[PATCH 5.10 58/67] bpf: Introduce BPF nospec instruction for mitigating Spectre v4

Greg Kroah-Hartman
2021-08-02T14:03:36Z

From: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>

[ Upstream commit f5e81d1117501546b7be050c5fbafa6efd2c722c ]

In case of JITs, each of the JIT backends compiles the BPF nospec instruction
/either/ to a machine instruction which emits a speculation barrier /or/ to
/no/ machine instruction in case the underlying architecture is not affected
by Speculative Store Bypass or has different mitigations in place already.

This covers both x86 and (implicitly) arm64: In case of x86, we use 'lfence'
instruction for mitigation. In case of arm64, we rely on the firmware mitigation
as controlled via the ssbd kernel parameter. Whenever the mitigation is enabled,
it works for all of the kernel code with no need to provide any additional
instructions here (hence only comment in arm64 JIT). Other archs can follow
as needed. The BPF nospec instruction is specifically targeting Spectre v4
since i) we don't use a serialization barrier for the Spectre v1 case, and
ii) mitigation instructions for v1 and v4 might be different on some archs.

The BPF nospec is required for a future commit, where the BPF verifier does
annotate intermediate BPF programs with speculation barriers.

Co-developed-by: Piotr Krysiuk <piotras@gmail.com>
Co-developed-by: Benedict Schlueter <benedict.schlueter@rub.de>
Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net>
Signed-off-by: Piotr Krysiuk <piotras@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Benedict Schlueter <benedict.schlueter@rub.de>
Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
---
arch/arm/net/bpf_jit_32.c | 3 +++
arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 13 +++++++++++++
arch/mips/net/ebpf_jit.c | 3 +++
arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c | 6 ++++++
arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c | 4 ++++
arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c | 4 ++++
arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 5 +++++
arch/sparc/net/bpf_jit_comp_64.c | 3 +++
arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c | 7 +++++++
arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c | 6 ++++++
include/linux/filter.h | 15 +++++++++++++++
kernel/bpf/core.c | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
kernel/bpf/disasm.c | 16 +++++++++-------
13 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm/net/bpf_jit_32.c b/arch/arm/net/bpf_jit_32.c
index 0207b6ea6e8a..ce8b04326352 100644
--- a/arch/arm/net/bpf_jit_32.c
+++ b/arch/arm/net/bpf_jit_32.c
@@ -1602,6 +1602,9 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
rn = arm_bpf_get_reg32(src_lo, tmp2[1], ctx);
emit_ldx_r(dst, rn, off, ctx, BPF_SIZE(code));
break;
+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ break;
/* ST: *(size *)(dst + off) = imm */
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_W:
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_H:
diff --git a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index ef9f1d5e989d..345066b8e9fc 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -829,6 +829,19 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx,
return ret;
break;

+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ /*
+ * Nothing required here.
+ *
+ * In case of arm64, we rely on the firmware mitigation of
+ * Speculative Store Bypass as controlled via the ssbd kernel
+ * parameter. Whenever the mitigation is enabled, it works
+ * for all of the kernel code with no need to provide any
+ * additional instructions.
+ */
+ break;
+
/* ST: *(size *)(dst + off) = imm */
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_W:
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_H:
diff --git a/arch/mips/net/ebpf_jit.c b/arch/mips/net/ebpf_jit.c
index 561154cbcc40..b31b91e57c34 100644
--- a/arch/mips/net/ebpf_jit.c
+++ b/arch/mips/net/ebpf_jit.c
@@ -1355,6 +1355,9 @@ static int build_one_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx,
}
break;

+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC: /* speculation barrier */
+ break;
+
case BPF_ST | BPF_B | BPF_MEM:
case BPF_ST | BPF_H | BPF_MEM:
case BPF_ST | BPF_W | BPF_MEM:
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c b/arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c
index 022103c6a201..658ca2bab13c 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c
@@ -646,6 +646,12 @@ static int bpf_jit_build_body(struct bpf_prog *fp, u32 *image,
}
break;

+ /*
+ * BPF_ST NOSPEC (speculation barrier)
+ */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ break;
+
/*
* BPF_ST(X)
*/
diff --git a/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c b/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c
index 579575f9cdae..f300f93ba645 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c
@@ -1251,6 +1251,10 @@ int bpf_jit_emit_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct rv_jit_context *ctx,
return -1;
break;

+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ break;
+
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_B:
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_H:
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_W:
diff --git a/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c b/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c
index 8a56b5293117..c113ae818b14 100644
--- a/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c
+++ b/arch/riscv/net/bpf_jit_comp64.c
@@ -939,6 +939,10 @@ int bpf_jit_emit_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct rv_jit_context *ctx,
emit_ld(rd, 0, RV_REG_T1, ctx);
break;

+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ break;
+
/* ST: *(size *)(dst + off) = imm */
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_B:
emit_imm(RV_REG_T1, imm, ctx);
diff --git a/arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index fc44dce59536..dee01d3b23a4 100644
--- a/arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/s390/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -1153,6 +1153,11 @@ static noinline int bpf_jit_insn(struct bpf_jit *jit, struct bpf_prog *fp,
break;
}
break;
+ /*
+ * BPF_NOSPEC (speculation barrier)
+ */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ break;
/*
* BPF_ST(X)
*/
diff --git a/arch/sparc/net/bpf_jit_comp_64.c b/arch/sparc/net/bpf_jit_comp_64.c
index 3364e2a00989..fef734473c0f 100644
--- a/arch/sparc/net/bpf_jit_comp_64.c
+++ b/arch/sparc/net/bpf_jit_comp_64.c
@@ -1287,6 +1287,9 @@ static int build_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn, struct jit_ctx *ctx)
return 1;
break;
}
+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ break;
/* ST: *(size *)(dst + off) = imm */
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_W:
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_H:
diff --git a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
index d5fa77256058..0a962cd6bac1 100644
--- a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
+++ b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp.c
@@ -1141,6 +1141,13 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *addrs, u8 *image,
}
break;

