[RFC v7 0/7] Implement Data Access Monitoring-based Memory Operation Schemes

SeongJae Park
2020-04-29T12:47:13Z

DAMON[1] can be used as a primitive for data access awared memory management
optimizations. That said, users who want such optimizations should run DAMON,
read the monitoring results, analyze it, plan a new memory management scheme,
and apply the new scheme by themselves. Such efforts will be inevitable for
some complicated optimizations.

However, in many other cases, the users would simply want the system to apply a
memory management action to a memory region of a specific size having a
specific access frequency for a specific time. For example, "page out a memory
region larger than 100 MiB keeping only rare accesses more than 2 minutes", or
"Do not use THP for a memory region larger than 2 MiB rarely accessed for more
than 1 seconds".

This RFC patchset makes DAMON to handle such data access monitoring-based
operation schemes. With this change, users can do the data access aware
optimizations by simply specifying their schemes to DAMON.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200406130938.14066-1-sjpark@amazon.com/

Evaluations
===========

Setup
-----

On my personal QEMU/KVM based virtual machine on an Intel i7 host machine
running Ubuntu 18.04, I measure runtime and consumed system memory while
running various realistic workloads with several configurations. I use 13 and
12 workloads in PARSEC3[3] and SPLASH-2X[4] benchmark suites, respectively. I
personally use another wrapper scripts[5] for setup and run of the workloads.
On top of this patchset, we also applied the DAMON-based operation schemes
patchset[6] for this evaluation.

Measurement
~~~~~~~~~~~

For the measurement of the amount of consumed memory in system global scope, I
drop caches before starting each of the workloads and monitor 'MemFree' in the
'/proc/meminfo' file. To make results more stable, I repeat the runs 5 times
and average results. You can get stdev, min, and max of the numbers among the
repeated runs in appendix below.

Configurations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The configurations I use are as below.

orig: Linux v5.6 with 'madvise' THP policy
rec: 'orig' plus DAMON running with record feature
thp: same with 'orig', but use 'always' THP policy
ethp: 'orig' plus a DAMON operation scheme[6], 'efficient THP'
prcl: 'orig' plus a DAMON operation scheme, 'proactive reclaim[7]'

I use 'rec' for measurement of DAMON overheads to target workloads and system
memory. The remaining configs including 'thp', 'ethp', and 'prcl' are for
measurement of DAMON monitoring accuracy.

'ethp' and 'prcl' is simple DAMON-based operation schemes developed for
proof of concepts of DAMON. 'ethp' reduces memory space waste of THP by using
DAMON for decision of promotions and demotion for huge pages, while 'prcl' is
as similar as the original work. Those are implemented as below:

# format: <min/max size> <min/max frequency (0-100)> <min/max age> <action>
# ethp: Use huge pages if a region >2MB shows >5% access rate, use regular
# pages if a region >2MB shows <5% access rate for >1 second
2M null 5 null null null hugepage
2M null null 5 1s null nohugepage

# prcl: If a region >4KB shows <5% access rate for >5 seconds, page out.
4K null null 5 500ms null pageout

Note that both 'ethp' and 'prcl' are designed with my only straightforward
intuition, because those are for only proof of concepts and monitoring accuracy
of DAMON. In other words, those are not for production. For production use,
those should be tuned more.

[1] "Redis latency problems troubleshooting", https://redis.io/topics/latency
[2] "Disable Transparent Huge Pages (THP)",
https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/transparent-huge-pages/
[3] "The PARSEC Becnhmark Suite", https://parsec.cs.princeton.edu/index.htm
[4] "SPLASH-2x", https://parsec.cs.princeton.edu/parsec3-doc.htm#splash2x
[5] "parsec3_on_ubuntu", https://github.com/sjp38/parsec3_on_ubuntu
[6] "[RFC v4 0/7] Implement Data Access Monitoring-based Memory Operation
Schemes",
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200303121406.20954-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
[7] "Proactively reclaiming idle memory", https://lwn.net/Articles/787611/

Results
-------

Below two tables show the measurement results. The runtimes are in seconds
while the memory usages are in KiB. Each configurations except 'orig' shows
its overhead relative to 'orig' in percent within parenthesises.

