[PATCH v4 00/11] riscv: Memory Hot(Un)Plug support

Björn Töpel
2024-06-05T11:41:14Z

================================================================
Memory Hot(Un)Plug support (and ZONE_DEVICE) for the RISC-V port
================================================================

(For the restless folks: change log in the bottom!)

Introduction
============

To quote "Documentation/admin-guide/mm/memory-hotplug.rst": "Memory
hot(un)plug allows for increasing and decreasing the size of physical
memory available to a machine at runtime."

This series adds memory hot(un)plugging, and ZONE_DEVICE support for
the RISC-V Linux port.

MM configuration
================

RISC-V MM has the following configuration:

* Memory blocks are 128M, analogous to x86-64. It uses PMD
("hugepage") vmemmaps. From that follows that 2M (PMD) worth of
vmemmap spans 32768 pages á 4K which gets us 128M.

* The pageblock size is the minimum minimum virtio_mem size, and on
RISC-V it's 2M (2^9 * 4K).

Implementation
==============

The PGD table on RISC-V is shared/copied between for all processes. To
avoid doing page table synchronization, the first patch (patch 1)
pre-allocated the PGD entries for vmemmap/direct map. By doing that
the init_mm PGD will be fixed at kernel init, and synchronization can
be avoided all together.

The following two patches (patch 2-3) does some preparations, followed
by the actual MHP implementation (patch 4-5). Then, MHP and virtio-mem
are enabled (patch 6-7), and finally ZONE_DEVICE support is added
(patch 8).

MHP and locking
===============

TL;DR: The MHP does not step on any toes, except for ptdump.
Additional locking is required for ptdump.

Long version: For v2 I spent some time digging into init_mm
synchronization/update. Here are my findings, and I'd love them to be
corrected if incorrect.

It's been a gnarly path...

The `init_mm` structure is a special mm (perhaps not a "real" one).
It's a "lazy context" that tracks kernel page table resources, e.g.,
the kernel page table (swapper_pg_dir), a kernel page_table_lock (more
about the usage below), mmap_lock, and such.

`init_mm` does not track/contain any VMAs. Having the `init_mm` is
convenient, so that the regular kernel page table walk/modify
functions can be used.

Now, `init_mm` being special means that the locking for kernel page
tables are special as well.

On RISC-V the PGD (top-level page table structure), similar to x86, is
shared (copied) with user processes. If the kernel PGD is modified, it
has to be synched to user-mode processes PGDs. This is avoided by
pre-populating the PGD, so it'll be fixed from boot.

The in-kernel pgd regions are documented in
`Documentation/arch/riscv/vm-layout.rst`.

The distinct regions are:
* vmemmap
* vmalloc/ioremap space
* direct mapping of all physical memory
* kasan
* modules, BPF
* kernel

Memory hotplug is the process of adding/removing memory to/from the
kernel.

Adding is done in two phases:
1. Add the memory to the kernel
2. Online memory, making it available to the page allocator.

Step 1 is partially architecture dependent, and updates the init_mm
page table:
* Update the direct map page tables. The direct map is a linear map,
representing all physical memory: `virt = phys + PAGE_OFFSET`
* Add a `struct page` for each added page of memory. Update the
vmemmap (virtual mapping to the `struct page`, so we can easily
transform a kernel virtual address to a `struct page *` address.

From an MHP perspective, there are two regions of the PGD that are
updated:
* vmemmap
* direct mapping of all physical memory

The `struct mm_struct` has a couple of locks in play:
* `spinlock_t page_table_lock` protects the page table, and some
counters
* `struct rw_semaphore mmap_lock` protect an mm's VMAs

Note again that `init_mm` does not contain any VMAs, but still uses
the mmap_lock in some places.

The `page_table_lock` was originally used to to protect all pages
tables, but more recently a split page table lock has been introduced.
The split lock has a per-table lock for the PTE and PMD tables. If
split lock is disabled, all tables are guarded by
`mm->page_table_lock` (for user processes). Split page table locks are
not used for init_mm.

MHP operations is typically synchronized using
`DEFINE_STATIC_PERCPU_RWSEM(mem_hotplug_lock)`.

Actors
------

The following non-MHP actors in the kernel traverses (read), and/or
modifies the kernel PGD.

* `ptdump`

Walks the entire `init_mm`, via `ptdump_walk_pgd()` with the
`mmap_write_lock(init_mm)` taken.

Observation: ptdump can race with MHP, and needs additional locking
to avoid crashes/races.

