[PATCH v3 00/21] arm64: implement support for KASLR

Ard Biesheuvel
2016-01-11T13:19:39Z

This series implements KASLR for arm64, by building the kernel as a PIE
executable that can relocate itself at runtime, and moving it to a random
offset in the vmalloc area. v2 and up also implement physical randomization,
i.e., it allows the kernel to deal with being loaded at any physical offset
(modulo the required alignment), and invokes the EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL from the
UEFI stub to obtain random bits and perform the actual randomization of the
physical load address.

Changes since v2:
- Incorporated feedback from Marc Zyngier into the KVM patch (#5)
- Dropped the pgdir section and the patch that memblock_reserve()'s the kernel
sections at a smaller granularity. This is no longer necessary with the pgdir
section gone. This also fixes an issue spotted by James Morse where the fixmap
page tables are not zeroed correctly; these have been moved back to the .bss
section.
- Got rid of all ifdef'ery regarding the number of translation levels in the
changed .c files, by introducing new definitions in pgtable.h (#3, #6)
- Fixed KAsan support, which was broken by all earlier versions.
- Moved module region along with the virtually randomized kernel, so that module
addresses become unpredictable as well, and we only have to rely on veneers in
the PLTs when the module region is exhausted (which is somewhat more likely
since the module region is now shared with other uses of the vmalloc area)
- Added support for the 'nokaslr' command line option. This affects the
randomization performed by the stub, and results in a warning if passed while
the bootloader also presented a random seed for virtual KASLR in register x1.
- The .text/.rodata sections of the kernel are no longer aliased in the linear
region with a writable mapping.
- Added a separate image header flag for kernel images that may be loaded at any
2 MB aligned offset (+ TEXT_OFFSET)
- The KASLR displacement is now corrected if it results in the kernel image
intersecting a PUD/PMD boundary (4k and 16k/64k granule kernels, respectively)
- Split out UEFI stub random routines into separate patches.
- Implemented a weight based EFI random allocation routine so that each suitable
offset in available memory is equally likely to be selected (as suggested by
Kees Cook)
- Reused CONFIG_RELOCATABLE and CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE instead of introducing
new Kconfig symbols to describe the same functionality.
- Reimplemented mem= logic so memory is clipped from the top first.

Changes since v1/RFC:
- This series now implements fully independent virtual and physical address
randomization at load time. I have recycled some patches from this series:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.ports.arm.kernel/455151, and updated the
final UEFI stub patch to randomize the physical address as well.
- Added a patch to deal with the way KVM on arm64 makes assumptions about the
relation between kernel symbols and the linear mapping (on which the HYP
mapping is based), as these assumptions cease to be valid once we move the
kernel Image out of the linear mapping.
- Updated the module PLT patch so it works on BE kernels as well.
- Moved the constant Image header values to head.S, and updated the linker
script to provide the kernel size using R_AARCH64_ABS32 relocation rather
than a R_AARCH64_ABS64 relocation, since those are always resolved at build
time. This allows me to get rid of the post-build perl script to swab header
values on BE kernels.
- Minor style tweaks.

Notes:
- These patches apply on top of Mark Rutland's pagetable rework series:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.ports.arm.kernel/462438
- The arm64 Image is uncompressed by default, and the Elf64_Rela format uses
24 bytes per relocation entry. This results in considerable bloat (i.e., a
couple of MBs worth of relocation data in an .init section). However, no
build time postprocessing is required, we rely fully on the toolchain to
produce the image
- We have to rely on the bootloader to supply some randomness in register x1
upon kernel entry. Since we have no decompressor, it is simply not feasible
to collect randomness in the head.S code path before mapping the kernel and
enabling the MMU.
- The EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL that is invoked in patch #13 to supply randomness on
UEFI systems is not universally available. A QEMU/KVM firmware image that
implements a pseudo-random version is available here:
http://people.linaro.org/~ard.biesheuvel/QEMU_EFI.fd.aarch64-rng.bz2
(requires access to PMCCNTR_EL0 and support for AES instructions)
See below for instructions how to run the pseudo-random version on real
hardware.
- Only mildly tested. Help appreciated.

Code can be found here:
git://git.linaro.org/people/ard.biesheuvel/linux-arm.git arm64-kaslr-v3
https://git.linaro.org/people/ard.biesheuvel/linux-arm.git/shortlog/refs/heads/arm64-kaslr-v3

Patch #1 updates the OF code to allow the minimum memblock physical address to
be overridden by the arch.

Patch #2 introduces KIMAGE_VADDR as the base of the kernel virtual region.

