Re: [PATCH] doc: Convert whatisRCU.txt to .rst

Amol Grover
2019-11-06T15:18:36Z

On Wed, Nov 06, 2019 at 08:09:50PM +0700, Phong Tran wrote:
> This commit updates whatisRCU.txt to the new .rst format.
> This change includes:
>
> - Formatting bullet lists
> - Adding literal blocks
> - Links from table of contents to corresponding sections
> - Links to external documents
> - Reformat quick quizzes
>
> Signed-off-by: Phong Tran <tranmanphong@gmail.com>
> Tested-by: Madhuparna Bhowmik <madhuparnabhowmik04@gmail.com>
> [ tranmanphong: Apply Amol Grover feedback. ]
> Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org>

Hey Phong,
Tested it, everything is perfect!
Reviewed-by: Amol Grover <frextrite@gmail.com>

Thanks
Amol

> ---
> Documentation/RCU/index.rst | 1 +
> .../RCU/{whatisRCU.txt => whatisRCU.rst} | 284 +++++++++++-------
> 2 files changed, 178 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-)
> rename Documentation/RCU/{whatisRCU.txt => whatisRCU.rst} (84%)
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> index 627128c230dc..b9b11481c727 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
> :maxdepth: 3
>
> arrayRCU
> + whatisRCU
> rcu
> listRCU
> NMI-RCU
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.rst
> similarity index 84%
> rename from Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
> rename to Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.rst
> index 58ba05c4d97f..2f6f6ebbc8b0 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.rst
> @@ -1,15 +1,18 @@
> +.. _whatisrcu_doc:
> +
> What is RCU? -- "Read, Copy, Update"
> +======================================
>
> Please note that the "What is RCU?" LWN series is an excellent place
> to start learning about RCU:
>
> -1. What is RCU, Fundamentally? http://lwn.net/Articles/262464/
> -2. What is RCU? Part 2: Usage http://lwn.net/Articles/263130/
> -3. RCU part 3: the RCU API http://lwn.net/Articles/264090/
> -4. The RCU API, 2010 Edition http://lwn.net/Articles/418853/
> - 2010 Big API Table http://lwn.net/Articles/419086/
> -5. The RCU API, 2014 Edition http://lwn.net/Articles/609904/
> - 2014 Big API Table http://lwn.net/Articles/609973/
> +| 1. What is RCU, Fundamentally? http://lwn.net/Articles/262464/
> +| 2. What is RCU? Part 2: Usage http://lwn.net/Articles/263130/
> +| 3. RCU part 3: the RCU API http://lwn.net/Articles/264090/
> +| 4. The RCU API, 2010 Edition http://lwn.net/Articles/418853/
> +| 2010 Big API Table http://lwn.net/Articles/419086/
> +| 5. The RCU API, 2014 Edition http://lwn.net/Articles/609904/
> +| 2014 Big API Table http://lwn.net/Articles/609973/
>
>
> What is RCU?
> @@ -24,14 +27,21 @@ the experience has been that different people must take different paths
> to arrive at an understanding of RCU. This document provides several
> different paths, as follows:
>
> -1. RCU OVERVIEW
> -2. WHAT IS RCU'S CORE API?
> -3. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLE USES OF CORE RCU API?
> -4. WHAT IF MY UPDATING THREAD CANNOT BLOCK?
> -5. WHAT ARE SOME SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RCU?
> -6. ANALOGY WITH READER-WRITER LOCKING
> -7. FULL LIST OF RCU APIs
> -8. ANSWERS TO QUICK QUIZZES
> +:ref:`1. RCU OVERVIEW <1_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`2. WHAT IS RCU'S CORE API? <2_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`3. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLE USES OF CORE RCU API? <3_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`4. WHAT IF MY UPDATING THREAD CANNOT BLOCK? <4_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`5. WHAT ARE SOME SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RCU? <5_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`6. ANALOGY WITH READER-WRITER LOCKING <6_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`7. FULL LIST OF RCU APIs <7_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +:ref:`8. ANSWERS TO QUICK QUIZZES <8_whatisRCU>`
>
> People who prefer starting with a conceptual overview should focus on
> Section 1, though most readers will profit by reading this section at
> @@ -49,8 +59,10 @@ everything, feel free to read the whole thing -- but if you are really
> that type of person, you have perused the source code and will therefore
> never need this document anyway. ;-)
>
> +.. _1_whatisRCU:
>
> 1. RCU OVERVIEW
> +----------------
>
> The basic idea behind RCU is to split updates into "removal" and
> "reclamation" phases. The removal phase removes references to data items
> @@ -116,8 +128,10 @@ So how the heck can a reclaimer tell when a reader is done, given
> that readers are not doing any sort of synchronization operations???
