Re: RFC for a new Scheduling policy/class in the Linux-kernel

Henrik Austad
2009-07-17T07:32:39Z

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On Friday 17 July 2009 01:13:23 Ted Baker wrote:
> On Thu, Jul 16, 2009 at 09:17:09AM +0200, Henrik Austad wrote:
> > My understanding of PEP is that when B executes through the
> > A-proxy, B will consume parts of A's resources until the lock is
> > freed. This makes sense when A and B runs on different CPUs and
> > B is moved (temporarily) to CPU#A. If B were to use it's own
> > budget when running here, once A resumes execution and exhaustes
> > its entire budget, you can have over-utilization on that CPU
> > (and under-util on CPU#B).
>
> To be sure we are using A and B the same way here:
> B is holding a lock.
> A wants that lock.
> A grants its priority B until B releases the lock.

I tried to be consistent, and I still can't see where I messed up, but this is
what I meant.

With the mixed-in CPU-notation: I got the feeling that partitioned scheduling
was the preferred (or easiest to analyze), so I assumed that we had shifted
from my initial global motivation to a more mature partitioned view :-)

By CPU#A I menat the CPU where A is currently scheduled (in a partitioned
setup).

> How to look at the charges for usage seems not to have a perfect
> solution. That is, you can't get around the fact that either:
>
> (1) B is using some its time at the wrong priority (priority inversion)
>
> or
>
> (2) B is using some of A's time to do B's work (the right
> priority, but the wrong task)
>
> The right way to resolve this conflict seems to depend a lot on
> where B runs, as well as whether you are managing budget per-CPU
> (partitioned model) or managing it globally (free migration
> model).

Yes. This has been one of my point all the way, but I realize I've been rather
bad at actually showing that point.

> 1) In a global scheduling model, it does not matter where B runs.
> We want to charge B's critical section to B, since our
> schedulability analysis is based on the processor usage of each
> task. It would be broken if A could be charged random bits of
> time for the execution of other tasks. So, we must charge B.

Yes, I agree completely.

> 2) In a partitioned scheuling model, we worry about the
> CPU utilization of each processor. We have several cases, depending
> where B runs when it runs with A's priority:
>
> 2.1) If B gets to run on A's processor, we have a problem
> with processor overload unless we charge the usage to A. This
> is still a bad thing, though, since we then need to over-provision
> A to allow for this.
>
> 2.2) If B runs on its own processor, we want to use B's budget.
>
> 2.3) A third variatin is that all the critical sections for A and
> B run on a separate synchronization procesor. In that case, the
> synchronization processor needs its own budget, and in effect we
> the critical sections of tasks A and B become aperiodic tasks in
> their own right.

An interesting solution. However, this means that the kernel need to analyze
all tasks before they can run as it not only need to keep track of total "raw
utilization" (the computational time required), but also on how much time
spent while holding locks. Throw inn a few conditional statements, and
finding this becomes somewhat of a challenge.

> > AFAIK, there are no such things as preemption-overhead charging
> > to a task's budget in the kernel today. This time simply
> > vanishes and must be compensated for when running a task through
> > the acceptance-stage (say, only 95% util pr CPU or some such).
>
> I don't see that anything can or does "vanish". Consider this
> sequence of events on one processor:
>
> 1. task A is running, and calls scheduler (synchronously or maybe
> via IRQ, say from timer)
>
> 2. scheduler computes how much time A has used recently, and charges
> it to A's budget
>
> The overhead of the IRQ handler and scheduler are therefore
> charged to A.
>
> 3. scheduler switches to B
>
> 4. B calls scheduler
>
> 6. scheduler computes how much time B has used recently,
> and charges it to B's budget
>
> The rest of the overhead of the context switch from A to B, including cache
> misses and page faults immediately following 3 are now
> effectively charged to B.

Good point, it has to be this way. I see a lot of code in kernel/sched_stats.h
that I should have been aware of. My apologies.

> > > Back to the original question, of who should be charged for
> > > the actual critical section.
> >
> > That depends on where you want to run the tasks. If you want to
> > migrate B to CPU#A, A should be charged. If you run B on CPU#B,
> > then B should be charged (for the exact same reasoning A should
> > be charged in the first case).
>
> As I mentioned above, it also depends on whether you are using
> a partitioned or global scheduling policy for your analysis.