runtime orig rec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
parsec3/blackscholes 107.755 106.693 (-0.99) 106.408 (-1.25) 107.848 (0.09) 112.142 (4.07)
parsec3/bodytrack 79.603 79.110 (-0.62) 78.862 (-0.93) 79.577 (-0.03) 80.579 (1.23)
parsec3/canneal 139.588 139.148 (-0.31) 125.747 (-9.92) 130.833 (-6.27) 157.601 (12.90)
parsec3/dedup 11.923 11.860 (-0.53) 11.739 (-1.55) 11.931 (0.06) 13.090 (9.78)
parsec3/facesim 208.270 208.401 (0.06) 205.557 (-1.30) 206.114 (-1.04) 216.352 (3.88)
parsec3/ferret 190.247 190.540 (0.15) 191.056 (0.43) 190.492 (0.13) 193.026 (1.46)
parsec3/fluidanimate 210.495 212.142 (0.78) 210.075 (-0.20) 211.365 (0.41) 220.724 (4.86)
parsec3/freqmine 287.887 292.770 (1.70) 287.576 (-0.11) 289.190 (0.45) 296.266 (2.91)
parsec3/raytrace 117.887 119.385 (1.27) 118.781 (0.76) 118.572 (0.58) 129.831 (10.13)
parsec3/streamcluster 321.637 327.692 (1.88) 283.875 (-11.74) 291.699 (-9.31) 329.212 (2.36)
parsec3/swaptions 154.148 155.623 (0.96) 155.070 (0.60) 154.952 (0.52) 155.241 (0.71)
parsec3/vips 58.851 58.527 (-0.55) 58.396 (-0.77) 58.979 (0.22) 59.970 (1.90)
parsec3/x264 70.559 68.624 (-2.74) 66.662 (-5.52) 67.817 (-3.89) 71.065 (0.72)
splash2x/barnes 80.678 80.491 (-0.23) 74.135 (-8.11) 79.493 (-1.47) 98.688 (22.32)
splash2x/fft 33.565 33.434 (-0.39) 23.153 (-31.02) 31.181 (-7.10) 45.662 (36.04)
splash2x/lu_cb 85.536 85.391 (-0.17) 84.396 (-1.33) 86.323 (0.92) 89.000 (4.05)
splash2x/lu_ncb 92.899 92.830 (-0.07) 90.075 (-3.04) 93.566 (0.72) 95.603 (2.91)
splash2x/ocean_cp 44.529 44.741 (0.47) 43.049 (-3.32) 44.117 (-0.93) 57.652 (29.47)
splash2x/ocean_ncp 81.271 81.538 (0.33) 51.337 (-36.83) 62.990 (-22.49) 137.621 (69.34)
splash2x/radiosity 91.411 91.329 (-0.09) 90.889 (-0.57) 91.944 (0.58) 102.682 (12.33)
splash2x/radix 31.194 31.202 (0.03) 25.258 (-19.03) 28.667 (-8.10) 43.684 (40.04)
splash2x/raytrace 83.930 84.754 (0.98) 83.734 (-0.23) 83.394 (-0.64) 84.932 (1.19)
splash2x/volrend 86.163 87.052 (1.03) 86.918 (0.88) 86.621 (0.53) 87.520 (1.57)
splash2x/water_nsquared 231.335 234.050 (1.17) 222.722 (-3.72) 224.502 (-2.95) 236.589 (2.27)
splash2x/water_spatial 88.753 89.167 (0.47) 89.542 (0.89) 89.510 (0.85) 97.960 (10.37)
total 2990.130 3006.480 (0.55) 2865.010 (-4.18) 2921.670 (-2.29) 3212.680 (7.44)

memused.avg orig rec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
parsec3/blackscholes 1816303.000 1835404.800 (1.05) 1825285.800 (0.49) 1827203.000 (0.60) 1641411.600 (-9.63)
parsec3/bodytrack 1413888.000 1435353.800 (1.52) 1418535.200 (0.33) 1423560.600 (0.68) 1449993.600 (2.55)
parsec3/canneal 1042149.000 1053590.600 (1.10) 1038469.400 (-0.35) 1051556.600 (0.90) 1044271.200 (0.20)
parsec3/dedup 2364713.400 2448044.200 (3.52) 2397824.600 (1.40) 2427849.200 (2.67) 2402863.000 (1.61)
parsec3/facesim 540004.800 554035.000 (2.60) 543449.800 (0.64) 553955.400 (2.58) 483559.400 (-10.45)
parsec3/ferret 319349.600 331756.400 (3.89) 319751.600 (0.13) 333884.000 (4.55) 329600.400 (3.21)
parsec3/fluidanimate 576741.400 587662.400 (1.89) 576208.000 (-0.09) 586089.800 (1.62) 489655.000 (-15.10)
parsec3/freqmine 986222.400 999265.800 (1.32) 987716.200 (0.15) 1001756.400 (1.58) 766269.800 (-22.30)
parsec3/raytrace 1748338.200 1750036.000 (0.10) 1742218.400 (-0.35) 1755005.000 (0.38) 1584009.400 (-9.40)
parsec3/streamcluster 134980.800 136257.600 (0.95) 119580.000 (-11.41) 135188.600 (0.15) 132589.600 (-1.77)
parsec3/swaptions 13893.800 28265.000 (103.44) 16206.000 (16.64) 27826.800 (100.28) 26332.800 (89.53)
parsec3/vips 2954105.600 2972710.000 (0.63) 2955940.200 (0.06) 2971989.600 (0.61) 2968768.600 (0.50)
parsec3/x264 3169214.400 3206571.400 (1.18) 3185179.200 (0.50) 3170560.000 (0.04) 3209772.400 (1.28)
splash2x/barnes 1213585.000 1211837.400 (-0.14) 1220890.600 (0.60) 1215453.600 (0.15) 974635.600 (-19.69)