> Read on to learn about how RCU's API makes this easy.
>
> +.. _2_whatisRCU:
>
> 2. WHAT IS RCU'S CORE API?
> +---------------------------
>
> The core RCU API is quite small:
>
> @@ -136,7 +150,7 @@ later. See the kernel docbook documentation for more info, or look directly
> at the function header comments.
>
> rcu_read_lock()
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> void rcu_read_lock(void);
>
> Used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is
> @@ -150,7 +164,7 @@ rcu_read_lock()
> longer-term references to data structures.
>
> rcu_read_unlock()
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> void rcu_read_unlock(void);
>
> Used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is
> @@ -158,15 +172,15 @@ rcu_read_unlock()
> read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping.
>
> synchronize_rcu()
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> void synchronize_rcu(void);
>
> Marks the end of updater code and the beginning of reclaimer
> code. It does this by blocking until all pre-existing RCU
> read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed.
> - Note that synchronize_rcu() will -not- necessarily wait for
> + Note that synchronize_rcu() will **not** necessarily wait for
> any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete.
> - For example, consider the following sequence of events:
> + For example, consider the following sequence of events::
>
> CPU 0 CPU 1 CPU 2
> ----------------- ------------------------- ---------------
> @@ -182,7 +196,7 @@ synchronize_rcu()
> any that begin after synchronize_rcu() is invoked.
>
> Of course, synchronize_rcu() does not necessarily return
> - -immediately- after the last pre-existing RCU read-side critical
> + **immediately** after the last pre-existing RCU read-side critical
> section completes. For one thing, there might well be scheduling
> delays. For another thing, many RCU implementations process
> requests in batches in order to improve efficiencies, which can
> @@ -211,10 +225,10 @@ synchronize_rcu()
> checklist.txt for some approaches to limiting the update rate.
>
> rcu_assign_pointer()
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> void rcu_assign_pointer(p, typeof(p) v);
>
> - Yes, rcu_assign_pointer() -is- implemented as a macro, though it
> + Yes, rcu_assign_pointer() **is** implemented as a macro, though it
> would be cool to be able to declare a function in this manner.
> (Compiler experts will no doubt disagree.)
>
> @@ -231,7 +245,7 @@ rcu_assign_pointer()
> the _rcu list-manipulation primitives such as list_add_rcu().
>
> rcu_dereference()
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> typeof(p) rcu_dereference(p);
>
> Like rcu_assign_pointer(), rcu_dereference() must be implemented
> @@ -248,13 +262,13 @@ rcu_dereference()
>
> Common coding practice uses rcu_dereference() to copy an
> RCU-protected pointer to a local variable, then dereferences
> - this local variable, for example as follows:
> + this local variable, for example as follows::
>
> p = rcu_dereference(head.next);
> return p->data;
>
> However, in this case, one could just as easily combine these
> - into one statement:
> + into one statement::
>
> return rcu_dereference(head.next)->data;
>
> @@ -266,8 +280,8 @@ rcu_dereference()
> unnecessary overhead on Alpha CPUs.
>
> Note that the value returned by rcu_dereference() is valid
> - only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section [1].
> - For example, the following is -not- legal:
> + only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section [1]_.
> + For example, the following is **not** legal::
>
> rcu_read_lock();
> p = rcu_dereference(head.next);
> @@ -290,9 +304,9 @@ rcu_dereference()
> at any time, including immediately after the rcu_dereference().
