[PATCH v5 02/10] mm, x86: Add support for eXclusive Page Frame Ownership (XPFO)

Tycho Andersen
2017-08-09T20:09:01Z

From: Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@hpe.com>

This patch adds support for XPFO which protects against 'ret2dir' kernel
attacks. The basic idea is to enforce exclusive ownership of page frames
by either the kernel or userspace, unless explicitly requested by the
kernel. Whenever a page destined for userspace is allocated, it is
unmapped from physmap (the kernel's page table). When such a page is
reclaimed from userspace, it is mapped back to physmap.

Additional fields in the page_ext struct are used for XPFO housekeeping,
specifically:
- two flags to distinguish user vs. kernel pages and to tag unmapped
pages.
- a reference counter to balance kmap/kunmap operations.
- a lock to serialize access to the XPFO fields.

This patch is based on the work of Vasileios P. Kemerlis et al. who
published their work in this paper:
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~vpk/papers/ret2dir.sec14.pdf

Suggested-by: Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@cs.columbia.edu>
Signed-off-by: Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Tycho Andersen <tycho@docker.com>
Signed-off-by: Marco Benatto <marco.antonio.780@gmail.com>
---
Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 2 +
arch/x86/Kconfig | 1 +
arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h | 23 +++
arch/x86/mm/Makefile | 1 +
arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c | 24 +--
arch/x86/mm/xpfo.c | 96 +++++++++++
include/linux/highmem.h | 15 +-
include/linux/xpfo.h | 39 +++++
mm/Makefile | 1 +
mm/page_alloc.c | 2 +
mm/page_ext.c | 4 +
mm/xpfo.c | 208 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
security/Kconfig | 19 +++
13 files changed, 413 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
index d9c171ce4190..444d83183f75 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt
@@ -2736,6 +2736,8 @@

nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.

+ noxpfo [X86-64] Disable XPFO when CONFIG_XPFO is on.
+
cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
index 781521b7cf9e..f37d408ab1f2 100644
--- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ config X86
select USER_STACKTRACE_SUPPORT
select VIRT_TO_BUS
select X86_FEATURE_NAMES if PROC_FS
+ select ARCH_SUPPORTS_XPFO if X86_64

config INSTRUCTION_DECODER
def_bool y
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h
index 77037b6f1caa..0c20379c034c 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h
@@ -1238,6 +1238,29 @@ static inline bool pud_access_permitted(pud_t pud, bool write)
return __pte_access_permitted(pud_val(pud), write);
}

+/*
+ * The current flushing context - we pass it instead of 5 arguments:
+ */
+struct cpa_data {
+ unsigned long *vaddr;
+ pgd_t *pgd;
+ pgprot_t mask_set;
+ pgprot_t mask_clr;
+ unsigned long numpages;
+ int flags;
+ unsigned long pfn;
+ unsigned force_split : 1;
+ int curpage;
+ struct page **pages;
+};
+
+
+int
+try_preserve_large_page(pte_t *kpte, unsigned long address,
+ struct cpa_data *cpa);
+int split_large_page(struct cpa_data *cpa, pte_t *kpte,
+ unsigned long address);
+
#include <asm-generic/pgtable.h>
#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */

diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/Makefile b/arch/x86/mm/Makefile
index 0fbdcb64f9f8..89ba6d25fb51 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/Makefile
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/Makefile
@@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MPX) += mpx.o
obj-$(CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS) += pkeys.o
obj-$(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_MEMORY) += kaslr.o

+obj-$(CONFIG_XPFO) += xpfo.o
diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c b/arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c
index 757b0bcdf712..0a40be4708e9 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c
@@ -27,28 +27,12 @@
#include <asm/set_memory.h>

