[PATCH 21/33] xfs: improve default maximum number of open zones

Andrey Albershteyn
2025-12-03T19:09:28Z

From: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>

Source kernel commit: ff3d90903f8f525eedb26efe6fea03c39476cb69

For regular block devices using the zoned allocator, the default
maximum number of open zones is set to 1/4 of the number of realtime
groups. For a large capacity device, this leads to a very large limit.
E.g. with a 26 TB HDD:

mount /dev/sdb /mnt
...
XFS (sdb): 95836 zones of 65536 blocks size (23959 max open)

In turn such large limit on the number of open zones can lead, depending
on the workload, on a very large number of concurrent write streams
which devices generally do not handle well, leading to poor performance.

Introduce the default limit XFS_DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_ZONES, defined as 128
to match the hardware limit of most SMR HDDs available today, and use
this limit to set mp->m_max_open_zones in xfs_calc_open_zones() instead
of calling xfs_max_open_zones(), when the user did not specify a limit
with the max_open_zones mount option.

For the 26 TB HDD example, we now get:

mount /dev/sdb /mnt
...
XFS (sdb): 95836 zones of 65536 blocks (128 max open zones)

This change does not prevent the user from specifying a lareger number
for the open zones limit. E.g.

mount -o max_open_zones=4096 /dev/sdb /mnt
...
XFS (sdb): 95836 zones of 65536 blocks (4096 max open zones)

Finally, since xfs_calc_open_zones() checks and caps the
mp->m_max_open_zones limit against the value calculated by
xfs_max_open_zones() for any type of device, this new default limit does
not increase m_max_open_zones for small capacity devices.

Signed-off-by: Damien Le Moal <dlemoal@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Reviewed-by: Carlos Maiolino <cmaiolino@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Darrick J. Wong <djwong@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Carlos Maiolino <cem@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrey Albershteyn <aalbersh@kernel.org>
---
libxfs/xfs_zones.h | 7 +++++++
1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libxfs/xfs_zones.h b/libxfs/xfs_zones.h
index c4f1367b2c..5fefd132e0 100644
--- a/libxfs/xfs_zones.h
+++ b/libxfs/xfs_zones.h
@@ -29,6 +29,13 @@
#define XFS_OPEN_GC_ZONES 1U
#define XFS_MIN_OPEN_ZONES (XFS_OPEN_GC_ZONES + 1U)

+/*
+ * For zoned devices that do not have a limit on the number of open zones, and
+ * for regular devices using the zoned allocator, use the most common SMR disks
+ * limit (128) as the default limit on the number of open zones.
+ */
+#define XFS_DEFAULT_MAX_OPEN_ZONES 128
+
bool xfs_zone_validate(struct blk_zone *zone, struct xfs_rtgroup *rtg,
xfs_rgblock_t *write_pointer);

--
- Andrey