> And, again like rcu_assign_pointer(), rcu_dereference() is
> typically used indirectly, via the _rcu list-manipulation
> - primitives, such as list_for_each_entry_rcu() [2].
> + primitives, such as list_for_each_entry_rcu() [2]_.
>
> - [1] The variant rcu_dereference_protected() can be used outside
> +.. [1] The variant rcu_dereference_protected() can be used outside
> of an RCU read-side critical section as long as the usage is
> protected by locks acquired by the update-side code. This variant
> avoids the lockdep warning that would happen when using (for
> @@ -305,7 +319,7 @@ rcu_dereference()
> a lockdep splat is emitted. See Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.rst
> and the API's code comments for more details and example usage.
>
> - [2] If the list_for_each_entry_rcu() instance might be used by
> +.. [2] If the list_for_each_entry_rcu() instance might be used by
> update-side code as well as by RCU readers, then an additional
> lockdep expression can be added to its list of arguments.
> For example, given an additional "lock_is_held(&mylock)" argument,
> @@ -315,6 +329,7 @@ rcu_dereference()
>
> The following diagram shows how each API communicates among the
> reader, updater, and reclaimer.
> +::
>
>
> rcu_assign_pointer()
> @@ -375,12 +390,16 @@ c. RCU applied to scheduler and interrupt/NMI-handler tasks.
> Again, most uses will be of (a). The (b) and (c) cases are important
> for specialized uses, but are relatively uncommon.
>
> +.. _3_whatisRCU:
>
> 3. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLE USES OF CORE RCU API?
> +-----------------------------------------------
>
> This section shows a simple use of the core RCU API to protect a
> global pointer to a dynamically allocated structure. More-typical
> -uses of RCU may be found in listRCU.txt, arrayRCU.txt, and NMI-RCU.txt.
> +uses of RCU may be found in :ref:`listRCU.rst <list_rcu_doc>`,
> +:ref:`arrayRCU.rst <array_rcu_doc>`, and :ref:`NMI-RCU.rst <NMI_rcu_doc>`.
> +::
>
> struct foo {
> int a;
> @@ -440,40 +459,43 @@ uses of RCU may be found in listRCU.txt, arrayRCU.txt, and NMI-RCU.txt.
>
> So, to sum up:
>
> -o Use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() to guard RCU
> +- Use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() to guard RCU
> read-side critical sections.
>
> -o Within an RCU read-side critical section, use rcu_dereference()
> +- Within an RCU read-side critical section, use rcu_dereference()
> to dereference RCU-protected pointers.
>
> -o Use some solid scheme (such as locks or semaphores) to
> +- Use some solid scheme (such as locks or semaphores) to
> keep concurrent updates from interfering with each other.
>
> -o Use rcu_assign_pointer() to update an RCU-protected pointer.
> +- Use rcu_assign_pointer() to update an RCU-protected pointer.
> This primitive protects concurrent readers from the updater,
> - -not- concurrent updates from each other! You therefore still
> + **not** concurrent updates from each other! You therefore still
> need to use locking (or something similar) to keep concurrent
> rcu_assign_pointer() primitives from interfering with each other.
>
> -o Use synchronize_rcu() -after- removing a data element from an
> - RCU-protected data structure, but -before- reclaiming/freeing
> +- Use synchronize_rcu() **after** removing a data element from an
> + RCU-protected data structure, but **before** reclaiming/freeing
> the data element, in order to wait for the completion of all
> RCU read-side critical sections that might be referencing that
> data item.
>
> See checklist.txt for additional rules to follow when using RCU.
> -And again, more-typical uses of RCU may be found in listRCU.txt,
> -arrayRCU.txt, and NMI-RCU.txt.
> +And again, more-typical uses of RCU may be found in :ref:`listRCU.rst
> +<list_rcu_doc>`, :ref:`arrayRCU.rst <array_rcu_doc>`, and :ref:`NMI-RCU.rst
> +<NMI_rcu_doc>`.
>
> +.. _4_whatisRCU:
>
> 4. WHAT IF MY UPDATING THREAD CANNOT BLOCK?
> +--------------------------------------------
>
> In the example above, foo_update_a() blocks until a grace period elapses.