+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_XMM2))
+ /* Emit 'lfence' */
+ EMIT3(0x0F, 0xAE, 0xE8);
+ break;
+
/* ST: *(u8*)(dst_reg + off) = imm */
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_B:
if (is_ereg(dst_reg))
diff --git a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c
index 2cf4d217840d..4bd0f98df700 100644
--- a/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c
+++ b/arch/x86/net/bpf_jit_comp32.c
@@ -1705,6 +1705,12 @@ static int do_jit(struct bpf_prog *bpf_prog, int *addrs, u8 *image,
i++;
break;
}
+ /* speculation barrier */
+ case BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC:
+ if (boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_XMM2))
+ /* Emit 'lfence' */
+ EMIT3(0x0F, 0xAE, 0xE8);
+ break;
/* ST: *(u8*)(dst_reg + off) = imm */
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_H:
case BPF_ST | BPF_MEM | BPF_B:
diff --git a/include/linux/filter.h b/include/linux/filter.h
index e2ffa02f9067..822b701c803d 100644
--- a/include/linux/filter.h
+++ b/include/linux/filter.h
@@ -72,6 +72,11 @@ struct ctl_table_header;
/* unused opcode to mark call to interpreter with arguments */
#define BPF_CALL_ARGS 0xe0

+/* unused opcode to mark speculation barrier for mitigating
+ * Speculative Store Bypass
+ */
+#define BPF_NOSPEC 0xc0
+
/* As per nm, we expose JITed images as text (code) section for
* kallsyms. That way, tools like perf can find it to match
* addresses.
@@ -372,6 +377,16 @@ static inline bool insn_is_zext(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
.off = 0, \
.imm = 0 })

+/* Speculation barrier */
+
+#define BPF_ST_NOSPEC() \
+ ((struct bpf_insn) { \
+ .code = BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC, \
+ .dst_reg = 0, \
+ .src_reg = 0, \
+ .off = 0, \
+ .imm = 0 })
+
/* Internal classic blocks for direct assignment */

#define __BPF_STMT(CODE, K) \
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/core.c b/kernel/bpf/core.c
index 75c2d184018a..d12efb2550d3 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/core.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/core.c
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/extable.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
+
+#include <asm/barrier.h>
#include <asm/unaligned.h>

/* Registers */
@@ -1380,6 +1382,7 @@ static u64 ___bpf_prog_run(u64 *regs, const struct bpf_insn *insn, u64 *stack)
/* Non-UAPI available opcodes. */
[BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL_ARGS] = &&JMP_CALL_ARGS,
[BPF_JMP | BPF_TAIL_CALL] = &&JMP_TAIL_CALL,
+ [BPF_ST | BPF_NOSPEC] = &&ST_NOSPEC,
[BPF_LDX | BPF_PROBE_MEM | BPF_B] = &&LDX_PROBE_MEM_B,
[BPF_LDX | BPF_PROBE_MEM | BPF_H] = &&LDX_PROBE_MEM_H,
[BPF_LDX | BPF_PROBE_MEM | BPF_W] = &&LDX_PROBE_MEM_W,
@@ -1624,7 +1627,21 @@ static u64 ___bpf_prog_run(u64 *regs, const struct bpf_insn *insn, u64 *stack)
COND_JMP(s, JSGE, >=)
COND_JMP(s, JSLE, <=)
#undef COND_JMP
- /* STX and ST and LDX*/
+ /* ST, STX and LDX*/
+ ST_NOSPEC:
+ /* Speculation barrier for mitigating Speculative Store Bypass.
+ * In case of arm64, we rely on the firmware mitigation as
+ * controlled via the ssbd kernel parameter. Whenever the
+ * mitigation is enabled, it works for all of the kernel code
+ * with no need to provide any additional instructions here.
+ * In case of x86, we use 'lfence' insn for mitigation. We
+ * reuse preexisting logic from Spectre v1 mitigation that
+ * happens to produce the required code on x86 for v4 as well.
+ */
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86
+ barrier_nospec();
+#endif
+ CONT;
#define LDST(SIZEOP, SIZE) \
STX_MEM_##SIZEOP: \
*(SIZE *)(unsigned long) (DST + insn->off) = SRC; \
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/disasm.c b/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
index b44d8c447afd..ff1dd7d45b58 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
@@ -162,15 +162,17 @@ void print_bpf_insn(const struct bpf_insn_cbs *cbs,
else
verbose(cbs->private_data, "BUG_%02x\n", insn->code);
} else if (class == BPF_ST) {
- if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM) {
+ if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_MEM) {
+ verbose(cbs->private_data, "(%02x) *(%s *)(r%d %+d) = %d\n",
+ insn->code,
+ bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
+ insn->dst_reg,
+ insn->off, insn->imm);
+ } else if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == 0xc0 /* BPF_NOSPEC, no UAPI */) {
+ verbose(cbs->private_data, "(%02x) nospec\n", insn->code);
+ } else {
verbose(cbs->private_data, "BUG_st_%02x\n", insn->code);
- return;
}
- verbose(cbs->private_data, "(%02x) *(%s *)(r%d %+d) = %d\n",
- insn->code,
- bpf_ldst_string[BPF_SIZE(insn->code) >> 3],
- insn->dst_reg,
- insn->off, insn->imm);
} else if (class == BPF_LDX) {
if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) != BPF_MEM) {
verbose(cbs->private_data, "BUG_ldx_%02x\n", insn->code);
--
2.30.2