Re: [ltt-dev] [RFC git tree] Userspace RCU (urcu) for Linux (repost)

["Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>]

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On Wed, Feb 11, 2009 at 04:35:49PM -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> On Wed, Feb 11, 2009 at 04:42:58PM -0500, Mathieu Desnoyers wrote:
> > * Paul E. McKenney (paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com) wrote:
> 
> [ . . . ]
> 
> > > > Hrm, let me present it in a different, more straightfoward way :
> > > > 
> > > > In you Promela model (here : http://lkml.org/lkml/2009/2/10/419)
> > > > 
> > > > There is a memory barrier here in the updater :
> > > > 
> > > > 	do
> > > > 	:: 1 ->
> > > > 		if
> > > > 		:: (urcu_active_readers & RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) != 0 &&
> > > > 		   (urcu_active_readers & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) !=
> > > > 		   (urcu_gp_ctr & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) ->
> > > > 			skip;
> > > > 		:: else -> break;
> > > > 		fi
> > > > 	od;
> > > > 	need_mb = 1;
> > > > 	do
> > > > 	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
> > > > 	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
> > > > 	od;
> > > > 	urcu_gp_ctr = urcu_gp_ctr + RCU_GP_CTR_BIT;
> > > 
> > > I believe you were actually looking for a memory barrier here, not?
> > > I do not believe that your urcu.c has a memory barrier here, please
> > > see below.
> > > 
> > > > 	do
> > > > 	:: 1 ->
> > > > 		if
> > > > 		:: (urcu_active_readers & RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) != 0 &&
> > > > 		   (urcu_active_readers & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) !=
> > > > 		   (urcu_gp_ctr & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) ->
> > > > 			skip;
> > > > 		:: else -> break;
> > > > 		fi;
> > > > 	od;
> > > > 
> > > > However, in your C code of nest_32.c, there is none. So it is at the
> > > > very least an inconsistency between your code and your model.
> > > 
> > > The urcu.c 3a9e6e9df706b8d39af94d2f027210e2e7d4106e lays out as follows:
> > > 
> > > synchronize_rcu()
> > > 
> > > 	switch_qparity()
> > > 
> > > 		force_mb_all_threads()
> > > 
> > > 		switch_next_urcu_qparity()  [Just does counter flip]
> > > 
> > 
> > Hrm... there would potentially be a missing mb() here.
> 
> K, I added it to the model.
> 
> > > 		wait_for_quiescent_state()
> > > 
> > > 			Wait for all threads
> > > 
> > > 			force_mb_all_threads()
> > > 				My model does not represent this
> > > 				memory barrier, because it seemed to
> > > 				me that it was redundant with the
> > > 				following one.
> > > 
> > 
> > Yes, this one is redundant.
> 
> I left it in for now...
> 
> > > 				I added it, no effect.
> > > 
> > > 	switch_qparity()
> > > 
> > > 		force_mb_all_threads()
> > > 
> > > 		switch_next_urcu_qparity()  [Just does counter flip]
> > > 
> > 
> > Same as above, potentially missing mb().
> 
> I added it to the model.
> 
> > > 		wait_for_quiescent_state()
> > > 
> > > 			Wait for all threads
> > > 
> > > 			force_mb_all_threads()
> > > 
> > > The rcu_nest32.c 6da793208a8f60ea41df60164ded85b4c5c5307d lays out as
> > > follows:
> > > 
> > > synchronize_rcu()
> > > 
> > > 	flip_counter_and_wait()
> > > 
> > > 		flips counter
> > > 
> > > 		smp_mb();
> > > 
> > > 		Wait for threads
> > > 
> > 
> > this is the point where I wonder if we should add a mb() to your code.
> 
> Might well be, though I would argue for the very end, where I left out
> the smp_mb().  I clearly need to make another Promela model for this
> code, but we should probably focus on yours first, given that I don't
> have any use cases for mine.
> 
> > > 	flip_counter_and_wait()
> > > 
> > > 		flips counter
> > > 
> > > 		smp_mb();
> > > 
> > > 		Wait for threads
> 
> And I really do have an unlock followed by an smp_mb() at this point.
> 
> > > So, if I am reading the code correctly, I have memory barriers
> > > everywhere you don't and vice versa.  ;-)
> > > 
> > 
> > Exactly. You have mb() between 
> > flips counter and (next) Wait for threads
> > 
> > I have mb() between
> > (previous) Wait for threads and flips counter
> > 
> > Both might be required. Or none. :)
> 
> Well, adding in the two to yours still gets Promela failures, please
> see attached.  Nothing quite like a multi-thousand step failure case,
> I have to admit!  ;-)
> 
> > > The reason that I believe that I do not need a memory barrier between
> > > the wait-for-threads and the subsequent flip is that the threads we
> > > are waiting for have to have already committed to the earlier value of
> > > the counter, and so changing the counter out of order has no effect.
> > > 
> > > Does this make sense, or am I confused?
> > 
> > So if we remove the mb() as in your code, between the flips counter and
> > (next) Wait for thread, we are doing these operations in random order at
> > the write site:
> 
> I don't believe that I get to remove and mb()s from my code...
> 
> > Sequence 1 - what we expect
> > A.1 - flip counter
> > A.2 - read counter
> > B   - read other threads urcu_active_readers
> > 
> > So what happens if the CPU decides to reorder the unrelated