/*
- * The current flushing context - we pass it instead of 5 arguments:
- */
-struct cpa_data {
- unsigned long *vaddr;
- pgd_t *pgd;
- pgprot_t mask_set;
- pgprot_t mask_clr;
- unsigned long numpages;
- int flags;
- unsigned long pfn;
- unsigned force_split : 1;
- int curpage;
- struct page **pages;
-};
-
-/*
* Serialize cpa() (for !DEBUG_PAGEALLOC which uses large identity mappings)
* using cpa_lock. So that we don't allow any other cpu, with stale large tlb
* entries change the page attribute in parallel to some other cpu
* splitting a large page entry along with changing the attribute.
*/
-static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(cpa_lock);
+DEFINE_SPINLOCK(cpa_lock);

#define CPA_FLUSHTLB 1
#define CPA_ARRAY 2
@@ -512,7 +496,7 @@ static void __set_pmd_pte(pte_t *kpte, unsigned long address, pte_t pte)
#endif
}

-static int
+int
try_preserve_large_page(pte_t *kpte, unsigned long address,
struct cpa_data *cpa)
{
@@ -746,8 +730,8 @@ __split_large_page(struct cpa_data *cpa, pte_t *kpte, unsigned long address,
return 0;
}

-static int split_large_page(struct cpa_data *cpa, pte_t *kpte,
- unsigned long address)
+int split_large_page(struct cpa_data *cpa, pte_t *kpte,
+ unsigned long address)
{
struct page *base;

diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/xpfo.c b/arch/x86/mm/xpfo.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3635b37f2fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/xpfo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development, L.P.
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Brown University. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ * Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@hpe.com>
+ * Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@cs.brown.edu>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+
+#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
+
+extern spinlock_t cpa_lock;
+
+/* Update a single kernel page table entry */
+inline void set_kpte(void *kaddr, struct page *page, pgprot_t prot)
+{
+ unsigned int level;
+ pgprot_t msk_clr;
+ pte_t *pte = lookup_address((unsigned long)kaddr, &level);
+
+ BUG_ON(!pte);
+
+ switch (level) {
+ case PG_LEVEL_4K:
+ set_pte_atomic(pte, pfn_pte(page_to_pfn(page), canon_pgprot(prot)));
+ break;
+ case PG_LEVEL_2M:
+ /* We need to check if it's a 2M page or 1GB page before retrieve
+ * pgprot info, as each one will be extracted from a different
+ * page table levels */
+ msk_clr = pmd_pgprot(*(pmd_t*)pte);
+ case PG_LEVEL_1G: {
+ struct cpa_data cpa;
+ int do_split;
+
+ msk_clr = pud_pgprot(*(pud_t*)pte);
+
+ memset(&cpa, 0, sizeof(cpa));
+ cpa.vaddr = kaddr;
+ cpa.pages = &page;
+ cpa.mask_set = prot;
+ cpa.mask_clr = msk_clr;
+ cpa.numpages = 1;
+ cpa.flags = 0;
+ cpa.curpage = 0;
+ cpa.force_split = 0;
+
+
+ do_split = try_preserve_large_page(pte, (unsigned long)kaddr, &cpa);
+ if (do_split) {
+ spin_lock(&cpa_lock);
+ BUG_ON(split_large_page(&cpa, pte, (unsigned long)kaddr));
+ spin_unlock(&cpa_lock);
+ }
+
+ break;
+ }
+ case PG_LEVEL_512G:
+ /* fallthrough, splitting infrastructure doesn't
+ * support 512G pages. */
+ default:
+ BUG();
+ }
+
+}
+
+inline void xpfo_flush_kernel_page(struct page *page, int order)
+{
+ int level;
+ unsigned long size, kaddr;
+
+ kaddr = (unsigned long)page_address(page);
+ lookup_address(kaddr, &level);
+
+ switch (level) {
+ case PG_LEVEL_4K:
+ size = PAGE_SIZE;
+ break;
+ case PG_LEVEL_2M:
+ size = PMD_SIZE;
+ break;
+ case PG_LEVEL_1G:
+ size = PUD_SIZE;
+ break;
+ default:
+ BUG();
+ }
+
+ flush_tlb_kernel_range(kaddr, kaddr + (1 << order) * size);
+}
diff --git a/include/linux/highmem.h b/include/linux/highmem.h
index bb3f3297062a..7a17c166532f 100644
--- a/include/linux/highmem.h
+++ b/include/linux/highmem.h
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
+#include <linux/xpfo.h>