> This is quite simple, but in some cases one cannot afford to wait so
> long -- there might be other high-priority work to be done.
>
> In such cases, one uses call_rcu() rather than synchronize_rcu().
> -The call_rcu() API is as follows:
> +The call_rcu() API is as follows::
>
> void call_rcu(struct rcu_head * head,
> void (*func)(struct rcu_head *head));
> @@ -481,7 +503,7 @@ The call_rcu() API is as follows:
> This function invokes func(head) after a grace period has elapsed.
> This invocation might happen from either softirq or process context,
> so the function is not permitted to block. The foo struct needs to
> -have an rcu_head structure added, perhaps as follows:
> +have an rcu_head structure added, perhaps as follows::
>
> struct foo {
> int a;
> @@ -490,7 +512,7 @@ have an rcu_head structure added, perhaps as follows:
> struct rcu_head rcu;
> };
>
> -The foo_update_a() function might then be written as follows:
> +The foo_update_a() function might then be written as follows::
>
> /*
> * Create a new struct foo that is the same as the one currently
> @@ -520,7 +542,7 @@ The foo_update_a() function might then be written as follows:
> call_rcu(&old_fp->rcu, foo_reclaim);
> }
>
> -The foo_reclaim() function might appear as follows:
> +The foo_reclaim() function might appear as follows::
>
> void foo_reclaim(struct rcu_head *rp)
> {
> @@ -544,7 +566,7 @@ namely foo_reclaim().
> The summary of advice is the same as for the previous section, except
> that we are now using call_rcu() rather than synchronize_rcu():
>
> -o Use call_rcu() -after- removing a data element from an
> +- Use call_rcu() **after** removing a data element from an
> RCU-protected data structure in order to register a callback
> function that will be invoked after the completion of all RCU
> read-side critical sections that might be referencing that
> @@ -552,14 +574,16 @@ o Use call_rcu() -after- removing a data element from an
>
> If the callback for call_rcu() is not doing anything more than calling
> kfree() on the structure, you can use kfree_rcu() instead of call_rcu()
> -to avoid having to write your own callback:
> +to avoid having to write your own callback::
>
> kfree_rcu(old_fp, rcu);
>
> Again, see checklist.txt for additional rules governing the use of RCU.
>
> +.. _5_whatisRCU:
>
> 5. WHAT ARE SOME SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RCU?
> +------------------------------------------------
>
> One of the nice things about RCU is that it has extremely simple "toy"
> implementations that are a good first step towards understanding the
> @@ -579,7 +603,7 @@ more details on the current implementation as of early 2004.
>
>
> 5A. "TOY" IMPLEMENTATION #1: LOCKING
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> This section presents a "toy" RCU implementation that is based on
> familiar locking primitives. Its overhead makes it a non-starter for
> real-life use, as does its lack of scalability. It is also unsuitable
> @@ -591,7 +615,7 @@ you allow nested rcu_read_lock() calls, you can deadlock.
> However, it is probably the easiest implementation to relate to, so is
> a good starting point.
>
> -It is extremely simple:
> +It is extremely simple::
>
> static DEFINE_RWLOCK(rcu_gp_mutex);
>
> @@ -614,7 +638,7 @@ It is extremely simple:
>
> [You can ignore rcu_assign_pointer() and rcu_dereference() without missing
> much. But here are simplified versions anyway. And whatever you do,
> -don't forget about them when submitting patches making use of RCU!]
> +don't forget about them when submitting patches making use of RCU!]::
>
> #define rcu_assign_pointer(p, v) \
> ({ \
> @@ -647,18 +671,23 @@ that the only thing that can block rcu_read_lock() is a synchronize_rcu().
> But synchronize_rcu() does not acquire any locks while holding rcu_gp_mutex,
> so there can be no deadlock cycle.
>
> -Quick Quiz #1: Why is this argument naive? How could a deadlock
> +.. _quiz_1:
> +
> +Quick Quiz #1:
> + Why is this argument naive? How could a deadlock
> occur when using this algorithm in a real-world Linux
> kernel? How could this deadlock be avoided?