splash2x/fft 9371991.000 9201587.200 (-1.82) 9292089.200 (-0.85) 9108707.400 (-2.81) 9625476.600 (2.70)
splash2x/lu_cb 515113.800 523791.000 (1.68) 520880.200 (1.12) 523066.800 (1.54) 362113.400 (-29.70)
splash2x/lu_ncb 514847.800 524934.000 (1.96) 521362.400 (1.27) 521515.600 (1.30) 445374.200 (-13.49)
splash2x/ocean_cp 3341933.600 3322040.400 (-0.60) 3381251.000 (1.18) 3292229.400 (-1.49) 3181383.000 (-4.80)
splash2x/ocean_ncp 3899426.800 3870830.800 (-0.73) 7065641.200 (81.20) 5099403.200 (30.77) 3557460.000 (-8.77)
splash2x/radiosity 1465960.800 1470778.600 (0.33) 1482777.600 (1.15) 1500133.400 (2.33) 498807.200 (-65.97)
splash2x/radix 1711100.800 1672141.400 (-2.28) 1387826.200 (-18.89) 1516728.600 (-11.36) 2043053.600 (19.40)
splash2x/raytrace 47586.400 58698.000 (23.35) 51308.400 (7.82) 61274.800 (28.77) 54446.200 (14.42)
splash2x/volrend 150480.400 164633.800 (9.41) 150819.600 (0.23) 163517.400 (8.66) 161828.200 (7.54)
splash2x/water_nsquared 47147.600 62403.400 (32.36) 47689.600 (1.15) 60030.800 (27.33) 59736.600 (26.70)
splash2x/water_spatial 666544.600 674447.800 (1.19) 665904.600 (-0.10) 673677.600 (1.07) 559765.200 (-16.02)
total 40025500.000 40096900.000 (0.18) 42914900.000 (7.22) 41002100.000 (2.44) 38053200.000 (-4.93)

DAMON Overheads
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In total, DAMON recording feature incurs 0.55% runtime overhead (up to 1.88% in
worst case with 'parsec3/streamcluster') and 0.18% memory space overhead.

For convenience test run of 'rec', I use a Python wrapper. The wrapper
constantly consumes about 10-15MB of memory. This becomes high memory overhead
if the target workload has small memory footprint. In detail,
parsec3/swaptions (13 MiB), splash2x/raytrace (47 MiB), splash2x/volrend (150
MiB), and splash2x/water_nsquared (46 MiB)) show 103.44%, 23%, 9%, and 32%
overheads, respectively. Nonetheless, the overheads are not from DAMON, but
from the wrapper, and thus should be ignored. This fake memory overhead
continues in 'ethp' and 'prcl', as those configurations are also using the
Python wrapper.

Efficient THP
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

THP 'always' enabled policy achieves 4.18% speedup but incurs 7.22% memory
overhead. It achieves 36.83% speedup in best case, but 81.20% memory overhead
in worst case. Interestingly, both the best and worst case are with
'splash2x/ocean_ncp').

The 2-lines implementation of data access monitoring based THP version ('ethp')
shows 2.29% speedup and 2.44% memory overhead. In other words, 'ethp' removes
66.2% of THP memory waste while preserving 54.78% of THP speedup in total. In
case of the 'splash2x/ocean_ncp', 'ethp' removes 62.10% of THP memory waste
while preserving 61% of THP speedup.

Proactive Reclamation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

As same to the original work, I use 'zram' swap device for this configuration.

In total, our 1 line implementation of Proactive Reclamation, 'prcl', incurred
7.44% runtime overhead in total while achieving 4.93% system memory usage
reduction.

Nonetheless, as the memory usage is calculated with 'MemFree' in
'/proc/meminfo', it contains the SwapCached pages. As the swapcached pages can
be easily evicted, I also measured the residential set size of the workloads:

rss.avg orig rec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
parsec3/blackscholes 591461.000 590761.000 (-0.12) 592669.200 (0.20) 592442.600 (0.17) 308627.200 (-47.82)
parsec3/bodytrack 32201.400 32242.800 (0.13) 32299.000 (0.30) 32327.600 (0.39) 27411.000 (-14.88)
parsec3/canneal 841593.600 839721.400 (-0.22) 837427.600 (-0.50) 838363.400 (-0.38) 822220.600 (-2.30)
parsec3/dedup 1210000.600 1235153.600 (2.08) 1205207.200 (-0.40) 1229808.800 (1.64) 827881.400 (-31.58)
