Dan Magenheimer
2011-09-15T21:34:52Z

[PATCH V10 0/6] mm: frontswap: overview (and proposal to merge at next window)

(Note: V9->V10 only change is corrections in debugfs-related code/counters)

(Note to earlier reviewers: This patchset was reorganized at V9 due
to feedback from Kame Hiroyuki and Andrew Morton. Additionally, feedback
on frontswap v8 from Andrew Morton also applies to cleancache, to wit:
(1) change usage of sysfs to debugfs to avoid unnecessary kernel ABIs
(2) rename all uses of "flush" to "invalidate"
As a result, additional patches (5of6 and 6of6) were added to this
series at V9 to patch cleancache core code and cleancache hooks in the mm
and fs subsystems and update cleancache documentation accordingly.)

Patchset Overview:

Frontswap is the alter ego of cleancache, the "yang" to cleancache's
"yin"... and more precisely frontswap is the provider of anonymous
pages to transcendent memory to nicely complement cleancache's providing
of clean pagecache pages to transcendent memory. For optimal use
of transcendent memory, both are necessary... because a kernel
under memory pressure first reclaims clean pagecache pages and,
when under more memory pressure, starts swapping anonymous pages.

Frontswap and cleancache (which was merged at 3.0) are the only
necessary changes to the core kernel for transcendent memory; all
other supporting code is implemented as drivers. See "Transcendent
memory in a nutshell" for a current (Aug 2011) and detailed overview of
frontswap and related kernel parts: https://lwn.net/Articles/454795/

Frontswap code was first posted publicly in January 2009 and on LKML
in May 2009, and has remained very stable for over two years now.
It is barely invasive, touching only the swap subsystem and adds only
about 100 lines of code to existing swap subsystem code files.
It has improved syntactically substantially between V1 and this posting
of V10, thanks to the review of a few kernel developers, and has adapted
easily to at least one major swap subsystem change. As of 3.1, there are
two in-tree users of frontswap patiently waiting for this patchset and for
CONFIG_FRONTSWAP to be enabled: zcache (staging driver merged at
2.6.39) and Xen tmem (merged at 3.0 and 3.1). V5 of the frontswap
patchset has been in linux-next since next-110603 (and this V10
will be there shortly). Earlier versions of frontswap already appear
in some leading-edge distros.

I am proposing that frontswap should be merged at the next window
and would like to ensure well in advance that any maintainers' issues
are resolved. Reviewers new to frontswap/cleancache/transcendent
memory are encouraged to read the detailed description and FAQ below.

Thanks,
Dan

Changes since V9:
- fix debugfs calls for 32-bit (Seth Jennings)

Changes since V8:
- use debugfs not sysfs to avoid new kernel ABIs (Andrew Morton)
- rename all "flush" to "invalidate" (Andrew Morton, proposed by Minchan Kim)
- change flush->invalidate in cleancache code and hooks for consistency
- change sysfs->debugfs in cleancache code and hooks for consistency
- reorganize patch order to make parallel changes in header files and
code files more obvious (Kamezawa Hiroyuki)
- mark some statics __read_mostly (Andrew Morton)
- add clarifying comments (Andrew Morton)
- no need to loop repeating try_to_unuse (Andrew Morton)
- remove superfluous check for NULL (Dan Carpenter)

Changes since V7:
- rebased to 3.1-rc4
- fix possible race in frontswap_pages counter (Kamezawa Hiroyuki)
- add various clarifying comments (Kamezawa Hiroyuki)

Changes since V6:
- rebased to 3.1-rc3 (syntactic changes only)
- remove redundant divides in test/set/clear_bit (Jan Beulich)
- declare frontswap elements in swap struct only if CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is
configured (Jan Beulich)

Changes since V5:
- rebased to 3.1-rc1
- use vzalloc (Bob Liu)
- various cautious checks and code clarifications/comments (Konrad Wilk)

Changes since V4:
- rebased to 3.0-rc1
- fix accidentally posted V4 stale code that failed to compile :-(
- more appropriate comments for git commits
- change config default to n (even it is runtime-disabled unless registered
by an in-kernel user such as zcache or Xen tmem)

Changes since V3:
- Rebased to 2.6.39 (accomodates minor code movement in swapfile.c)