>
> +:ref:`Answers to Quick Quiz <8_whatisRCU>`
>
> 5B. "TOY" EXAMPLE #2: CLASSIC RCU
> -
> +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
> This section presents a "toy" RCU implementation that is based on
> "classic RCU". It is also short on performance (but only for updates) and
> on features such as hotplug CPU and the ability to run in CONFIG_PREEMPT
> kernels. The definitions of rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer()
> are the same as those shown in the preceding section, so they are omitted.
> +::
>
> void rcu_read_lock(void) { }
>
> @@ -683,14 +712,14 @@ CPU in turn. The run_on() primitive can be implemented straightforwardly
> in terms of the sched_setaffinity() primitive. Of course, a somewhat less
> "toy" implementation would restore the affinity upon completion rather
> than just leaving all tasks running on the last CPU, but when I said
> -"toy", I meant -toy-!
> +"toy", I meant **toy**!
>
> So how the heck is this supposed to work???
>
> Remember that it is illegal to block while in an RCU read-side critical
> section. Therefore, if a given CPU executes a context switch, we know
> that it must have completed all preceding RCU read-side critical sections.
> -Once -all- CPUs have executed a context switch, then -all- preceding
> +Once **all** CPUs have executed a context switch, then **all** preceding
> RCU read-side critical sections will have completed.
>
> So, suppose that we remove a data item from its structure and then invoke
> @@ -698,19 +727,32 @@ synchronize_rcu(). Once synchronize_rcu() returns, we are guaranteed
> that there are no RCU read-side critical sections holding a reference
> to that data item, so we can safely reclaim it.
>
> -Quick Quiz #2: Give an example where Classic RCU's read-side
> - overhead is -negative-.
> +.. _quiz_2:
> +
> +Quick Quiz #2:
> + Give an example where Classic RCU's read-side
> + overhead is **negative**.
> +
> +:ref:`Answers to Quick Quiz <8_whatisRCU>`
>
> -Quick Quiz #3: If it is illegal to block in an RCU read-side
> +.. _quiz_3:
> +
> +Quick Quiz #3:
> + If it is illegal to block in an RCU read-side
> critical section, what the heck do you do in
> PREEMPT_RT, where normal spinlocks can block???
>
> +:ref:`Answers to Quick Quiz <8_whatisRCU>`
> +
> +.. _6_whatisRCU:
>
> 6. ANALOGY WITH READER-WRITER LOCKING
> +--------------------------------------
>
> Although RCU can be used in many different ways, a very common use of
> RCU is analogous to reader-writer locking. The following unified
> diff shows how closely related RCU and reader-writer locking can be.
> +::
>
> @@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ struct el {
> int data;
> @@ -762,7 +804,7 @@ diff shows how closely related RCU and reader-writer locking can be.
> return 0;
> }
>
> -Or, for those who prefer a side-by-side listing:
> +Or, for those who prefer a side-by-side listing::
>
> 1 struct el { 1 struct el {
> 2 struct list_head list; 2 struct list_head list;
> @@ -774,40 +816,44 @@ Or, for those who prefer a side-by-side listing:
> 8 rwlock_t listmutex; 8 spinlock_t listmutex;
> 9 struct el head; 9 struct el head;
>
> - 1 int search(long key, int *result) 1 int search(long key, int *result)
> - 2 { 2 {