parsec3/facesim 311630.400 311273.200 (-0.11) 314747.400 (1.00) 312449.400 (0.26) 184104.600 (-40.92)
parsec3/ferret 99714.800 99558.400 (-0.16) 100996.800 (1.29) 99769.600 (0.05) 88979.200 (-10.77)
parsec3/fluidanimate 531429.600 531855.200 (0.08) 531744.800 (0.06) 532158.600 (0.14) 428154.000 (-19.43)
parsec3/freqmine 553063.600 552561.000 (-0.09) 556588.600 (0.64) 553518.000 (0.08) 65516.800 (-88.15)
parsec3/raytrace 894129.800 894332.400 (0.02) 889421.800 (-0.53) 892801.000 (-0.15) 363634.000 (-59.33)
parsec3/streamcluster 110887.200 110949.400 (0.06) 111508.400 (0.56) 111645.000 (0.68) 109921.200 (-0.87)
parsec3/swaptions 5688.600 5660.800 (-0.49) 5656.400 (-0.57) 5709.200 (0.36) 4201.000 (-26.15)
parsec3/vips 31774.800 31992.000 (0.68) 32134.800 (1.13) 32212.400 (1.38) 29026.000 (-8.65)
parsec3/x264 81897.400 81842.200 (-0.07) 83073.800 (1.44) 82435.200 (0.66) 80929.400 (-1.18)
splash2x/barnes 1216429.200 1212158.000 (-0.35) 1223021.400 (0.54) 1218261.200 (0.15) 710678.800 (-41.58)
splash2x/fft 9582824.800 9732597.400 (1.56) 9695113.400 (1.17) 9665607.200 (0.86) 7959449.000 (-16.94)
splash2x/lu_cb 509782.600 509423.400 (-0.07) 514467.000 (0.92) 510521.000 (0.14) 346267.200 (-32.08)
splash2x/lu_ncb 509735.200 510578.000 (0.17) 513892.200 (0.82) 509864.800 (0.03) 429509.800 (-15.74)
splash2x/ocean_cp 3402516.400 3405858.200 (0.10) 3442579.400 (1.18) 3411920.400 (0.28) 2782917.800 (-18.21)
splash2x/ocean_ncp 3924875.800 3921542.800 (-0.08) 7179644.000 (82.93) 5243201.400 (33.59) 2760506.600 (-29.67)
splash2x/radiosity 1472925.800 1475449.200 (0.17) 1485645.800 (0.86) 1473646.000 (0.05) 248785.000 (-83.11)
splash2x/radix 1748452.000 1750998.000 (0.15) 1434846.600 (-17.94) 1606307.800 (-8.13) 1713493.600 (-2.00)
splash2x/raytrace 23265.600 23278.400 (0.06) 29232.800 (25.65) 27050.400 (16.27) 16464.600 (-29.23)
splash2x/volrend 44020.600 44048.400 (0.06) 44148.400 (0.29) 44125.400 (0.24) 28101.800 (-36.16)
splash2x/water_nsquared 29420.800 29409.600 (-0.04) 29808.400 (1.32) 29984.800 (1.92) 25234.000 (-14.23)
splash2x/water_spatial 656716.000 656514.200 (-0.03) 656023.000 (-0.11) 656411.600 (-0.05) 498736.400 (-24.06)
total 28416316.000 28589600.000 (0.61) 31541823.000 (11.00) 29712600.000 (4.56) 20860800.000 (-26.59)

In total, 26.59% of residential sets were reduced.

With parsec3/freqmine, 'prcl' reduced 88.15% of residential sets and 22.30% of
system memory footprint while incurring only 2.91% runtime overhead.

Baseline and Complete Git Tree
==============================

The patches are based on the v5.6 plus v9 DAMON patchset[1] and Minchan's
``do_madvise()`` patch[2]. Minchan's patch was necessary for reuse of
``madvise()`` code in DAMON. You can also clone the complete git tree:

$ git clone git://github.com/sjp38/linux -b damos/rfc/v7

The web is also available:
https://github.com/sjp38/linux/releases/tag/damos/rfc/v7

The latest DAMON development tree is also available at:
https://github.com/sjp38/linux/tree/damon/master

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200406130938.14066-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
[2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200302193630.68771-2-minchan@kernel.org/

Sequence Of Patches
===================

The first patch allows DAMON to reuse ``madvise()`` code for the actions. The
second patch accounts age of each region. The third patch implements the
handling of the schemes in DAMON and exports a kernel space programming
interface for it. The fourth patch implements a debugfs interface for the
privileged people and programs. The fifth and sixth patches each adds kunit
tests and selftests for these changes, and finally the seventhe patch adds
human friendly schemes support to the user space tool for DAMON.