> > operations? We get :
> > 
> > Sequence 2
> > B   - read other threads urcu_active_readers
> > A.1 - flip counter
> > A.2 - read counter
> > 
> > Sequence 3
> > A.1 - flip counter
> > A.2 - read counter
> > B   - read other threads urcu_active_readers
> > 
> > Sequence 4
> > A.1 - flip counter
> > B   - read other threads urcu_active_readers
> > A.2 - read counter
> > 
> > 
> > Sequence 1, 3 and 4 are OK because the counter flip happens before we
> > read other thread's urcu_active_readers counts.
> > 
> > However, we have to consider Sequence 2 carefully, because we will read
> > other threads uru_active_readers count before those readers see that we
> > flipped the counter.
> > 
> > The reader side does either :
> > 
> > seq. 1
> > R.1 - read urcu_active_readers
> > S.2 - read counter
> > RS.2- write urcu_active_readers, depends on read counter and read
> >       urcu_active_readers
> > 
> > (with R.1 and S.2 in random order)
> > 
> > or
> > 
> > seq. 2
> > R.1 - read urcu_active_readers
> > R.2 - write urcu_active_readers, depends on read urcu_active_readers
> > 
> > 
> > So we could have the following reader+writer sequence :
> > 
> > Interleaved writer Sequence 2 and reader seq. 1.
> > 
> > Reader:
> > R.1 - read urcu_active_readers
> > S.2 - read counter
> > Writer:
> > B   - read other threads urcu_active_readers (there are none)
> > A.1 - flip counter
> > A.2 - read counter
> > Reader:
> > RS.2- write urcu_active_readers, depends on read counter and read
> >       urcu_active_readers
> > 
> > Here, the reader would have updated its counter as belonging to the old
> > q.s. period, but the writer will later wait for the new period. But
> > given the writer will eventually do a second flip+wait, the reader in
> > the other q.s. window will be caught by the second flip.
> > 
> > Therefore, we could be tempted to think that those mb() could be
> > unnecessary, which would lead to a scheme where urcu_active_readers and
> > urcu_gp_ctr are done in a completely random order one vs the other.
> > Let's see what it gives :
> > 
> > synchronize_rcu()
> > 
> >   force_mb_all_threads()  /*
> >                            * Orders pointer publication and 
> >                            * (urcu_active_readers/urcu_gp_ctr accesses)
> >                            */
> >   switch_qparity()
> > 
> >     switch_next_urcu_qparity()  [just does counter flip 0->1]
> > 
> >     wait_for_quiescent_state()
> > 
> >       wait for all threads in parity 0
> > 
> >   switch_qparity()
> > 
> >     switch_next_urcu_qparity()  [Just does counter flip 1->0]
> > 
> >     wait_for_quiescent_state()
> > 
> >       Wait for all threads in parity 1
> > 
> >   force_mb_all_threads()  /*
> >                            * Orders
> >                            * (urcu_active_readers/urcu_gp_ctr accesses)
> >                            * and old data removal.
> >                            */
> > 
> > 
> > 
> > *but* ! There is a reason why we don't want to do this. If
> > 
> >     switch_next_urcu_qparity()  [Just does counter flip 1->0]
> > 
> > happens before the end of the previous
> > 
> >       Wait for all threads in parity 0
> > 
> > We enter in a situation where all newly coming readers will see the
> > parity bit as 0, although we are still waiting for that parity to end.
> > We end up in a state when the writer can be blocked forever (no possible
> > progress) if there are steadily readers subscribed for the data.
> > 
> > Basically, to put it differently, we could simply remove the bit
> > flipping from the writer and wait for *all* readers to exit their
> > critical section (even the ones simply interested in the new pointer).
> > But this shares the same problem the version above has, which is that we
> > end up in a situation where the writer won't progress if there are
> > always readers in a critical section.
> > 
> > The same applies to 
> > 
> >     switch_next_urcu_qparity()  [Just does counter flip 0->1]
> > 
> >       wait for all threads in parity 0
> > 
> > If we don't put a mb() between those two (as I mistakenly did), we can
> > end up waiting for readers in parity 0 while the parity bit wasn't
> > flipped yet. oops. Same potential no-progress situation.
> > 
> > The ordering of memory reads in the reader for
> > urcu_active_readers/urcu_gp_ctr accesses does not seem to matter because
> > the data contains information about which q.s. period parity it is in.
> > In whichever order those variables are read seems to all work fine.
> > 
> > In the end, it's to insure that the writer will always progress that we
> > have to enforce smp_mb() between *all* switch_next_urcu_qparity and wait
> > for threads. Mine and yours.
> > 
> > Or maybe there is a detail I haven't correctly understood that insures
> > this already without the mb() in your code ?
> > 
> > > (BTW, I do not trust my model yet, as it currently cannot detect the
> > > failure case I pointed out earlier.  :-/  Here and I thought that the
> > > point of such models was to detect additional failure cases!!!)
> > > 
> > 
> > Yes, I'll have to dig deeper into it.
> 
> Well, as I said, I attached the current model and the error trail.

