Re: [PATCH v3 07/21] arm64: move kernel image to base of vmalloc area

Mark Rutland
2016-01-12T18:14:45Z

On Mon, Jan 11, 2016 at 02:19:00PM +0100, Ard Biesheuvel wrote:
> This moves the module area to right before the vmalloc area, and
> moves the kernel image to the base of the vmalloc area. This is
> an intermediate step towards implementing kASLR, where the kernel
> image can be located anywhere in the vmalloc area.
>
> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
> ---
> arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h | 20 ++++---
> arch/arm64/include/asm/kernel-pgtable.h | 5 +-
> arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h | 18 ++++--
> arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h | 7 ---
> arch/arm64/kernel/setup.c | 12 ++++
> arch/arm64/mm/dump.c | 12 ++--
> arch/arm64/mm/init.c | 20 +++----
> arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c | 21 +++++--
> arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 62 ++++++++++++++------
> 9 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h
> index de0d21211c34..2c583dbf4746 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h
> @@ -1,20 +1,16 @@
> #ifndef __ASM_KASAN_H
> #define __ASM_KASAN_H
>
> -#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
> -
> #ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
>
> #include <linux/linkage.h>
> -#include <asm/memory.h>
> -#include <asm/pgtable-types.h>
>
> /*
> * KASAN_SHADOW_START: beginning of the kernel virtual addresses.
> * KASAN_SHADOW_END: KASAN_SHADOW_START + 1/8 of kernel virtual addresses.
> */
> -#define KASAN_SHADOW_START (VA_START)
> -#define KASAN_SHADOW_END (KASAN_SHADOW_START + (1UL << (VA_BITS - 3)))
> +#define KASAN_SHADOW_START (VA_START)
> +#define KASAN_SHADOW_END (KASAN_SHADOW_START + (_AC(1, UL) << (VA_BITS - 3)))
>
> /*
> * This value is used to map an address to the corresponding shadow
> @@ -26,16 +22,22 @@
> * should satisfy the following equation:
> * KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET = KASAN_SHADOW_END - (1ULL << 61)
> */
> -#define KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET (KASAN_SHADOW_END - (1ULL << (64 - 3)))
> +#define KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET (KASAN_SHADOW_END - (_AC(1, ULL) << (64 - 3)))
> +

I couldn't immediately spot where KASAN_SHADOW_* were used in assembly.
I guess there's some other definition built atop of them that I've
missed.

Where should I be looking?

> +#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
> +#include <asm/pgtable-types.h>
>
> void kasan_init(void);
> void kasan_copy_shadow(pgd_t *pgdir);
> asmlinkage void kasan_early_init(void);
> +#endif
>
> #else
> +
> +#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
> static inline void kasan_init(void) { }
> static inline void kasan_copy_shadow(pgd_t *pgdir) { }
> #endif
>
> -#endif
> -#endif
> +#endif /* CONFIG_KASAN */
> +#endif /* __ASM_KASAN_H */
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kernel-pgtable.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kernel-pgtable.h
> index a459714ee29e..daa8a7b9917a 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kernel-pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kernel-pgtable.h
> @@ -70,8 +70,9 @@
> /*
> * Initial memory map attributes.
> */
> -#define SWAPPER_PTE_FLAGS (PTE_TYPE_PAGE | PTE_AF | PTE_SHARED)
> -#define SWAPPER_PMD_FLAGS (PMD_TYPE_SECT | PMD_SECT_AF | PMD_SECT_S)
> +#define SWAPPER_PTE_FLAGS (PTE_TYPE_PAGE | PTE_AF | PTE_SHARED | PTE_UXN)
> +#define SWAPPER_PMD_FLAGS (PMD_TYPE_SECT | PMD_SECT_AF | PMD_SECT_S | \
> + PMD_SECT_UXN)

This will only affect the tables created in head.S. Before we start
userspace we'll have switched over to a new set of tables using
PAGE_KERNEL (including UXN).

Given that, this doesn't look necessary for the vmalloc area changes. Am
I missing something?