Patch History
=============

Changes from RFC v6
(https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200407100007.3894-1-sjpark@amazon.com/)
- Rebase on DAMON v9 patchset
- Cleanup code and fix typos (Stefan Nuernberger)

Changes from RFC v5
(https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200330115042.17431-1-sjpark@amazon.com/)
- Rebase on DAMON v8 patchset
- Update test results
- Fix DAMON userspace tool crash on signal handling
- Fix checkpatch warnings

Changes from RFC v4
(https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200303121406.20954-1-sjpark@amazon.com/)
- Handle CONFIG_ADVISE_SYSCALL
- Clean up code (Jonathan Cameron)
- Update test results
- Rebase on v5.6 + DAMON v7

Changes from RFC v3
(https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200225102300.23895-1-sjpark@amazon.com/)
- Add Reviewed-by from Brendan Higgins
- Code cleanup: Modularize madvise() call
- Fix a trivial bug in the wrapper python script
- Add more stable and detailed evaluation results with updated ETHP scheme

Changes from RFC v2
(https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200218085309.18346-1-sjpark@amazon.com/)
- Fix aging mechanism for more better 'old region' selection
- Add more kunittests and kselftests for this patchset
- Support more human friedly description and application of 'schemes'

Changes from RFC v1
(https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200210150921.32482-1-sjpark@amazon.com/)
- Properly adjust age accounting related properties after splitting, merging,
and action applying

SeongJae Park (7):
mm/madvise: Export do_madvise() to external GPL modules
mm/damon: Account age of target regions
mm/damon: Implement data access monitoring-based operation schemes
mm/damon/schemes: Implement a debugfs interface
mm/damon-test: Add kunit test case for regions age accounting
mm/damon/selftests: Add 'schemes' debugfs tests
damon/tools: Support more human friendly 'schemes' control

include/linux/damon.h | 29 ++
mm/damon-test.h | 5 +
mm/damon.c | 429 +++++++++++++++++-
mm/madvise.c | 1 +
tools/damon/_convert_damos.py | 126 +++++
tools/damon/_damon.py | 143 ++++++
tools/damon/damo | 7 +
tools/damon/record.py | 135 +-----
tools/damon/schemes.py | 105 +++++
.../testing/selftests/damon/debugfs_attrs.sh | 29 ++
10 files changed, 880 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-)
create mode 100755 tools/damon/_convert_damos.py
create mode 100644 tools/damon/_damon.py
create mode 100644 tools/damon/schemes.py

--
2.17.1

==================================== >8 =======================================

Appendix: Stdev / min / max numbers among the repeated runs
===========================================================

Below are stdev/min/max of each number in the 5 repeated runs.

runtime_stdev orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 0.927 0.093 0.479 0.809 1.879
parsec3/bodytrack 0.716 0.299 0.545 0.744 0.759
parsec3/canneal 5.413 2.320 4.270 3.734 4.561
parsec3/dedup 0.087 0.045 0.051 0.103 1.027
parsec3/facesim 1.286 0.243 1.832 1.070 1.478
parsec3/ferret 1.224 0.355 1.410 0.280 1.042
parsec3/fluidanimate 0.771 1.015 1.825 0.560 3.507
parsec3/freqmine 1.583 2.597 0.788 1.133 2.163
parsec3/raytrace 0.221 0.694 0.158 0.398 0.540
parsec3/streamcluster 0.999 1.660 1.426 3.448 1.246
parsec3/swaptions 1.014 0.949 2.997 0.902 1.032
parsec3/vips 0.322 0.127 0.280 0.349 0.365
parsec3/x264 4.271 5.999 5.492 3.739 5.560
splash2x/barnes 0.972 0.698 0.558 1.094 3.955
splash2x/fft 0.447 0.143 0.352 2.985 7.956
splash2x/lu_cb 0.796 0.105 0.088 0.688 1.200
splash2x/lu_ncb 1.024 0.277 0.199 1.103 2.872
splash2x/ocean_cp 0.280 0.126 0.201 0.673 3.281
splash2x/ocean_ncp 1.057 0.508 0.335 12.102 14.090
splash2x/radiosity 0.785 0.173 0.260 0.870 0.893
splash2x/radix 0.316 0.150 0.201 2.437 7.187
splash2x/raytrace 0.424 0.321 0.882 0.830 0.626
splash2x/volrend 0.089 0.381 0.972 0.242 0.223
splash2x/water_nsquared 2.306 3.673 2.910 2.275 0.274
splash2x/water_spatial 0.107 0.230 0.709 0.800 2.819

memused.avg_stdev orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 9697.635 1494.697 2387.690 8093.143 43663.214
parsec3/bodytrack 7250.643 1473.509 2397.013 7603.035 39980.147
parsec3/canneal 4210.342 1424.186 7433.352 5297.711 4658.795
parsec3/dedup 68212.037 20891.405 45047.056 53208.941 80774.420
parsec3/facesim 2032.111 1231.900 2189.628 1509.638 3163.506