And I had bugs in my model that allowed the rcu_read_lock() model
to nest indefinitely, which overflowed into the top bit, messing
things up.  :-/

Attached is a fixed model.  This model validates correctly (woo-hoo!).
Even better, gives the expected error if you comment out line 180 and
uncomment line 213, this latter corresponding to the error case I called
out a few days ago.

I will play with removing models of mb...

							Thanx, Paul

[-- Attachment #2: urcu.spin --]
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/*
 * urcu.spin: Promela code to validate urcu.  See commit number
 *	3a9e6e9df706b8d39af94d2f027210e2e7d4106e of Mathieu Desnoyer's
 *      git archive at git://lttng.org/userspace-rcu.git
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009 Paul E. McKenney, IBM Corporation.
 */

/* Promela validation variables. */

bit removed = 0;  /* Has RCU removal happened, e.g., list_del_rcu()? */
bit free = 0;     /* Has RCU reclamation happened, e.g., kfree()? */
bit need_mb = 0;  /* =1 says need reader mb, =0 for reader response. */
byte reader_progress[4];
		  /* Count of read-side statement executions. */

/* urcu definitions and variables, taken straight from the algorithm. */

#define RCU_GP_CTR_BIT (1 << 7)
#define RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK (RCU_GP_CTR_BIT - 1)

byte urcu_gp_ctr = 1;
byte urcu_active_readers = 0;

/* Model the RCU read-side critical section. */

proctype urcu_reader()
{
	bit done = 0;
	bit mbok;
	byte tmp;
	byte tmp_removed;
	byte tmp_free;

	/* Absorb any early requests for memory barriers. */
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 ->
		need_mb = 0;
	:: 1 -> skip;
	:: 1 -> break;
	od;

	/*
	 * Each pass through this loop executes one read-side statement
	 * from the following code fragment:
	 *
	 *	rcu_read_lock(); [0a]
	 *	rcu_read_lock(); [0b]
	 *	p = rcu_dereference(global_p); [1]
	 *	x = p->data; [2]
	 *	rcu_read_unlock(); [3b]
	 *	rcu_read_unlock(); [3a]
	 *
	 * Because we are modeling a weak-memory machine, these statements
	 * can be seen in any order, the only restriction being that
	 * rcu_read_unlock() cannot precede the corresponding rcu_read_lock().
	 * The placement of the inner rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock()
	 * is non-deterministic, the above is but one possible placement.
	 * Intestingly enough, this model validates all possible placements
	 * of the inner rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() statements,
	 * with the only constraint being that the rcu_read_lock() must
	 * precede the rcu_read_unlock().
	 *
	 * We also respond to memory-barrier requests, but only if our
	 * execution happens to be ordered.  If the current state is
	 * misordered, we ignore memory-barrier requests.
	 */
	do
	:: 1 ->
		if
		:: reader_progress[0] < 2 -> /* [0a and 0b] */
			tmp = urcu_active_readers;
			if
			:: (tmp & RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) == 0 ->
				tmp = urcu_gp_ctr;
				do
				:: (reader_progress[1] +
				    reader_progress[2] +
				    reader_progress[3] == 0) && need_mb == 1 ->
					need_mb = 0;
				:: 1 -> skip;
				:: 1 -> break;
				od;
				urcu_active_readers = tmp;
			 :: else ->
				urcu_active_readers = tmp + 1;
			fi;
			reader_progress[0] = reader_progress[0] + 1;
		:: reader_progress[1] == 0 -> /* [1] */
			tmp_removed = removed;
			reader_progress[1] = 1;
		:: reader_progress[2] == 0 -> /* [2] */
			tmp_free = free;
			reader_progress[2] = 1;
		:: ((reader_progress[0] > reader_progress[3]) &&
		    (reader_progress[3] < 2)) -> /* [3a and 3b] */
			tmp = urcu_active_readers - 1;
			urcu_active_readers = tmp;
			reader_progress[3] = reader_progress[3] + 1;
		:: else -> break;
		fi;