Changes since V2:
- Rebased to 2.6.36-rc5 (main change: swap_info is now array of pointers)
- Added set/end_page_writeback calls around page unlock on successful put
- Changed frontswap_init to hide frontswap_poolid (which is cleancache/tmem
oddity that need not be exposed to frontswap)
- Document and ensure PageLocked requirements are met (per Andrew Morton
feedback in cleancache thread)
- Remove incorrect flags set/clear around partial swapoff call in
frontswap_shrink
- Clarified code testing if frontswap is enabled
- Add frontswap_register_ops interface to avoid an unnecessary global (per
Christoph Hellwig suggestion in cleancache thread)
- Use standard success/fail codes (0/<0) (per Nitin Gupta feedback on
cleancache patch)
- Added Documentations/vm/frontswap.txt including a FAQ (per Andrew Morton
feedback in cleancache thread)
- Added Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-mm-frontswap to describe
sysfs usage (per Andrew Morton feedback in cleancache thread)
- Minor static variable naming cleanup (per Jeremy Fitzhardinge feedback
in cleancache thread)

Changes since V1:
- Rebased to 2.6.34 (no functional changes)
- Convert to sane types (per Al Viro comment in cleancache thread)
- Define some raw constants (Konrad Wilk)
- Performance analysis shows significant advantage for frontswap's
synchronous page-at-a-time design (vs batched asynchronous speculated
as an alternative design). See http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/5/20/314

This "frontswap" patchset provides a clean API to transcendent memory
for swap pages; via this API, frontswap can provide "swap to RAM"
functionality for any transcendent memory "driver" such as a Xen tmem,
or in-kernel compression via zcache; frontswap also provides a nice interface
for swapping to RAM on a remote system (RAMster) and for building
pseudo-RAM devices such as on-memory-bus SSD or phase-change memory.

A more complete description of frontswap can be found in the introductory
comment in Documentation/vm/frontswap.txt (in PATCH 2/4) which is included
below for convenience.

Note that an earlier version of this patch is now shipping in OpenSuSE 11.2
and will soon ship in a release of Oracle Enterprise Linux. Underlying
Xen tmem technology is now shipping in Oracle VM 2.2 and Xen 4.0.

Signed-off-by: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@novell.com>
Acked-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Rik Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-kernel-mm-cleancache | 11
Documentation/vm/cleancache.txt | 41 +-
Documentation/vm/frontswap.txt | 210 ++++++++++++++
drivers/staging/zcache/zcache-main.c | 10
drivers/xen/tmem.c | 10
fs/buffer.c | 2
fs/super.c | 2
include/linux/cleancache.h | 24 -
include/linux/frontswap.h | 126 ++++++++
include/linux/swap.h | 4
include/linux/swapfile.h | 13
mm/Kconfig | 17 +
mm/Makefile | 1
mm/cleancache.c | 98 ++----
mm/filemap.c | 2
mm/frontswap.c | 272 +++++++++++++++++++
mm/page_io.c | 12
mm/swapfile.c | 64 +++-
mm/truncate.c | 10
19 files changed, 795 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-)

(following is a copy of Documentation/vm/frontswap.txt including a FAQ)

Frontswap provides a "transcendent memory" interface for swap pages.
In some environments, dramatic performance savings may be obtained because
swapped pages are saved in RAM (or a RAM-like device) instead of a swap disk.

Frontswap is so named because it can be thought of as the opposite of
a "backing" store for a swap device. The storage is assumed to be
a synchronous concurrency-safe page-oriented "pseudo-RAM device" conforming
to the requirements of transcendent memory (such as Xen's "tmem", or
in-kernel compressed memory, aka "zcache", or future RAM-like devices);
this pseudo-RAM device is not directly accessible or addressable by the
kernel and is of unknown and possibly time-varying size. The driver
links itself to frontswap by calling frontswap_register_ops to set the
frontswap_ops funcs appropriately and the functions it provides must
conform to certain policies as follows:

An "init" prepares the device to receive frontswap pages associated
with the specified swap device number (aka "type"). A "put_page" will
copy the page to transcendent memory and associate it with the type and
offset associated with the page. A "get_page" will copy the page, if found,
from transcendent memory into kernel memory, but will NOT remove the page
from from transcendent memory. An "invalidate_page" will remove the page
from transcendent memory and an "invalidate_area" will remove ALL pages
associated with the swap type (e.g., like swapoff) and notify the "device"
to refuse further puts with that swap type.