parsec3/ferret 3086.358 3654.773 2260.834 479.277 1326.218
parsec3/fluidanimate 4134.608 2544.518 1207.893 3600.042 19132.237
parsec3/freqmine 1289.178 1158.483 2775.569 11680.579 1778.696
parsec3/raytrace 2998.385 4523.060 4970.297 2610.227 10123.220
parsec3/streamcluster 29359.793 778.918 2727.880 8358.612 1162.631
parsec3/swaptions 1333.761 1725.212 921.479 1256.970 1450.368
parsec3/vips 3396.246 3850.901 3947.109 4234.346 4890.742
parsec3/x264 37565.788 16116.006 23477.849 36372.921 19756.335
splash2x/barnes 2187.324 2570.255 4164.816 6122.991 23278.418
splash2x/fft 114780.227 55225.274 38989.522 120264.044 320549.636
splash2x/lu_cb 1068.762 1221.553 2979.611 1226.053 9996.730
splash2x/lu_ncb 3170.041 1571.103 1376.271 2051.800 24940.971
splash2x/ocean_cp 7068.865 35021.454 6299.243 5732.506 39711.553
splash2x/ocean_ncp 7937.572 4710.785 6351.772 884113.443 65600.214
splash2x/radiosity 6180.740 1808.464 1987.039 62425.903 49386.961
splash2x/radix 19986.863 5055.739 7747.845 133910.722 250182.861
splash2x/raytrace 824.991 805.535 1398.821 1882.344 657.657
splash2x/volrend 1536.609 2907.749 1343.772 1551.393 1794.672
splash2x/water_nsquared 2302.140 589.065 2673.043 2603.017 1178.533
splash2x/water_spatial 4190.273 1206.995 4811.902 1670.600 54112.547

rss.avg_stdev orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 1974.955 2499.204 2250.405 1922.173 63345.041
parsec3/bodytrack 220.466 268.157 131.569 74.021 761.960
parsec3/canneal 1471.797 514.756 1434.294 2098.894 5416.763
parsec3/dedup 32354.306 476.043 44399.324 11765.220 447871.173
parsec3/facesim 180.793 347.747 1332.481 699.827 4196.029
parsec3/ferret 56.986 197.517 1604.932 445.317 1218.997
parsec3/fluidanimate 901.496 35.091 118.211 364.814 20828.449
parsec3/freqmine 598.492 921.266 1049.698 716.771 3775.504
parsec3/raytrace 1438.348 1493.995 933.785 1600.661 40270.688
parsec3/streamcluster 84.156 35.942 540.225 552.519 76.022
parsec3/swaptions 72.212 67.857 68.884 92.417 184.822
parsec3/vips 210.871 119.778 429.014 385.145 492.484
parsec3/x264 391.476 275.537 657.096 211.499 524.207
splash2x/barnes 3042.395 7105.471 984.499 2359.814 51528.340
splash2x/fft 177542.817 25508.833 65650.997 46205.634 986121.141
splash2x/lu_cb 482.980 2549.395 22.414 692.206 10484.456
splash2x/lu_ncb 752.005 318.677 42.691 601.876 25431.036
splash2x/ocean_cp 9541.635 5736.370 4909.930 7999.780 199531.665
splash2x/ocean_ncp 8671.685 16560.130 3528.334 945156.130 205065.499
splash2x/radiosity 4009.875 1272.857 347.112 2746.042 84332.709
splash2x/radix 31387.749 49955.889 4666.096 140269.485 162155.771
splash2x/raytrace 57.722 74.085 1291.440 489.024 2241.461
splash2x/volrend 54.169 72.182 89.641 208.225 2268.328
splash2x/water_nsquared 23.379 29.890 435.101 490.508 631.352
splash2x/water_spatial 611.088 652.141 885.563 554.320 71409.571

runtime_min orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 106.457 106.550 105.994 106.795 109.004
parsec3/bodytrack 78.367 78.800 78.222 78.645 79.723
parsec3/canneal 129.744 135.271 121.695 126.207 149.199
parsec3/dedup 11.822 11.785 11.693 11.818 11.963
parsec3/facesim 206.997 208.071 203.557 205.254 215.114
parsec3/ferret 189.292 190.111 189.528 190.210 192.073
parsec3/fluidanimate 209.892 211.267 207.865 210.921 216.901
parsec3/freqmine 286.118 288.196 286.343 287.564 294.548
parsec3/raytrace 117.501 118.562 118.566 118.213 129.207
parsec3/streamcluster 320.227 325.232 281.686 287.583 327.193
parsec3/swaptions 153.229 154.133 153.392 154.194 154.358
parsec3/vips 58.563 58.352 57.859 58.604 59.446
parsec3/x264 64.915 62.497 59.804 64.030 63.511
splash2x/barnes 79.605 79.729 73.315 78.168 94.994
splash2x/fft 32.830 33.302 22.901 26.244 34.666
splash2x/lu_cb 84.837 85.198 84.320 85.354 87.937
splash2x/lu_ncb 91.839 92.540 89.880 92.368 93.502
splash2x/ocean_cp 44.189 44.592 42.787 43.538 53.972
splash2x/ocean_ncp 79.264 81.014 50.772 52.880 119.121
splash2x/radiosity 90.665 91.160 90.471 91.020 101.365
splash2x/radix 30.702 31.060 25.087 25.822 33.994
splash2x/raytrace 83.267 84.228 82.642 82.295 83.801
splash2x/volrend 86.087 86.621 85.258 86.344 87.316
splash2x/water_nsquared 229.264 231.365 217.897 222.087 236.275
splash2x/water_spatial 88.576 88.934 88.633 88.829 93.093

memused.avg_min orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 1806450.000 1832800.000 1821208.000 1815059.000 1597823.000