> #if ARM64_SWAPPER_USES_SECTION_MAPS
> #define SWAPPER_MM_MMUFLAGS (PMD_ATTRINDX(MT_NORMAL) | SWAPPER_PMD_FLAGS)
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h
> index bea9631b34a8..e45d3141ad98 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h
> @@ -51,14 +51,24 @@
> #define VA_BITS (CONFIG_ARM64_VA_BITS)
> #define VA_START (UL(0xffffffffffffffff) << VA_BITS)
> #define PAGE_OFFSET (UL(0xffffffffffffffff) << (VA_BITS - 1))
> -#define KIMAGE_VADDR (PAGE_OFFSET)
> -#define MODULES_END (KIMAGE_VADDR)
> -#define MODULES_VADDR (MODULES_END - SZ_64M)
> -#define PCI_IO_END (MODULES_VADDR - SZ_2M)
> +#define PCI_IO_END (PAGE_OFFSET - SZ_2M)
> #define PCI_IO_START (PCI_IO_END - PCI_IO_SIZE)
> #define FIXADDR_TOP (PCI_IO_START - SZ_2M)
> #define TASK_SIZE_64 (UL(1) << VA_BITS)
>
> +#ifndef CONFIG_KASAN
> +#define MODULES_VADDR (VA_START)
> +#else
> +#include <asm/kasan.h>
> +#define MODULES_VADDR (KASAN_SHADOW_END)
> +#endif
> +
> +#define MODULES_VSIZE (SZ_64M)
> +#define MODULES_END (MODULES_VADDR + MODULES_VSIZE)
> +
> +#define KIMAGE_VADDR (MODULES_END)
> +#define VMALLOC_START (MODULES_END)
> +
> #ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
> #define TASK_SIZE_32 UL(0x100000000)
> #define TASK_SIZE (test_thread_flag(TIF_32BIT) ? \
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> index 7b4e16068c9f..a910a44d7ab3 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h
> @@ -42,13 +42,6 @@
> */
> #define VMEMMAP_SIZE ALIGN((1UL << (VA_BITS - PAGE_SHIFT)) * sizeof(struct page), PUD_SIZE)
>
> -#ifndef CONFIG_KASAN
> -#define VMALLOC_START (VA_START)
> -#else
> -#include <asm/kasan.h>
> -#define VMALLOC_START (KASAN_SHADOW_END + SZ_64K)
> -#endif
> -
> #define VMALLOC_END (PAGE_OFFSET - PUD_SIZE - VMEMMAP_SIZE - SZ_64K)

It's a shame VMALLOC_START and VMALLOC_END are now in different headers.
It would be nice if we could keep them together.

As VMEMMAP_SIZE depends on sizeof(struct page), it's not just a simple
move. We could either place that in the !__ASSEMBLY__ portion of
memory.h, or we could add S_PAGE to asm-offsets.

If that's too painful now, we can leave that for subsequent cleanup;
there's other stuff in that area I'd like to unify at some point (e.g.
the mem_init and dump.c section boundary descriptions).

>
> #define vmemmap ((struct page *)(VMALLOC_END + SZ_64K))
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/setup.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/setup.c
> index cfed56f0ad26..c67ba4453ec6 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/setup.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/setup.c
> @@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
> #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
> #include <asm/cpu_ops.h>
> #include <asm/kasan.h>
> +#include <asm/kernel-pgtable.h>
> #include <asm/sections.h>
> #include <asm/setup.h>
> #include <asm/smp_plat.h>
> @@ -291,6 +292,17 @@ u64 __cpu_logical_map[NR_CPUS] = { [0 ... NR_CPUS-1] = INVALID_HWID };
>
> void __init setup_arch(char **cmdline_p)
> {
> + static struct vm_struct vmlinux_vm;
> +
> + vmlinux_vm.addr = (void *)KIMAGE_VADDR;
> + vmlinux_vm.size = round_up((u64)_end - KIMAGE_VADDR,
> + SWAPPER_BLOCK_SIZE);

With the fine grained tables we should only need to round up to
PAGE_SIZE (though _end is implicitly page-aligned anyway). Given that,
is the SWAPPER_BLOCK_SIZE rounding necessary?

> + vmlinux_vm.phys_addr = __pa(KIMAGE_VADDR);
> + vmlinux_vm.flags = VM_MAP;

I was going to say we should set VM_KASAN also per its description in
include/vmalloc.h, though per its uses its not clear if it will ever
matter.

> + vmlinux_vm.caller = setup_arch;
> +
> + vm_area_add_early(&vmlinux_vm);

Do we need to register the kernel VA range quite this early, or could we
do this around paging_init/map_kernel time?

