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Mon, 2 Feb 2026 11:36:46 +0000 Received: from DM4PR12MB9072.namprd12.prod.outlook.com ([fe80::9e49:782:8e98:1ff1]) by DM4PR12MB9072.namprd12.prod.outlook.com ([fe80::9e49:782:8e98:1ff1%5]) with mapi id 15.20.9564.016; Mon, 2 Feb 2026 11:36:46 +0000 From: Jordan Niethe To: linux-mm@kvack.org Cc: balbirs@nvidia.com, matthew.brost@intel.com, akpm@linux-foundation.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, dri-devel@lists.freedesktop.org, david@redhat.com, ziy@nvidia.com, apopple@nvidia.com, lorenzo.stoakes@oracle.com, lyude@redhat.com, dakr@kernel.org, airlied@gmail.com, simona@ffwll.ch, rcampbell@nvidia.com, mpenttil@redhat.com, jgg@nvidia.com, willy@infradead.org, linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org, intel-xe@lists.freedesktop.org, jgg@ziepe.ca, Felix.Kuehling@amd.com, jniethe@nvidia.com, jhubbard@nvidia.com, maddy@linux.ibm.com, mpe@ellerman.id.au, ying.huang@linux.alibaba.com Subject: [PATCH v6 00/13] Remove device private pages from physical address space Date: Mon, 2 Feb 2026 22:36:29 +1100 Message-Id: <20260202113642.59295-1-jniethe@nvidia.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.34.1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-Type: text/plain X-ClientProxiedBy: BY3PR03CA0004.namprd03.prod.outlook.com (2603:10b6:a03:39a::9) To DM4PR12MB9072.namprd12.prod.outlook.com (2603:10b6:8:be::6) X-Mailing-List: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org List-Id: List-Help: List-Owner: List-Post: List-Archive: , List-Subscribe: , , List-Unsubscribe: Precedence: list MIME-Version: 1.0 X-MS-PublicTrafficType: Email X-MS-TrafficTypeDiagnostic: DM4PR12MB9072:EE_|LV9PR12MB9758:EE_ X-MS-Office365-Filtering-Correlation-Id: 67f0ee8c-d16c-4d51-59b1-08de624f58a6 X-MS-Exchange-SenderADCheck: 1 X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-Relay: 0 X-Microsoft-Antispam: BCL:0;ARA:13230040|7416014|376014|1800799024|366016; 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Limited available address space ------------------------------- Device private memory is implemented by first reserving a region of the physical address space. This is a problem. The physical address space is not a resource that is directly under the kernel's control. Availability of suitable physical address space is constrained by the underlying hardware and firmware and may not always be available. Device private memory assumes that it will be able to reserve a device memory sized chunk of physical address space. However, there is nothing guaranteeing that this will succeed, and there a number of factors that increase the likelihood of failure. We need to consider what else may exist in the physical address space. It is observed that certain VM configurations place very large PCI windows immediately after RAM. Large enough that there is no physical address space available at all for device private memory. This is more likely to occur on 43 bit physical width systems which have less physical address space. The fundamental issue is the physical address space is not a resource the kernel can rely on being to allocate from at will. New implementation ------------------ This series changes device private memory so that it does not require allocation of physical address space and these problems are avoided. Instead of using the physical address space, we introduce a "device private address space" and allocate from there. A consequence of placing the device private pages outside of the physical address space is that they no longer have a PFN. However, it is still necessary to be able to look up a corresponding device private page from a device private PTE entry, which means that we still require some way to index into this device private address space. Instead of a PFN, device private pages use an offset into this device private address space to look up device private struct pages. The problem that then needs to be addressed is how to avoid confusing these device private offsets with PFNs. It is the limited usage of the device private pages themselves which make this possible. A device private page is only used for userspace mappings, we do not need to be concerned with them being used within the mm more broadly. This means that the only way that the core kernel looks up these pages is via the page table, where their