Patch #3 introduces dummy pud_index() and pmd_index() macros that are intended
to be optimized away if the configured number of translation levels does not
actually use them.

Patch #4 rewrites early_fixmap_init() so it does not rely on the linear mapping
(i.e., the use of phys_to_virt() is avoided)

Patch #5 updates KVM on arm64 so it can deal with kernel symbols whose addresses
are not covered by the linear mapping.

Patch #6 introduces pte_offset_kimg(), pmd_offset_kimg() and pud_offset_kimg()
that allow statically allocated page tables (i.e., by fixmap and kasan) to be
traversed before the linear mapping is installed.

Patch #7 moves the kernel virtual mapping to the vmalloc area, along with the
module region which is kept right below it, as before.

Patch #8 adds support for PLTs in modules so that relative branches can be
resolved via a PLT if the target is out of range. This is required for KASLR,
since modules may be loaded far away from the core kernel.

Patch #9 and #10 move arm64 to the a new generic relative version of the extable
implementation so that it no longer contains absolute addresses that require
fixing up at relocation time, but uses relative offsets instead.

Patch #11 reverts some changes to the Image header population code so we no
longer depend on the linker to populate the header fields. This is necessary
since the R_AARCH64_ABS64 relocations that are emitted for these fields are not
resolved at build time for PIE executables.

Patch #12 updates the code in head.S that needs to execute before relocation to
avoid the use of values that are subject to dynamic relocation. These values
will not be populated in PIE executables.

Patch #13 allows the kernel Image to be loaded anywhere in physical memory, by
decoupling PHYS_OFFSET from the base of the kernel image.

Patch #14 redefines SWAPPER_TABLE_SHIFT in a way that allows it to be used from
assembler code regardless of the number of configured translation levels.

Patch #15 (from Mark Rutland) moves the ELF relocation type #defines to a
separate file so we can use it from head.S later

Patch #16 updates scripts/sortextable.c so it accepts ET_DYN (relocatable)
executables as well as ET_EXEC (static) executables.

Patch #17 implements the core KASLR, by taking randomness supplied in register
x1 and using it to move the kernel inside the vmalloc area.

Patch #18 implements efi_get_random_bytes() based on the EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL

Patch #19 implements efi_random_alloc()

Patch #20 moves the allocation for the converted command line (UTF-16 to ASCII)
away from the base of memory. This is necessary since for parsing

Patch #21 implements the actual KASLR, by randomizing the kernel physical
address, and passing entropy in x1 so that the kernel proper can relocate itself
virtually.

Ard Biesheuvel (20):
of/fdt: make memblock minimum physical address arch configurable
arm64: introduce KIMAGE_VADDR as the virtual base of the kernel region
arm64: pgtable: add dummy pud_index() and pmd_index() definitions
arm64: decouple early fixmap init from linear mapping
arm64: kvm: deal with kernel symbols outside of linear mapping
arm64: pgtable: implement static [pte|pmd|pud]_offset variants
arm64: move kernel image to base of vmalloc area
arm64: add support for module PLTs
extable: add support for relative extables to search and sort routines
arm64: switch to relative exception tables
arm64: avoid R_AARCH64_ABS64 relocations for Image header fields
arm64: avoid dynamic relocations in early boot code
arm64: allow kernel Image to be loaded anywhere in physical memory
arm64: redefine SWAPPER_TABLE_SHIFT for use in asm code
scripts/sortextable: add support for ET_DYN binaries
arm64: add support for a relocatable kernel and KASLR
efi: stub: implement efi_get_random_bytes() based on EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL
efi: stub: add implementation of efi_random_alloc()
efi: stub: use high allocation for converted command line
arm64: efi: invoke EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL to supply KASLR randomness

Mark Rutland (1):
arm64: split elf relocs into a separate header.