		/* Process memory-barrier requests, if it is safe to do so. */
		atomic {
			mbok = 0;
			tmp = 0;
			do
			:: tmp < 4 && reader_progress[tmp] == 0 ->
				tmp = tmp + 1;
				break;
			:: tmp < 4 && reader_progress[tmp] != 0 ->
				tmp = tmp + 1;
			:: tmp >= 4 ->
				done = 1;
				break;
			od;
			do
			:: tmp < 4 && reader_progress[tmp] == 0 ->
				tmp = tmp + 1;
			:: tmp < 4 && reader_progress[tmp] != 0 ->
				break;
			:: tmp >= 4 ->
				mbok = 1;
				break;
			od

		}

		if
		:: mbok == 1 ->
			/* We get here if mb processing is safe. */
			do
			:: need_mb == 1 ->
				need_mb = 0;
			:: 1 -> skip;
			:: 1 -> break;
			od;
		:: else -> skip;
		fi;

		/*
		 * Check to see if we have modeled the entire RCU read-side
		 * critical section, and leave if so.
		 */
		if
		:: done == 1 -> break;
		:: else -> skip;
		fi
	od;
	assert((tmp_free == 0) || (tmp_removed == 1));

	/* Process any late-arriving memory-barrier requests. */
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 ->
		need_mb = 0;
	:: 1 -> skip;
	:: 1 -> break;
	od;
}

/* Model the RCU update process. */

proctype urcu_updater()
{
	/* Removal statement, e.g., list_del_rcu(). */
	removed = 1;

	/* synchronize_rcu(), first counter flip. */
	need_mb = 1;
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
	od;
	urcu_gp_ctr = urcu_gp_ctr + RCU_GP_CTR_BIT;
	need_mb = 1;
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
	od;
	do
	:: 1 ->
		printf("urcu_gp_ctr=%x urcu_active_readers=%x\n", urcu_gp_ctr, urcu_active_readers);
		printf("urcu_gp_ctr&0x7f=%x urcu_active_readers&0x7f=%x\n", urcu_gp_ctr & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK, urcu_active_readers & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK);
		if
		:: (urcu_active_readers & RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) != 0 &&
		   (urcu_active_readers & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) !=
		   (urcu_gp_ctr & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) ->
			skip;
		:: else -> break;
		fi
	od;
	need_mb = 1;
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
	od;

	/* Erroneous removal statement, e.g., list_del_rcu(). */
	/* removed = 1; */

	/* synchronize_rcu(), second counter flip. */
	need_mb = 1;
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
	od;
	urcu_gp_ctr = urcu_gp_ctr + RCU_GP_CTR_BIT;
	need_mb = 1;
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
	od;
	do
	:: 1 ->
		printf("urcu_gp_ctr=%x urcu_active_readers=%x\n", urcu_gp_ctr, urcu_active_readers);
		printf("urcu_gp_ctr&0x7f=%x urcu_active_readers&0x7f=%x\n", urcu_gp_ctr & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK, urcu_active_readers & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK);
		if
		:: (urcu_active_readers & RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) != 0 &&
		   (urcu_active_readers & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) !=
		   (urcu_gp_ctr & ~RCU_GP_CTR_NEST_MASK) ->
			skip;
		:: else -> break;
		fi;
	od;
	need_mb = 1;
	do
	:: need_mb == 1 -> skip;
	:: need_mb == 0 -> break;
	od;

	/* free-up step, e.g., kfree(). */
	free = 1;
}

/*
 * Initialize the array, spawn a reader and an updater.  Because readers
 * are independent of each other, only one reader is needed.
 */

init {
	atomic {
		reader_progress[0] = 0;
		reader_progress[1] = 0;
		reader_progress[2] = 0;
		reader_progress[3] = 0;
		run urcu_reader();
		run urcu_updater();
	}
}