's sibling count to 200 (matching tsync_test's
  NUM_IDLE_THREADS) so the thread-sync abort race has a window to
  fire on multi-core hosts instead of almost never landing with a
  handful of threads; the test still skips gracefully where the race
  does not occur (e.g. single-CPU UML).
- Drop the unused, stale REGEX_ENFORCE_DOMAIN macro, superseded by
  count_enforce_matches() (it also lacked the no_new_privs field).

Changes since v2:
- New patch.
---
 tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace.h      |   2 +
 tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace_test.c | 519 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 521 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace.h b/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace.h
index 4c82ecffc235..ba0c5e92001f 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace.h
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 	TRACEFS_LANDLOCK_DIR "/landlock_create_ruleset/enable"
 #define TRACEFS_CREATE_DOMAIN_ENABLE \
 	TRACEFS_LANDLOCK_DIR "/landlock_create_domain/enable"
+#define TRACEFS_ENFORCE_DOMAIN_ENABLE \
+	TRACEFS_LANDLOCK_DIR "/landlock_enforce_domain/enable"
 #define TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_FS_ENABLE \
 	TRACEFS_LANDLOCK_DIR "/landlock_add_rule_fs/enable"
 #define TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_NET_ENABLE \
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace_test.c b/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace_test.c
index a141f22ad98f..afdaf8511b3a 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace_test.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/landlock/trace_test.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/landlock.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
 #include <sched.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ FIXTURE_SETUP(trace)
 
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_RULESET_ENABLE, true));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, true));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ENFORCE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, true));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_FS_ENABLE, true));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_NET_ENABLE, true));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CHECK_RULE_FS_ENABLE, true));
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ FIXTURE_TEARDOWN(trace)
 	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
 	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_RULESET_ENABLE, false);
 	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, false);
+	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ENFORCE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, false);
 	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_FS_ENABLE, false);
 	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_NET_ENABLE, false);
 	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CHECK_RULE_FS_ENABLE, false);
@@ -98,6 +101,8 @@ TEST_F(trace, no_trace_when_disabled)
 	ASSERT_EQ(0,
 		  tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_RULESET_ENABLE, false));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, false));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0,
+		  tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ENFORCE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, false));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_FS_ENABLE, false));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ADD_RULE_NET_ENABLE, false));
 	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CHECK_RULE_FS_ENABLE, false));
@@ -1069,6 +1074,520 @@ TEST_F(trace, free_ruleset_on_close)
 	free(buf);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Counts landlock_enforce_domain lines, filtered by @domain (NULL matches any),
+ * @complete and @process_wide (a negative value matches any).  Builds the
+ * anchored regex dynamically so a single helper covers every field assertion.
+ */
+static int count_enforce_matches(const char *buf, const char *domain,
+				 int complete, int process_wide,
+				 int no_new_privs)
+{
+	char pattern[512], dom[80], comp[8], pw[8], nnp[8];
+
+	if (domain)
+		snprintf(dom, sizeof(dom), "%s", domain);
+	else
+		snprintf(dom, sizeof(dom), "[0-9a-f]\\+");
+	if (complete < 0)
+		snprintf(comp, sizeof(comp), "[01]");
+	else
+		snprintf(comp, sizeof(comp), "%d", complete);
+	if (process_wide < 0)
+		snprintf(pw, sizeof(pw), "[01]");
+	else
+		snprintf(pw, sizeof(pw), "%d", process_wide);
+	if (no_new_privs < 0)
+		snprintf(nnp, sizeof(nnp), "[01]");
+	else
+		snprintf(nnp, sizeof(nnp), "%d", no_new_privs);
+
+	snprintf(pattern, sizeof(pattern),
+		 TRACE_PREFIX(TRACE_TASK) "landlock_enforce_domain: "
+					  "domain=%s "
+					  "complete=%s process_wide=%s "
+					  "no_new_privs=%s$",
+		 dom, comp, pw, nnp);
+	return tracefs_count_matches(buf, pattern);
+}
+
+/* Idle sibling: waits on the barrier so it is a live thread, then sleeps. */
+static void *enforce_idle(void *arg)
+{
+	pthread_barrier_t *barrier = arg;
+
+	pthread_barrier_wait(barrier);
+	while (true)
+		sleep(1);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Child body: spawns @nthreads idle siblings (barrier-synchronized so they are
+ * live when the syscall runs), then enforces a domain with @flags.  Returns 0
+ * on success; the process exits afterwards, reaping the siblings.
