Re: [patch 4/8] Immediate Value - i386 Optimization

Chuck Ebbert
2007-06-15T22:02:22Z

On 06/15/2007 04:23 PM, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> i386 optimization of the immediate values which uses a movl with code patching
> to set/unset the value used to populate the register used for the branch test.
>
> Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> ---
> arch/i386/kernel/Makefile | 1
> arch/i386/kernel/immediate.c | 177 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> include/asm-i386/immediate.h | 72 +++++++++++++++++
> 3 files changed, 249 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>
> Index: linux-2.6-lttng/include/asm-i386/immediate.h
> ===================================================================
> --- linux-2.6-lttng.orig/include/asm-i386/immediate.h 2007-06-15 16:13:55.000000000 -0400
> +++ linux-2.6-lttng/include/asm-i386/immediate.h 2007-06-15 16:14:04.000000000 -0400
> @@ -1 +1,71 @@
> -#include <asm-generic/immediate.h>
> +#ifndef _ASM_I386_IMMEDIATE_H
> +#define _ASM_I386_IMMEDIATE_H
> +
> +/*
> + * Immediate values. i386 architecture optimizations.
> + *
> + * (C) Copyright 2006 Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> + *
> + * This file is released under the GPLv2.
> + * See the file COPYING for more details.
> + */
> +
> +#define IF_DEFAULT (IF_OPTIMIZED | IF_LOCKDEP)
> +
> +/*
> + * Optimized version of the immediate. Passing the flags as a pointer to
> + * the inline assembly to trick it into putting the flags value as third
> + * parameter in the structure.
> + */
> +#define immediate_optimized(flags, var) \
> + ({ \
> + int condition; \
> + asm ( ".section __immediate, \"a\", @progbits;\n\t" \
> + ".long %1, 0f, %2;\n\t" \
> + ".previous;\n\t" \
> + "0:\n\t" \
> + "movl %3,%0;\n\t" \
> + : "=r" (condition) \
> + : "m" (var), \
> + "m" (*(char*)flags), \
> + "i" (0)); \
> + (condition); \

Unnecessary parens.