#include <asm/cacheflush.h>

@@ -55,24 +56,34 @@ static inline struct page *kmap_to_page(void *addr)
#ifndef ARCH_HAS_KMAP
static inline void *kmap(struct page *page)
{
+ void *kaddr;
+
might_sleep();
- return page_address(page);
+ kaddr = page_address(page);
+ xpfo_kmap(kaddr, page);
+ return kaddr;
}

static inline void kunmap(struct page *page)
{
+ xpfo_kunmap(page_address(page), page);
}

static inline void *kmap_atomic(struct page *page)
{
+ void *kaddr;
+
preempt_disable();
pagefault_disable();
- return page_address(page);
+ kaddr = page_address(page);
+ xpfo_kmap(kaddr, page);
+ return kaddr;
}
#define kmap_atomic_prot(page, prot) kmap_atomic(page)

static inline void __kunmap_atomic(void *addr)
{
+ xpfo_kunmap(addr, virt_to_page(addr));
pagefault_enable();
preempt_enable();
}
diff --git a/include/linux/xpfo.h b/include/linux/xpfo.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1ff2d1976837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/xpfo.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development, L.P.
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Brown University. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ * Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@hpe.com>
+ * Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@cs.brown.edu>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LINUX_XPFO_H
+#define _LINUX_XPFO_H
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_XPFO
+
+extern struct page_ext_operations page_xpfo_ops;
+
+void set_kpte(void *kaddr, struct page *page, pgprot_t prot);
+void xpfo_dma_map_unmap_area(bool map, const void *addr, size_t size, int dir);
+void xpfo_flush_kernel_page(struct page *page, int order);
+
+void xpfo_kmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page);
+void xpfo_kunmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page);
+void xpfo_alloc_pages(struct page *page, int order, gfp_t gfp);
+void xpfo_free_pages(struct page *page, int order);
+
+#else /* !CONFIG_XPFO */
+
+static inline void xpfo_kmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page) { }
+static inline void xpfo_kunmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page) { }
+static inline void xpfo_alloc_pages(struct page *page, int order, gfp_t gfp) { }
+static inline void xpfo_free_pages(struct page *page, int order) { }
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_XPFO */
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_XPFO_H */
diff --git a/mm/Makefile b/mm/Makefile
index 411bd24d4a7c..0be67cac8f6c 100644
--- a/mm/Makefile
+++ b/mm/Makefile
@@ -104,3 +104,4 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_FRAME_VECTOR) += frame_vector.o
obj-$(CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGE_REF) += debug_page_ref.o
obj-$(CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY) += usercopy.o
obj-$(CONFIG_PERCPU_STATS) += percpu-stats.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_XPFO) += xpfo.o
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index fc32aa81f359..f83d8a384fde 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -1058,6 +1058,7 @@ static __always_inline bool free_pages_prepare(struct page *page,
kernel_poison_pages(page, 1 << order, 0);
kernel_map_pages(page, 1 << order, 0);
kasan_free_pages(page, order);
+ xpfo_free_pages(page, order);

return true;
}
@@ -1753,6 +1754,7 @@ inline void post_alloc_hook(struct page *page, unsigned int order,
kernel_map_pages(page, 1 << order, 1);
kernel_poison_pages(page, 1 << order, 1);
kasan_alloc_pages(page, order);
+ xpfo_alloc_pages(page, order, gfp_flags);
set_page_owner(page, order, gfp_flags);
}

diff --git a/mm/page_ext.c b/mm/page_ext.c
index 88ccc044b09a..4899df1f5d66 100644
--- a/mm/page_ext.c
+++ b/mm/page_ext.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
#include <linux/kmemleak.h>
#include <linux/page_owner.h>
#include <linux/page_idle.h>
+#include <linux/xpfo.h>