+ */
+static int child_enforce(int nthreads, __u32 flags)
+{
+	pthread_t threads[8];
+	pthread_barrier_t barrier;
+	int ruleset_fd, i;
+
+	if (nthreads > 0) {
+		if (pthread_barrier_init(&barrier, NULL, nthreads + 1))
+			return 1;
+		for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
+			if (pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, enforce_idle,
+					   &barrier))
+				return 1;
+		pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);
+	}
+
+	ruleset_fd = build_enforce_ruleset();
+	if (ruleset_fd < 0)
+		return 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_NO_NEW_PRIVS sets no_new_privs itself, so skip
+	 * the prctl() to exercise that path; otherwise Landlock requires
+	 * no_new_privs up front.
+	 */
+	if (!(flags & LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_NO_NEW_PRIVS))
+		prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+	if (landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, flags))
+		return 1;
+	close(ruleset_fd);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Runs in a spawned thread after the group leader called pthread_exit().  The
+ * leader lingers as an un-reaped zombie, so get_nr_threads() still counts it
+ * and this non-leader is not the only thread; enforcing here therefore reports
+ * process_wide=0.
+ */
+static void *enforce_nonleader(void *arg)
+{
+	int ruleset_fd;
+
+	ruleset_fd = build_enforce_ruleset();
+	if (ruleset_fd < 0)
+		_exit(1);
+	prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+	if (landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd, 0))
+		_exit(1);
+	_exit(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Collapses the enforce_domain field cases into one parametrized test.  Each
+ * variant runs child_enforce(nthreads, flags) and checks the resulting
+ * enforce_domain events.  The flags column also selects how no_new_privs is
+ * set: with LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_NO_NEW_PRIVS child_enforce() skips the
+ * prctl() so the flag sets it (and, with TSYNC, propagates to the siblings);
+ * otherwise a prior prctl() sets it on the caller (and TSYNC propagates that).
+ */
+
+/* clang-format off */
+FIXTURE(trace_enforce) {
+	/* clang-format on */
+	int tracefs_ok;
+};
+
+FIXTURE_SETUP(trace_enforce)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, unshare(CLONE_NEWNS));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC | MS_PRIVATE, NULL));
+
+	ret = tracefs_fixture_setup();
+	if (ret) {
+		clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+		self->tracefs_ok = 0;
+		SKIP(return, "tracefs not available");
+	}
+	self->tracefs_ok = 1;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_RULESET_ENABLE, true));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, true));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ENFORCE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, true));
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_clear());
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+FIXTURE_TEARDOWN(trace_enforce)
+{
+	if (!self->tracefs_ok)
+		return;
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_RULESET_ENABLE, false);
+	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_CREATE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, false);
+	tracefs_enable_event(TRACEFS_ENFORCE_DOMAIN_ENABLE, false);
+	tracefs_fixture_teardown();
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+}
+
+/* clang-format off */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT(trace_enforce) {
+	/* clang-format on */
+	/* Inputs to child_enforce(). */
+	int nthreads;
+	__u32 flags;
+	/* Expected enforce_domain event counts. */
+	int total;
+	int complete;
+	int process_wide;
+	int no_new_privs;
+};
+
+/* clang-format off */
+
+/* Single thread, no flags: prctl-backed no_new_privs. */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(trace_enforce, single) {
+	.nthreads = 0, .flags = 0,
+	.total = 1, .complete = 1, .process_wide = 1, .no_new_privs = 1,
+};
+
+/* Single thread: the NO_NEW_PRIVS flag sets no_new_privs (no prctl). */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(trace_enforce, no_new_privs) {
+	.nthreads = 0, .flags = LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_NO_NEW_PRIVS,
+	.total = 1, .complete = 1, .process_wide = 1, .no_new_privs = 1,
+};
+
+/* TSYNC on a lone thread still concludes, process-wide. */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(trace_enforce, tsync_single) {
+	.nthreads = 0, .flags = LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_TSYNC,
+	.total = 1, .complete = 1, .process_wide = 1, .no_new_privs = 1,
+};
+
+/* TSYNC sweeps N siblings; the caller's prctl-backed nnp propagates to all. */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(trace_enforce, tsync_multithread) {
+	.nthreads = 3, .flags = LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_TSYNC,
+	.total = 4, .complete = 1, .process_wide = 4, .no_new_privs = 4,
+};
+
+/* TSYNC + NO_NEW_PRIVS flag sets nnp on the caller and every swept sibling. */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(trace_enforce, tsync_no_new_privs) {
+	.nthreads = 3,
+	.flags = LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_TSYNC | LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_NO_NEW_PRIVS,
+	.total = 4, .complete = 1, .process_wide = 4, .no_new_privs = 4,
+};
+
+/* Non-TSYNC on a multi-threaded process enforces only the caller. */
+FIXTURE_VARIANT_ADD(trace_enforce, multithread_non_tsync) {
+	.nthreads = 3, .flags = 0,
+	.total = 1, .complete = 1, .process_wide = 0, .no_new_privs = 1,
+};
+
+/* clang-format on */
+
+/*
+ * One create_domain and variant->total enforce_domain events sharing that
+ * domain ID; complete=1 marks the single concluding event, and the process_wide
+ * / no_new_privs counts match the variant.  Counts are order-independent,
+ * evaluated after the syscall returns.