> + })
> +
> +/*
> + * immediate macro selecting the generic or optimized version of immediate,
> + * depending on the flags specified. It is a macro because we need to pass the
> + * name to immediate_optimized() and immediate_generic() so they can declare a
> + * static variable with it.
> + */
> +#define _immediate(flags, var) \
> +({ \
> + (((flags) & IF_LOCKDEP) && ((flags) & IF_OPTIMIZED)) ? \
> + immediate_optimized(flags, var) : \
> + immediate_generic(flags, var); \
> +})
> +
> +/* immediate with default behavior */
> +#define immediate(var) _immediate(IF_DEFAULT, var)
> +
> +/*
> + * Architecture dependant immediate information, used internally for immediate
> + * activation.
> + */
> +
> +/*
> + * Offset of the immediate value from the start of the movl instruction, in
> + * bytes. We point to the first lower byte of the 4 bytes immediate value. Only
> + * changing one byte makes sure we do an atomic memory write, independently of
> + * the alignment of the 4 bytes in the load immediate instruction.
> + */
> +#define IMMEDIATE_OPTIMIZED_ENABLE_IMMEDIATE_OFFSET 1
> +#define IMMEDIATE_OPTIMIZED_ENABLE_TYPE unsigned char
> +/* Dereference enable as lvalue from a pointer to its instruction */
> +#define IMMEDIATE_OPTIMIZED_ENABLE(a) \
> + (*(IMMEDIATE_OPTIMIZED_ENABLE_TYPE*) \
> + ((char*)(a)+IMMEDIATE_OPTIMIZED_ENABLE_IMMEDIATE_OFFSET))
> +
> +extern int immediate_optimized_set_enable(void *address, char enable);
> +
> +#endif /* _ASM_I386_IMMEDIATE_H */
> Index: linux-2.6-lttng/arch/i386/kernel/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- linux-2.6-lttng.orig/arch/i386/kernel/Makefile 2007-06-15 16:13:51.000000000 -0400
> +++ linux-2.6-lttng/arch/i386/kernel/Makefile 2007-06-15 16:14:04.000000000 -0400
> @@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
> obj-y += sysenter.o vsyscall.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_ACPI_SRAT) += srat.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_EFI) += efi.o efi_stub.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_IMMEDIATE) += immediate.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_DOUBLEFAULT) += doublefault.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_SERIAL_8250) += legacy_serial.o
> obj-$(CONFIG_VM86) += vm86.o
> Index: linux-2.6-lttng/arch/i386/kernel/immediate.c
> ===================================================================
> --- /dev/null 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 +0000
> +++ linux-2.6-lttng/arch/i386/kernel/immediate.c 2007-06-15 16:14:04.000000000 -0400
> @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
> +/*
> + * Immediate Value - i386 architecture specific code.
> + *
> + * Rationale
> + *
> + * Required because of :
> + * - Erratum 49 fix for Intel PIII.
> + * - Still present on newer processors : Intel Core 2 Duo Processor for Intel
> + * Centrino Duo Processor Technology Specification Update, AH33.
> + * Unsynchronized Cross-Modifying Code Operations Can Cause Unexpected
> + * Instruction Execution Results.
> + *
> + * Permits immediate value modification by XMC with correct serialization.
> + *
> + * Reentrant for NMI and trap handler instrumentation. Permits XMC to a
> + * location that has preemption enabled because it involves no temporary or
> + * reused data structure.
> + *
> + * Quoting Richard J Moore, source of the information motivating this
> + * implementation which differs from the one proposed by Intel which is not
> + * suitable for kernel context (does not support NMI and would require disabling
> + * interrupts on every CPU for a long period) :
> + *
> + * "There is another issue to consider when looking into using probes other
> + * then int3:
> + *
> + * Intel erratum 54 - Unsynchronized Cross-modifying code - refers to the
> + * practice of modifying code on one processor where another has prefetched
> + * the unmodified version of the code. Intel states that unpredictable general
> + * protection faults may result if a synchronizing instruction (iret, int,
> + * int3, cpuid, etc ) is not executed on the second processor before it
> + * executes the pre-fetched out-of-date copy of the instruction.
> + *
> + * When we became aware of this I had a long discussion with Intel's
> + * microarchitecture guys. It turns out that the reason for this erratum
> + * (which incidentally Intel does not intend to fix) is because the trace
> + * cache - the stream of micorops resulting from instruction interpretation -
> + * cannot guaranteed to be valid. Reading between the lines I assume this
> + * issue arises because of optimization done in the trace cache, where it is
> + * no longer possible to identify the original instruction boundaries. If the
> + * CPU discoverers that the trace cache has been invalidated because of
> + * unsynchronized cross-modification then instruction execution will be
> + * aborted with a GPF. Further discussion with Intel revealed that replacing
> + * the first opcode byte with an int3 would not be subject to this erratum.
> + *
> + * So, is cmpxchg reliable? One has to guarantee more than mere atomicity."
> + *
> + * Overall design
> + *
> + * The algorithm proposed by Intel applies not so well in kernel context: it
> + * would imply disabling interrupts and looping on every CPUs while modifying
> + * the code and would not support instrumentation of code called from interrupt
> + * sources that cannot be disabled.
> + *
> + * Therefore, we use a different algorithm to respect Intel's erratum (see the
> + * quoted discussion above). We make sure that no CPU sees an out-of-date copy
> + * of a pre-fetched instruction by 1 - using a breakpoint, which skips the
> + * instruction that is going to be modified, 2 - issuing an IPI to every CPU to
> + * execute a sync_core(), to make sure that even when the breakpoint is removed,
> + * no cpu could possibly still have the out-of-date copy of the instruction,
> + * modify the now unused 2nd byte of the instruction, and then put back the
> + * original 1st byte of the instruction.
> + *
> + * It has exactly the same intent as the algorithm proposed by Intel, but
> + * it has less side-effects, scales better and supports NMI, SMI and MCE.