/*
* struct page extension
@@ -65,6 +66,9 @@ static struct page_ext_operations *page_ext_ops[] = {
#if defined(CONFIG_IDLE_PAGE_TRACKING) && !defined(CONFIG_64BIT)
&page_idle_ops,
#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_XPFO
+ &page_xpfo_ops,
+#endif
};

static unsigned long total_usage;
diff --git a/mm/xpfo.c b/mm/xpfo.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3cd45f68b5ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mm/xpfo.c
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development, L.P.
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Brown University. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ * Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@hpe.com>
+ * Vasileios P. Kemerlis <vpk@cs.brown.edu>
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/mm.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/page_ext.h>
+#include <linux/xpfo.h>
+
+#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
+
+/* XPFO page state flags */
+enum xpfo_flags {
+ XPFO_PAGE_USER, /* Page is allocated to user-space */
+ XPFO_PAGE_UNMAPPED, /* Page is unmapped from the linear map */
+};
+
+/* Per-page XPFO house-keeping data */
+struct xpfo {
+ unsigned long flags; /* Page state */
+ bool inited; /* Map counter and lock initialized */
+ atomic_t mapcount; /* Counter for balancing map/unmap requests */
+ spinlock_t maplock; /* Lock to serialize map/unmap requests */
+};
+
+DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(xpfo_inited);
+
+static bool xpfo_disabled __initdata;
+
+static int __init noxpfo_param(char *str)
+{
+ xpfo_disabled = true;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+early_param("noxpfo", noxpfo_param);
+
+static bool __init need_xpfo(void)
+{
+ if (xpfo_disabled) {
+ printk(KERN_INFO "XPFO disabled\n");
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ return true;
+}
+
+static void init_xpfo(void)
+{
+ printk(KERN_INFO "XPFO enabled\n");
+ static_branch_enable(&xpfo_inited);
+}
+
+struct page_ext_operations page_xpfo_ops = {
+ .size = sizeof(struct xpfo),
+ .need = need_xpfo,
+ .init = init_xpfo,
+};
+
+static inline struct xpfo *lookup_xpfo(struct page *page)
+{
+ return (void *)lookup_page_ext(page) + page_xpfo_ops.offset;
+}
+
+void xpfo_alloc_pages(struct page *page, int order, gfp_t gfp)
+{
+ int i, flush_tlb = 0;
+ struct xpfo *xpfo;
+
+ if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
+ return;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < (1 << order); i++) {
+ xpfo = lookup_xpfo(page + i);
+
+ BUG_ON(test_bit(XPFO_PAGE_UNMAPPED, &xpfo->flags));
+
+ /* Initialize the map lock and map counter */
+ if (unlikely(!xpfo->inited)) {
+ spin_lock_init(&xpfo->maplock);
+ atomic_set(&xpfo->mapcount, 0);
+ xpfo->inited = true;
+ }
+ BUG_ON(atomic_read(&xpfo->mapcount));
+
+ if ((gfp & GFP_HIGHUSER) == GFP_HIGHUSER) {
+ /*
+ * Tag the page as a user page and flush the TLB if it
+ * was previously allocated to the kernel.
+ */
+ if (!test_and_set_bit(XPFO_PAGE_USER, &xpfo->flags))
+ flush_tlb = 1;
+ } else {
+ /* Tag the page as a non-user (kernel) page */
+ clear_bit(XPFO_PAGE_USER, &xpfo->flags);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (flush_tlb)
+ xpfo_flush_kernel_page(page, order);
+}
+
+void xpfo_free_pages(struct page *page, int order)
+{
+ int i;
+ struct xpfo *xpfo;
+
+ if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