parsec3/bodytrack 1406716.000 1433260.000 1415546.000 1414766.000 1422325.000
parsec3/canneal 1034762.000 1050949.000 1029342.000 1045707.000 1039362.000
parsec3/dedup 2276407.000 2416275.000 2332186.000 2326706.000 2293520.000
parsec3/facesim 537730.000 552392.000 541119.000 551696.000 479697.000
parsec3/ferret 314753.000 325707.000 315704.000 333059.000 327897.000
parsec3/fluidanimate 569205.000 582740.000 574036.000 579170.000 465726.000
parsec3/freqmine 984189.000 997617.000 983088.000 990709.000 763236.000
parsec3/raytrace 1743861.000 1745491.000 1737423.000 1750450.000 1574814.000
parsec3/streamcluster 119184.000 135411.000 115804.000 127617.000 130339.000
parsec3/swaptions 11455.000 24872.000 15156.000 25501.000 24410.000
parsec3/vips 2950013.000 2968672.000 2952220.000 2966535.000 2961988.000
parsec3/x264 3105486.000 3187448.000 3152008.000 3124959.000 3186481.000
splash2x/barnes 1210156.000 1207677.000 1213432.000 1207101.000 942444.000
splash2x/fft 9169120.000 9153626.000 9248274.000 8931352.000 9298670.000
splash2x/lu_cb 513286.000 521543.000 516460.000 520848.000 343202.000
splash2x/lu_ncb 509384.000 522742.000 519016.000 518494.000 414389.000
splash2x/ocean_cp 3332320.000 3283348.000 3369876.000 3283512.000 3111864.000
splash2x/ocean_ncp 3887754.000 3865529.000 7060592.000 3875220.000 3491442.000
splash2x/radiosity 1456077.000 1467334.000 1478828.000 1463326.000 426797.000
splash2x/radix 1671807.000 1665862.000 1380882.000 1343347.000 1720222.000
splash2x/raytrace 46261.000 57711.000 50246.000 57849.000 53681.000
splash2x/volrend 147829.000 161237.000 148246.000 160764.000 158943.000
splash2x/water_nsquared 42598.000 61731.000 42600.000 54974.000 57599.000
splash2x/water_spatial 660084.000 672456.000 656933.000 670901.000 476582.000

rss.avg_min orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 588530.000 588342.000 590573.000 588953.000 251104.000
parsec3/bodytrack 31780.000 31948.000 32128.000 32212.000 26108.000
parsec3/canneal 839418.000 839190.000 835078.000 835363.000 816479.000
parsec3/dedup 1165305.000 1234371.000 1143193.000 1206303.000 194759.000
parsec3/facesim 311415.000 310889.000 312549.000 311587.000 178906.000
parsec3/ferret 99636.000 99188.000 99631.000 99183.000 87446.000
parsec3/fluidanimate 529628.000 531824.000 531584.000 531880.000 402604.000
parsec3/freqmine 551880.000 551304.000 555413.000 552349.000 59796.000
parsec3/raytrace 892361.000 892703.000 888396.000 890062.000 317630.000
parsec3/streamcluster 110762.000 110887.000 110975.000 111028.000 109785.000
parsec3/swaptions 5552.000 5565.000 5567.000 5533.000 4028.000
parsec3/vips 31569.000 31792.000 31569.000 31770.000 28081.000
parsec3/x264 81172.000 81427.000 82115.000 82098.000 80171.000
splash2x/barnes 1211709.000 1198036.000 1221765.000 1214537.000 612264.000
splash2x/fft 9325088.000 9702371.000 9643955.000 9609539.000 6873966.000
splash2x/lu_cb 509124.000 504333.000 514440.000 509140.000 326514.000
splash2x/lu_ncb 508924.000 509949.000 513828.000 508981.000 398087.000
splash2x/ocean_cp 3390197.000 3396522.000 3435755.000 3406635.000 2496312.000
splash2x/ocean_ncp 3911994.000 3888754.000 7174881.000 3931613.000 2510919.000
splash2x/radiosity 1466955.000 1473002.000 1485104.000 1469533.000 133616.000
splash2x/radix 1718566.000 1651402.000 1427018.000 1431687.000 1421661.000
splash2x/raytrace 23192.000 23184.000 28360.000 26609.000 14007.000
splash2x/volrend 43966.000 43984.000 44036.000 43916.000 24641.000
splash2x/water_nsquared 29384.000 29372.000 29461.000 29368.000 24322.000
splash2x/water_spatial 655822.000 655553.000 655257.000 655564.000 385536.000

runtime_max orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 108.639 106.823 107.089 108.523 114.100
parsec3/bodytrack 80.344 79.682 79.610 80.455 81.570
parsec3/canneal 144.660 141.343 133.450 136.502 162.011
parsec3/dedup 12.053 11.914 11.815 12.125 14.375
parsec3/facesim 210.501 208.796 208.025 208.131 219.250
parsec3/ferret 192.667 191.103 193.199 190.842 194.873
parsec3/fluidanimate 212.016 214.100 212.441 212.302 226.134
parsec3/freqmine 290.759 296.147 288.329 290.879 300.302
parsec3/raytrace 118.187 120.142 119.051 119.264 130.698
parsec3/streamcluster 322.889 329.792 286.140 296.215 330.679
parsec3/swaptions 155.672 156.698 161.053 156.156 157.261
parsec3/vips 59.441 58.744 58.660 59.471 60.506
parsec3/x264 75.093 76.112 71.583 73.333 77.155