Algorithm looks plausible, was it really tested?

> + *
> + * Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/notifier.h>
> +#include <linux/preempt.h>
> +#include <linux/smp.h>
> +#include <linux/notifier.h>
> +#include <linux/module.h>
> +#include <linux/immediate.h>
> +#include <linux/kdebug.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/cacheflush.h>
> +
> +#define BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION 0xcc
> +#define BREAKPOINT_INS_LEN 1
> +
> +static long target_eip;
> +
> +static void immediate_synchronize_core(void *info)
> +{
> + sync_core(); /* use cpuid to stop speculative execution */
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * The eip value points right after the breakpoint instruction, in the second
> + * byte of the movb. Incrementing it of 1 byte makes the code resume right after
> + * the movb instruction, effectively skipping this instruction.
> + *
> + * We simply skip the 2 bytes load immediate here, leaving the register in an
> + * undefined state. We don't care about the content (0 or !0), because we are
> + * changing the value 0->1 or 1->0. This small window of undefined value
> + * doesn't matter.
> + */
> +static int immediate_notifier(struct notifier_block *nb,
> + unsigned long val, void *data)
> +{
> + enum die_val die_val = (enum die_val) val;
> + struct die_args *args = data;
> +
> + if (!args->regs || user_mode_vm(args->regs))
> + return NOTIFY_DONE;
> +
> + if (die_val == DIE_INT3 && args->regs->eip == target_eip) {
> + args->regs->eip += 1; /* Skip the next byte of load immediate */

<nitpick>
args->regs->eip++;

> + return NOTIFY_STOP;
> + }
> + return NOTIFY_DONE;
> +}
> +
> +static struct notifier_block immediate_notify = {
> + .notifier_call = immediate_notifier,
> + .priority = 0x7fffffff, /* we need to be notified first */
> +};
> +
> +/*
> + * The address is not aligned. We can only change 1 byte of the value
> + * atomically.
> + * Must be called with immediate_mutex held.
> + */
> +int immediate_optimized_set_enable(void *address, char enable)
> +{
> + char saved_byte;
> + int ret;
> + char *dest = address;
> +
> + if (!(enable ^ dest[1])) /* Must be a state change 0<->1 to execute */
> + return 0;
> +
> +#if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA) || defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC)
> + /* Make sure this page is writable */
> + change_page_attr(virt_to_page(address), 1, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
> + global_flush_tlb();
> +#endif

Can't we have a macro or inline to do this, and the setting back
to read-only? kprobes also has the same ugly #if blocks...

Hmm, what happens if you race with kprobes setting a probe on
the same page? Couldn't it unexpectedly become read-only?

> + target_eip = (long)address + BREAKPOINT_INS_LEN;
> + /* register_die_notifier has memory barriers */
> + register_die_notifier(&immediate_notify);
> + saved_byte = *dest;
> + *dest = BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION;
> + wmb();
> + /*
> + * Execute serializing instruction on each CPU.
> + * Acts as a memory barrier.
> + */
> + ret = on_each_cpu(immediate_synchronize_core, NULL, 1, 1);
> + BUG_ON(ret != 0);
> +
> + dest[1] = enable;
> + wmb();
> + *dest = saved_byte;
> + /*
> + * Wait for all int3 handlers to end
> + * (interrupts are disabled in int3).
> + * This CPU is clearly not in a int3 handler,
> + * because int3 handler is not preemptible and
> + * there cannot be any more int3 handler called
> + * for this site, because we placed the original
> + * instruction back.
> + * synchronize_sched has memory barriers.
> + */
> + synchronize_sched();
> + unregister_die_notifier(&immediate_notify);
> + /* unregister_die_notifier has memory barriers */
> + target_eip = 0;
> +#if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_RODATA)
> + /* Set this page back to RX */
> + change_page_attr(virt_to_page(address), 1, PAGE_KERNEL_RX);
> + global_flush_tlb();
> +#endif
> + return 0;
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(immediate_optimized_set_enable);
>