> +
> pr_info("Boot CPU: AArch64 Processor [%08x]\n", read_cpuid_id());
>
> sprintf(init_utsname()->machine, ELF_PLATFORM);
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/dump.c b/arch/arm64/mm/dump.c
> index 5a22a119a74c..e83ffb00560c 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/dump.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/dump.c
> @@ -35,7 +35,9 @@ struct addr_marker {
> };
>
> enum address_markers_idx {
> - VMALLOC_START_NR = 0,
> + MODULES_START_NR = 0,
> + MODULES_END_NR,
> + VMALLOC_START_NR,
> VMALLOC_END_NR,
> #ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP
> VMEMMAP_START_NR,
> @@ -45,12 +47,12 @@ enum address_markers_idx {
> FIXADDR_END_NR,
> PCI_START_NR,
> PCI_END_NR,
> - MODULES_START_NR,
> - MODUELS_END_NR,
> KERNEL_SPACE_NR,
> };
>
> static struct addr_marker address_markers[] = {
> + { MODULES_VADDR, "Modules start" },
> + { MODULES_END, "Modules end" },
> { VMALLOC_START, "vmalloc() Area" },
> { VMALLOC_END, "vmalloc() End" },
> #ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP
> @@ -61,9 +63,7 @@ static struct addr_marker address_markers[] = {
> { FIXADDR_TOP, "Fixmap end" },
> { PCI_IO_START, "PCI I/O start" },
> { PCI_IO_END, "PCI I/O end" },
> - { MODULES_VADDR, "Modules start" },
> - { MODULES_END, "Modules end" },
> - { PAGE_OFFSET, "Kernel Mapping" },
> + { PAGE_OFFSET, "Linear Mapping" },
> { -1, NULL },
> };
>
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/init.c b/arch/arm64/mm/init.c
> index f3b061e67bfe..baa923bda651 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/init.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/init.c
> @@ -302,22 +302,26 @@ void __init mem_init(void)
> #ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
> " kasan : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld GB)\n"
> #endif
> + " modules : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld MB)\n"
> " vmalloc : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld GB)\n"
> + " .init : 0x%p" " - 0x%p" " (%6ld KB)\n"
> + " .text : 0x%p" " - 0x%p" " (%6ld KB)\n"
> + " .data : 0x%p" " - 0x%p" " (%6ld KB)\n"
> #ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP
> " vmemmap : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld GB maximum)\n"
> " 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld MB actual)\n"
> #endif
> " fixed : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld KB)\n"
> " PCI I/O : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld MB)\n"
> - " modules : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld MB)\n"
> - " memory : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld MB)\n"
> - " .init : 0x%p" " - 0x%p" " (%6ld KB)\n"
> - " .text : 0x%p" " - 0x%p" " (%6ld KB)\n"
> - " .data : 0x%p" " - 0x%p" " (%6ld KB)\n",
> + " memory : 0x%16lx - 0x%16lx (%6ld MB)\n",
> #ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
> MLG(KASAN_SHADOW_START, KASAN_SHADOW_END),
> #endif
> + MLM(MODULES_VADDR, MODULES_END),
> MLG(VMALLOC_START, VMALLOC_END),
> + MLK_ROUNDUP(__init_begin, __init_end),
> + MLK_ROUNDUP(_text, _etext),
> + MLK_ROUNDUP(_sdata, _edata),
> #ifdef CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP
> MLG((unsigned long)vmemmap,
> (unsigned long)vmemmap + VMEMMAP_SIZE),
> @@ -326,11 +330,7 @@ void __init mem_init(void)
> #endif
> MLK(FIXADDR_START, FIXADDR_TOP),
> MLM(PCI_IO_START, PCI_IO_END),
> - MLM(MODULES_VADDR, MODULES_END),
> - MLM(PAGE_OFFSET, (unsigned long)high_memory),
> - MLK_ROUNDUP(__init_begin, __init_end),
> - MLK_ROUNDUP(_text, _etext),
> - MLK_ROUNDUP(_sdata, _edata));
> + MLM(PAGE_OFFSET, (unsigned long)high_memory));
>
> #undef MLK
> #undef MLM
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c b/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
> index 0ca411fc5ea3..acdd1ac166ec 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c
> @@ -17,9 +17,11 @@
> #include <linux/start_kernel.h>
>
> #include <asm/mmu_context.h>
> +#include <asm/kernel-pgtable.h>
> #include <asm/page.h>
> #include <asm/pgalloc.h>
> #include <asm/pgtable.h>
> +#include <asm/sections.h>
> #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
>
> static pgd_t tmp_pg_dir[PTRS_PER_PGD] __initdata __aligned(PGD_SIZE);
> @@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ static void __init kasan_early_pte_populate(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long addr,
> if (pmd_none(*pmd))
> pmd_populate_kernel(&init_mm, pmd, kasan_zero_pte);
>
> - pte = pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr);
> + pte = pte_offset_kimg(pmd, addr);
> do {
> next = addr + PAGE_SIZE;
> set_pte(pte, pfn_pte(virt_to_pfn(kasan_zero_page),
> @@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ static void __init kasan_early_pmd_populate(pud_t *pud,
> if (pud_none(*pud))
> pud_populate(&init_mm, pud, kasan_zero_pmd);
>
> - pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
> + pmd = pmd_offset_kimg(pud, addr);
> do {
> next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
> kasan_early_pte_populate(pmd, addr, next);
> @@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ static void __init kasan_early_pud_populate(pgd_t *pgd,
> if (pgd_none(*pgd))
> pgd_populate(&init_mm, pgd, kasan_zero_pud);
>
> - pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
> + pud = pud_offset_kimg(pgd, addr);
> do {
> next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
> kasan_early_pmd_populate(pud, addr, next);
> @@ -126,8 +128,14 @@ static void __init clear_pgds(unsigned long start,
>
> void __init kasan_init(void)
> {
> + u64 kimg_shadow_start, kimg_shadow_end;
> struct memblock_region *reg;
>
> + kimg_shadow_start = round_down((u64)kasan_mem_to_shadow(_text),
> + SWAPPER_BLOCK_SIZE);
> + kimg_shadow_end = round_up((u64)kasan_mem_to_shadow(_end),
> + SWAPPER_BLOCK_SIZE);