Documentation/arm64/booting.txt | 34 ++++-
arch/arm/include/asm/kvm_asm.h | 2 +
arch/arm/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h | 2 +
arch/arm/kvm/arm.c | 5 +-
arch/arm/kvm/mmu.c | 8 +-
arch/arm64/Kconfig | 40 +++++
arch/arm64/Makefile | 10 +-
arch/arm64/include/asm/assembler.h | 30 +++-
arch/arm64/include/asm/boot.h | 6 +
arch/arm64/include/asm/elf.h | 54 +------
arch/arm64/include/asm/elf_relocs.h | 75 ++++++++++
arch/arm64/include/asm/futex.h | 12 +-
arch/arm64/include/asm/kasan.h | 20 +--
arch/arm64/include/asm/kernel-pgtable.h | 20 ++-
arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h | 19 ++-
arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 8 +-
arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h | 2 +
arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h | 38 +++--
arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h | 11 ++
arch/arm64/include/asm/pgtable.h | 22 ++-
arch/arm64/include/asm/uaccess.h | 30 ++--
arch/arm64/include/asm/virt.h | 4 -
arch/arm64/include/asm/word-at-a-time.h | 7 +-
arch/arm64/kernel/Makefile | 1 +
arch/arm64/kernel/armv8_deprecated.c | 7 +-
arch/arm64/kernel/efi-entry.S | 9 +-
arch/arm64/kernel/head.S | 155 +++++++++++++++++---
arch/arm64/kernel/image.h | 37 ++---
arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c | 137 +++++++++++++++++
arch/arm64/kernel/module.c | 15 +-
arch/arm64/kernel/module.lds | 4 +
arch/arm64/kernel/setup.c | 44 +++++-
arch/arm64/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S | 13 +-
arch/arm64/kvm/debug.c | 1 +
arch/arm64/kvm/hyp.S | 6 +-
arch/arm64/mm/dump.c | 12 +-
arch/arm64/mm/extable.c | 2 +-
arch/arm64/mm/init.c | 91 ++++++++++--
arch/arm64/mm/kasan_init.c | 21 ++-
arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 95 +++++++-----
arch/x86/include/asm/efi.h | 2 +
drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile | 2 +-
drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/arm-stub.c | 17 ++-
drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/arm64-stub.c | 67 +++++++--
drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/efi-stub-helper.c | 24 ++-
drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/efistub.h | 9 ++
drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/random.c | 120 +++++++++++++++
drivers/of/fdt.c | 5 +-
include/linux/efi.h | 5 +-
lib/extable.c | 50 +++++--
scripts/sortextable.c | 10 +-
51 files changed, 1111 insertions(+), 309 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/elf_relocs.h
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kernel/module.lds
create mode 100644 drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/random.c

EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL on real hardware
=================================

To test whether your UEFI implements the EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL, download the
following executable and run it from the UEFI Shell:
http://people.linaro.org/~ard.biesheuvel/RngTest.efi

FS0:\> rngtest
UEFI RNG Protocol Testing :
----------------------------
-- Locate UEFI RNG Protocol : [Fail - Status = Not Found]

If your UEFI does not implement the EFI_RNG_PROTOCOL, you can download and
install the pseudo-random version that uses the generic timer and PMCCNTR_EL0
values and permutes them using a couple of rounds of AES.
http://people.linaro.org/~ard.biesheuvel/RngDxe.efi

NOTE: not for production!! This is a quick and dirty hack to test the KASLR
code, and is not suitable for anything else.

FS0:\> rngdxe
FS0:\> rngtest
UEFI RNG Protocol Testing :
----------------------------
-- Locate UEFI RNG Protocol : [Pass]
-- Call RNG->GetInfo() interface :
>> Supported RNG Algorithm (Count = 2) :
0) 44F0DE6E-4D8C-4045-A8C7-4DD168856B9E
1) E43176D7-B6E8-4827-B784-7FFDC4B68561
-- Call RNG->GetRNG() interface :
>> RNG with default algorithm : [Pass]
>> RNG with SP800-90-HMAC-256 : [Fail - Status = Unsupported]
>> RNG with SP800-90-Hash-256 : [Fail - Status = Unsupported]
>> RNG with SP800-90-CTR-256 : [Pass]
>> RNG with X9.31-3DES : [Fail - Status = Unsupported]
>> RNG with X9.31-AES : [Fail - Status = Unsupported]
>> RNG with RAW Entropy : [Pass]
-- Random Number Generation Test with default RNG Algorithm (20 Rounds):
01) - 27
02) - 61E8
03) - 496FD8
04) - DDD793BF
05) - B6C37C8E23
06) - 4D183C604A96
07) - 9363311DB61298
08) - 5715A7294F4E436E
09) - F0D4D7BAA0DD52318E
10) - C88C6EBCF4C0474D87C3
11) - B5594602B482A643932172
12) - CA7573F704B2089B726B9CF1
13) - A93E9451CB533DCFBA87B97C33
14) - 45AA7B83DB6044F7BBAB031F0D24
15) - 3DD7A4D61F34ADCB400B5976730DCF
16) - 4DD168D21FAB8F59708330D6A9BEB021
17) - 4BBB225E61C465F174254159467E65939F
18) - 030A156C9616337A20070941E702827DA8E1
19) - AB0FC11C9A4E225011382A9D164D9D55CA2B64
20) - 72B9B4735DC445E5DA6AF88DE965B7E87CB9A23C