+ */
+TEST_F(trace_enforce, enforce)
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	int status;
+	char *buf;
+	char domain[64];
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_clear_buf());
+
+	pid = fork();
+	ASSERT_LE(0, pid);
+	if (pid == 0)
+		_exit(child_enforce(variant->nthreads, variant->flags));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(pid, waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
+	ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, WEXITSTATUS(status));
+
+	buf = tracefs_read_buf();
+	ASSERT_NE(NULL, buf);
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(1,
+		  tracefs_count_matches(buf, REGEX_CREATE_DOMAIN(TRACE_TASK)));
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->total, count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, -1, -1, -1))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Expected %d enforce_domain events\n%s", variant->total,
+		       buf);
+	}
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->complete,
+		  count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, 1, -1, -1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->total - variant->complete,
+		  count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, 0, -1, -1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->process_wide,
+		  count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, -1, 1, -1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->total - variant->process_wide,
+		  count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, -1, 0, -1));
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->no_new_privs,
+		  count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, -1, -1, 1));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_extract_field(buf, REGEX_CREATE_DOMAIN(TRACE_TASK),
+					   "domain", domain, sizeof(domain)));
+	EXPECT_EQ(variant->total,
+		  count_enforce_matches(buf, domain, -1, -1, -1));
+
+	free(buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * A non-leader thread enforcing a domain while the group leader lingers as an
+ * un-reaped zombie reports process_wide=0: get_nr_threads() counts the zombie
+ * leader, so the group is not single-threaded.  This is the reachable half of
+ * the caveat that process_wide==0 never proves the process is multi-threaded
+ * (get_nr_threads(), unlike the leader-relative thread_group_empty(), counts
+ * the zombie leader).
+ */
+TEST_F(trace, enforce_single_non_leader)
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	int status;
+	char *buf;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_clear_buf());
+
+	pid = fork();
+	ASSERT_LE(0, pid);
+	if (pid == 0) {
+		pthread_t worker;
+
+		if (pthread_create(&worker, NULL, enforce_nonleader, NULL))
+			_exit(1);
+		/* Leader leaves; the worker enforces as a non-leader. */
+		pthread_exit(NULL);
+	}
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(pid, waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
+	ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, WEXITSTATUS(status));
+
+	buf = tracefs_read_buf();
+	ASSERT_NE(NULL, buf);
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(1,
+		  tracefs_count_matches(buf, REGEX_CREATE_DOMAIN(TRACE_TASK)));
+	EXPECT_EQ(1, count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, 1, 0, -1))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("Expected complete=1 process_wide=0 for non-leader\n%s",
+		       buf);
+	}
+
+	free(buf);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verifies the flags-only path (ruleset_fd == -1) creates no domain and emits
+ * neither create_domain nor enforce_domain, with and without TSYNC.
+ */
+TEST_F(trace, enforce_flags_only)
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	int status;
+	char *buf;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_clear_buf());
+
+	pid = fork();
+	ASSERT_LE(0, pid);
+	if (pid == 0) {
+		prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+		if (landlock_restrict_self(
+			    -1, LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_LOG_SUBDOMAINS_OFF))
+			_exit(1);
+		if (landlock_restrict_self(
+			    -1, LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_LOG_SUBDOMAINS_OFF |
+					LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_TSYNC))
+			_exit(1);
+		_exit(0);
+	}
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(pid, waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
+	ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, WEXITSTATUS(status));
+
+	buf = tracefs_read_buf();
+	ASSERT_NE(NULL, buf);
+
+	EXPECT_EQ(0,
+		  tracefs_count_matches(buf, REGEX_CREATE_DOMAIN(TRACE_TASK)));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, count_enforce_matches(buf, NULL, -1, -1, -1))
+	{
+		TH_LOG("No enforce_domain expected on flags-only path\n%s",
+		       buf);
+	}
+
+	free(buf);
+}
+
+static void enforce_nop_handler(int sig)
+{
+}
+
+struct abort_signaler_data {
+	pthread_t target;
+	volatile bool stop;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Hammers the target thread with SIGUSR1 to interrupt the TSYNC prepare wait.