splash2x/barnes 82.041 81.774 75.048 80.939 106.030
splash2x/fft 34.055 33.708 23.851 33.607 55.145
splash2x/lu_cb 86.523 85.472 84.560 87.341 90.481
splash2x/lu_ncb 94.408 93.267 90.395 95.377 100.905
splash2x/ocean_cp 44.899 44.971 43.330 45.350 62.554
splash2x/ocean_ncp 82.065 82.463 51.817 80.988 159.273
splash2x/radiosity 92.750 91.653 91.252 93.436 104.075
splash2x/radix 31.621 31.422 25.630 31.439 53.405
splash2x/raytrace 84.439 85.095 85.075 84.137 85.696
splash2x/volrend 86.330 87.694 87.981 87.032 87.949
splash2x/water_nsquared 235.682 241.083 225.483 228.505 237.043
splash2x/water_spatial 88.888 89.473 90.619 91.044 101.648

memused.avg_max orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 1828721.000 1836936.000 1828313.000 1836904.000 1725072.000
parsec3/bodytrack 1423906.000 1437442.000 1421857.000 1436967.000 1529455.000
parsec3/canneal 1047894.000 1055037.000 1044682.000 1060394.000 1050224.000
parsec3/dedup 2422783.000 2470880.000 2440561.000 2469625.000 2482833.000
parsec3/facesim 543497.000 555890.000 547311.000 555693.000 488209.000
parsec3/ferret 322168.000 335269.000 321546.000 334310.000 331252.000
parsec3/fluidanimate 581849.000 589377.000 577381.000 588655.000 519412.000
parsec3/freqmine 987399.000 1001129.000 991383.000 1024350.000 768684.000
parsec3/raytrace 1752775.000 1756513.000 1748414.000 1757901.000 1602179.000
parsec3/streamcluster 193685.000 137433.000 123499.000 151169.000 133488.000
parsec3/swaptions 15394.000 29542.000 17551.000 29108.000 28190.000
parsec3/vips 2959475.000 2980019.000 2963026.000 2978095.000 2973578.000
parsec3/x264 3208695.000 3231006.000 3216669.000 3202809.000 3238422.000
splash2x/barnes 1215967.000 1214849.000 1225941.000 1225748.000 1002529.000
splash2x/fft 9498187.000 9306674.000 9348936.000 9248373.000 10130342.000
splash2x/lu_cb 516522.000 524947.000 523693.000 524516.000 371119.000
splash2x/lu_ncb 518686.000 527209.000 522813.000 523686.000 481892.000
splash2x/ocean_cp 3351940.000 3363005.000 3387628.000 3301121.000 3225897.000
splash2x/ocean_ncp 3911769.000 3879024.000 7076827.000 5828184.000 3663069.000
splash2x/radiosity 1473754.000 1472333.000 1484191.000 1624759.000 551833.000
splash2x/radix 1727012.000 1680485.000 1402384.000 1670110.000 2391320.000
splash2x/raytrace 48817.000 60002.000 54006.000 63010.000 55226.000
splash2x/volrend 152398.000 169388.000 152201.000 165242.000 164335.000
splash2x/water_nsquared 48865.000 63465.000 50230.000 62111.000 61226.000
splash2x/water_spatial 670394.000 675796.000 670321.000 675621.000 630537.000

rss.avg_max orig rec thp ethp prcl
parsec3/blackscholes 593431.000 593881.000 596538.000 594269.000 431382.000
parsec3/bodytrack 32421.000 32705.000 32516.000 32411.000 28188.000
parsec3/canneal 843084.000 840577.000 839187.000 841070.000 831519.000
parsec3/dedup 1236606.000 1235718.000 1242719.000 1236695.000 1235588.000
parsec3/facesim 311916.000 311790.000 316261.000 313469.000 190366.000
parsec3/ferret 99770.000 99753.000 103510.000 100556.000 90763.000
parsec3/fluidanimate 531936.000 531912.000 531948.000 532809.000 460491.000
parsec3/freqmine 553491.000 553511.000 558414.000 554173.000 70911.000
parsec3/raytrace 896681.000 896342.000 891012.000 894728.000 425544.000
parsec3/streamcluster 110997.000 110999.000 112287.000 112349.000 110011.000
parsec3/swaptions 5763.000 5723.000 5722.000 5799.000 4553.000
parsec3/vips 32099.000 32135.000 32879.000 32930.000 29459.000
parsec3/x264 82209.000 82190.000 83818.000 82679.000 81584.000
splash2x/barnes 1220175.000 1216655.000 1224298.000 1221938.000 759477.000
splash2x/fft 9748999.000 9768966.000 9824334.000 9726585.000 9749104.000
splash2x/lu_cb 510299.000 510868.000 514505.000 510922.000 355965.000
splash2x/lu_ncb 510679.000 510788.000 513962.000 510663.000 466846.000
splash2x/ocean_cp 3416130.000 3414420.000 3449904.000 3427720.000 2998629.000
splash2x/ocean_ncp 3936906.000 3932580.000 7183097.000 6017945.000 3040572.000
splash2x/radiosity 1477020.000 1476736.000 1486152.000 1477564.000 344068.000
splash2x/radix 1788375.000 1781055.000 1440575.000 1774484.000 1892298.000
splash2x/raytrace 23356.000 23360.000 31800.000 27846.000 20436.000
splash2x/volrend 44119.000 44157.000 44260.000 44517.000 30636.000
splash2x/water_nsquared 29448.000 29452.000 30625.000 30629.000 25995.000
splash2x/water_spatial 657379.000 657433.000 657217.000 657169.000 602051.000