Once a page is successfully put, a matching get on the page will normally
succeed. So when the kernel finds itself in a situation where it needs
to swap out a page, it first attempts to use frontswap. If the put returns
success, the data has been successfully saved to transcendent memory and
a disk write and, if the data is later read back, a disk read are avoided.
If a put returns failure, transcendent memory has rejected the data, and the
page can be written to swap as usual.

Note that if a page is put and the page already exists in transcendent memory
(a "duplicate" put), either the put succeeds and the data is overwritten,
or the put fails AND the page is invalidated. This ensures stale data may
never be obtained from frontswap.

If properly configured, monitoring of frontswap is done via debugfs in
the /sys/kernel/debug/frontswap directory. The effectiveness of
frontswap can be measured (across all swap devices) with:

failed_puts - how many put attempts have failed
gets - how many gets were attempted (all should succeed)
succ_puts - how many put attempts have succeeded
invalidates - how many invalidates were attempted

A backend implementation may provide additional metrics.

FAQ

1) Where's the value?

When a workload starts swapping, performance falls through the floor.
Frontswap significantly increases performance in many such workloads by
providing a clean, dynamic interface to read and write swap pages to
"transcendent memory" that is otherwise not directly addressable to the kernel.
This interface is ideal when data is transformed to a different form
and size (such as with compression) or secretly moved (as might be
useful for write-balancing for some RAM-like devices). Swap pages (and
evicted page-cache pages) are a great use for this kind of slower-than-RAM-
but-much-faster-than-disk "pseudo-RAM device" and the frontswap (and
cleancache) interface to transcendent memory provides a nice way to read
and write -- and indirectly "name" -- the pages.

In the virtual case, the whole point of virtualization is to statistically
multiplex physical resources acrosst the varying demands of multiple
virtual machines. This is really hard to do with RAM and efforts to do
it well with no kernel changes have essentially failed (except in some
well-publicized special-case workloads). Frontswap -- and cleancache --
with a fairly small impact on the kernel, provides a huge amount
of flexibility for more dynamic, flexible RAM multiplexing.
Specifically, the Xen Transcendent Memory backend allows otherwise
"fallow" hypervisor-owned RAM to not only be "time-shared" between multiple
virtual machines, but the pages can be compressed and deduplicated to
optimize RAM utilization. And when guest OS's are induced to surrender
underutilized RAM (e.g. with "self-ballooning"), sudden unexpected
memory pressure may result in swapping; frontswap allows those pages
to be swapped to and from hypervisor RAM if overall host system memory
conditions allow.

2) Sure there may be performance advantages in some situations, but
what's the space/time overhead of frontswap?

If CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is disabled, every frontswap hook compiles into
nothingness and the only overhead is a few extra bytes per swapon'ed
swap device. If CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is enabled but no frontswap "backend"
registers, there is one extra global variable compared to zero for
every swap page read or written. If CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is enabled
AND a frontswap backend registers AND the backend fails every "put"
request (i.e. provides no memory despite claiming it might),
CPU overhead is still negligible -- and since every frontswap fail
precedes a swap page write-to-disk, the system is highly likely
to be I/O bound and using a small fraction of a percent of a CPU
will be irrelevant anyway.

As for space, if CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is enabled AND a frontswap backend
registers, one bit is allocated for every swap page for every swap
device that is swapon'd. This is added to the EIGHT bits (which
was sixteen until about 2.6.34) that the kernel already allocates
for every swap page for every swap device that is swapon'd. (Hugh
Dickins has observed that frontswap could probably steal one of
the existing eight bits, but let's worry about that minor optimization
later.) For very large swap disks (which are rare) on a standard
4K pagesize, this is 1MB per 32GB swap.

3) OK, how about a quick overview of what this frontswap patch does
in terms that a kernel hacker can grok?

Let's assume that a frontswap "backend" has registered during
kernel initialization; this registration indicates that this
frontswap backend has access to some "memory" that is not directly
accessible by the kernel. Exactly how much memory it provides is
entirely dynamic and random.