* `set_direct_*` / `arch/riscv/mm/pageattr.c`

The `set_direct_*` functionality is used to "synchronize" the
direct map to other kernel mappings, e.g. modules/kernel text. The
direct map is using "as large huge table mappings as possible",
which means that the `set_direct_*` might need to split the direct
map.

The `set_direct_*` functions operates with the
`mmap_write_lock(init_mm)` taken.

Observation: `set_direct_*` uses the direct map, but will never
modify the same entry as MHP. If there is a mapping, that entry will
never race with MHP. Further, MHP acts when memory is offline.

* HVO / `mm/hugetlb_vmemmap`

HVO optimizes the backing `struct page` for hugetlb pages, which
means changing the "vmemmap" region. HVO can split (merge?) a
vmemmap pmd. However, it will never race with MHP, since HVO only
operates at online memory. HVO cannot touch memory being MHP added
or removed.

* `apply_to_page_range`

Walks a range, creates pages and applies a callback (setting
permissions) for the page.

When creating a table, it might use `int __pte_alloc_kernel(pmd_t
*pmd)` which takes the `init_mm.page_table_lock` to synchronize pmd
populate.

Used by: `mm/vmalloc.c` and `mm/kasan/shadow.c`. The KASAN callback
takes the `init_mm.page_table_lock` to synchronize pte creation.

Observations: `apply_to_page_range` applies to the "vmalloc/ioremap
space" region, and "kasan" region. *Not* affected by MHP.

* `apply_to_existing_page_range`

Walks a range, applies a callback (setting permissions) for the
page (no page creation).

Used by: `kernel/bpf/arena.c` and `mm/kasan/shadow.c`. The KASAN
callback takes the `init_mm.page_table_lock` to synchronize pte
creation. *Not* affected by MHP regions.

* `apply_to_existing_page_range` applies to the "vmalloc/ioremap
space" region, and "kasan" region. *Not* affected by MHP regions.

* `ioremap_page_range` and `vmap_page_range`

Uses the same internal function, and might create table entries at
the "vmalloc/ioremap space" region. Can call
`__pte_alloc_kernel()` which takes the `init_mm.page_table_lock`
synchronizing pmd populate in the region. *Not* affected by MHP
regions.

Summary:
* MHP add will never modify the same page table entries, as any of
the other actors.
* MHP remove is done when memory is offlined, and will not clash
with any of the actors.
* Functions that walk the entire kernel page table need
synchronization

* It's sufficient to add the MHP lock ptdump.

Testing
=======

This series adds basic DT supported hotplugging. There is a QEMU
series enabling MHP for the RISC-V "virt" machine here: [1]

ACPI/MSI support is still in the making for RISC-V, and prior proper
(ACPI) PCI MSI support lands [2] and NUMA SRAT support [3], it hard to
try it out.

I've prepared a QEMU branch with proper ACPI GED/PC-DIMM support [4],
and a this series with the required prerequisites [5] (AIA, ACPI AIA
MADT, ACPI NUMA SRAT).

To test with virtio-mem, e.g.:
| qemu-system-riscv64 \
| -machine virt,aia=aplic-imsic \
| -cpu rv64,v=true,vlen=256,elen=64,h=true,zbkb=on,zbkc=on,zbkx=on,zkr=on,zkt=on,svinval=on,svnapot=on,svpbmt=on \
| -nodefaults \
| -nographic -smp 8 -kernel rv64-u-boot.bin \
| -drive file=rootfs.img,format=raw,if=virtio \
| -device virtio-rng-pci \
| -m 16G,slots=3,maxmem=32G \
| -object memory-backend-ram,id=mem0,size=16G \
| -numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=mem0 \
| -serial chardev:char0 \
| -mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
| -chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
| -device pci-serial,id=serial0,chardev=char0 \
| -object memory-backend-ram,id=vmem0,size=2G \
| -device virtio-mem-pci,id=vm0,memdev=vmem0,node=0

where "rv64-u-boot.bin" is U-boot with EFI/ACPI-support (use [6] if
you're lazy).

In the QEMU monitor:
| (qemu) info memory-devices
| (qemu) qom-set vm0 requested-size 1G

...to test DAX/KMEM, use the follow QEMU parameters:
| -object memory-backend-file,id=mem1,share=on,mem-path=virtio_pmem.img,size=4G \
| -device virtio-pmem-pci,memdev=mem1,id=nv1

and the regular ndctl/daxctl dance.