+ */
+static void *abort_signaler(void *arg)
+{
+	struct abort_signaler_data *data = arg;
+
+	while (!data->stop)
+		pthread_kill(data->target, SIGUSR1);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Child body for the abort test: with idle siblings and a signaler interrupting
+ * it, repeatedly enforces under TSYNC.  An interrupted attempt aborts its
+ * just-created domain (create_domain + free_domain, zero enforce_domain) while
+ * -ERESTARTNOINTR transparently restarts the syscall, so a successful retry may
+ * add its own full lifecycle.
+ */
+static int child_abort(int nsiblings, int attempts)
+{
+	pthread_t threads[200];
+	pthread_t signaler;
+	pthread_barrier_t barrier;
+	struct abort_signaler_data data = {};
+	struct sigaction sa = {};
+	int i;
+
+	sa.sa_handler = enforce_nop_handler;
+	if (sigaction(SIGUSR1, &sa, NULL))
+		return 1;
+
+	if (pthread_barrier_init(&barrier, NULL, nsiblings + 1))
+		return 1;
+	for (i = 0; i < nsiblings; i++)
+		if (pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, enforce_idle, &barrier))
+			return 1;
+	pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);
+
+	data.target = pthread_self();
+	if (pthread_create(&signaler, NULL, abort_signaler, &data))
+		return 1;
+
+	prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0);
+	for (i = 0; i < attempts; i++) {
+		int ruleset_fd = build_enforce_ruleset();
+
+		if (ruleset_fd < 0)
+			break;
+		/*
+		 * Ignore the result: an abort returns an error, that is fine.
+		 */
+		landlock_restrict_self(ruleset_fd,
+				       LANDLOCK_RESTRICT_SELF_TSYNC);
+		close(ruleset_fd);
+	}
+
+	data.stop = true;
+	pthread_join(signaler, NULL);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verifies the abort contract: a domain aborted by a thread-sync failure emits
+ * create_domain and free_domain but zero enforce_domain.  The signal race is
+ * probabilistic and -ERESTARTNOINTR may add a successful retry's lifecycle, so
+ * events are grouped by domain ID and the test SKIPs if no abort occurred.
+ */
+TEST_F(trace, enforce_abort)
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	int status, retry;
+	char *buf = NULL;
+	const char *cursor;
+	char domain[64];
+	bool abort_found = false;
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_clear_buf());
+
+	/* free_domain fires from a kworker, so widen the filter first. */
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	tracefs_clear_pid_filter();
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	pid = fork();
+	ASSERT_LE(0, pid);
+	if (pid == 0)
+		/*
+		 * Match tsync_test's NUM_IDLE_THREADS: enough siblings that
+		 * credential preparation runs in several serialized waves,
+		 * giving the signaler a window to interrupt the thread-sync
+		 * wait and abort the operation.  A handful of threads finishes
+		 * in a single wave, leaving no window (the abort never fires).
+		 */
+		_exit(child_abort(200, 8));
+
+	ASSERT_EQ(pid, waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
+	ASSERT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status));
+	EXPECT_EQ(0, WEXITSTATUS(status));
+
+	/* Poll for the asynchronous free_domain events. */
+	for (retry = 0; retry < 10; retry++) {
+		usleep(100000);
+		set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+		free(buf);
+		buf = tracefs_read_trace();
+		clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+		ASSERT_NE(NULL, buf);
+	}
+
+	set_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+	ASSERT_EQ(0, tracefs_set_pid_filter(getpid()));
+	clear_cap(_metadata, CAP_SYS_ADMIN);
+
+	/*
+	 * Walk every create_domain and look for one whose domain ID has zero
+	 * enforce_domain events but a matching free_domain: that is an aborted
+	 * domain (created, never enforced, freed).
+	 */
+	cursor = buf;
+	while (tracefs_extract_field(cursor, REGEX_CREATE_DOMAIN(TRACE_TASK),
+				     "domain", domain, sizeof(domain)) == 0) {
+		const char *cd, *nl;
+		char free_pattern[256];
+
+		if (count_enforce_matches(buf, domain, -1, -1, -1) == 0) {
+			snprintf(
+				free_pattern, sizeof(free_pattern),
+				TRACE_PREFIX(
+					KWORKER_TASK) "landlock_free_domain: "
+						      "domain=%s denials=[0-9]\\+$",
+				domain);
+			if (tracefs_count_matches(buf, free_pattern) >= 1)
+				abort_found = true;
+		}
+
+		cd = strstr(cursor, "landlock_create_domain:");
+		if (!cd)
+			break;
+		nl = strchr(cd, '\n');
+		if (!nl)
+			break;
+		cursor = nl + 1;
+	}
+
+	if (!abort_found) {
+		free(buf);
+		SKIP(return, "signal race did not produce a thread-sync abort");
+	}
+
+	free(buf);
+}
+
 /*
  * The following tests are intentionally elided because the underlying kernel
  * mechanisms are already validated by audit tests:
-- 
2.54.0