Yes. I guess we should split the thread in 2, or shift the topic as we are
discussing locking and how to resolve these.

> > The beauty of PEP, is that enabling B to run is very easy. In
> > the case where B runs on CPU#B, B must be updated statically so
> > that the scheduler will trigger on the new priority. In PEP,
> > this is done automatically when A is picked. One solution to
> > this, would be to migrate A to CPU#B and insert A into the
> > runqueue there. However, then you add more overhead by moving
> > the task around instead of just 'borrowing' the task_struct.
> >
> > > From the schedulability analysis point of view, B is getting
> > > higher priority time than it normally would be allowed to execute,
> > > potentially causing priority inversion (a.k.a. "interference" or
> > > "blocking") to a higher priority task D (which does not even share
> > > a need for the lock that B is holding) that would otherwise run on
> > > the same processor as B. Without priority inheritance this kind
> > > of interferfence would not happen. So, we are benefiting A at the
> > > expense of D. In the analysis, we can either allow for all such
> > > interference in a "blocking term" in the analysis for D, or we
> > > might call it "preemption" in the analysis of D and charge it to A
> > > (if A has higher priority than D). Is the latter any better?
> >
> > If D has higher priority than A, then neither A nor B (with the
> > locks held) should be allowed to run before D.
>
> Yes, but I only meant D has higher priority than B. A may have
> higher priority than D, but with multiple processors we can't just
> focus on the one highest priority task. We need to look at the
> (number of CPUs) highest priority tasks, or we will may end
> up with our system behaving as if we have only one processor.

Yes, well, that will always be a problem. but on the other hand, B *has*
higher priority than D, since B is blocking A, and A has higher priority than
D.

This becomes, as you say, messy in a partitioned system as a priority does not
mean *anything* outside a CPU. The same goes for a deadline as you must see
the deadline wrt to the other tasks in the same domain (I specifically choose
domain here as we can apply that to all types, partitioned, clustered and
global).

This is what makes me believe that a global algorithm will make several of
these problems smaller, or even vanish completely, even if you have problems
with caches going cold, high memory-bus traffic at frequent task preemption,
strong lock-contention on the rq-locks etc. These are all implementation
problems, not small problems, but they can be avoided and mended. A
partitioned scheduler is a bit like a broken hammer, you cannot really expect
to build a nice house with it :)

> This is a key difference with multiprocessor scheduling,
> and also with processor "share" scheduilng.

Yes, you can get into quite a mess if you're not careful.

> Expediting the highest priority task is *not* always the
> best strategy. Assuming that each task has some amount of slack,
> there is no great benefit for completing a high-priority task
> early, if that means causing other tasks to miss their deadlines.

which was the whole point of the initial email, to present EFF (or M^2LLF, or
whatever is the most appropriate name for it) and get some feedback :-)

> That is, if by delaying the highest-priority task a little bit
> on one processor you can keep more processors busy,
> you may be able to successfully schedule a set of tasks that
> could not be scheduled to meet deadlines otherwise.
>
> (I can give you an example of how this happens if you want, but it
> would tedious if you can get my point without the example.)

No, no, I think I understand what you're getting at. Dhall's effect would be
one such.

> > Yes, no task should be allowed to run more than the budget, but
> > that requires B to execute *only* on CPU#B.
>
> As mentioned above, that depends on whether you are
> applying a global or partitioned model. With a global
> scheduling model the budget is not per-CPU.
>
> > On the other hand, one could say that if you run PEP and B is
> > executed on CPU#A, and A then exhausts its budget, you could
> > blame A as well, as lock-contention is a common problem and it's
> > not only the kernel's fault. Do we need perfect or best-effort
> > lock-resolving?
>
> Yes. For application locks, with application-managed partitioned
> scheduling, you can blame the application designer for building
> in cross-CPU contention.
>
> For kernel (hidden from the application) locks, it is a harder
> problem.

Which locks would that be? If a syscall results in lock-contention, shouldn't
the app be aware of those locks?

> I don't think there is a perfect solution for the partitioned
> scheduling model.

I know! :-)

> As mentioned above, you get to choose between B
> causing short-term priority inversion for other tasks on B's
> processor (but not using more than its budget on the average), or
> B causing budget over-run for A on A's processor.
>
> Ted

--
henrik

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