If you're brave to try the ACPI branch, add "acpi=on" to "-machine
virt", and test PC-DIMM MHP (in addition to virtio-{p},mem):

In the QEMU monitor:
| (qemu) object_add memory-backend-ram,id=mem1,size=1G
| (qemu) device_add pc-dimm,id=dimm1,memdev=mem1

You can also try hot-remove with some QEMU options, say:
| -object memory-backend-file,id=mem-1,size=256M,mem-path=/pagesize-2MB
| -device pc-dimm,id=mem1,memdev=mem-1
| -object memory-backend-file,id=mem-2,size=1G,mem-path=/pagesize-1GB
| -device pc-dimm,id=mem2,memdev=mem-2
| -object memory-backend-file,id=mem-3,size=256M,mem-path=/pagesize-2MB
| -device pc-dimm,id=mem3,memdev=mem-3

Remove "acpi=on" to run with DT.

Thanks to Alex, Andrew, David, and Oscar for all
comments/tests/fixups.

Changelog
=========

v3->v4:
Collect tags
0002-riscv-mm-Pre-allocate-vmemmap-direct-map-kasan-PG
* Pre-allocate KASAN PGD entries as well (Alex)
0005-riscv-mm-Add-pfn_to_kaddr-implementation
* New patch, add missing function for KASAN
0006-riscv-mm-Add-memory-hotplugging-support
* Use pXXX_get() instead of READ_ONCE (Alex)
* Separated vmemmap storage and pgtable allocation. Use matching
alloc/dealloc functions (e.g. ptdesc alloc/delloc) with also
avoids WARNs ;-)
* Cleaned up the reserved page freeing (Alex)
0008-riscv-Enable-memory-hotplugging-for-RISC-V
* Simplified the dependencies (Alex)
* Added ARCH_MHP_MEMMAP_ON_MEMORY_ENABLE
0011-riscv-Enable-DAX-VMEMMAP-optimization
* New patch, added ARCH_WANT_OPTIMIZE_DAX_VMEMMAP

v2->v3:
Collect tags
0001-riscv-mm-Properly-forward-vmemmap_populate-altmap
* New patch, split from attribute change (Alex, Oscar)
0005-riscv-mm-Add-memory-hotplugging-support
* Fix page table free to take PG_reserved into consideration (David,
Oscar)
* Depend on SPARSE_VMEMMAP (Alex, David, Oscar)
* Proper TLB flushing (Alex)
0009-riscv-mm-Add-support-for-ZONE_DEVICE
* Fixed 32b build

v1->v2:
Reviewed a lot of MHP locking scenarios
Various config build issues (e.g. build !CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG) (Andrew)
Added arch_get_mappable_range() implementation
Acquire MHP lock for ptdump, analogous to arm64
ACPI MHP tests
Add ZONE_DEVICE patch

References
==========

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/qemu-devel/20240521105635.795211-1-bjorn@kernel.org/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-riscv/20240501121742.1215792-1-sunilvl@ventanamicro.com/
[3] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-riscv/cover.1713778236.git.haibo1.xu@intel.com/
[4] https://github.com/bjoto/qemu/commits/virtio-mem-pc-dimm-mhp-acpi-v2/
[5] https://github.com/bjoto/linux/commits/mhp-v4-acpi
[6] https://github.com/bjoto/riscv-rootfs-utils/tree/acpi

Thanks,
Björn

Björn Töpel (11):
riscv: mm: Properly forward vmemmap_populate() altmap parameter
riscv: mm: Pre-allocate vmemmap/direct map/kasan PGD entries
riscv: mm: Change attribute from __init to __meminit for page
functions
riscv: mm: Refactor create_linear_mapping_range() for memory hot add
riscv: mm: Add pfn_to_kaddr() implementation
riscv: mm: Add memory hotplugging support
riscv: mm: Take memory hotplug read-lock during kernel page table dump
riscv: Enable memory hotplugging for RISC-V
virtio-mem: Enable virtio-mem for RISC-V
riscv: mm: Add support for ZONE_DEVICE
riscv: Enable DAX VMEMMAP optimization

arch/riscv/Kconfig | 5 +
arch/riscv/include/asm/kasan.h | 4 +-
arch/riscv/include/asm/mmu.h | 4 +-
arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h | 5 +
arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable-64.h | 20 ++
arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h | 1 +
arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h | 19 +-
arch/riscv/mm/init.c | 347 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
arch/riscv/mm/ptdump.c | 3 +
drivers/virtio/Kconfig | 2 +-
10 files changed, 364 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

base-commit: e2c79b4c5c4d83520abb570ca633ded09621c0a6
--
2.43.0