This rounding looks suspect to me, given it's applied to the shadow
addresses rather than the kimage addresses. That's roughly equivalent to
kasan_mem_to_shadow(round_up(_end, 8 * SWAPPER_BLOCK_SIZE).

I don't think we need any rounding for the kimage addresses. The image
end is page-granular (and the fine-grained mapping will reflect that).
Any accesses between _end and roud_up(_end, SWAPPER_BLOCK_SIZE) would be
bugs (and would most likely fault) regardless of KASAN.

Or am I just being thick here?

> +
> /*
> * We are going to perform proper setup of shadow memory.
> * At first we should unmap early shadow (clear_pgds() call bellow).
> @@ -141,8 +149,13 @@ void __init kasan_init(void)
>
> clear_pgds(KASAN_SHADOW_START, KASAN_SHADOW_END);
>
> + vmemmap_populate(kimg_shadow_start, kimg_shadow_end,
> + pfn_to_nid(virt_to_pfn(kimg_shadow_start)));

That virt_to_pfn doesn't look right -- kimg_shadow_start is neither a
linear address nor an image address. As pfn_to_nid is hard-coded to 0
for !NUMA this happens to be ok for us for the moment.

I think we should follow the x86 KASAN code and use NUMA_NO_NODE for
this for now.

> +
> kasan_populate_zero_shadow((void *)KASAN_SHADOW_START,
> - kasan_mem_to_shadow((void *)MODULES_VADDR));
> + (void *)kimg_shadow_start);
> + kasan_populate_zero_shadow((void *)kimg_shadow_end,
> + kasan_mem_to_shadow((void *)PAGE_OFFSET));
>
> for_each_memblock(memory, reg) {
> void *start = (void *)__phys_to_virt(reg->base);
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> index 75b5f0dc3bdc..0b28f1469f9b 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> @@ -53,6 +53,10 @@ u64 idmap_t0sz = TCR_T0SZ(VA_BITS);
> unsigned long empty_zero_page[PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(unsigned long)] __page_aligned_bss;
> EXPORT_SYMBOL(empty_zero_page);
>
> +static pte_t bm_pte[PTRS_PER_PTE] __page_aligned_bss;
> +static pmd_t bm_pmd[PTRS_PER_PMD] __page_aligned_bss;
> +static pud_t bm_pud[PTRS_PER_PUD] __page_aligned_bss;
> +
> pgprot_t phys_mem_access_prot(struct file *file, unsigned long pfn,
> unsigned long size, pgprot_t vma_prot)
> {
> @@ -349,14 +353,14 @@ static void __init __map_memblock(pgd_t *pgd, phys_addr_t start, phys_addr_t end
> {
>
> unsigned long kernel_start = __pa(_stext);
> - unsigned long kernel_end = __pa(_end);
> + unsigned long kernel_end = __pa(_etext);
>
> /*
> - * The kernel itself is mapped at page granularity. Map all other
> - * memory, making sure we don't overwrite the existing kernel mappings.
> + * Take care not to create a writable alias for the
> + * read-only text and rodata sections of the kernel image.
> */
>
> - /* No overlap with the kernel. */
> + /* No overlap with the kernel text */
> if (end < kernel_start || start >= kernel_end) {
> __create_pgd_mapping(pgd, start, __phys_to_virt(start),
> end - start, PAGE_KERNEL,
> @@ -365,7 +369,7 @@ static void __init __map_memblock(pgd_t *pgd, phys_addr_t start, phys_addr_t end
> }
>
> /*
> - * This block overlaps the kernel mapping. Map the portion(s) which
> + * This block overlaps the kernel text mapping. Map the portion(s) which
> * don't overlap.
> */
> if (start < kernel_start)
> @@ -438,12 +442,29 @@ static void __init map_kernel(pgd_t *pgd)
> map_kernel_chunk(pgd, __init_begin, __init_end, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
> map_kernel_chunk(pgd, _data, _end, PAGE_KERNEL);
>
> - /*
> - * The fixmap falls in a separate pgd to the kernel, and doesn't live
> - * in the carveout for the swapper_pg_dir. We can simply re-use the
> - * existing dir for the fixmap.
> - */
> - set_pgd(pgd_offset_raw(pgd, FIXADDR_START), *pgd_offset_k(FIXADDR_START));
> + if (pgd_index(FIXADDR_START) != pgd_index((u64)_end)) {