> - 3 struct list_head *lp; 3 struct list_head *lp;
> - 4 struct el *p; 4 struct el *p;
> - 5 5
> - 6 read_lock(&listmutex); 6 rcu_read_lock();
> - 7 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { 7 list_for_each_entry_rcu(p, head, lp) {
> - 8 if (p->key == key) { 8 if (p->key == key) {
> - 9 *result = p->data; 9 *result = p->data;
> -10 read_unlock(&listmutex); 10 rcu_read_unlock();
> -11 return 1; 11 return 1;
> -12 } 12 }
> -13 } 13 }
> -14 read_unlock(&listmutex); 14 rcu_read_unlock();
> -15 return 0; 15 return 0;
> -16 } 16 }
> -
> - 1 int delete(long key) 1 int delete(long key)
> - 2 { 2 {
> - 3 struct el *p; 3 struct el *p;
> - 4 4
> - 5 write_lock(&listmutex); 5 spin_lock(&listmutex);
> - 6 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { 6 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) {
> - 7 if (p->key == key) { 7 if (p->key == key) {
> - 8 list_del(&p->list); 8 list_del_rcu(&p->list);
> - 9 write_unlock(&listmutex); 9 spin_unlock(&listmutex);
> - 10 synchronize_rcu();
> -10 kfree(p); 11 kfree(p);
> -11 return 1; 12 return 1;
> -12 } 13 }
> -13 } 14 }
> -14 write_unlock(&listmutex); 15 spin_unlock(&listmutex);
> -15 return 0; 16 return 0;
> -16 } 17 }
> +::
> +
> + 1 int search(long key, int *result) 1 int search(long key, int *result)
> + 2 { 2 {
> + 3 struct list_head *lp; 3 struct list_head *lp;
> + 4 struct el *p; 4 struct el *p;
> + 5 5
> + 6 read_lock(&listmutex); 6 rcu_read_lock();
> + 7 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { 7 list_for_each_entry_rcu(p, head, lp) {
> + 8 if (p->key == key) { 8 if (p->key == key) {
> + 9 *result = p->data; 9 *result = p->data;
> + 10 read_unlock(&listmutex); 10 rcu_read_unlock();
> + 11 return 1; 11 return 1;
> + 12 } 12 }
> + 13 } 13 }
> + 14 read_unlock(&listmutex); 14 rcu_read_unlock();
> + 15 return 0; 15 return 0;
> + 16 } 16 }
> +
> +::
> +
> + 1 int delete(long key) 1 int delete(long key)
> + 2 { 2 {
> + 3 struct el *p; 3 struct el *p;
> + 4 4
> + 5 write_lock(&listmutex); 5 spin_lock(&listmutex);
> + 6 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { 6 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) {
> + 7 if (p->key == key) { 7 if (p->key == key) {
> + 8 list_del(&p->list); 8 list_del_rcu(&p->list);
> + 9 write_unlock(&listmutex); 9 spin_unlock(&listmutex);
> + 10 synchronize_rcu();
> + 10 kfree(p); 11 kfree(p);
> + 11 return 1; 12 return 1;
> + 12 } 13 }
> + 13 } 14 }
> + 14 write_unlock(&listmutex); 15 spin_unlock(&listmutex);
> + 15 return 0; 16 return 0;
> + 16 } 17 }
>
> Either way, the differences are quite small. Read-side locking moves
> to rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock, update-side locking moves from
> @@ -825,15 +871,17 @@ delete() can now block. If this is a problem, there is a callback-based
> mechanism that never blocks, namely call_rcu() or kfree_rcu(), that can
> be used in place of synchronize_rcu().
>
> +.. _7_whatisRCU:
>
> 7. FULL LIST OF RCU APIs
> +-------------------------
>
> The RCU APIs are documented in docbook-format header comments in the
> Linux-kernel source code, but it helps to have a full list of the
> APIs, since there does not appear to be a way to categorize them
> in docbook. Here is the list, by category.