PTE already indicates if they refer to a device private page via their swap type, e.g. SWP_DEVICE_WRITE. We can use this information to determine if the PTE contains a PFN which should be looked up in the page map, or a device private offset which should be looked up elsewhere. This applies when we are creating PTE entries for device private pages - because they have their own type there are already must be handled separately, so it is a small step to convert them to a device private PFN now too. The first part of the series updates callers where device private offsets might now be encountered to track this extra state. The last patch contains the bulk of the work where we change how we convert between device private pages to device private offsets and then use a new interface for allocating device private pages without the need for reserving physical address space. By removing the device private pages from the physical address space, this series also opens up the possibility to moving away from tracking device private memory using struct pages in the future. This is desirable as on systems with large amounts of memory these device private struct pages use a signifiant amount of memory and take a significant amount of time to initialize. Changes in v6 ------------- - Fix maybe unused in kgd2kfd_init_zone_device() - Replace division by PAGE_SIZE with DIV_ROUND_UP() when setting nr_pages. This mirrors the align up that previously happened in get_free_mem_region() Note removed previous discussion in the cover letter relating to aarch64 and memremap_pages() as this was actually already addressed in commit eeb8fdfcf090 ("arm64: Expose the end of the linear map in PHYSMEM_END"). Testing: - selftests/mm/hmm-tests on an amd64 VM Revisions: - RFC: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251128044146.80050-1-jniethe@nvidia.com/ - v1: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20251231043154.42931-1-jniethe@nvidia.com/ - v2: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260107091823.68974-1-jniethe@nvidia.com/ - v3: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260123062309.23090-1-jniethe@nvidia.com/ - v4: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260130105059.51841-1-jniethe@nvidia.com/ - v5: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260130111050.53670-1-jniethe@nvidia.com/ Jordan Niethe (13): mm/migrate_device: Introduce migrate_pfn_from_page() helper drm/amdkfd: Use migrate pfns internally mm/migrate_device: Make migrate_device_{pfns,range}() take mpfns mm/migrate_device: Add migrate PFN flag to track device private pages mm/page_vma_mapped: Add flag to page_vma_mapped_walk::flags to track device private pages mm: Add helpers to create migration entries from struct pages mm: Add a new swap type for migration entries of device private pages mm: Add softleaf support for device private migration entries mm: Begin creating device private migration entries mm: Add helpers to create device private entries from struct pages mm/util: Add flag to track device private pages in page snapshots mm/hmm: Add flag to track device private pages mm: Remove device private pages from the physical address space Documentation/mm/hmm.rst | 11 +- arch/powerpc/kvm/book3s_hv_uvmem.c | 43 ++--- drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_migrate.c | 45 +++--- drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdkfd/kfd_migrate.h | 2 +- drivers/gpu/drm/drm_pagemap.c | 11 +- drivers/gpu/drm/nouveau/nouveau_dmem.c | 45 ++---- drivers/gpu/drm/xe/xe_svm.c | 39 ++--- fs/proc/page.c | 6 +- include/drm/drm_pagemap.h | 8 +- include/linux/hmm.h | 7 +- include/linux/leafops.h | 120 ++++++++++++-- include/linux/memremap.h | 64 +++++++- include/linux/migrate.h | 23 ++- include/linux/mm.h | 9 +- include/linux/rmap.h | 29 +++- include/linux/swap.h | 8 +- include/linux/swapops.h | 100 ++++++++++++ lib/test_hmm.c | 87 ++++++---- mm/debug.c | 9 +- mm/hmm.c | 5 +- mm/huge_memory.c | 43 ++--- mm/hugetlb.c | 15 +- mm/memory.c | 5 +- mm/memremap.c | 196 ++++++++++++++++++----- mm/migrate.c | 6 +- mm/migrate_device.c | 76 +++++---- mm/mm_init.c | 8 +- mm/mprotect.c | 10 +- mm/page_vma_mapped.c | 26 ++- mm/rmap.c | 59 ++++--- mm/util.c | 8 +- mm/vmscan.c | 2 +- 32 files changed, 783 insertions(+), 342 deletions(-) drm-tip: base-commit: 23427233a45136e0f56ae07abc0905ddc5a70dd6 -- 2.34.1