To match the style of early_fixmap_init, and given we already mapped the
kernel image, this could be:

if (pgd_none(pgd_offset_raw(pgd, FIXADDR_START))) {

Which also serves as a run-time check that the pgd entry really was
clear.

Other than that, this looks good to me!

Thanks,
Mark.

> + /*
> + * The fixmap falls in a separate pgd to the kernel, and doesn't
> + * live in the carveout for the swapper_pg_dir. We can simply
> + * re-use the existing dir for the fixmap.
> + */
> + set_pgd(pgd_offset_raw(pgd, FIXADDR_START),
> + *pgd_offset_k(FIXADDR_START));
> + } else if (CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS > 3) {
> + /*
> + * The fixmap shares its top level pgd entry with the kernel
> + * mapping. This can really only occur when we are running
> + * with 16k/4 levels, so we can simply reuse the pud level
> + * entry instead.
> + */
> + BUG_ON(!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARM64_16K_PAGES));
> +
> + set_pud(pud_set_fixmap_offset(pgd, FIXADDR_START),
> + __pud(__pa(bm_pmd) | PUD_TYPE_TABLE));
> + pud_clear_fixmap();
> + } else {
> + BUG();
> + }
>
> kasan_copy_shadow(pgd);
> }
> @@ -569,10 +590,6 @@ void vmemmap_free(unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
> }
> #endif /* CONFIG_SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP */
>
> -static pte_t bm_pte[PTRS_PER_PTE] __page_aligned_bss;
> -static pmd_t bm_pmd[PTRS_PER_PMD] __page_aligned_bss;
> -static pud_t bm_pud[PTRS_PER_PUD] __page_aligned_bss;
> -
> static inline pud_t * fixmap_pud(unsigned long addr)
> {
> return (CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS > 3) ? &bm_pud[pud_index(addr)]
> @@ -598,8 +615,19 @@ void __init early_fixmap_init(void)
> unsigned long addr = FIXADDR_START;
>
> pgd = pgd_offset_k(addr);
> - pgd_populate(&init_mm, pgd, bm_pud);
> - pud = fixmap_pud(addr);
> + if (CONFIG_PGTABLE_LEVELS > 3 && !pgd_none(*pgd)) {
> + /*
> + * We only end up here if the kernel mapping and the fixmap
> + * share the top level pgd entry, which should only happen on
> + * 16k/4 levels configurations.
> + */
> + BUG_ON(!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARM64_16K_PAGES));
> + pud = pud_offset_kimg(pgd, addr);
> + memblock_free(__pa(bm_pud), sizeof(bm_pud));
> + } else {
> + pgd_populate(&init_mm, pgd, bm_pud);
> + pud = fixmap_pud(addr);
> + }
> pud_populate(&init_mm, pud, bm_pmd);
> pmd = fixmap_pmd(addr);
> pmd_populate_kernel(&init_mm, pmd, bm_pte);
> --
> 2.5.0
>