>
> -RCU list traversal:
> +RCU list traversal::
>
> list_entry_rcu
> list_first_entry_rcu
> @@ -854,7 +902,7 @@ RCU list traversal:
> hlist_bl_first_rcu
> hlist_bl_for_each_entry_rcu
>
> -RCU pointer/list update:
> +RCU pointer/list udate::
>
> rcu_assign_pointer
> list_add_rcu
> @@ -876,7 +924,9 @@ RCU pointer/list update:
> hlist_bl_del_rcu
> hlist_bl_set_first_rcu
>
> -RCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> +RCU::
> +
> + Critical sections Grace period Barrier
>
> rcu_read_lock synchronize_net rcu_barrier
> rcu_read_unlock synchronize_rcu
> @@ -885,7 +935,9 @@ RCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> rcu_dereference_check kfree_rcu
> rcu_dereference_protected
>
> -bh: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> +bh::
> +
> + Critical sections Grace period Barrier
>
> rcu_read_lock_bh call_rcu rcu_barrier
> rcu_read_unlock_bh synchronize_rcu
> @@ -896,7 +948,9 @@ bh: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> rcu_dereference_bh_protected
> rcu_read_lock_bh_held
>
> -sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> +sched::
> +
> + Critical sections Grace period Barrier
>
> rcu_read_lock_sched call_rcu rcu_barrier
> rcu_read_unlock_sched synchronize_rcu
> @@ -910,7 +964,9 @@ sched: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> rcu_read_lock_sched_held
>
>
> -SRCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> +SRCU::
> +
> + Critical sections Grace period Barrier
>
> srcu_read_lock call_srcu srcu_barrier
> srcu_read_unlock synchronize_srcu
> @@ -918,13 +974,14 @@ SRCU: Critical sections Grace period Barrier
> srcu_dereference_check
> srcu_read_lock_held
>
> -SRCU: Initialization/cleanup
> +SRCU: Initialization/cleanup::
> +
> DEFINE_SRCU
> DEFINE_STATIC_SRCU
> init_srcu_struct
> cleanup_srcu_struct
>
> -All: lockdep-checked RCU-protected pointer access
> +All: lockdep-checked RCU-protected pointer access::
>
> rcu_access_pointer
> rcu_dereference_raw
> @@ -974,15 +1031,19 @@ g. Otherwise, use RCU.
> Of course, this all assumes that you have determined that RCU is in fact
> the right tool for your job.
>
> +.. _8_whatisRCU:
>
> 8. ANSWERS TO QUICK QUIZZES
> +----------------------------
>
> -Quick Quiz #1: Why is this argument naive? How could a deadlock
> +Quick Quiz #1:
> + Why is this argument naive? How could a deadlock
> occur when using this algorithm in a real-world Linux
> kernel? [Referring to the lock-based "toy" RCU
> algorithm.]
>
> -Answer: Consider the following sequence of events:
> +Answer:
> + Consider the following sequence of events:
>
> 1. CPU 0 acquires some unrelated lock, call it
> "problematic_lock", disabling irq via
> @@ -1021,10 +1082,14 @@ Answer: Consider the following sequence of events:
> approach where tasks in RCU read-side critical sections
> cannot be blocked by tasks executing synchronize_rcu().
>
> -Quick Quiz #2: Give an example where Classic RCU's read-side
> - overhead is -negative-.
> +:ref:`Back to Quick Quiz #1 <quiz_1>`
> +
> +Quick Quiz #2:
> + Give an example where Classic RCU's read-side
> + overhead is **negative**.
>
> -Answer: Imagine a single-CPU system with a non-CONFIG_PREEMPT
> +Answer:
> + Imagine a single-CPU system with a non-CONFIG_PREEMPT
> kernel where a routing table is used by process-context
> code, but can be updated by irq-context code (for example,
> by an "ICMP REDIRECT" packet). The usual way of handling
> @@ -1046,11 +1111,15 @@ Answer: Imagine a single-CPU system with a non-CONFIG_PREEMPT
> even the theoretical possibility of negative overhead for
> a synchronization primitive is a bit unexpected. ;-)
>
> -Quick Quiz #3: If it is illegal to block in an RCU read-side
> +:ref:`Back to Quick Quiz #2 <quiz_2>`
> +
> +Quick Quiz #3:
> + If it is illegal to block in an RCU read-side
> critical section, what the heck do you do in
> PREEMPT_RT, where normal spinlocks can block???
>
> -Answer: Just as PREEMPT_RT permits preemption of spinlock
> +Answer:
> + Just as PREEMPT_RT permits preemption of spinlock
> critical sections, it permits preemption of RCU
> read-side critical sections. It also permits
> spinlocks blocking while in RCU read-side critical
> @@ -1069,6 +1138,7 @@ Answer: Just as PREEMPT_RT permits preemption of spinlock
> Besides, how does the computer know what pizza parlor
> the human being went to???
>
> +:ref:`Back to Quick Quiz #3 <quiz_3>`
>
> ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
>
> --
> 2.20.1
>