Whenever a swap-device is swapon'd frontswap_init() is called,
passing the swap device number (aka "type") as a parameter.
This notifies frontswap to expect attempts to "put" swap pages
associated with that number.

Whenever the swap subsystem is readying a page to write to a swap
device (c.f swap_writepage()), frontswap_put_page is called. Frontswap
consults with the frontswap backend and if the backend says it does NOT
have room, frontswap_put_page returns -1 and the kernel swaps the page
to the swap device as normal. Note that the response from the frontswap
backend is unpredictable to the kernel; it may choose to never accept a
page, it could accept every ninth page, or it might accept every
page. But if the backend does accept a page, the data from the page
has already been copied and associated with the type and offset,
and the backend guarantees the persistence of the data. In this case,
frontswap sets a bit in the "frontswap_map" for the swap device
corresponding to the page offset on the swap device to which it would
otherwise have written the data.

When the swap subsystem needs to swap-in a page (swap_readpage()),
it first calls frontswap_get_page() which checks the frontswap_map to
see if the page was earlier accepted by the frontswap backend. If
it was, the page of data is filled from the frontswap backend and
the swap-in is complete. If not, the normal swap-in code is
executed to obtain the page of data from the real swap device.

So every time the frontswap backend accepts a page, a swap device read
and (potentially) a swap device write are replaced by a "frontswap backend
put" and (possibly) a "frontswap backend get", which are presumably much
faster.

4) Can't frontswap be configured as a "special" swap device that is
just higher priority than any real swap device (e.g. like zswap)?

No. Recall that acceptance of any swap page by the frontswap
backend is entirely unpredictable. This is critical to the definition
of frontswap because it grants completely dynamic discretion to the
backend. But since any "put" might fail, there must always be a real
slot on a real swap device to swap the page. Thus frontswap must be
implemented as a "shadow" to every swapon'd device with the potential
capability of holding every page that the swap device might have held
and the possibility that it might hold no pages at all.
On the downside, this also means that frontswap cannot contain more
pages than the total of swapon'd swap devices. For example, if NO
swap device is configured on some installation, frontswap is useless.

Further, frontswap is entirely synchronous whereas a real swap
device is, by definition, asynchronous and uses block I/O. The
block I/O layer is not only unnecessary, but may perform "optimizations"
that are inappropriate for a RAM-oriented device including delaying
the write of some pages for a significant amount of time. Synchrony is
required to ensure the dynamicity of the backend and to avoid thorny race
conditions that would unnecessarily and greatly complicate frontswap
and/or the block I/O subsystem.

In a virtualized environment, the dynamicity allows the hypervisor
(or host OS) to do "intelligent overcommit". For example, it can
choose to accept pages only until host-swapping might be imminent,
then force guests to do their own swapping. In zcache, "poorly"
compressible pages can be rejected, where "poorly" can itself be defined
dynamically depending on current memory constraints.

5) Why this weird definition about "duplicate puts"? If a page
has been previously successfully put, can't it always be
successfully overwritten?

Nearly always it can, but no, sometimes it cannot. Consider an example
where data is compressed and the original 4K page has been compressed
to 1K. Now an attempt is made to overwrite the page with data that
is non-compressible and so would take the entire 4K. But the backend
has no more space. In this case, the put must be rejected. Whenever
frontswap rejects a put that would overwrite, it also must invalidate
the old data and ensure that it is no longer accessible. Since the
swap subsystem then writes the new data to the read swap device,
this is the correct course of action to ensure coherency.

6) What is frontswap_shrink for?

When the (non-frontswap) swap subsystem swaps out a page to a real
swap device, that page is only taking up low-value pre-allocated disk
space. But if frontswap has placed a page in transcendent memory, that
page may be taking up valuable real estate. The frontswap_shrink
routine allows code outside of the swap subsystem (such as Xen tmem
or zcache or some future tmem backend) to force pages out of the memory
managed by frontswap and back into kernel-addressable memory.

7) Why does the frontswap patch create the new include file swapfile.h?

The frontswap code depends on some swap-subsystem-internal data
structures that have, over the years, moved back and forth between
static and global. This seemed a reasonable compromise: Define
them as global but declare them in a new include file that isn't
included by the large number of source files that include swap.h.

Dan Magenheimer, last updated September 12, 2011