+ return;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < (1 << order); i++) {
+ xpfo = lookup_xpfo(page + i);
+
+ if (unlikely(!xpfo->inited)) {
+ /*
+ * The page was allocated before page_ext was
+ * initialized, so it is a kernel page.
+ */
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Map the page back into the kernel if it was previously
+ * allocated to user space.
+ */
+ if (test_and_clear_bit(XPFO_PAGE_UNMAPPED, &xpfo->flags)) {
+ set_kpte(page_address(page + i), page + i,
+ PAGE_KERNEL);
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+void xpfo_kmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page)
+{
+ struct xpfo *xpfo;
+ unsigned long flags;
+
+ if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
+ return;
+
+ xpfo = lookup_xpfo(page);
+
+ /*
+ * The page was allocated before page_ext was initialized (which means
+ * it's a kernel page) or it's allocated to the kernel, so nothing to
+ * do.
+ */
+ if (unlikely(!xpfo->inited) || !test_bit(XPFO_PAGE_USER, &xpfo->flags))
+ return;
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&xpfo->maplock, flags);
+
+ /*
+ * The page was previously allocated to user space, so map it back
+ * into the kernel. No TLB flush required.
+ */
+ if ((atomic_inc_return(&xpfo->mapcount) == 1) &&
+ test_and_clear_bit(XPFO_PAGE_UNMAPPED, &xpfo->flags))
+ set_kpte(kaddr, page, PAGE_KERNEL);
+
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&xpfo->maplock, flags);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(xpfo_kmap);
+
+void xpfo_kunmap(void *kaddr, struct page *page)
+{
+ struct xpfo *xpfo;
+ unsigned long flags;
+
+ if (!static_branch_unlikely(&xpfo_inited))
+ return;
+
+ xpfo = lookup_xpfo(page);
+
+ /*
+ * The page was allocated before page_ext was initialized (which means
+ * it's a kernel page) or it's allocated to the kernel, so nothing to
+ * do.
+ */
+ if (unlikely(!xpfo->inited) || !test_bit(XPFO_PAGE_USER, &xpfo->flags))
+ return;
+
+ spin_lock_irqsave(&xpfo->maplock, flags);
+
+ /*
+ * The page is to be allocated back to user space, so unmap it from the
+ * kernel, flush the TLB and tag it as a user page.
+ */
+ if (atomic_dec_return(&xpfo->mapcount) == 0) {
+ BUG_ON(test_bit(XPFO_PAGE_UNMAPPED, &xpfo->flags));
+ set_bit(XPFO_PAGE_UNMAPPED, &xpfo->flags);
+ set_kpte(kaddr, page, __pgprot(0));
+ __flush_tlb_one((unsigned long)kaddr);
+ }
+
+ spin_unlock_irqrestore(&xpfo->maplock, flags);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(xpfo_kunmap);
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index e8e449444e65..be5145eeed7d 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -6,6 +6,25 @@ menu "Security options"

source security/keys/Kconfig

+config ARCH_SUPPORTS_XPFO
+ bool
+
+config XPFO
+ bool "Enable eXclusive Page Frame Ownership (XPFO)"
+ default n
+ depends on ARCH_SUPPORTS_XPFO
+ select PAGE_EXTENSION
+ help
+ This option offers protection against 'ret2dir' kernel attacks.
+ When enabled, every time a page frame is allocated to user space, it
+ is unmapped from the direct mapped RAM region in kernel space
+ (physmap). Similarly, when a page frame is freed/reclaimed, it is
+ mapped back to physmap.
+
+ There is a slight performance impact when this option is enabled.
+
+ If in doubt, say "N".
+
config SECURITY_DMESG_RESTRICT
bool "Restrict unprivileged access to the kernel syslog"
default n
--
2.11.0